Hispaniola - Knowledge

1986: 2435: 1907: 2021: 2616: 2045: 1280: 1857: 1923: 1392: 1838:. Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres (24 in) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac. In these regions, moreover, there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October, and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come. On the northern coast, in contrast, rainfall may peak between December and February, though some rain falls in all months of the year. Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres (67 to 79 in) on the northern coastal lowlands; there is probably much more in the 2529: 2537: 1045: 1065: 1056: 1036: 2248:). More than half of the original distribution of its ecoregions has been lost due to habitat destruction impacting the local fauna and some of the original animals either threat, threatened with extinction or totally extinct, because of climate change or because they have been hunted by humans or their habitats have been felled or changed for some reasons or have become some of the animals have been threatened by (introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) or there are fighting for space to survive and perhaps some animals that feed on the same plants or animals or just something like that. 1323: 2064: 133: 1892: 149: 1714: 1873: 1769: 1753: 5789: 1444: 1785: 953: 868: 1796: 2083: 3207: 323: 3127: 1807: 2624: 1738: 1943: 1702: 1974: 1272: 1959: 3142: 1842:, though no data exist. The interior of Hispaniola, along with the southeastern coast centered around Santo Domingo, typically receives around 1,400 millimetres (55 in) per year, with a distinct season from May to October. Usually, this wet season has two peaks: one around May, the other around the hurricane season. In the interior highlands, rainfall is much greater, around 3,100 millimetres (120 in) per year, but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands. 852:. In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island, the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa). Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period. There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis, to upwards of 750,000. 2033: 3221: 3157: 905: 3112: 1726: 2311: 785: 1815: 7099: 3193: 794: 360: 805: 1985: 1507: 2427: 3179: 1191:. By May 1519, as many as one-third of the remaining Taínos had died. In the century following the Spanish arrival on Hispaniola, the Taíno population fell by up to 95% of the population, out of a pre-contact population estimated from tens of thousands to 8,000,000. Many authors have described the treatment of Tainos in Hispaniola under the Spanish Empire as genocide. 1201:, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola. The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite. 1187:, previously an Eastern hemisphere disease, occurred on Hispaniola in December 1518 among enslaved African miners. Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date, but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak. The natives had no acquired immunity to European diseases, including 2386:

Also extremely important are the rarely mentioned species of Pinguicula casabitoana (a carnivorous plant), Gonocalyx tetraptera, Gesneria sylvicola, Lyonia alaini and Myrcia saliana, as well as palo de viento (Didymopanax tremulus), jaiqui (Bumelia salicifolia), pino criciolio) (pino criciol), sangre

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are also diverse. There are many species endemic to the island including insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, fishs, birds and mammals (originally animals, native animals) and also (imported animals, introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) just like farm animals,

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Colonization began in earnest the following year when Columbus brought 1,300 men to Hispaniola in November 1493 with the intention of establishing a permanent settlement. They found the encampment at Navidad had been destroyed and all the crewmen left behind killed by the natives. Columbus decided to

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on the north coast of present-day Haiti. He was welcomed in a friendly fashion by the indigenous people known as the Taíno. Trading with the natives yielded more gold than they had come across previously on the other Caribbean islands and Columbus was led to believe that much more gold would be found

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of many portions of Haitian territory. Haiti's poor citizens use cooking fires often, and this is a major culprit behind the nation's loss of trees. Haitians use trees as fuel either by burning the wood directly, or by first turning it into charcoal in ovens. Seventy-one percent of all fuel consumed

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of the Taínos, as well as redirection of their food production and labor to Spaniards. This had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility of the Taíno population over the first quarter century. Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hieronymite friars observed that the search for gold

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A Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering. Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used. The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch. The Taíno village also had a flat court used

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Precious metals played a large role in the history of the island after Columbus's arrival. One of the first inhabitants Columbus came across on this island was "a girl wearing only a gold nose plug". Soon the Taínos were trading pieces of gold for hawk's bells with their cacique declaring the gold

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and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD. The Taino represented the dominant group on the island during the period of European contact. Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom

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In the Dominican Republic, the forest cover has increased. In 2003, the Dominican Republic's forest cover had been reduced to 32% of its land area, but by 2011, forest cover had increased to nearly 40%. The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and

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Recent in-depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude that Haiti actually has approximately 30% tree cover; this is, nevertheless, a stark decrease from the country's 60% forest cover in 1925. The country has been significantly deforested

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of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and, with the aid of the United Kingdom, returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control. Fearing the influence of a society of slaves that had successfully revolted against their owners, the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti, the

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For food, the Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein. On the island they hunted small mammals, but also snakes, worms, and birds. In lakes and in the sea they were able to catch ducks and turtles. The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source. The indigenous

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Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (February 4, 2021).

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The variations of temperature depend on altitude and are much less marked than rainfall variations in the island. Lowland Hispaniola is generally more hot and humid, with temperatures averaging 28 °C (82 °F). with high humidity during the daytime, and around 20 °C (68 °F) at

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Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba), with an area of 76,192 square kilometers (29,418 sq mi), 48,440 square kilometers (18,700 sq mi) of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square

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during the summer months, and more than half of the French army died because of disease. After an extremely brutal war with atrocities committed on both sides, the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803, the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of

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invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout. The

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The island also has an economic history and current day interest and involvement in precious metals. In 1860, it was observed that the island contained a large supply of gold, which the early Spaniards had hardly developed. By 1919, Condit and Ross noted that much of the island was covered by

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According to reports in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, the flora in this naturally protected area consists of 621 species of vascular plants, of which 153 are highly endemic to La Hispaniola. The most prominent endemic species of flora that abound in the area are Ebano Verde (green ebony),

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system. Once the indigenous were forced into mining far from their home villages, they suffered hunger and other difficult conditions. By 1508, the Taíno population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000, and by 1514, only 26,334 remained. About half resided in the mining towns of Concepción,

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and 15 men to search for the mines of Cibao. After a six-day journey, Ojeda came across an area containing gold, in which the gold was extracted from streams by the Taíno people. Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494. He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomás, present day

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In 1655 the island of Tortuga was reoccupied by the English and French. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island. In 1665, French colonization of the island was

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tried to conquer all of Hispaniola. They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca, killing most of their residents, but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to withdraw from the east, leaving it in French hands.

715:. Martyr's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name Hispaniola became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by 1239:

was raided by increasingly numerous French pirates. In 1541, Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and in 1560 decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561

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ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the

1383:, with a system of human slavery used to grow and harvest sugar cane during a time when European demand for sugar was high. Slavery kept costs low and profit was maximized. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe. 1315:, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. As most of the Spanish army left for the main island of Hispaniola to root out French colonists there, the French returned to Tortuga in 1630 and had constant battles for several decades. In 1654, the Spanish 1299:

ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to fight against piracy. Rather than secure the island, his action meant that French, English, and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the less populated north and west coasts of the island.

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since 1971. The Cerro de Maimon copper/gold open-pit mine southeast of Maimón has been operated by Perilya since 2006. Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores, while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores. Processing is via

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The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, and continues northwest into Haiti, parallel to the Cordillera Central, as the Montagnes Noires, Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau. The Plateau Central lies between the

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for ball games and festivals. Religiously, the Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called Zemí. Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the Zemí for advice in public ceremonies.

1468:. This is one of the reasons for the tensions between the two countries today. Haiti would become one of the poorest countries in the Americas, while the Dominican Republic gradually has developed into one of the largest economies of 1006:

after a charter was passed in 1501, allowing the import of African slaves by Ferdinand and Isabel. The Spanish believed Africans would be more capable of performing physical labor. From 1519 to 1533, the indigenous uprising known as

1379:, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France. Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles", it became the most prosperous colony in the 877:

The Taíno people traveled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes, and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe. The Taíno came frequently in contact with the

2044: 1573:, spans the central part of the island, extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti, where it is known as the Massif du Nord. This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles, 882:, another indigenous tribe. The Taíno people had to defend themselves using bows and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs. When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs. 2578:

The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% mixed ethnicity, 16% white and 11% black. Descendants of early Spanish settlers and of black slaves from West Africa constitute the two main racial strains.

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in Haiti is wood or charcoal. Haiti's government began establishing protected areas across the country in 1968. These 26 areas today represent nearly 7 per cent of the country's land and 1.5 per cent of its waters.

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has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule. Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of

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central, which led to a mining boom. By 1501 Columbus's cousin, Giovanni Colombo, had discovered gold near Buenaventura. The deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas. Two major mining areas resulted, one along

5854: 1415:(July 22), Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, later to become the Dominican Republic. French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory. 1922: 1172:, the indigenous people were forced to work in the gold mines. By 1503, the Spanish Crown legalized the allocation of private grants of indigenous labor to particular Spaniards for mining through the 2462: 1375:

of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into the Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. In the 1697

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and the Atlantic coastal plains, which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental, in the eastern part of the country.

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The Archaic Age people arrived from mainland Central America or northern South America about 6,000 years ago, and are thought to have practised a largely hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the

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Haiti is a Creole-speaking nation of roughly 11.7 million people. Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority, virtually the entire population speaks

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ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The

1157:, and Bonao became mining towns. The gold rush of 1500–1508 ensued, and Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Díaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504, as pit mines became royal mines for 1002:

system were deciminating the indigenous population. Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate, consistent with a 3.5% annual population decline. In 1503, Spaniards

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abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4, 1794, it was a European first. The ex-slave army joined forces with France in its war against its European neighbors. In the second 1795

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in 1804, as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, in tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the

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2691:; however, most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic, the Dominican economy being nearly 800% larger than the Haitian economy. As of 2018, the estimated 1628:

is the highest peak in the southern range, the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti, at 2,680 meters (8,790 ft) above sea level. A

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of gold dust", every three months, as "the Spaniards were sure there was more gold in the island than the natives had yet found, and were determined to make them dig it out."

2010:, and is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country, and also borders 2718:. To the northeast, the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state-owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991. In 2009, Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation, formed by 4318:"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Nicolas Ovando · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative" 1554:

lie to the north. Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse. Cuba, Cayman Islands, Navassa Island, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the

1906: 2482: 1311:, just off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, which was originally settled by a few Spanish colonists. The pirates were attacked in 1629 by Spanish forces commanded by 1460:. France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property, and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades. Haiti would Annex 5187: 4348: 1958: 2707:

government granted concessions for mining different types of minerals. Besides gold, these minerals included silver, manganese, copper, magnetite, iron and nickel.

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nation of approximately 11.3 million people. Spanish is spoken by essentially all Dominicans as a primary language. Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant

843:, the Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of 2486: 860:

people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion. Some common agricultural goods were

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The divergence between the level of economic development in Haiti and the Dominican Republic makes its border the highest contrast of all western land borders.

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In recent times, Dominican and Puerto Rican researchers identified in the current Dominican population the presence of genes belonging to the aborigines of the

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David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034

2020: 1768: 1752: 6093: 984:. The colony was a meeting point of European explorers, soldiers, and settlers who brought with them the culture, architecture, laws, and traditions of the 6974: 2478: 5155: 3289: 7188: 5961: 5638: 1891: 1403:

European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers, as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century. In 1791, during the

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In 1496, the town of Nueva Isabela was founded. After being destroyed by a hurricane, it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called

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in most of its Caribbean islands in 1802 and sent an army to bring the island into full control. However, thousands of the French troops succumbed to

5293: 933:, ran aground and sank in the bay on December 24. With only two smaller ships remaining for the voyage home, Columbus built a fortified encampment, 6182: 5844: 5839: 2257: 1973: 5927: 5532: 1132:

in 1496. These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines. Then, in 1499, the first major discovery of gold was made in the

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were destroyed by an earthquake. In the 1560s, English privateers joined the French in regularly raiding Spanish shipping in the Americas.

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private organizations for the purpose of reforesting, and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness by the

7319: 6046: 5359: 642:. Based on a comprehensive survey and map prepared by Andrés de Morales in 1508, Martyr reported that the island as a whole was called 4533:

S, Rosenbaum S. Alan. Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2018. Page 302,313.

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Hispaniola's climate shows considerable variation due to its diverse mountainous topography, and is the most varied island of all the

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ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of

639: 630:. The Taino had no written language, hence, historical evidence for these names comes through three European historians: the Italian 4659:

Grenke, Arthur. God, greed, and genocide: The Holocaust through the centuries. New Academia Publishing, LLC, 2005. pp. 141–143, 200.

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of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists, coupled with the exhaustion of the mines. The first documented outbreak of

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were open to private prospectors. King Ferdinand kept 967 natives in the San Cristóbal mining area, supervised by salaried miners.

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in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean, primarily made by the

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runs parallel to the southern range, between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux-Sierra de Neiba. It is known as the

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runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic, extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the

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in the Dominican Republic, which is not only the lowest point of the island, but also the lowest point for an island country.

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Hispaniola is the most populous Caribbean island with a combined population of 23 million inhabitants as of July 2023.

2434: 966:. It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas. The island had an important role in the establishment of 6796: 5191: 3264: 2285: 1605:, and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux, opening westward toward the 981: 249: 4358: 3416: 2351:

ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons, the most notable of which are

1713: 818: 176: 6960: 6480: 6357: 6068: 6032: 5917: 5849: 5809: 5797: 5705: 5537: 2032: 1489: 992: 527: 4684: 6627: 6268: 6088: 5956: 5951: 5895: 5878: 5727: 5671: 5624: 5173: 4153: 3742: 2450: 1371:(in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the 747: 704: 610: 6470: 6416: 6372: 6367: 6350: 6345: 6175: 6103: 6027: 5980: 5890: 5656: 4942: 4876: 4849: 4730: 4518: 4219: 3249: 2610: 2114: 1872: 1138: 922:

Christopher Columbus first landed at Hispaniola on December 6, 1492, at a small bay he named San Nicolas, now called

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Due to Taíno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as

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on the southern coast, where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) of rainfall, and have

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Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310.

1830:. As in Jamaica and Cuba, these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains, and create a distinct 1011:'s Revolt, after the Taíno cacique who led them, ensued, resulting from escaped African slaves on the island ( 6687: 6141: 5939: 5732: 4750: 3141: 2182: 1898: 1465: 1396: 7324: 6500: 6406: 4662:

Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Routledge, 2018. p. 302.

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transport animals, house animals, pets and more. The two endemic terrestrial mammals on the island are the

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occur during the dry season on the highest peaks, where maxima are no higher than 18 °C (64 °F).

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The island has five major ranges of mountains: The Central Range, known in the Dominican Republic as the

1154: 1142: 720: 666:" national park. On the other hand, Oviedo and Las Casas both recorded that the entire island was called 138: 17: 3111: 1464:

which had recently gained independence. However, suppression of the Dominican culture would lead to the

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who had massacred his settlement at Navidad. While Columbus established a new settlement the village of

550:(27,750 km (10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other divided island in the Caribbean is 6571: 6443: 6433: 6222: 6131: 4888: 3362: 3132: 2466: 2054: 1256: 1150: 631: 563: 5253: 5188:"República Dominicana aumenta su cobertura boscosa a 39.7% - Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo" 1391: 7314: 7304: 7253: 6739: 6610: 6196: 5944: 5742: 5722: 5717: 3212: 2528: 2331: 2293: 2166: 2088: 2050: 1701: 1660: 1461: 1074: 731: 5442: 5420: 5129: 719:, obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the 635: 6891: 6593: 6515: 6475: 5333: 5271: 3254: 2800:, and sphalerite. Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization. 2344: 2150: 2110: 2069: 1839: 1676: 1582: 1551: 1255:

which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. In 1564, the island's main inland cities

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kilometers (10,710 sq mi) under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion.

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in early 1804. France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo. In 1805, Haitian troops of General

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sail east in search of a better site to found a new settlement. In January 1494 they established

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Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56.

4461: 4455: 3234: 1100:, leaving Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men. On 24 March 1495, Columbus with his ally 655: 581:(1493–1500), and the first permanent settlement, the current capital of the Dominican Republic, 7153: 6999: 6692: 6656: 6490: 6362: 5683: 5272:"Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana | soitu.es" 4766: 3608: 2750: 2518: 2514: 2371: 2122: 1613: 1316: 1158: 970:

colonies for decades to come. Due to its strategic location, it was the military stronghold of

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lies 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the west across the Windward Passage; to the southwest lie

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controlled the entire island of Hispaniola from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French

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enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30-meter thick oxide cap. Below that cap is a

923: 7085: 6697: 6682: 6586: 6505: 6495: 6280: 5688: 5061: 5017: 4353: 4092: 3879: 2660:, Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, K are Cretaceous marine strata, IT are 2261: 2134: 1633: 1629: 1589:. The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the 1225: 1003: 891: 586: 5360:"The Dominican Republic and Haiti: one island riven by an unresolved past | Carrie Gibson" 5235: 4671:

Jones, Adam. 2006. Genocide: a comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 108–111.

3551: 2502: 2347:

occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The

1679:

occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The

8: 7289: 7213: 7183: 6896: 6866: 6576: 6426: 6322: 5768: 5610: 3269: 2793: 2785: 2552:, practiced by more than half the population, although in some cases in combination with 2178: 2007: 1929: 1863: 1501: 1443: 1296: 716: 5385: 5065: 5021: 4715: 4096: 3883: 3388: 2730:

operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits. The mined ore is processed with

1586: 7193: 6861: 6844: 6791: 6761: 6725: 6632: 6566: 6458: 6317: 5647: 5557: 4607: 4585: 4299: 4121: 4080: 3908: 3867: 3676: 3556: 3294: 2809: 2379:

as fuel for cooking. Various media outlets have suggested that the country has just 2%

2319: 2003: 1621: 1617: 1485: 1457: 1423: 1372: 1121: 952: 946: 929: 867: 535: 328: 148: 5757: 4632:

A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present

2408:

of the importance of forests for their welfare and other forms of life on the island.

1913: 1784: 662:

was the easternmost province of the island, an area in the Dominican Republic called "

31: 7080: 6901: 6886: 6876: 6776: 6549: 6530: 6421: 6078: 5606: 5552:

Rodríguez Morel, Genaro. "The Sugar Economy of Española in the Sixteenth Century" in

5500: 5407:

Economic Geology, Chapter X, in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic

4938: 4872: 4845: 4816: 4726: 4635: 4617: 4589: 4514: 4465: 4431: 4420: 4291: 4286: 4269: 4215: 4149: 4126: 4108: 4050: 4027: 3913: 3895: 3782: 3748: 3721: 3668: 2765: 2549: 2197: 2130: 1835: 1795: 1404: 1376: 1120:

Gold mining using forced indigenous labor began early on Hispaniola. Miguel Díaz and

1027:, which he named Río de Oro (River of Gold) because its "sands abound in gold dust". 840: 523: 499: 5693: 4547: 3993: 2548:, one of several French-derived creole languages. Roman Catholicism is the dominant 1725: 1645: 1606: 7238: 7168: 7045: 6952: 6920: 6881: 6806: 6781: 6720: 6710: 6670: 6379: 6337: 6307: 6290: 6250: 5763: 5542: 5069: 5025: 4577: 4281: 4116: 4100: 4023: 3903: 3887: 3781:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Nacional, Ministerio de Cultura. p. 329. 3658: 3584: 3444: 3244: 3226: 3184: 2781: 2743: 2731: 2688: 2653: 2606: 2126: 1999: 1882: 1555: 1493: 1436: 895: 755: 507: 478: 422: 259: 244: 211: 118: 61: 5089: 4958: 3843: 2623: 937:, on the shore and left behind 21 crewman to await his return the following year. 604:

began establishing bases on the western side of the island. The official name was

224: 7034: 6834: 6824: 6771: 6285: 5753: 4668:

Norman M Naimark, Genocide a world history, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2017, p. 39.

4491: 4214:. Carla Rahn Phillips. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–200. 3459: 3393: 2777: 2727: 2573: 2474: 2396: 2360: 1991: 1806: 1759: 1692: 1649: 1527: 1469: 1327: 1308: 1288: 1092: 956: 539: 531: 472: 254: 76: 3951: 822: 627: 7268: 7258: 7173: 7104: 6936: 6871: 6854: 6849: 6751: 6702: 6615: 6332: 6295: 5992: 5699: 5464: 4647: 4104: 3891: 3694: 3475: 3147: 2590: 2545: 2522: 2454: 2352: 2339:

of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island, and in the

2232: 1995: 1684: 1637: 1598: 1535: 1531: 1497: 1452: 1412: 1349: 1340: 1198: 977: 967: 751: 711: 684:

in Spanish, both meaning "the Spanish island". Las Casas shortened the name to

597: 543: 376: 234: 106: 30:"Isla Española" and "San Domingo" redirect here. For the Galápagos island, see 5711: 5616: 5006:"The Areal Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall Over the Island of Hispaniola" 4581: 3663: 3646: 3431: 2582:

The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95% black and 5% white and

2356: 1688: 1671:

of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the

7283: 7263: 7228: 7040: 7019: 6839: 6312: 6116: 5563: 4710: 4688: 4609:

American Indian holocaust and survival : a population history since 1492

4295: 4112: 4054: 3899: 3672: 3367: 3117: 2649: 2557: 2553: 2470: 2458: 2214: 2212:). There are also many avian species on the island, with six endemic genera ( 1744: 1304: 1271: 1236: 1209: 1180: 1162: 963: 615: 582: 340: 191: 178: 164: 5546: 5512:

The Spanish Caribbean & the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century

4565: 1612:

The southern range begins in the southwesternmost Dominican Republic as the

7163: 7148: 7065: 7055: 6941: 5579: 4130: 3917: 3588: 3198: 2797: 2719: 2680: 2638: 2627: 2490: 2465:

and minority religions such as African religions, Afro-American religions,

2446: 2380: 1774:

Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic

1625: 1543: 1427: 1353: 1344: 1250: 1228:. Many of these insurgents managed to escape where they formed independent 1217: 1101: 1083:

On Columbus's return during his second voyage, he learned it was the chief

972: 826: 814: 573:

Hispaniola is the site of one of the first European forts in the Americas,

567: 239: 229: 4407:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 44, 50, 57–58, 74. 904: 654:

referred to a rugged mountainous region on the western end of the island.

7248: 7233: 7218: 7203: 6814: 4813:

Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection

3162: 2757:, which constitute the world's second largest sulphidation gold deposit. 2754: 2634: 2619:

Historical GDP per capita development in the Dominican Republic and Haiti

2336: 2073: 1831: 1827: 1668: 1574: 1563: 1547: 1539: 1380: 1245: 1221: 1129: 1125: 909: 515: 306: 5554:

Tropical Bablyons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. 1450–1680

5497:

Life and Society in the Early Caribbean: The Greater Antilles, 1493–1550

4303: 3680: 1810:

Köppen climate types of the Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola

585:(est. 1498). These settlements were founded successively during each of 7004: 5492: 4550:. New York : Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive. 4389:. New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University. pp. 76–77, 83, 87. 2739: 2673: 2642: 2244: 2226: 1979:

Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola

1194: 1174: 1133: 1105: 1088: 1008: 998: 942: 934: 578: 574: 3526: 2310: 1287:

By the early 17th century, Hispaniola and its nearby islands (notably

658:, a physician on Columbus's second voyage, also noted that “Ayiti” or 4236: 2665: 2327: 2238: 1878: 1656: 1641: 1578: 1473: 1336: 1283:

Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties in the 1600s.

985: 784: 511: 7198: 5074: 4043:"Opinion | Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean" 2715: 2387:

de pollo (Mecranium amigdalinum) and palo santo (Alpinia speciosa).

1967:

in the Dominican Republic has the highest elevation of the Caribbean

1814: 1097: 7143: 7133: 7123: 7050: 2789: 2772: 2747: 2723: 2676: 2669: 2631: 2594: 2510: 2506: 2376: 2220: 1823: 1559: 1419: 1188: 1184: 879: 676: 5600: 5575:"The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española, 1505–1559" 5047:"More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth" 4836:

Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease

1624:, which form the mountainous spine of Haiti's southern peninsula. 1330:) made Hispaniola a center of pirate activity in the 17th century. 793: 770: 734:, a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by 7128: 7098: 7024: 6207: 5570:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966. 5213: 4387:

The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand

2583: 1667:

ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the

1523: 1506: 1364: 1248:, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant 1229: 1213: 1084: 1012: 861: 849: 844: 804: 673:

When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it

526:. The 76,192-square-kilometre (29,418 sq mi) island is 1949: 1846:

night. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall steadily, so that

1023:. Traveling further east from Navidad, Columbus came across the 7208: 7029: 7009: 5773: 4937:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 503. 4791: 4510:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective

3421: 2769: 2735: 2661: 2657: 2645: 1241: 830: 774: 601: 555: 1640:

lies at its western end. The depression is home to a chain of

1220:

nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don

626:

The island was called various names by its native people, the

577:(1492–1493), as well as the first settlement and proper town, 7243: 7070: 6238: 5156:"After the earthquake: Haiti's deforestation needs attention" 3455: 2813: 2761: 2695:

is US$ 868 in Haiti and US$ 8,050 in the Dominican Republic.

2367: 2340: 2315: 2011: 1847: 1672: 1590: 1432: 1407:, a major slave revolt broke out on Saint-Domingue. When the 1146: 1020: 547: 538:(48,445 km (18,705 sq mi) to the east and the 365: 4077: 3864: 2426: 1866:, Dominican Republic, the tallest waterfall in the Caribbean 1542:

lies 130 km (81 mi) east of Hispaniola across the

1275:

The main cities and towns of the Spanish in the early 1600s.

7060: 5533:"Return to Hispaniola: Assessing a Demographic Catastrophe" 5409:. Washington: United States Geological Survey. p. 228. 5031:

10.1175/1520-0493(1941)069<0201:TADOMA>2.0.CO;2

4342: 4340: 4338: 1519: 1368: 927:

inland. Before he could explore further, his flagship, the

458: 452: 440: 387:

27,747 km (10,713 sq mi; 36.4%)

351:

48,445 km (18,705 sq mi; 63.6%)

27:

Caribbean island shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti

4935:

The Geology of Hispaniola, in The Ocean Basins and Margins

4907:"El Pico Duarte es apenas 4 metros más alto que La Pelona" 4933:

Bowin, Carl (1975). Nairn, Alan; Stehli, Francis (eds.).

4548:"American holocaust : the conquest of the New World" 4270:"The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest" 3523:"Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States" 484: 449: 431: 4335: 3335:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2076:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola 2057:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola 1936:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola 1115: 5560:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2004. 4197:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages

3811:"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic" 3651:

NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids

3494:

Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro VII

2679:. The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo 2668:

marine strata, uT are Post-Eocene marine strata, T are

2597:). These genes also have been detected in Puerto Rico. 1818:

Köppen climate types of Haiti, the island of Hispaniola

5588:

Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus

5499:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021. 4041:

Reich, David; Patterson, Orlando (December 23, 2020).

2710:

Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the

726:

The name "Haïti" was adopted by Haitian revolutionary

5116:"One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie" 4984:"Highest And Lowest Points Of Countries Of The World" 4752:

THE BUCCANEERS IN THE WEST INDIES IN THE XVII CENTURY

4717:

From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean

1451:

In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the

608:, meaning "The Spanish (Island)". It was also called 487: 443: 434: 425: 7094: 6982: 5465:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" 4959:"Caribbean: Island of Hispaniola | Ecoregions | WWF" 4178:

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

3174: 1762:

in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic

481: 455: 437: 83: 5528:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973. 5113: 3938:Poole, Robert (2011). "What Became of the Taíno?". 2391:Magnolia pallescens, a highly endangered hardwood. 2383:, but this has not been substantiated by research. 490: 446: 428: 4889:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 4833: 4714: 4419: 3774: 2532:People of Haitian origin in the Dominican Republic 1197:was introduced to Hispaniola by settlers from the 1161:, who reserved the best mines for himself, though 5174:"In Haiti, communities take aim at deforestation" 4485:"History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages" 3697:(Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, March 14, 1493). 3634:. University of California Press. pp. 37–48. 7281: 5601:Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico 5526:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526 4867:Diamond, Jared M. and Robinson, James A. (2011) 4405:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526 4081:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean" 3868:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean" 3601: 2258:List of national parks of the Dominican Republic 1244:, more strategically located in relation to the 514:. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the 5646: 5590:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1990. 4146:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook 4073: 4071: 2780:and cyanidation. The ore is located in the VMS 2672:marine strata, V are volcanic rocks, and Q are 1179:Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Buenaventura. The 1141:-Buenaventura, and another in Cibao within the 5334:"GDP per capita (current US$ ) - Haiti | Data" 4513:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62. 4040: 2343:valley in the center-north of the island. The 1675:valley in the center-north of the island. The 6968: 6223: 5632: 5514:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2019. 4506: 4148:. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications. 3328: 2556:faith. Another 25% of the populace belong to 2314:Satellite image depicting the border between 2107:The Birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic 2038:Oviedo Lake in Pedernales, Dominican Republic 1307:and English pirates arrived on the island of 53: 5421:"Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine, Dominican Republic" 4634:, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, p. 86, 4380: 4378: 4376: 4068: 3496:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Bajel. 2143:List of amphibians of the Dominican Republic 1791:of the Caribbean region, present (1980–2016) 982:further colonial expansion into the Americas 68: 5214:"World Population Prospects, 2023 Revision" 5090:"The island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean" 4825: 4682:Sugar Cane: Past and Present, Peter Sharpe 4426:. New Rochelle: Hispaniola Books. pp. 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3747:. University of Florida Press. p. 10. 3705: 3703: 2302:List of plants that are extinct in the wild 1802:of the Caribbean region, future (2071–2100) 98: 6975: 6961: 6230: 6216: 5639: 5625: 5404: 5300: 4863: 4861: 4496:Texas Department of State Health Services. 4422:The Dominican Republic, A National History 4267: 4199:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–80. 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3568: 3546: 3544: 2687:The island has the largest economy in the 1015:) possibly working with the Taíno people. 817:are a series of 55 caves located north of 147: 131: 5613:contains primary materials on Hispaniola. 5607:The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake 5517:Deagan, Kathleen and José María Cruxent. 5114:O'Connor, M. R., ed. (October 13, 2016). 5073: 5044: 5029: 4454:Hopkins, Donald R. (September 15, 2002). 4373: 4349:"Columbus' Confusion About the New World" 4285: 4120: 3907: 3662: 3506: 2712:volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits 2438:Peoples of Haiti in Port-de-Paix in Haiti 2395:over the last 50 years, resulting in the 2026:Yaque del Norte river, Dominican Republic 5521:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002. 5405:Condit, D. Dale; Ross, Clyde P. (1921). 5383: 5377: 4999: 4997: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4709: 4605: 4559: 4557: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4460:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4457:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History 4398: 4396: 4384: 4209: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3775:Castillo Pantaleón, Juan Miguel (2012). 3740: 3709: 3700: 3575:Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the 3491: 2622: 2614: 2535: 2527: 2433: 2425: 2309: 1813: 1805: 1794: 1783: 1505: 1442: 1390: 1321: 1278: 1270: 1232:communities in the south of the island. 1206:first major slave revolt in the Americas 951: 903: 866: 4858: 4744: 4742: 4563: 4546:Stannard, David E. (October 14, 1993). 4453: 4194: 4167: 4165: 4143: 3991: 3958: 3541: 3515: 3485: 2290:List of IUCN Red List Vulnerable plants 2119:List of birds of the Dominican Republic 2072:, Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from 1577:at 3,101 meters (10,174 ft) above 1386: 1356:on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676. 1339:. The French colony was given the name 272:76,192 km (29,418 sq mi) 14: 7282: 5390:. New York: Anson P. Norton. pp. 5357: 5003: 4831: 4346: 4013: 3644: 3574: 2418:Demographics of the Dominican Republic 6956: 6211: 5620: 5306: 4994: 4932: 4921: 4899: 4840:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 4554: 4536: 4449: 4447: 4402: 4393: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 3937: 3924: 3629: 3507:Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de (1966). 2563: 2270:List of palms native to the Caribbean 1743:Caribbean general map and map of the 1616:, and extends west into Haiti as the 1317:re-captured Tortuga for the last time 1291:) became regular stopping points for 1116:16th century: gold, sugar and pirates 996:and agrarian enslavement through the 6993:(38,610 sq mi) and greater 6449:List of revolutions and coups d'état 4749:"Chapter Four: Tortuga: 1655-1664". 4739: 4592:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM. 4566:"Us and Them: Identity and Genocide" 4417: 4411: 4171: 4162: 3828: 3500: 3265:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2803: 2701: 2286:List of critically endangered plants 1609:, the largest gulf of the Antilles. 991:Spaniards imposed a harsh regime of 980:, serving as a headquarters for the 5538:Hispanic American Historical Review 5519:Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos 5307:Bello, Marisol (January 21, 2010). 3858: 2014:in the north-west area of the lake. 1558:. Hispaniola is also a part of the 1490:Geography of the Dominican Republic 24: 6269:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 6237: 5738:Spanish occupation 1861–1865 5510:Altman, Ida and David Wheat, eds. 5486: 5358:Gibson, Carrie (October 7, 2013). 5292:. February 6, 2010. Archived from 4755:– via www.thepirateking.com. 4444: 4347:Morgan, Edmund S. (October 2009). 4254: 4234: 4212:The worlds of Christopher Columbus 4016:"The Greater Antilles and Bahamas" 3808: 3695:Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis 3492:Anglería, Pedro Mártir de (1949). 3317:Haiti & The Dominican Republic 3290:"Field Listing—Elevation extremes" 3240:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations 1343:. By 1670 a Welsh privateer named 1073:Colonial era weapons and armor in 748:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 25: 7336: 7320:Islands of the Dominican Republic 5594: 4274:Population and Development Review 3602:Maclean, Frances (January 2008). 3250:Geology of the Dominican Republic 2611:Economy of the Dominican Republic 2430:Peoples of the Dominican Republic 2115:Mammals of the Dominican Republic 900:History of the Dominican Republic 885: 760:History of the Dominican Republic 7097: 5787: 4287:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00116.x 4237:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo" 4028:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00391-5 3219: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3155: 3140: 3125: 3110: 2570:People of the Dominican Republic 2175:List of rodents of the Caribbean 2171:List of rodents of the Caribbean 2159:List of recently extinct mammals 2155:List of mammals of North America 2081: 2062: 2043: 2031: 2019: 1984: 1972: 1957: 1941: 1921: 1905: 1890: 1871: 1855: 1767: 1751: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1348:capital of the French Colony of 1063: 1054: 1043: 1034: 1004:began to bring enslaved Africans 803: 792: 783: 764: 534:countries: the Spanish-speaking 477: 421: 358: 321: 7179:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 5748:U.S. occupation 1916–1924 5457: 5435: 5413: 5398: 5351: 5326: 5282: 5264: 5246: 5228: 5206: 5180: 5166: 5148: 5122: 5107: 5082: 5038: 4976: 4951: 4881: 4805: 4784: 4759: 4703: 4676: 4596: 4564:Moshman, David (May 15, 2007). 4527: 4507:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 4500: 4478: 4310: 4235:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 4228: 4203: 4188: 4137: 4034: 4007: 3802: 3768: 3734: 3693:"Quam protinus Hispanam dixi": 3687: 3638: 3623: 3595: 2411: 2349:flooded grasslands and savannas 2306:List of recently extinct plants 2298:List of recently extinct plants 2266:Flora of the Dominican Republic 1912:Tropical rainforest climate in 1681:flooded grasslands and savannas 1266: 7117:(7,722–38,610 sq mi) 6385:Anti-Duvalier protest movement 5387:The Gold Fields of St. Domingo 5136:. Tarter, Andrew. May 19, 2016 4869:Natural Experiments of History 4195:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). 3581:The American Historical Review 3438: 3409: 3394:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3381: 3350: 3322: 3310: 3282: 2540:Haiti Population Density, 2000 2282:List of trees of the Caribbean 2274:List of near threatened plants 2193:the island's amphibian species 1636:in Haiti, and Haiti's capital 1538:; 190 km (120 mi) . 1335:officially recognized by King 290:3,059 km (1900.8 mi) 13: 1: 5130:"Haiti is Covered with Trees" 4210:Phillips, William D. (1992). 3744:The Butterflies of Hispaniola 3509:Apologética Histórica Sumaria 3338:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 3275: 2746:found in the 120-meter thick 2326:The island has four distinct 2183:Fauna and Flora International 1899:Constanza, Dominican Republic 1719:Caribbean maritime boundaries 1655:The island has four distinct 1466:Dominican War of Independence 1295:. In 1606, the government of 913: 4909:(in Spanish). ojala.do. 2021 4614:University of Oklahoma Press 4385:Columbus, Ferdinand (1959). 4268:Livi-Bacci, Massimo (2006). 3710:McIntosh, Gregory C (2000). 2600: 2445:The Dominican Republic is a 1479: 1447:Dominican war against Haiti. 1235:Beginning in the 1520s, the 993:forced labor and enslavement 908:Early map of Hispaniola and 621: 518:, and the second-largest by 298:3,175 m (10417 ft) 36:San Domingo (disambiguation) 7: 5258:Encyclopedia of the Nations 4020:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 3718:University of Georgia Press 3630:Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1966). 3604:"The Lost Fort of Columbus" 3562:Central Intelligence Agency 3511:(in Spanish). Mexico: UNAM. 3300:Central Intelligence Agency 3170: 2363:in the Dominican Republic. 2163:List of prehistoric mammals 2147:List of amphibians of Haiti 2139:List of birds of Hispaniola 1652:in the Dominican Republic. 1212:during 1521, when enslaved 721:National Geographic Society 640:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo 410:280.8/km (727.3/sq mi) 10: 7341: 5045:Camberlin, Pierre (2010). 4172:Cook, Noble David (2005). 4105:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2 3892:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2 3836:"Haiti – Historical Flags" 3778:La Nacionalidad Dominicana 3363:Collins English Dictionary 3133:Santiago de los Caballeros 2604: 2567: 2467:African diaspora religions 2463:The Church of Jesus Christ 2415: 2255: 2189:bird species in Hispaniola 2104: 2055:Santiago de los Caballeros 1779: 1483: 1352:was moved from Tortuga to 1257:Santiago de los Caballeros 1151:Santiago de los Caballeros 1075:Museum of the Royal Houses 889: 768: 745: 741: 554:, which is shared between 379: (pop. 1,234,742) 343: (pop. 2,201,941) 29: 7114: 7092: 6990: 6914: 6805: 6747: 6738: 6678: 6669: 6557: 6548: 6466: 6457: 6358:Unification of Hispaniola 6249: 6169: 6102: 6054: 6045: 5988: 5979: 5886: 5877: 5805: 5796: 5785: 5723:Unification of Hispaniola 5655: 5160:Christian Science Monitor 4811:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2008) 4792:"Dominican Republic 2014" 4685:"Ethnobotanical Leaflets" 4606:Thornton, Russel (1987). 4582:10.1080/15283480701326034 3741:Schwartz, Albert (1989). 3713:The Piri Reis Map of 1513 3664:10.1163/13822373-90002615 3319:IMF population estimates. 3213:Dominican Republic portal 2975: 2943:Medium human development 2942: 2839: 2483:Congos Del Espiritu Santo 2332:Hispaniolan moist forests 2294:List of endangered plants 2167:Pilosans of the Caribbean 2089:Nord (Haitian department) 2051:Hispaniolan moist forests 1897:Frosted alpine forest in 1661:Hispaniolan moist forests 1168:Under the royal governor 732:Republic of Spanish Haiti 406: 396: 391: 383: 372: 355: 347: 336: 317: 312: 302: 294: 286: 276: 268: 217: 207: 170: 160: 155: 146: 130: 48: 6471:Administrative divisions 5541:83, no. 1 (2003): 3–51. 4174:"Taino (Arawak) Indians" 3255:History of the Caribbean 2796:zone containing pyrite, 2693:annual per capita income 2359:in Haiti and the nearby 2345:Hispaniolan pine forests 2251: 2151:Mammals of the Caribbean 2111:Amphibians of Hispaniola 2100: 2070:Hispaniolan pine forests 1840:Cordillera Septentrional 1691:in Haiti and the nearby 1677:Hispaniolan pine forests 1583:Cordillera Septentrional 1552:Turks and Caicos Islands 402:both countries combined) 373:Capital and largest city 337:Capital and largest city 6984:World's largest islands 5547:10.1215/00182168-83-1-3 5423:. mining-technology.com 5384:Courtney, W.S. (1860). 5309:"Hispaniola comparison" 4490:March 14, 2016, at the 3479: 3428:Oxford University Press 3260:List of divided islands 2840:High human development 2818:Human Development Index 2766:Falconbridge Dominicana 2630:of Hispaniola. Mzb are 2525:and others also exist. 1934:Hispaniolan dry forests 1665:Hispaniolan dry forests 1456:second republic in the 872:Chiefdoms of Hispaniola 848:with a lead known as a 728:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 632:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 498:) is an island between 99: 7224:Prince of Wales Island 6407:2010s cholera outbreak 6368:Post-imperial Republic 5684:Devastations of Osorio 5568:The Early Spanish Main 5010:Monthly Weather Review 3994:"The History of Haiti" 3645:Geggus, David (1997). 3632:The Early Spanish Main 3579:Christmas Day, 1492". 3471: 3463: 3448: 2976:Low human development 2684: 2620: 2541: 2533: 2515:Unitarian Universalism 2439: 2431: 2323: 2123:List of birds of Haiti 1819: 1811: 1803: 1792: 1511: 1448: 1400: 1331: 1313:Don Fadrique de Toledo 1284: 1276: 1159:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1091:on Jan. 1494, he sent 959: 919: 874: 636:Bartolomé de las Casas 295:Highest elevation 84: 69: 54: 34:. For other uses, see 7310:International islands 7300:Freshwater ecoregions 7115:20,000–99,999 km 6417:Crisis (2018–present) 5573:Tibesar, Antonine S. 5469:hdi.globaldatalab.org 4832:Bollet, A.J. (2004). 4322:ldhi.library.cofc.edu 4014:Berman, Mary (2008). 3992:Corbett, Bob (1995). 3647:"The Naming of Haiti" 3453:That That Is Spanish; 3424:UK English Dictionary 2626: 2618: 2539: 2531: 2487:Dominican Protestants 2437: 2429: 2422:Demographics of Haiti 2313: 2278:List of Agave species 2206:Hispaniolan solenodon 1948:Desert sand dunes of 1928:Semi-arid climate in 1817: 1809: 1798: 1787: 1509: 1446: 1394: 1359:In 1680, new Acts of 1325: 1282: 1274: 1261:Concepción de la Vega 1025:Yaque del Norte River 955: 907: 870: 100:Ayití, Bohío, Babeque 6830:Citadelle Laferrière 6797:Water and sanitation 6536:World Heritage Sites 6281:Atlantic slave trade 6094:Water and sanitation 5531:Livi-Bacci, Maximo. 5296:on February 6, 2010. 5254:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC" 5242:. November 22, 2021. 5236:"The World Factbook" 5004:Alpert, Leo (1941). 4895:. November 18, 2021. 4767:"Hispaniola Article" 4418:Pons, Frank (1995). 4403:Floyd, Troy (1973). 4361:on September 7, 2017 4354:Smithsonian Magazine 3589:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854 3434:on December 2, 2020. 3235:Casa de Contratación 2648:, Kv are Cretaceous 2262:Environment of Haiti 2135:Environment of Haiti 1952:, Dominican Republic 1916:, Dominican Republic 1800:Köppen climate types 1789:Köppen climate types 1634:Plaine du Cul-de-Sac 1387:18th century onwards 1226:Christopher Columbus 892:Christopher Columbus 656:Diego Álvarez Chanca 634:, and the Spaniards 587:Christopher Columbus 7325:Spanish West Indies 7184:Axel Heiberg Island 6621:Chamber of Deputies 6604:Commanders-in-chief 5906:Chamber of Deputies 5769:Dominican Civil War 5733:War of Independence 5611:Library of Congress 5094:World Wildlife Fund 5066:2010ClRes..41..157C 5022:1941MWRv...69..201A 4963:World Wildlife Fund 4721:. Vintage. p. 4097:2021Natur.590..103F 3884:2021Natur.590..103F 3270:Spanish West Indies 2971:Dominican Republic 2957:Dominican Republic 2938:Dominican Republic 2924:Dominican Republic 2910:Dominican Republic 2896:Dominican Republic 2882:Dominican Republic 2868:Dominican Republic 2854:Dominican Republic 2519:Jehovah's Witnesses 2210:Solenodon paradoxus 2202:Plagiodontia aedium 2179:Caribbean bioregion 2008:Enriquillo wetlands 2006:. It is located in 1707:Caribbean locations 1526:, separated by the 1502:Caribbean bioregion 717:Harry Shepard Knapp 188: / 45: 7295:French West Indies 7194:Southampton Island 6902:The Unknown Maroon 6716:Telecommunications 6318:Haitian Revolution 6301:Colonial governors 6274:Colonial governors 6023:Telecommunications 5706:Spanish reconquest 5677:Colonial governors 5648:Dominican Republic 5586:Wilson, Samuel M. 5558:Stuart B. Schwartz 5338:data.worldbank.org 4602:Multiple sources: 4155:-9781412957380 4047:The New York Times 4030:– via Credo. 3840:Flags of the World 3564:. October 6, 2021. 3557:The World Factbook 3480:Ayiti or Quisqueya 3295:The World Factbook 2810:Dominican Republic 2808:This is a list of 2685: 2621: 2564:Ethnic composition 2542: 2534: 2479:Dominican Santeria 2440: 2432: 2324: 2320:Dominican Republic 2004:Dominican Republic 1965:Cordillera Central 1862:Salto de Jalda in 1836:semi-arid climates 1820: 1812: 1804: 1793: 1622:Massif de la Hotte 1618:Massif de la Selle 1614:Sierra de Bahoruco 1571:Cordillera Central 1512: 1486:Geography of Haiti 1458:Western Hemisphere 1449: 1401: 1373:Treaty of Ratisbon 1332: 1326:Ile de la Tortue ( 1285: 1277: 1122:Francisco de Garay 960: 947:Dominican Republic 924:Môle-Saint-Nicolas 920: 875: 738:in February 1822. 536:Dominican Republic 530:into two separate 329:Dominican Republic 303:Highest point 43: 7277: 7276: 6950: 6949: 6910: 6909: 6887:Sans-Souci Palace 6734: 6733: 6665: 6664: 6628:Political parties 6572:Foreign relations 6544: 6543: 6444:List of massacres 6434:COVID-19 pandemic 6412:Hurricane Matthew 6205: 6204: 6165: 6164: 6041: 6040: 5975: 5974: 5962:Political parties 5923:Foreign relations 5873: 5872: 5779:COVID-19 pandemic 5583:13, no. 4 (1957). 5505:978-0-8071-7578-1 5443:"Cerro de Maimon" 4640:978-0-87286-323-1 4630:Churchill, Ward, 4623:978-0-8061-2074-4 4471:978-0-226-35168-1 4184:– via GVRL. 4091:(7844): 103–110. 3878:(7844): 103–110. 3809:Lancer, Jalisco. 3788:978-9945-469-97-4 3754:978-0-8130-0902-5 3727:978-0-8203-2157-8 3397:. Merriam-Webster 3306:on June 13, 2007. 3106: 3105: 2804:Human development 2702:Natural resources 2593:(commonly called 2198:Hispaniolan hutia 2131:Wildlife of Haiti 2053:, hills north of 1424:reimposed slavery 1405:French Revolution 1377:Treaty of Ryswick 1293:Caribbean pirates 1170:Nicolás de Ovando 1124:discovered large 841:1st millennium BC 469: 414: 413: 400:22,278,000 (2020; 122: 16:(Redirected from 7332: 7315:Islands of Haiti 7305:Greater Antilles 7239:Vancouver Island 7169:Alexander Island 7107: 7102: 7101: 7046:Ellesmere Island 6977: 6970: 6963: 6954: 6953: 6930: 6923: 6745: 6744: 6706: 6676: 6675: 6555: 6554: 6464: 6463: 6397:2004 coup d'état 6392:1991 coup d'état 6380:Duvalier dynasty 6291:Peace of Ryswick 6232: 6225: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6185: 6178: 6052: 6051: 5996: 5986: 5985: 5884: 5883: 5803: 5802: 5791: 5764:Parsley massacre 5641: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5194:on April 5, 2019 5190:. 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Archived from 4344: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4289: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4144:Holguín (2010). 4141: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3989: 3956: 3955: 3935: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3842:. Archived from 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3666: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3525:. Archived from 3519: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3483: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3430:. Archived from 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3302:. Archived from 3286: 3245:Geology of Haiti 3229: 3227:Caribbean portal 3224: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3185:Geography portal 3182: 3181: 3180: 3159: 3144: 3129: 3114: 2823: 2822: 2782:Early Cretaceous 2768:has been mining 2744:sulfide minerals 2732:gold cyanidation 2689:Greater Antilles 2654:Upper Cretaceous 2607:Economy of Haiti 2406:Dominican people 2127:Mammals of Haiti 2085: 2066: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2000:hypersaline lake 1988: 1976: 1961: 1945: 1925: 1909: 1894: 1875: 1859: 1771: 1755: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1603:Montagnes Noires 1587:Samaná Peninsula 1556:Greater Antilles 1494:Islands of Haiti 1437:Henri Christophe 1149:triangle, while 1067: 1058: 1047: 1038: 918: 915: 896:History of Haiti 807: 796: 787: 756:History of Haiti 682:La Isla Española 508:Greater Antilles 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 486: 483: 476: 467: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 364: 362: 361: 327: 325: 324: 212:Greater Antilles 203: 202: 200: 199: 198: 193: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 151: 135: 116: 110: 102: 95: 87: 80: 72: 65: 57: 46: 42: 21: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7254:Somerset Island 7189:Melville Island 7116: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7035:Victoria Island 6992: 6991:100,000 km 6986: 6981: 6951: 6946: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6906: 6892:Public holidays 6882:National anthem 6801: 6730: 6704: 6661: 6594:Law enforcement 6540: 6476:Arrondissements 6453: 6439:2021 earthquake 6402:2010 earthquake 6373:U.S. occupation 6264:Taíno chiefdoms 6245: 6236: 6206: 6201: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6161: 6098: 6084:Public holidays 6037: 5994: 5971: 5869: 5845:Protected areas 5820:Ciudad Colonial 5792: 5783: 5758:Héctor Trujillo 5743:Restoration War 5651: 5645: 5597: 5524:Floyd, Troy S. 5489: 5487:Further reading 5484: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5403: 5399: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5305: 5301: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5176:. June 3, 2021. 5172: 5171: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5075:10.3354/cr00856 5049: 5043: 5039: 5002: 4995: 4990:. May 20, 2021. 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4871:. pp. 126–128. 4866: 4859: 4852: 4830: 4826: 4815:. pp. 184–213. 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4691:on May 18, 2008 4683: 4681: 4677: 4624: 4601: 4597: 4562: 4555: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4492:Wayback Machine 4483: 4479: 4472: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4416: 4412: 4401: 4394: 4383: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4345: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4266: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4142: 4138: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4039: 4035: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3959: 3936: 3925: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3643: 3639: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3573: 3569: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3529:on May 24, 2007 3521: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3451:; translation: 3443: 3439: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 2806: 2778:froth flotation 2728:open-pit mining 2704: 2639:metasedimentary 2637:and associated 2613: 2603: 2576: 2574:People of Haiti 2566: 2475:Dominican Vodou 2424: 2416:Main articles: 2414: 2397:desertification 2361:Lake Enriquillo 2318:(left) and the 2308: 2254: 2187:There are many 2185: 2103: 2096: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2058: 2048: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2015: 1994:is the biggest 1992:Lake Enriquillo 1989: 1980: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1946: 1937: 1926: 1917: 1910: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1876: 1867: 1860: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1763: 1760:Samana Province 1756: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1720: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1693:Lake Enriquillo 1650:Lake Enriquillo 1626:Pic de la Selle 1528:Jamaica Channel 1510:Topographic map 1504: 1482: 1470:Central America 1413:Treaty of Basel 1409:French Republic 1395:Saint-Domingue 1389: 1269: 1118: 1093:Alonso de Ojeda 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 957:Fortaleza Ozama 945:in present-day 916: 902: 888: 837: 836: 835: 834: 825:, but also the 810: 809: 808: 799: 798: 797: 789: 788: 777: 767: 762: 744: 670:by the Taíno. 624: 589:'s first three 480: 471: 470: 424: 420: 401: 368: 359: 357: 332: 322: 320: 264: 196: 194: 190: 187: 182: 179: 177: 175: 174: 142: 126: 125: 104: 89: 74: 59: 39: 32:Española Island 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7338: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259:Kotelny Island 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7174:Severny Island 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7105:Islands portal 7093: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6855:Haitian French 6852: 6850:Haitian Creole 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6645:Prime Minister 6642: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:National parks 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 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5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5752:Trujillo Era ( 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5700:Era de Francia 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: articles 5644: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5596: 5595:External links 5593: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5571: 5561: 5550: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5456: 5434: 5412: 5397: 5376: 5350: 5325: 5299: 5281: 5263: 5245: 5227: 5205: 5179: 5165: 5147: 5121: 5106: 5081: 5037: 5016:(7): 201–204. 4993: 4975: 4950: 4943: 4920: 4898: 4880: 4857: 4850: 4824: 4804: 4783: 4771:Britannica.com 4758: 4738: 4731: 4711:Williams, Eric 4702: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4628: 4622: 4616:. p. 16. 4595: 4576:(2): 115–135. 4553: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4499: 4477: 4470: 4443: 4436: 4410: 4392: 4372: 4334: 4309: 4280:(2): 208–213. 4253: 4241:whc.unesco.org 4227: 4220: 4202: 4187: 4161: 4154: 4136: 4067: 4033: 4006: 3957: 3923: 3857: 3846:on May 5, 2005 3827: 3815:allempires.com 3801: 3787: 3767: 3753: 3733: 3726: 3720:. p. 88. 3699: 3686: 3657:(1/2): 43–68. 3637: 3622: 3594: 3567: 3540: 3514: 3499: 3484: 3468:Haitian Creole 3437: 3408: 3380: 3349: 3321: 3309: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3216: 3202: 3188: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3150:in Ouest Metro 3148:Port-au-Prince 3146: 3139: 3137: 3135:in Cibao North 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120:in South Metro 3116: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 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1328:Tortuga island 1268: 1265: 1199:Canary Islands 1117: 1114: 1072: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 978:Spanish Empire 968:Latin American 887: 886:Post-Columbian 884: 812: 811: 802: 801: 800: 791: 790: 782: 781: 780: 779: 778: 766: 763: 752:Saint-Domingue 743: 740: 712:Saint-Domingue 623: 620: 598:Spanish Empire 544:Haitian Creole 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 389: 388: 385: 381: 380: 377:Port-au-Prince 374: 370: 369: 356: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 338: 334: 333: 318: 315: 314: 313:Administration 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 153: 152: 144: 143: 137:View from the 136: 128: 127: 124: 123: 111: 96: 92:Haitian Creole 81: 66: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7337: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:Yuzhny Island 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7106: 7100: 7095: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041:Great Britain 7039: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Baffin Island 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 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6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Second Empire 6361: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:1804 massacre 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:Le Jeune Case 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5728:La Trinitaria 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Spanish Haiti 5716: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5672:Santo Domingo 5670: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564:Sauer, Carl O 5562: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5474:September 13, 5470: 5466: 5460: 5445:. Perilya.com 5444: 5438: 5422: 5416: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5134:EnviroSociety 5131: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4944:9781468485370 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4877:9780674060197 4874: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4851:1-888799-79-X 4847: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4732:0-394-71502-0 4728: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4558: 4549: 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2382: 2378: 2373: 2372:deforestation 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2215:Calyptophilus 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2094: 2093:La Belle Mère 2090: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745:Caribbean Sea 1739: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1648:in Haiti and 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Spanish Haiti 1459: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237:Caribbean Sea 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:Santo Domingo 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:repartimiento 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:San Cristobal 1135: 1131: 1128:on the lower 1127: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1076: 1066: 1057: 1046: 1037: 1028: 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