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Diagnosis is made on the basis of the association of gastro-oesophageal reflux with the characteristic movement disorder. Neurological examination is usually normal. Misdiagnosis as benign infantile spasms or epileptic seizures is common, particularly where clear signs or symptoms of
103:
Spasms may last for 1–3 minutes and may occur up to 10 times a day. Ingestion of food is often associated with occurrence of symptoms; this may result in reluctance to feed. Associated symptoms, such as
84:
Onset is usually confined to infancy and early childhood, with peak prevalence at 18–36 months. In rare cases, particularly where the child is severely mentally impaired, onset may extend to adolescence.
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424:
Lehwald, N.; Krausch, M.; Franke, C.; Assmann, B.; Adam, R.; Knoefel, W. (2007). "Sandifer
Syndrome - A Multidisciplinary Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge".
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gastro-oesophageal reflux are not apparent. Early diagnosis is critical, as treatment is simple and leads to prompt resolution of the movement disorder.
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Successful treatment of the associated underlying disorder, such as GORD or hiatus hernia, may provide relief.
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96:. Nodding and rotation of the head, neck extension, gurgling, writhing movements of the limbs, and severe
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112:) and abnormal eye movements have been reported. Clinical signs may also include anaemia.
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Sandifer syndrome is not typically life-threatening and the prognosis is typically good.
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159:, who had initially cared for the patients described in Kinsbourne's case reports.
76:(GORD); however, it is estimated to occur in less than 1% of children with reflux.
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Deskin, Ronald W. (1995). "Sandifer syndrome: A cause of torticollis in infancy".
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Medow, Marvin; Bostwick, Howard; Berezin, Stuart; Bamji, Natasha (2015).
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155:. Kinsbourne named the syndrome after his mentor, British neurologist
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Sandifer syndrome was first described in 1964 by
Austrian neurologist
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Kinsbourne, M (1964). "Hiatus Hernia with
Contortions of the Neck".
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377:"Treatment of Sandifer Syndrome with an Amino-Acid–Based Formula"
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496:"Sandifer's Syndrome: A Misdiagnosed and Mysterious Disorder"
248:"Sandifer's syndrome and gastro- oesophageal reflux disease"
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423:
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374:
245:
68:
features. There is a significant correlation between the
246:
Theodoropoulos, D. S; Lockey, R. F; Boyce, H W. (1999).
461:
International
Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
494:
Nalbantoglu, B; Metin, D. M.; Nalbantoglu, A (2013).
536:
252:
Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1908:
622:
728:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
88:The classical symptoms of the syndrome are
767:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
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615:
339:
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400:
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108:discomfort, vomiting (which may involve
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995:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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426:European Journal of Pediatric Surgery
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60:medical disorder, characterised by
13:
234:
181:
169:List of eponymously named diseases
14:
1938:
1880:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
1727:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
532:
74:gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
1922:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
1625:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
866:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
861:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
738:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
487:
1620:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
1470:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1292:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
452:
417:
368:
333:
1:
1677:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
500:Iranian Journal of Pediatrics
354:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)91264-4
220:"Orphanet: Sandifer syndrome"
174:
1586:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
1105:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
713:Esophageal motility disorder
473:10.1016/0165-5876(95)01130-4
132:
124:
115:
7:
191:. Rarediseases.info.nih.gov
162:
10:
1943:
1571:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
1095:Functional colonic disease
891:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
327:November 22, 2010, at the
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780:
772:Acute esophageal necrosis
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645:
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540:
34:
26:
21:
871:Gastric dumping syndrome
746:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
733:Diffuse esophageal spasm
64:symptoms and associated
1487:Alcoholic liver disease
1020:Bile acid malabsorption
964:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1497:Hepatic encephalopathy
881:Buried bumper syndrome
812:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
696:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
639:human digestive system
393:10.1055/s-0035-1545672
100:have also been noted.
1722:Pancreatic pseudocyst
1591:Porcelain gallbladder
703:Zenker's diverticulum
438:10.1055/s-2007-965145
264:10.1136/jnnp.66.6.805
90:spasmodic torticollis
1526:Hepatorenal syndrome
1465:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1422:Autoimmune hepatitis
1247:Intestinal adhesions
1005:Short bowel syndrome
834:Functional dyspepsia
752:Esophageal stricture
718:Nutcracker esophagus
1665:Choledocholithiasis
1536:Metabolic disorders
1502:Acute liver failure
1475:Portal hypertension
1427:Alcoholic hepatitis
1270:Radiation proctitis
1189:Mesenteric ischemia
1161:Gastroenterocolitis
990:Blind loop syndrome
800:Ménétrier's disease
708:Barrett's esophagus
189:"Sandifer syndrome"
51:Sandifer's syndrome
30:Sandifer's syndrome
1840:Undefined location
1831:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
1732:Pancreatic fistula
1715:Pancreatic abscess
1670:Biliary dyskinesia
1641:Mirizzi's syndrome
1142:Large and/or small
822:Dieulafoy's lesion
691:Boerhaave syndrome
581:External resources
80:Symptoms and signs
1904:
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1900:
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1199:Bowel obstruction
901:
900:
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348:(7342): 1058–61.
307:Sandifer Syndrome
147:Marcel Kinsbourne
47:Sandifer syndrome
44:
43:
22:Sandifer syndrome
16:Medical condition
1934:
1892:Pneumoperitoneum
1749:
1748:
1659:Common bile duct
1541:Wilson's disease
1531:Peliosis hepatis
1400:
1399:
1277:Proctalgia fugax
1184:Abdominal angina
1109:Ogilvie syndrome
1058:Pseudomembranous
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876:Gastric volvulus
841:Pyloric stenosis
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1850:Internal hernia
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1646:Biliary fistula
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1581:Adenomyomatosis
1576:Cholesterolosis
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1546:Hemochromatosis
1417:Viral hepatitis
1389:
1338:
1296:
1282:Rectal prolapse
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1218:Fecal impaction
1208:Intussusception
1171:Crohn's disease
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1120:Toxic megacolon
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1030:Large intestine
1024:
969:Curling's ulcer
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920:Small intestine
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805:Gastroenteritis
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1329:Anal dysplasia
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1129:Diverticulosis
1125:Diverticulitis
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1015:Milroy disease
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985:Tropical sprue
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907:Lower GI tract
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1566:Cholecystitis
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1149:Enterocolitis
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1695:Pancreatitis
1657:
1607:biliary tree
1480:Nutmeg liver
1457:
1383:Hematochezia
1334:Pruritus ani
1319:Anal abscess
1314:Anal fistula
1310:Anal fissure
1223:Constipation
1177:
1048:Appendicitis
856:Gastroptosis
846:Achlorhydria
685:
674:Eosinophilic
588:
564:
553:
506:(6): 715–6.
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499:
489:
467:(2): 183–5.
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432:(3): 203–6.
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387:(1): e51–2.
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258:(6): 805–6.
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224:. Retrieved
193:. Retrieved
183:
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128:
119:
102:
87:
83:
66:neurological
50:
46:
45:
1875:Peritonitis
1637:Cholestasis
1615:Cholangitis
1558:Gallbladder
1446:Fatty liver
1366:Hematemesis
1348:GI bleeding
1154:Necrotizing
1083:Lymphocytic
1078:Collagenous
1073:Microscopic
1010:Steatorrhea
911:Enteropathy
757:Inlet patch
679:Herpetiform
664:Esophagitis
381:AJP Reports
226:11 December
222:. Orpha.net
195:11 December
27:Other names
1927:Pediatrics
1911:Categories
1867:Peritoneal
1845:Incisional
1766:Congenital
1710:Hereditary
1687:Pancreatic
1651:Haemobilia
1324:Hemorrhoid
1302:Anal canal
1240:Infectious
1228:Functional
1063:Ulcerative
947:Duodenitis
886:Gastrinoma
566:DiseasesDB
175:References
152:The Lancet
106:epigastric
58:paediatric
40:Pediatrics
1917:Syndromes
1855:Richter's
1812:Spigelian
1807:Obturator
1797:Umbilical
1630:Ascending
1601:Bile duct
1434:Cirrhosis
1412:Hepatitis
1395:Accessory
1265:Proctitis
1116:Megacolon
1090:Dysentery
1000:Whipple's
952:Jejunitis
942:Enteritis
829:Dyspepsia
790:Gastritis
723:Achalasia
656:Esophagus
590:eMedicine
312:eMedicine
133:Prognosis
125:Treatment
116:Diagnosis
98:hypotonia
55:eponymous
36:Specialty
1785:Indirect
1780:Inguinal
1514:Pyogenic
1459:Vascular
1235:Diarrhea
1213:Volvulus
1179:Vascular
1118: /
1107: /
1068:Ischemic
1035:Appendix
925:Duodenum
795:Atrophic
669:Candidal
595:ped/2039
522:24910760
446:17638161
411:26199799
362:14132602
325:Archived
282:10400514
163:See also
94:dystonia
70:syndrome
53:) is an
1826:Petit's
1802:Femoral
1705:Chronic
1519:Amoebic
1287:Anismus
1053:Colitis
980:Coeliac
957:Ileitis
929:Jejunum
782:Stomach
686:Rupture
560:C537234
513:4025139
481:7657473
402:4502620
273:1736393
141:History
1820:Lumbar
1790:Direct
1773:Hiatus
1753:Hernia
1605:Other
1371:Melena
1257:Rectum
740:(GERD)
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342:Lancet
280:
270:
1745:Other
1700:Acute
1451:MASLD
1404:Liver
1378:Lower
1361:Upper
1203:Ileus
1039:Colon
933:Ileum
748:(LPR)
571:32983
110:blood
1133:SCAD
555:MeSH
518:PMID
477:PMID
442:PMID
407:PMID
358:PMID
278:PMID
228:2014
197:2014
92:and
72:and
49:(or
1439:PBC
1166:IBD
1100:IBS
508:PMC
469:doi
434:doi
397:PMC
389:doi
350:doi
310:at
268:PMC
260:doi
149:in
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