Samuel of Bulgaria

1690: 1085:. As a result of this conflict, the marriage between Gavril Radomir and the Hungarian princess was dissolved. The Hungarians then attacked Ahtum, who had directly backed the pretenders for the Hungarian crown. Stephen I convinced Hanadin, Ahtum's right-hand man, to help in the attack. When the conspiracy was uncovered Hanadin fled and joined the Hungarian forces. At the same time, a strong Byzantine army besieged Vidin, Ahtum's seat. Although many soldiers were required to participate in the defense of the town, Ahtum was occupied with the war to the north. After several months he died in battle when his troops were defeated by the Hungarians. As a result of the war, Bulgarian influence to the northwest of the Danube diminished. 1094: 601:

alliance with the Byzantines and the opportunity to seize power in Bulgaria for himself. He held land in Thrace, a region potentially subject to the Byzantine threat. Basil reached an agreement with Aaron, who asked to marry Basil's sister to seal it. Basil instead sent the wife of one of his officials with the bishop of Sebaste. However, the deceit was uncovered and the bishop was killed. Nonetheless, negotiations proceeded and concluded in a peace agreement. The historian Scylitzes wrote that Aaron wanted sole power and "sympathized with the Romans". Samuel learned of the conspiracy and the clash between the two brothers was inevitable. The quarrel broke out in the vicinity of

652: 1640: 4870:. Hence, for them to recognize the inhabitants of Macedonia as Bulgarians would be tantamount to admitting that they should be part of the Bulgarian state. For that the Yugoslav Communists were most anxious to mold Macedonian history to fit their conception of Macedonian consciousness. The treatment of Macedonian history in Communist Yugoslavia had the same primary goal as the creation of the Macedonian language: to de-Bulgarize the Macedonian Slavs and to create a separate national consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia." For more see: Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971, 390: 1176: 809: 1845: 1014:, putting north-eastern Bulgaria once again under Byzantine rule. The following year, they struck in the opposite direction, marching through Thessaloniki to tear off Thessaly and the southernmost parts of the Bulgarian Empire. Although the Bulgarian commander of the fortress of Veroia, Dobromir, was married to one of Samuel's nieces, he voluntarily surrendered the fort and joined the Byzantines. The Byzantines also captured the fortress of Kolidron without a fight, but its commander Dimitar Tihon managed to retreat with his soldiers and join Samuel. The next town, Servia, did not fall so easily; its governor 2066:

the ruler of a large medieval state, which the majority of modern historical scholarship considers to be the Bulgarian empire itself, centered in the territory of today's North Macedonia. In this way the Macedonian members of the Commission not only agreed to identify Samuel's state as Bulgarian, but they also recognized the existence of the Bulgarian ethnicity during the Middle Ages. Despite these facts multiple examples of animosity between Bulgaria and North Macedonia have been registered, due to disputes over Samuil's ethnic affiliation and this issue is still highly sensitive.

896: 1674: 1050: 1299: 4841:"Most of the Slavophone inhabitants in all parts of divided Macedonia, perhaps a million and a half in all – had a Bulgarian national consciousness at the beginning of the Occupation; and most Bulgarians, whether they supported the Communists, VMRO, or the collaborating government, assumed that all Macedonia would fall to Bulgaria after the WWII. Tito was determined that this should not happen. The first Congress of AVNOJ in November 1942 had parented equal rights to all the 'peoples of Yugoslavia', and specified the Macedonians among them. 833:. Because of the war with Byzantium, it was dangerous to leave the throne vacant for long, and Samuel was chosen as the new Emperor of Bulgaria because he had the closest relations to the deceased emperor and was Roman's long-standing military commander. The presbyter of Duklja also marked the event: "By that time among the Bulgarian people rose one Samuel, who proclaimed himself emperor. He led a long war against the Byzantines and expelled them from the whole territory of Bulgaria, so that the Byzantines did not dare to approach it". 1247: 49: 341: 687:, which controlled the key routes in Thessaly, and from 977 to 983 the town was blockaded. After starvation forced the Byzantines to surrender, the population was deported to the interior of Bulgaria and the males were forced to enlist in the Bulgarian army. Although Basil II sent forces to the region, they were defeated. With this victory, Bulgaria had gained influence over most of the southwestern Balkans, although it did not occupy some of these territories. From Larissa, Samuel took the relics of 1656: 1184: 553: 1311: 1161:, east of Thessaloniki. During the next years, Basil launched annual campaigns into Bulgarian territory, devastating everything on his way. Although there was still no decisive battle, it was clear that the end of the Bulgarian resistance was drawing nearer; the evidence was the fierceness of the military engagements and the constant campaigns of both sides which devastated the Bulgarian and Byzantine realms. 4815:

aware of differences between themselves and the inhabitants of Bulgaria... The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs from Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians

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ages which appear in some modern works. In the Middle ages and into the 19th century, the term ‘Macedonian’ was used entirely in reference to a geographical region. Anyone who lived within its confines, regardless of nationality could be called a Macedonian...Nevertheless, the absence of a national consciousness in the past is no grounds to reject the Macedonians as a nationality today."

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which was ratified by the two Parliaments in 2018. On its ground, a bilateral expert committee on historical issues was formed. In February 2019, at a meeting of the committee, involving Bulgarian and Macedonian scientists, the two sides agreed to propose to their governments that Tsar Samuel may be celebrated jointly. The Macedonian side also conceded, that he was

1928:(1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) left the area divided mainly between Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia), which resulted in significant changes in its ethnic composition. The formerly leading Bulgarian community was reduced either by population exchanges or by change of communities' ethnic identity. The Macedonian Slavs were faced with the policy of forced 437:, who invaded Bulgaria several times. After a defeat from Sviatoslav, Peter I suffered a stroke and abdicated his throne in 969 (he died the next year). Boris was allowed back to Bulgaria to take his father's throne, restore order and oppose Sviatoslav, but had little success. This was allegedly used by Nicholas and his sons, who were contemplating a revolt in 969. 2046:, by which the emperor ideologically framed the newly acquired territories of the former Bulgarian empire and the former Samuel’s State. In this way the term "Bulgarian" became a projected name for the Samuel’s State itself. However, the term “Scythians” normally referred to the "Bulgarians", moreover, Samuel and his successors considered their state Bulgarian. 4887:"No doubt, the vast majority of the Macedonian peasants, being neither communists nor members of IMRO (United), had not been previously affected by Macedonian national ideology. The British officials who attempted to tackle this issue in the (late) 1940s noted the pro-Bulgarian sentiment of many peasants and pointed out that Macedonian nationhood rested ‘ 4593:

established in what is now Thrace (split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey) with Adrianople as its capital. It was the birthplace of Emperor Basil I (867–886), the founder of the so-called Macedonian dynasty in Byzantinum. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,

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By the beginning of the 9th century the theme of Macedonia, with its capital at Adrianople consisted not of Macedonian but of Thracian territories. During the Byzantine period the Macedonia proper corresponded to the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in

2016:

refers to an "Ethnic Macedonian" Empire, with Samuel being the first Tsar of the Macedonian Slavs. However, this controversy is ahistorical, as it projects modern ethnic distinctions onto the past. There is no historical support for that assertion. Samuel and his successors were never called by their

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by Gavril Radomir, who personally killed Botaniates. After the Battle of Kleidion, on the order of Basil II the captured Bulgarian soldiers were blinded; one of every 100 men was left one-eyed so as to lead the rest home. The blinded soldiers were sent back to Samuel who reportedly had a heart attack

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The Byzantines took advantage of the Bulgarian troubles in the north. In 1003, Basil II led a large army to Vidin, northwestern Bulgaria's most important town. After an eight-month siege, the Byzantines ultimately captured the fortress, allegedly due to betrayal by the local bishop. The commanders of

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Until the late 19th century both outside observers and those Bulgaro-Macedonians who had an ethnic consciousness believed that their group, which is now two separate nationalities, comprised a single people, the Bulgarians. Thus the reader should ignore references to ethnic Macedonians in the Middle

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By the Middle Ages Macedonia's location had been forgotten and designated in areas mostly outside the original Macedonian kingdom... Under Turkish rule Macedonia vanished completely from administrative terminology and survived only as a legend in the oral Greek traditions… Rediscovered by travelers,

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When the barbarian invasions started in the fourth through seventh centuries AD in the Balkans, the remnants of the Hellenes who lived in Macedonia were pushed to eastern Thrace, the area between Adrianople (presently the Turkish city of Edirne) and Constantinople. This area would be called theme of

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The migrations during the early Byzantine centuries also changed the meaning of the geographical term Macedonia, which seems to have moved to the east together with some of the non-Slavic population of the old Roman province. In the early 9th century an administrative unit (theme) of Makedonikon was

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As a response, a Byzantine army under Nikephorus Uranos was sent after the Bulgarians, who returned north to meet it. The two armies met near the flooded river of Spercheios. The Byzantines found a place to ford, and on the night of 19 July 996 they surprised the unprepared Bulgarian army and routed

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Macedonia by the Byzantines... whereas the modern territory of Rep. of North Macedonia was included in the theme of Bulgaria after the destruction of Samuels Bulgarian Empire in 1018. Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010,

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Conquest of Bulgaria by Byzantium (end of the 10th-beginning of the 11th century) in the Russian chronography, HV-XVI c. (Zavoevenie Bolgarii Vizantiei (konets X-nachalo XI v.) v russkom hronografe, HV-XVI vv; ЗАВОЕВАНИЕ БОЛГАРИИ ВИЗАНТИЕЙ (КОНЕЦ Х-НАЧАЛО XI в.) В РУССКОМ ХРОНОГРАФЕ, XV-XVI вв.) L.

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In August 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia published official recommendations of the Joint Historical Commission operating between the two countries. There, the governments in Sofia and Skopje are offered a joint commemoration of Samuel, who, according to the commission, was

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and Roman, to oppose Samuel. Basil II hoped that they would win the support of the nobles and isolate Samuel or perhaps even start a Bulgarian civil war. Boris and Roman were sent back in 977 but while they were passing through a forest near the border, Boris was killed by Bulgarian guards who were

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At the end of the World War I there were very few historians or ethnographers, who claimed that a separate Macedonian nation existed... Of those Macedonian Slavs who had developed then some sense of national identity, the majority probably considered themselves to be Bulgarians, although they were

4041:

Selected sources for the Bulgarian history, Volume II: The Bulgarian states and the Bulgarians in the Middle Ages (Podbrani izvori za balgarskata istoriya, Tom II: Balgarskite darzhavi i balgarite prez srednovekovieto, Подбрани извори за българската история, Том II: Българските държави и българите

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call Roman "Tsar" and Samuel "Roman's loyal military chief". However, other historians dispute this theory, as Roman was castrated and so technically could not have claimed the crown. There was also a governor of Skopje called Roman who surrendered the city to the Byzantines in 1004, receiving the

1258:

The battle of Kleidion had major political consequences. Although Samuel's son and successor, Gavril Radomir, was a talented military leader, he was murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav, who, ironically, owed his life to him. Unable to restore the Bulgarian Empire's previous power, Ivan Vladislav

1034:

resisted for weeks but was conquered following a long siege. The population was moved to Voleron and its governor Dragshan was taken to Thessaloniki, where he was betrothed to the daughter of a local noble. Unwilling to be married to an enemy, Dragshan three times tried to flee to Bulgaria and was

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did not have enough manpower to fight both the Bulgarians and the rebels and resorted to treason, conspiracy and complicated diplomatic plots. Basil II made many promises to the Bulgarians and Scleros to divert them from allying against him. Aaron, the eldest living Cometopulus, was tempted by an

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laid flowers at the monument of Tsar Samuil together, articulating optimism that the two countries can finally resolve their open issues by signing a long-delayed agreement on good-neighborly relations. The governments of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed the friendship treaty in the same year,

821:. Samuel's arm was wounded and he barely escaped captivity; he and his son allegedly feigned death. After nightfall they headed for Bulgaria and walked 400 kilometres (249 mi) home. Research of Samuel's grave suggests that the bone in his arm healed at an angle of 140° but remained crippled. 990:

saw a turn in the course of Byzantine-Bulgarian warfare. Basil II had amassed an army larger and stronger than that of the Bulgarians: determined to definitively conquer Bulgaria, he moved much of the battle-seasoned military forces from the eastern campaigns against the Arabs to the Balkans and

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Skylitzes records: He himself died shortly afterwards, whereupon the sons were sent to Bulgaria to secure the ancestral throne and to restrain the 'children of the counts' from further t. David, Moses, Aaron and Samuel, children of one of the powerful counts in Bulgaria, were contemplating an

1724:

claims that the son of Samuel, Gavril, was assassinated by the leader of the Bulgarians, son of Aaron, because Aaron belonged to the race that reigned over Bulgaria. Asoghik and Yahya clearly distinguish the race of Samuel from the one of Aaron or the race of the Cometopuli from the royal race.

888:. In an effort to prevent bloodshed, he asked Jovan Vladimir to surrender. After the prince refused, some Serb nobles offered their services to the Bulgarians and, when it became clear that further resistance was fruitless, the Serbs surrendered. Jovan Vladimir was exiled to Samuel's palaces in 788:

In 989, Phocas was killed and his followers surrendered, and the following year Basil II reached an agreement with Skleros. The Byzantines focused their attention on Bulgaria, and counter-attacked in 991. The Bulgarian army was defeated and Roman was captured while Samuel managed to escape. The

1923:

The very name of "Macedonia" for the modern region was revived only in the 19th century, after it had nearly disappeared during the five centuries of Ottoman rule. Until the early 20th century and beyond the majority of the Macedonian Slavs who had clear ethnic consciousness believed they were

1018:

organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender. Nikulitsa was taken to Constantinople and given the high court title of patrician, but he soon escaped and rejoined the Bulgarians. He attempted to retake Servia, but the siege was

5381:

Mitko B. Panov et al., 2021. "Macedonian Nation Between Self-Identity and Euro-Atlantic Integration: Implications of the Agreements with Bulgaria and Greece," Societies and Political Orders in Transition, in: Branislav Radeljić & Carlos González-Villa (ed.), Researching Yugoslavia and its

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In the same year, Samuel undertook a march against Thessaloniki. His men ambushed and captured its governor, Ioannes Chaldus, but this success could not compensate for the losses the Bulgarians had suffered in the past four years. The setbacks in the war demoralized some of Samuel's military

1876:), that has led to assertions by the nationalist-driven historiography there. Its main agenda was that Samuel's empire was a "Serbian"/"Macedonian Slavic" state, distinct from the Bulgarian Empire. In more recent times the same agenda has been maintained in the Republic of Macedonia, (now 1080:

Although Gavril Radomir's marriage to the daughter of the Hungarian ruler had established friendly relations between the two strongest states of the Danube area, the relationship deteriorated after Géza's death. The Bulgarians supported Gyula and Koppány as rulers instead of Géza's son

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remained in captivity. Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian Empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. Count Nicholas, Samuel's father, who had close ties to the royal court in

3148:

Petrov, P (1958). "On the question concerning the authenticity of the Virgin charter and the data it contains (Po vaprosa za awtentichnostta na Virginskata gramota i sadarzhastite se v neya danni, По въпроса за автентичността на Виргинската грамота и съдържащите се в нея данни)".

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The Bulgarian successes in the west raised fears in Constantinople, and after serious preparations, Basil II launched a campaign into the very centre of the Bulgarian Empire to distract Samuel from southern Greece. The Byzantine army passed through the mountains around

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used this to his advantage. He quickly invaded Bulgaria the following year, defeated the Rus, and conquered the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Boris II of Bulgaria was ritually divested of his imperial insignia in a public ceremony in Constantinople and he and his brother

1350:

After the fall of Bulgaria, Samuel's descendants assumed important positions in the Byzantine court after they were resettled and given lands in Asia Minor and Armenia. One of his granddaughters, Catherine, became empress of Byzantium. Another (supposed) grandchild,

5113:

Ioannis Tarnanidis, The Macedonians of the Byzantine period, (Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece) in John Burke and Roger Scott as edidors, Byzantine Macedonia: Identity, Image and History: Papers from the Melbourne Conference July 1995, BRILL, 2000,

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and was considered by earlier scholarship as Samuel's daughter, is now regarded to have been simply a relative, perhaps a niece of Agatha. Gavril Radomir married twice, to Ilona of Hungary and Irene from Larissa. Miroslava married the captured Byzantine noble

1772:

Samuel is among the most renowned Bulgarian rulers. His military struggle with the Byzantine Empire is marked as an epic period of Bulgarian history. The great number of monuments and memorials in Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia, such as the ones in

2062:. Nevertheless in December 2020 North Macedonia's part from the joint committee withdrew from this decision. According to its view, Tsar Samuel had to be portrayed in one way in North Macedonia's textbooks, and in another during joint commemorations. 5289: 883:

and the Byzantines. When the Bulgarian troops reached Duklja, the Serbian prince and his people withdrew to the mountains. Samuel left part of the army at the foot of the mountains and led the remaining soldiers to besiege the coastal fortress of

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ca. 930, only to fall ca. 960 under Byzantine and later under Bulgarian rule. In fact that area was taken for the first time by Serbia centuries later, during the 1280s. Moreover, in Samuel's time Macedonia as a geographical term referred to

2802:

Vasilka Tăpkova-Zaimova, Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, Brill, 2018,

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on the orders of John I Tzimiskes so that he would not have heirs. Thus Samuel was certain to eventually succeed Roman. The new emperor entrusted Samuel with the state administration and became occupied with church and religious affairs.

2860:

Petrov, P (1962). "Rebellion of Peter and Boyan in 976 and struggle of the Cometopuli with Byzantium (Vosstanie Petra i Boyana v 976 i borba Komitopulov s Vizantiei, Восстание Петра и Бояна в 976 г. и борьба Комитопулов с Византией)".

4912:(1993, p. 71) confirms: “even as late as 1945, Slavic Macedonia had no national identity of its own." Nikolaos Zahariadis (2005) Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy, Peter Lang, p. 85, 1073:, who had been defeated by the Hungarians in the 930s. Ahtum commanded a strong army and firmly defended the northwestern borders of the Empire. He also built many churches and monasteries through which he spread Christianity in 958:

fell in love with the captive Jovan Vladimir. The couple married after gaining Samuel's approval, and Jovan returned to his lands as a Bulgarian official along with his uncle Dragomir, whom Samuel trusted. Meanwhile, Princess

258:

In his early years, Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory. In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of

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cartographers and diplomats after centuries of being ignored or forgotten, misplaced or misunderstood, Macedonia and its inhabitants, have never since the beginning of the 20th century, ceased being imagined and invented.

4866:"Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a Macedonian nationality during WWII to quiet fears of the Macedonian population that a communist Yugoslavia would continue to follow the former Yugoslav policy of forced 1713:, who analyzed the events and facts of the century and concluded that Samuel had only one brother, David. Asoghik's version is also supported by the historian Jordan Ivanov; furthermore, only one brother is mentioned on 850:

Constantinople would not recognize the new emperor, as for the Byzantines Boris II's abdication symbolized the official end of Bulgaria and Samuel was considered a mere rebel. Instead Samuel sought recognition from the

3124:

Emperor Basil the Bulgar-slayer: extractions from Yuhia of Antioch's chronicles (Imperator Vasiliy Bolgaroboytsa: izvecheniya iz letopisi Yahi Antiohijskago, Император Василий Болгаробойца: извлечения из летописи Яхи

3046:

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Roman was taken to Vidin, where he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. Samuel became his first lieutenant and general and together they gathered an army and fought the Byzantines. During his captivity, Roman had been

1952:

distinguished Samuel's Empire from the Bulgarian Empire, referring to it as a "Macedonian Empire", although he recognised that Samuel's state was politically and ecclesiastically a direct descendant of the empire of

703:

and besieged Sredets in 986. The Byzantines assaulted the city for 20 days, but their attacks proved fruitless and costly: the Bulgarians came out of the city several times, killed many enemy soldiers and captured

760:

diverted the efforts of the Byzantine Empire into another civil war. Samuel seized the opportunity and began to exert pressure on Thessaloniki. Basil II sent a large army to the town and appointed a new governor,

544:. He was also to organize the liberation of the conquered areas to the east, including the old capital Preslav. Some records suggest that David played a major role in this tumultuous period of Bulgarian history. 1150:, Samuel's father-in-law. Ashot and his wife boarded one of the Byzantine ships that were beleaguering the town and fled to Constantinople. Meanwhile, Chryselios surrendered the city to the Byzantine commander 1113:

Basil II decided to return to Constantinople afterwards, but, fearing an encounter with the Bulgarian army on the main road to his capital, he used an alternate route. The Byzantines marched south through the

967:, the dead governor of Thessaloniki, and threatened to commit suicide if she was not allowed to marry him. Samuel conceded and appointed Ashot governor of Dyrrhachium. Samuel also sealed an alliance with the 572:

vagrants and Moses was fatally injured by a stone during the siege of Serres. The brothers' actions to the south detained many Byzantine troops and eased Samuel's liberation of northeastern Bulgaria. A local

2914:

Precious sources on the Russo-Byzantine relations in the 9th century (Tsenniy istochnih po vaprosu pussko-vizantiyskih otnosheniy v X veke, Ценный источних по вопросу русско-византийских отношений в X веке

1214:

by its governor Botaniates, who later joined the main Byzantine army near Klyuch. After several days of continuous attempts to break through the wall, one Byzantine commander, the governor of Plovdiv

4716:

The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great.

793:

invaded Asia Minor and Basil II was forced to move many of his troops to combat this new threat. Samuel quickly regained the lost lands and advanced south. In 996, he defeated the Byzantines in the

667:

As the main effort of Basil II was concentrated against the rebel Skleros, Samuel's armies attacked the European possessions of the Byzantine Empire. Samuel invaded not only Thrace and the area of

1940:

20th-century Serbian and afterwards the Yugoslav historiography used the location of Samuel's state mainly on the territory of then Yugoslavia, to reject Bulgarian claims on the region. Thus, the

5000:

Svetozar Rajak, Konstantina E. Botsiou, Eirini Karamouzi, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou ed. The Balkans in the Cold War. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World, Springer, 2017,

375:

is the nickname used by Byzantine historians which is translated as "sons of the count". The Cometopuli rose to power out of the disorder that occurred in the Bulgarian Empire from 966 to 971.

3012:

Petrov, P (1959). "Formation and consolidation of the Western Bulgarian state (Obrazuvane i ukrepvane na Zapadnata Balgarska darzhava, Образуване и укрепване на Западната Българска държава)".

765:, but he was powerless to stop the Bulgarian advance. By 989, the Bulgarian troops had penetrated deep into Byzantine territory, and seized many fortresses, including such important cities as 4891:’ and, therefore, had to be constructed by the Macedonian leadership." Livanios, D. (2008), The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939–1949.: Oxford University Press, 4360: 5200:

Grzegorz Bartusik, Jakub Morawiec, Radosław Biskup (ed.), Adam of Bremen’s Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum. Origins, Reception and Significance, 2022. Taylor & Francis,

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equipment of the Byzantine army, forcing Basil II to withdraw to Thrace, but on 17 August 986, while passing through the mountains, the Byzantine army was ambushed and routed at the

5365: 1206:

When Basil II launched his next campaign in the summer of 1014, his army suffered heavy casualties during the assaults on the wall. Meanwhile, Samuel sent forces under his general

5742:История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство, Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852–1018) 247:, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority. As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the 1057:

The Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict reached its apex in 1003, when Hungary became involved. Since the beginning of the 9th century, the Bulgarian territory had stretched beyond the

5838:

The Blinded State: Historiographic Debates about Samuel Cometopoulos and His State (10th–11th Century); Volume 55 of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450

1725:

According to them, Moses and Aaron are not from the family of the Cometopuli. David and Samuel were of Armenian origin and Moses and Aaron were Armenian on their mother's side.

808: 1968:, even claimed that Samuel ruled a separate South Slavic, i.e. Serbian Empire in Macedonia, founded as result of an anti-Bulgarian rebellion. The Serbs tried to popularize the 6502: 5747:

History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part 2. From the Slavicization of the state to the fall of the First Empire (852–1018)

5131:

Paul Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, American Council of Learned Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2000,

4522:

Anastasiević, D. N. Hypothesis on Western Bulgaria (Hipoteza o Zapadnoj Bugarskoj, Хипотеза о Западноj Бугарскоj), Glasnik Skopskog nauchnog drushtva, b. III, Skopie, 1928.

6507: 1142:, was not seduced by Basil's promises of a noble title and wealth, and successfully defended the fortress. The Byzantines withdrew to Thrace after suffering heavy losses. 3636:

Duichev, Iv. (1942). "Correspondence of Pope Innocent III with the Bulgarians (Prepiska na papa Inokentii III s balgarite, Преписка на папа Инокентий III с българите.)".

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commanders, especially the captured Byzantine nobles. Samuel's son-in-law Ashot, the governor of Dyrrhachium, made contact with the local Byzantines and the influential

1022:

Meanwhile, Basil II's campaign reconquered many towns in Thessaly. He forced the Bulgarian population of the conquered areas to resettle in the Voleron area between the

1769:

to restore the appearance of the 70-year-old Bulgarian ruler. According to the reconstruction, he was a sharp-faced man, bald-headed, with a white beard and moustache.

613:

pleaded on his behalf. From that moment on, practically all power and authority in the state were held by Samuel and the danger of an internal conflict was eliminated.

2732:) the sons of Peter I were sent in the Byzantine capital in 963 as one of the term to resettle the peace treaty of 927. According to other historians such as Andreev ( 1689: 5017:

Istorijski časopis 2002, br. 49, str. 9–25, izvorni naučni članak, Pohod bugarskog cara Samuila na Dalmaciju. Živković Tibor D. SANU – Istorijski institut, Beograd.

5252: 4818: 4257:Иванов, Йордан (Jordan Ivanov). Произход на цар Самуиловия род (The origin of the family of the king Samuel). In: Сборник в чест на В. Н. Златарски, София, 1925. 1330:. Two further, unnamed daughters, are mentioned after the Bulgarian surrender in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son. Another woman, 4694:

Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002,

4669:

The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term.

568:

After John I Tzimiskes died on 11 January 976, the Cometopuli launched an assault along the whole border. Within a few weeks, however, David was killed by

577:, led by two boyars – Petar and Boyan, who became allies of the Cometopuli and submitted to their rule. The Byzantine army was defeated and retreated to 4795:"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century," John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, 4161: 5301: 2403:, who was the official tsar until 997, when he died in Byzantine captivity. Roman is mentioned as tsar in several historical sources; for example the 279:. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long 470:

and Samuel rebelled. The series of events are not clear due to contradicting sources, but it is sure that after 971 Samuel and his brothers were the

5475:

Delev, Petar; Valeri Katsunov; Plamen Mitev; Evgeniya Kalyanova; Iskra Baeva; Boyan Dobrev (2006). "12. The decline of the First Bulgarian Empire".

2382:

Anthony Kaldellis, Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade, Oxford University Press, 2017,

5582:

Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt

5048:

Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016,

4692:

The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism.

2000:. Pirivatrić has stated, that incipient Bulgarian identity was available in Samuel's state, and it will rеmain in the area in the next centuries. 4680: 4319: 2342:

Stojkov, Stojko (2014) Крунисувањето на Самуил за цар и митот за царот евнух. Гласник на институтот за национална историја, 58 (1–2). pp. 73–92.

2088: 1222:

and captured around 14,000 soldiers, according to some sources even 15,000. Basil II immediately sent forces under his favourite commander

720:. This was a significant blow for Basil, who was one of the few to return to Constantinople; his personal treasure was captured by the victors. 581:. Any Bulgarian nobles and officials who had not opposed the Byzantine conquest of the region were executed, and the war continued north of the 5681: 5467: 3351: 2687: 425:

as honorary hostages, to honor the new terms of the peace treaty. During these years the Byzantines and Bulgarians had entangled themselves in

6482: 5217:

Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017,

4364: 2439: 2780:) make their first appearance under the government of Kekaumenos, the strategos of Larissa ... (980–983)": Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", 358. 6009: 5362: 5277: 4718:

John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

2034:

Macedonian historians insist also that the emperor Basil II designated the enemies coming from the Samuel’s Empire as “Scythians” in his

634:

After the Byzantine plan to use Aaron to cause instability in Bulgaria failed, they tried to encourage the rightful heirs to the throne,

4276: 4703: 2081: 1191:

In 1014, Samuel resolved to stop Basil before he could invade Bulgarian territory. Since the Byzantines usually used the valley of the

5906: 1752: 5930: 801:

was captured. Elated by this success, the Bulgarians continued south. They marched through Thessaly, overcame the defensive wall at

4972: 2893:П. Хр. Петров, Восстание Петра и Бояна в 976 г. и борьба комитопулов с Византией, Byzantinobulgarica, I, Sofia, 1962, стр. 121–144. 1781:, signify the trail this historical figure has left in the memory of the people. Four Bulgarian villages bear his name, as well as 405:, Bulgaria prospered in a long-lasting peace with Byzantium. This was secured by the marriage of Peter with the Byzantine princess 4495: 4386:"Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Antarctic Place-names Commission, Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer Samuel Point" 1243:). Some historians theorize it was the death of his favourite commander that infuriated Basil II to blind the captured soldiers. 3703:

Venedikov, Iv. (1973). "The first wedlock of Gavril Radomir (Parviyat brak na Gavril Radomir, Първият брак на Гаврил Радомир)".

975: 5762: 2736:, p. 41.) the heirs to the Bulgarian throne became hostages per a Bulgarian-Byzantine agreement against the Kievan Rus' in 968. 2547:

L'épopée byzantine á la fin de dixiéme siécle, 1. Jean Tzimisés; les jeunes années de Basile II, le tueur de Bulgares (969–989)

1834: 856: 332:. Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, even though the Empire was disestablished after his death. 588:

After suffering these defeats in the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire descended into civil war. The commander of the Asian army,

6492: 6487: 5791: 5239: 3132: 3054: 2330: 2249:

has three editions. The first edition is from 1927 published in Sofia; the second edition is from 1971 and can be found here

413:. However, after Maria's death in 963, the truce had been shaken and it was at this time or later that Peter I sent his sons 268: 4301: 1980:. The story continued in Communist Yugoslavia, where a separate Macedonian identity was formed and Samuel was depicted as a 426: 384: 5941: 5604: 5350: 4138: 1218:, found a by-pass and, on 29 July, attacked the Bulgarians from the rear. Despite the desperate resistance the Byzantines 639:

misled by his Byzantine clothing. Roman, who was walking some distance behind, managed to identify himself to the guards.

3330:

Letters from the history of Serbians and Bulgarians (Pisma ob istorii serbov i bolgar, Письма об истории сербов и болгар)

4963:

Pieter Troch, Nationalism and Yugoslavia: Education, Yugoslavism and the Balkans before World War II, I.B.Tauris, 2015,

735:, descend to the earth with your gold-shining chariot, tell the great soul of the Caesar: The Danube took the crown of 5920: 4983:

Nada Boskovska, Yugoslavia and Macedonia Before Tito: Between Repression and Integration, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017,

3378: 1685:

during the reign of Samuel's nephew Ivan Vladislav. He is titled "autocrat of the Bulgarians" and "Bulgarian by birth".

1509: 1319: 855:, which would be a serious blow to the position of the Byzantines in the Balkans and would weaken the influence of the 676: 106: 17: 5256: 2990:

General history of Stephan from Taron (Vseobshaya istoriya Stepanosa Taronskogo, Всеобщая история Степаноса Таронского

5729: 5707: 5570: 5549: 5530: 5506: 5484: 5442: 5205: 5188: 5081: 4854: 4828: 4638: 4419: 4385: 3789: 3594: 2638: 2616: 2505: 2257: 1830: 915:. Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked 4758:

However, in the nineteenth century the term Macedonian was used almost exclusively to refer to the geographic region

2027:. The last designation arose because then Bulgaria occupied traditionally the lands of the former Roman province of 1275:

came to an end in 1018, only four years after Samuel's death. Most of its territory was incorporated within the new

1093: 6002: 1157:

In 1006–1007, Basil II penetrated deep into the Bulgarian-ruled lands and in 1009 Samuel's forces were defeated at

271:. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a 5404: 2928:

Centralism and regionalism in Bulgaria during the early Middle ages (end of the 7th— beginning of the 11th century

6175: 5392: 2562: 2035: 1809:, who closely follows the narrative flow of events as presented by St. Runciman. He is mentioned in the verse of 1264: 1231:

upon seeing them. He died two days later, on 6 October 1014. This savagery gave the Byzantine Emperor his byname

4566:

An outline of Macedonian history from ancient times to 1991. Macedonian Embassy London. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.

6322: 5845: 5222: 5136: 5119: 5101: 5072: 5053: 5005: 4988: 4968: 4934: 4917: 4896: 4875: 4800: 4778: 4773:

John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia, NYU Press, 1999,

4751: 4723: 4699: 4676: 4656: 4616: 4598: 4580: 4551: 2808: 2387: 2370: 2282: 1766: 1260: 280: 286:

Samuel was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength". Similar comments were made even in

6477: 4575:

Jim Bradbury, The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare, Routledge Companions to History, Routledge, 2004,

3916:

Bulgarian historical monuments in Macedonia (Balgarski starini iz Makedoniya, Български старини из Македония)

2118: 1736:. Samuel had built the church for the relics of the saint of the same name. What is thought to have been the 1106:. While Basil's forces were engaged there, Samuel struck in the opposite direction: on 15 August he attacked 748: 717: 629: 617: 500:. David ruled the southernmost regions and led the defense of one of the most dangerous border areas, around 264: 4929:

Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics, Cornell University Press, 1988,

4158: 1326:. Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir and 651: 6332: 5313: 2123: 1760: 1065:

River and the middle Danube. During the reign of Samuel, the governor of these northwestern parts was duke

1044: 794: 441: 251:, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler 6497: 6347: 6258: 5995: 1751:

in Thessaloniki, but according to a recent agreement, they may be returned to Bulgaria and buried in the

1748: 1639: 972: 574: 4277:"Prof. Kazimir Popkonstantinov: The offer for exchange of Samuel's remains is a provocation from Greece" 1290:, was the last remnant of the once mighty Empire. He was deceived and killed by the Byzantines in 1019. 1195:

for their invasions into Bulgaria, Samuel built a thick wooden wall in the gorges around the village of

6372: 6357: 6342: 6155: 6150: 6018: 5979: 5961: 1610: 610: 606: 489: 118: 80: 5234:

Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005,

920: 389: 6362: 6297: 6189: 5699: 5516: 3208: 3181: 2143: 1705:, an Armenian land incorporated into the Byzantine Empire. They were sent to fight the Bulgarians in 1359:. Two other women of the dynasty became Byzantine empresses, while many nobles served in the army as 1211: 757: 683:. Many Byzantine fortresses fell to the Bulgarians. Samuel wanted to seize the important fortress of 323: 4611:

the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD, Robin J. Fox, Robin Lane Fox, Brill, 2011,

1965: 1175: 6446: 6417: 6352: 6337: 5288:Проф. Иван Илчев: Македонците в двустранната комисия признаха, че цар Самуил е български владетел. 5162: 2171: 2166: 1223: 620:

which took place ten years later. According to that theory Aaron was killed on 14 June 987 or 988.

367:), although other sources suggest that he was a regional count of Prespa district in the region of 328: 2277:

Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006,

6436: 6431: 6406: 6367: 6228: 6214: 4671:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013,

4450: 2443: 2181: 2176: 1714: 5891: 5253:"Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, Government Information Service, 20 June 2017" 2347: 1210:

to attack Thessaloniki so as to distract Basil's forces away from this campaign. Nestoritsa was

6269: 6263: 6026: 5886: 4743: 4737: 2325:Македонска енциклопедија, том II. Скопје, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, 2009. 1865: 1272: 1151: 509: 232: 96: 92: 5878: 5874: 4947: 4628: 2628: 2606: 2359: 1844: 1701:

wrote that Samuel had only one brother, stating they were both Armenians from the district of

6441: 6327: 6248: 5866: 5650: 4844: 4630:

The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs

4305: 4280: 4098:

In the old Bulgaria literature (Iz starata balgarska knijnina, Из старата българска книжнина)

2932:

Tsentralizam i regionalizam v rannosrednovekovna Balgariya (kraya na VII— nachaloto na XI v.)

2666:

Die Zusätze in der Handschrift des Johannes Scylitzes. Codex Vindobonensis hist. graec. LXXIV

2196: 1993: 1985: 1861: 1619: 1327: 1015: 960: 948: 478: 122: 4300:

Edouard Selian. The Coat of Arms of Emperor Samuel. In: American Chronicle, March 21, 2009

3069:

Boris II and Roman were sons of Peter I whose dynasty had ruled Bulgaria since the reign of

6467: 6302: 6223: 6135: 6125: 6120: 5772: 5576: 5183:

Amelia Robertson Brown, Bronwen Neil (ed.), Byzantine Culture in Translation. Brill, 2017,

5039:

Vizantološki institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti), Naučno delo, 1997, st. 253–256.

2128: 1954: 1659: 1131: 1082: 1058: 895: 818: 688: 596:

and sent troops under his son Romanus in Thrace to besiege Constantinople. The new Emperor

434: 414: 5896: 8: 6422: 6312: 6307: 6233: 6196: 6130: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6035: 5954: 5824: 5625: 5558: 3651: 3647: 2936:Централизъм и регионализъм в ранносредновековна България (края на VII— началото на ХІ в.) 2400: 2153: 1997: 1961:, and it was regarded by Samuel and the Byzantines as being the Bulgarian Empire itself. 1958: 1857: 1732:

professor Nikolaos Moutsopoulos in the Church of St Achillios on the eponymous island in

1682: 1394: 1227: 1102:

the town had repulsed all previous attempts to break their defence, including the use of

964: 762: 410: 402: 340: 319: 244: 240: 218: 213: 201: 154: 5801: 5763:"1.3. The Bulgarian capitals in the Macedonian lands. The southwestern Bulgarian lands." 5522:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

5276:България и Северна Македония да честват заедно цар Самуил, предложи съвместната комисия 4412:

Samuil – Bulgarian Tsar (Samuil – tsar balgarski, Самуил – цар български)

4340:"The remains of Tsar Samuel will after all go to Tarnovo – to the grave of Kaloyan" 3002:

Scylitzes, pp. 434–435. In this context, by "Romans" Skylitzes understands "Byzantines".

829:

In 997, Roman died in captivity in Constantinople, ending the line of rulers started by

496:

in an attempt to secure the protection of their lands. The brothers ruled together in a

6292: 6090: 6060: 6040: 5675: 5589: 5461: 4546:

David Ricks, Michael Trapp as ed., Dialogos: Hellenic Studies Review, Routledge, 2014;

4499: 3345: 2681: 2191: 2186: 2148: 2105: 1949: 1916:. The area was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire in 1018 as a new province called 1905: 1889: 1706: 1678: 1673: 1219: 1215: 1170: 999: 924: 368: 354: 298:, which appeared in 989. During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the 276: 196: 184: 164: 134: 5666:

Schlumberger, G. (1900). "t. 2 Basile II-eme – le Tueur des Bulgares".

2464: 1988:, these outdated theories have been rejected by authoritative Serbian historians from 1298: 6317: 6238: 6203: 6140: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6045: 5841: 5787: 5750: 5725: 5703: 5654: 5616: 5566: 5545: 5526: 5502: 5494: 5480: 5438: 5235: 5218: 5201: 5184: 5132: 5115: 5097: 5077: 5067: 5049: 5001: 4984: 4964: 4930: 4913: 4892: 4871: 4850: 4824: 4796: 4774: 4747: 4719: 4695: 4672: 4652: 4634: 4612: 4594: 4576: 4547: 4415: 4213: 4101: 4066: 3967:, eds. J.Lefort, N.Oikonomides, D.Papachryssanthou, H.Métrévéli (Paris, 1985), doc. 8 3919: 3785: 3708: 3643: 3590: 3333: 3128: 3050: 2953: 2804: 2669: 2634: 2612: 2501: 2383: 2366: 2343: 2326: 2278: 2253: 1917: 1909: 1869: 1786: 1490: 1483: 660: 486: 463: 459: 450: 418: 295: 113: 70: 5766: 4063:

Short history of Bulgaria (Kratka istoriya na Balgariya, Кратка история на България)

1049: 1006:

to seize the main Bulgarian fortresses in the area. The Byzantine troops recaptured

971:

when his eldest son and heir, Gavril Radomir, married the daughter of the Hungarian

944: 838:"Above the comet scorched the sky, below the Cometopoulos (Samuel) burns the West." 48: 6399: 6166: 6070: 5689: 4435: 4389: 4085: 3073: 2133: 2059: 2043: 1814: 1721: 1698: 1497: 1385: 1276: 1127: 1003: 830: 467: 371:. His mother was Rhipsime of Armenia. The actual name of the dynasty is not known. 363:, a Bulgarian noble, who might have been the count of Sredets district (modern-day 360: 248: 144: 39: 5474: 5300:Драги Георгиев: Цар Самуил својот легитимитет го црпи од Бугарската царска круна. 2952:(in German). Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der Dt. Demokrat. Republik. p. 502. 1246: 318:, which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since 6281: 6253: 5924: 5910: 5805: 5693: 5632: 5520: 5421: 5369: 5163:"Ideology behind the Naming: On the Origin of Basil II's Appellation 'Scythicus'" 4165: 3642:

There is no direct evidence for this recognition, but in his correspondence with

2729: 2309: 2138: 1912:. Most of the modern region of Macedonia was then a Bulgarian province known as 1877: 1710: 1667: 1352: 1344: 1323: 1158: 1147: 940: 798: 406: 5337: 2587: 1793:. Samuel is the main figure in at least three major Bulgarian novels by authors 1259:

himself was killed while attacking Dyrrhachium. After that, the widowed empress

605:

on 14 June 976 and ended with the annihilation of Aaron's family. Only his son,

6472: 6383: 6275: 5771:(in Bulgarian). Ministry of Internal Affairs, Тrud, Sirma. 2005. Archived from 5640: 5636: 4867: 4144: 3484:

History of the years 976–986 (K istorii 976–986 godov, К истории 976–986 годов)

3274: 2423: 1929: 1818: 1806: 1756: 1648: 1644: 1335: 1287: 1263:

and many Bulgarian governors, including Krakra, surrendered to the Byzantines.

1236: 1192: 1031: 880: 864: 770: 705: 691:, which were laid in a specially built church of the same name on an island in 589: 557: 445: 430: 422: 287: 5740: 5349:

Naoum Kaychev, On Unifying Around Our Common History - Tsar Samuil Erga Omnes

2950:

Die Fragmente des Toparcha Goticus (Anonymus Tauricus aus dem 10. Jahrhundert)

2250: 2073: 797:. During the battle, Thessaloniki's governor, Gregorios, perished and his son 294:

penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and

6461: 5781: 5717: 4909: 2050: 2009: 1913: 1802: 1798: 1794: 995: 291: 5917: 5754: 5720:(2006). "Chapter XIII. (972–1014). Heroic agony. Tsar Roman, Tsar Samuil.". 5620: 5361:Пробив в историческата комисия: Цар Самуил е владетел на българско царство, 5096:

D. Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, 2002,

4105: 3712: 3463:, J.A.Cramer (ed.), 4 Vols (Oxford, 1839–1841), Vol 4, pp. 271–273, 282–283. 3382: 3337: 2957: 2673: 1868:. After the area was taken in 1913 after five centuries Ottoman rule by the 1805:

and also stars in the Greek novel "At the Times of the Bulgarian-Slayer" by

1655: 6243: 6182: 4952: 4471: 4184: 4182: 4070: 3923: 3070: 1883:

Practically Serbia did not exist at that time. It became independent under

1782: 1737: 1268: 1226:

to pursue the surviving Bulgarians, but the Byzantines were defeated in an

1123: 1115: 1074: 928: 782: 725:"Even if the sun would have come down, I would have never thought that the 668: 656: 501: 272: 5935: 5658: 2563:"The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. First Bulgarian Empire – Samuil" 1053:

Map of Bulgaria in its largest extension during Samuel's reign circa 1000.

6287: 5597: 5580: 4323: 3223:

Soveti i rasskazy Kekavmena. Sochinenie vizantiiskogo polkovodtsa XI veka

1925: 1733: 1303: 1070: 1023: 860: 802: 692: 680: 493: 458:, died in 970. In the same year "the sons of the count" (the Cometopuli) 4849:, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, 4179: 1697:

There is another version of Samuel's origin: the 11th-century historian

1183: 5066:

Kazhdan, Alexander; Brand, Charles M. (1991). "Samuel of Bulgaria". In

3270:

Untersuchungen zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte der bulgarischen Kometopulen

3212:, eds. B. Wassilewsky and P. Jernstedt, St Petersburg, 1896, pp. 65–66. 3203: 3176: 2777: 2054: 2013: 1945: 1873: 1810: 1790: 1207: 1107: 1103: 987: 644: 593: 521: 440:

The Rus' invaded Byzantine Thrace in 970, but suffered a defeat in the

2566: 1709:

but ended up joining them. This version is supported by the historian

1122:, in 1004. The Bulgarian army was camping on the opposite side of the 6050: 5987: 5403:Катерина Блажевска, Бугарски историчари ликуваат: Ова е прва победа! 2418: 1360: 1126:. After finding a ford and crossing the river, Basil II attacked and 912: 497: 5831:. Vol. 2. Београд–Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. 5819:. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. 4820:

The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world

3432:, J.A.Cramer (ed.), 4 Vols (Oxford, 1839–1841), Vol 4, pp. 271, 282. 1884: 778: 552: 2426:-Cedr. II, 455, 13), but this could be a mere coincidence of names. 2413: 2023: 1901: 904: 732: 672: 635: 602: 597: 561: 533: 517: 513: 505: 252: 2902:Й. Иванов, „Български старини из Македония“, София, 1970, стр. 550 2700:

Southeastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. Florin Curta. p. 241

2049:

Nevertheless, on a meeting in Sofia in June 2017, Prime Ministers

1896:. The "Macedonian" emperors of that period were Basil II, called " 1187:

The death of Emperor Samuel. Miniature from the Manasses Chronicle

805:

and entered the Peloponnese, devastating everything on their way.

6392: 6085: 4436:"S. Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - Preface" 4232: 2408: 2252:

in Bulgarian; the third edition is from 1994 published in Sofia,

1774: 1310: 1027: 1007: 968: 916: 739:. The arrows of the Moesians broke the spears of the Avzonians." 700: 684: 540:. Samuel ruled northwestern Bulgaria from the strong fortress of 528:. Aaron ruled from Sredets, and was to defend the main road from 455: 394: 299: 236: 227: 129: 4948:

Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992

4143:(in Bulgarian). Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo: VMRO Rusa. Archived from 2710:

Adontz, Nicholas (1938). "Samuel l'Armenien, roi des Bulgares".

1964:

Some historians of the same school, such as the Serbian scholar

1267:, Ivan Vladislav's eldest son, fled with two of his brothers to 616:

However, another theory suggests that Aaron participated in the

5646: 5497:(1994). "Bulgarian epic endeavours for independence 968–1018". 2028: 1941: 1893: 1849: 1741: 1729: 1702: 1355:, led an attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire after a major 1339: 1331: 1283: 1196: 1139: 1135: 1130:

Samuel's unsuspecting army, using the same tactics employed at

1119: 1011: 955: 932: 889: 885: 876: 863:

and Bulgaria. Samuel possibly received his imperial crown from

774: 726: 585:

until the enemy was scattered and Bulgarian rule was restored.

582: 578: 537: 529: 525: 378: 311: 307: 303: 260: 5942:

On Unifying Around Our Common History – Tsar Samuil Erga Omnes

5336:Вместо напредък Скопие се върна при цар Самуил (Oбзор, видео) 5076:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1838. 5615:(in Serbian). Belgrade: Institute of Byzantine Studies SANU. 5525:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 188–200. 3965:

Des origines au milieu du XIe siècle, Archives de l'Athos XIV

2633:, Stephen Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby, CUP Archive, 1968, 1778: 1663: 1134:. The Byzantines continued east and besieged the fortress of 1066: 1062: 936: 908: 790: 766: 713: 709: 569: 541: 364: 315: 4194: 2399:

One theory is that from 972/976 to 997 Samuel co-ruled with

963:

fell in love with the Byzantine noble captive Ashot, son of

6095: 5610: 4339: 1989: 852: 736: 222: 5807:Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja) 5579:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). 4363:(in Bulgarian). Radio Bulgaria. 2007-03-05. Archived from 4279:(in Bulgarian). "Focus" Agency. 2007-02-15. Archived from 1254:

of the Byzantine Empire, at the death of Basil II in 1025.

5783:

John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057

3127:(in Russian). London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 20–21. 2534:

John Kyriotes Geometres, a tenth century Byzantine writer

5563:

The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest

5314:"Цар Самуил легитимен претставник на Бугарското царство" 4823:, Loring M. Danforth, Princeton University Press, 1997, 4361:"The appearance of Tsar Samuel is resurrected in Moscow" 4100:(in Bulgarian). Vol. 2. Sofia: Hemus. p. 102. 994:

In 1001, Basil II sent a large army under the patrician

4889:

on rather shaky historical and philological foundations

3662: 3660: 2611:, Edward Gibbon, J. B. Bury, Wildside Press LLC, 2004, 1154:

in 1005, securing the title of patrician for his sons.

1019:

unsuccessful and he was captured again and imprisoned.

560:

returns in triumph in Constantinople with the captured

3918:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. p. 557. 2630:

A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966

951:

allowed Samuel to install vassal monarchs in Croatia.

789:

Byzantines conquered some areas; in 995, however, the

235:

from 997 to 6 October 1014. From 977 to 997, he was a

4878:, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture. 4065:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. p. 71. 4019: 4017: 4015: 3900: 3898: 3654:

and Samuel had received imperial recognition by Rome.

3049:(in Russian). London: Variorum Reprints. p. 21. 2365:, Warren Treadgold, Stanford University Press, 1997, 1322:, and was the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium 899:

The wedding of Ashot and Samuel's daughter Miroslava.

875:

In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign against the

326:. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the 275:

on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic

5432: 5142: 4320:"Τα οστά του Σαμουήλ, η ανταλλαγή και το παρασκήνιο" 4239:, Paris, 1859. Translation in German, Leipzig, 1907. 3689: 3687: 3672: 3657: 3617: 2012:

are still held mainly in North Macedonia, where the

6508:

Burials at the Church of St Achillios (Lake Prespa)

1759:, to rest with the remains of Emperors Kaloyan and 27:

Tsar of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 1014

4012: 3895: 1302:The remains of the Basilica of Agios Achillios in 773:. In the south, the Bulgarians marched throughout 5887:Отрывок из Иоанна Скилицы о битве у горы Беласица 5724:(in Bulgarian). Sofia, Plovdiv: Тrud, Zhanet 45. 5540:Lalkov, Milcho (1997). "Tsar Samuil (997–1014)". 4739:History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century 3684: 2316:. Lisbonne: Livraria Bertrand, 1965, pp. 347–407. 2247:History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages 2038:and that the designation “Bulgaria” was used for 1856:Samuel's empire had its heartlands in the modern 6503:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 6459: 4518: 4516: 4084:V. Gorina (Moscow State University)- in Russian 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 1860:, west and southwest of the city of Ohrid, this 991:Samuel was forced to defend rather than attack. 729:arrows were stronger than the Avzonian spears. 5424:(1965). "Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares". 4530: 4528: 4304:and Macedonian Digest, Edition 40 – April 2009 2103: 903:The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass through 870: 777:and in the west they seized the area of modern 520:, which would be an outpost for attacks on the 5605:Samuil and the Bulgarian epopee (in Bulgarian) 5565:. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1976. 4157:Themes in the Byzantine Empire under Basil II 4060: 1097:Victory of the Byzantines over the Bulgarians. 1088: 712:. Eventually, the Bulgarian troops burned the 6003: 5810:. Београд–Загреб: Српска краљевска академија. 5611:Pirivatrić, Srđan; Božidar Ferјančić (1997). 5607:, Sofia – Veliko Tarnovo, 2002 5454:Pouvoir et contestations a Byzance (963–1210) 4513: 4005: 4003: 2837: 2825:12. The decline of the First Bulgarian Empire 2767:), Исторически преглед, № 2, 1966, стр. 91–94 2089: 1643:The sarkophaguses of Bulgarian Tsars Samuil, 335: 5695:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 5665: 5519:(1991) . "Bulgaria after Symeon, 927–1018". 5065: 4525: 4095: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3461:Manuscriptis Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis 3430:Manuscriptis Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis 2312:. "Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares", in 1908:, originating from the territory of today's 981: 379:Rus' invasion and the deposition of Boris II 5585:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 4562: 4560: 4214:"V. Zlatarski – Istorija 1 B – Priturka 15" 3646:two centuries later, the Bulgarian Emperor 3599: 1293: 655:Bulgarians ambush and kill the governor of 322:'s rule, and made the city the seat of the 6010: 5996: 5680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5668:L'epopee byzantine a la fin du X-me siecle 5466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4000: 3350:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3327: 2770: 2686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2362:History of the Byzantine state and society 2096: 2082: 1744:, was embroidered on his funeral garment. 1363:or became governors of various provinces. 359:Samuel was the fourth and youngest son of 263:and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of 53:Facial reconstruction based on his remains 47: 5786:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5738: 5688: 5428:(in French). Lisbonne: Livraria Bertrand. 5391:Macedonian Medieval Epic Annoys Bulgaria 4451:"The Volunteers at Shipka (in Bulgarian)" 4266:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", pp. 387–390. 4248:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", pp. 347–407. 4140:Emperor Samuil and the "Bulgarian epopee" 3812: 3727:Basil II and the government of the empire 3702: 3696: 3459:John Geometres: Anecdota Graeca, E Codd. 2911: 2829:12. Zalezat na Parvoto Balgarsko Tsarstvo 2746:uprising and were unsettling the Bulgars' 2017:contemporaries "Macedonians", but simply 2003: 1118:valley and reached a key Bulgarian city, 5823: 5631: 5613:Samuil's state: appearance and character 5493: 5160: 4735: 4557: 4051:Пириватрич, Самуиловата държава, p. 136. 3481: 2947: 2832:12. Залезът на Първото българско царство 2819: 2817: 2608:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 2465:"Britannica Online – Samuel of Bulgaria" 1843: 1740:of the House of Cometopuli, two perched 1688: 1672: 1654: 1638: 1309: 1297: 1271:, before they too surrendered. Thus the 1245: 1182: 1174: 1092: 1048: 894: 807: 650: 551: 388: 339: 221:: Самоилъ; died 6 October 1014) was the 5892:Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers (PDF) 5779: 5642:A history of the First Bulgarian Empire 5451: 5433:Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996). 5382:Aftermath, pp. 223–252, (228) Springer. 4496:"Towards the Motherland (in Bulgarian)" 3635: 2652:A History of the First Bulgarian Empire 1164: 781:(medieval Dyrrhachium or Drach) on the 474:rulers of the western Bulgarian lands. 14: 6460: 6017: 5814: 5716: 5626:Excerpt from the Bulgarian translation 5600:, rev. ed., Rutgers Univ. Press, 1969. 5539: 5477:History and civilization for 11. grade 5420: 4742:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4337: 4136: 3913: 3841:Skyl. – Cedr., ibid., II, pp. 452–453. 3368:. Migne, Patrol. gr., t. 106, col. 934 3170: 3147: 3011: 2859: 2850:Bozhilov, Gyuzelev, 1999, pp. 314–315. 2709: 2663: 2557: 2555: 2528: 2526: 1357:uprising in 1040 – 1041 1282:In the extreme northwest, the duke of 879:to prevent an alliance between Prince 508:. The centres of his possessions were 243:, the second surviving son of Emperor 5991: 5835: 5800: 5148: 4409: 3678: 3666: 3623: 3587:The legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer 3188: 3121: 3043: 2814: 2498:The legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer 2434: 2432: 2077: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1563: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1444: 1410: 1400: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 623: 547: 477:In 973, the Cometopuli (described by 409:, granddaughter of Byzantine Emperor 212: 195: 6483:Bulgarian people of Armenian descent 5515: 5059: 5030:, Самуилова држава: обим и карактер. 4973:Chapter 5: Merging Tribal Histories. 3094:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", p. 353. 1728:Samuel's grave was found in 1965 by 4633:, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, 3419:, Исторijа Византиje), pp. 397–398. 3332:(in Russian). Москва. p. 209. 2552: 2523: 1038: 812:The Bulgarian defeat at Spercheios. 756:After the defeat, the rebellion of 24: 5944:, respublica.edu.mk, 7. april 2021 5073:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4846:The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949 4302:The Coat of Arms of Emperor Samuel 4118:Cecaumenes. Strategion, pp. 65–66. 3707:(in Bulgarian). pp. 144–149. 3705:Collection in memory of Аl. Burmov 3650:pointed out that his predecessors 2668:(in German). München. p. 28. 2429: 1935: 1835:Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations 25: 6519: 5931:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja 5856: 5393:17.02.2014, Balkan Insight (BIRN) 5028:Samuilova država: obim i karakter 4318:Σταύρος Τζίμας (7 October 2014). 3784:), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 125. 3531:Yahya, PO 23 (1932), pp. 430–431. 2757:For the origins of Emperor Samuel 1831:Historiography in North Macedonia 1306:, where Samuel's grave was found. 1203:, "key") to bar the enemy's way. 927:and advanced northwest as far as 393:The Byzantines seize the capital 385:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 348: 5749:]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. 5575: 5397: 5385: 5375: 5355: 5343: 5330: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5245: 5228: 5211: 5194: 5177: 5154: 5125: 5107: 5090: 5042: 5033: 5020: 5011: 4994: 4977: 4957: 4940: 4923: 4902: 4881: 4860: 4834: 4806: 4784: 4763: 4729: 4709: 4685: 4662: 4644: 4622: 4604: 4586: 4569: 4540: 4488: 4463: 4442: 4428: 4403: 4378: 4353: 4331: 4309: 4294: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4188: 4170: 4151: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4089: 4077: 4054: 4045: 4035: 4026: 3991: 3970: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3907: 3886: 3881:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi 3874: 3865: 3860:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi 3853: 3844: 3835: 3832:Zonaras, ibid., IV, pp. 118–119. 3826: 919:in support of the rebel princes 609:, survived because Samuel's son 5875:Яхъя Антиохийский, Летопись 1–6 3803: 3794: 3766: 3757:Imperator Vasiliy Bolgaroboytsa 3753:Emperor Basil the Bulgar-slayer 3745: 3732: 3719: 3629: 3608: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3475: 3466: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3422: 3405: 3396: 3371: 3358: 3321: 3312: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3262: 3249: 3228: 3215: 3197: 3161: 3141: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3063: 3037: 3024: 3005: 2996: 2992:(in Russian). pp. 175–176. 2982: 2973: 2964: 2941: 2920: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2853: 2796: 2783: 2749: 2739: 2734:Who is who in Medieval Bulgaria 2718: 2703: 2694: 2657: 2644: 2622: 2600: 2580: 2539: 2520:, Brookline, 1987, pp. 140–142. 2510: 2490: 2477: 2300: 2298:; also Ostrogorsky, Treadgold, 1824: 1767:Samuel's face was reconstructed 947:and returned to Bulgaria. This 302:(with the notable exception of 5594:History of the Byzantine State 4535:History of the Byzantine State 4191:, Samuel Kometopulos (#26983). 4061:Fol, Al.; et al. (1983). 3978:History of the Byzantine state 3761:Император Василий Болгаробойца 3413:History of the Byzantine state 3296:Stephen of Taron, pp. 185–186. 3236:History of the Byzantine state 2726:History of the Bulgarian state 2516:Sullivan. D. F., ed. and tr., 2457: 2393: 2376: 2353: 2336: 2319: 2306:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2288: 2271: 1279:, with Skopje as its capital. 1220:overwhelmed the Bulgarian army 859:, thereby benefiting both the 575:Bulgarian uprising broke there 13: 1: 5499:Bulgaria: illustrated history 5479:(in Bulgarian). Trud, Sirma. 5452:Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1990). 5435:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars 4042:през средновековието), p. 66. 3774:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars 2916:(in Russian). pp. 66–68. 2264: 2245:The work of Vasil Zlatarski, 749:battle of the Gates of Trajan 630:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 618:battle of the Gates of Trajan 6493:11th-century Bulgarian tsars 6488:10th-century Bulgarian tsars 5302:05 јануари 2019, Канал 5 ТВ. 4537:(Rutgers, 1969), p. 301-302. 4342:(in Bulgarian). e-vestnik.bg 4338:Dobrev, Petar (2007-04-18). 2536:, Madison 1938, pp. 140–141. 2485:Making of Orthodox Byzantium 2202: 2042:. This was newly introduced 1747:His remains are kept in the 871:War against Serbs and Croats 444:. The new Byzantine Emperor 344:Bulgarian territory ca. 960. 310:. He moved the capital from 281:Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict 7: 5780:Wortley, John, ed. (2010). 5768:The Bulgarians and Bulgaria 5596:. tr. (from the German) by 5405:16.08.2022, Deutsche Welle. 5351:ResPublica, 07 April, 2021. 4096:Duichev, Ivan (1943–1946). 3640:(in Bulgarian) (38): 22–23. 3605:Andreev, 1999, pp. 331–334. 3379:"Roman Emperors – Basil II" 3225:, Moscow, 1972, pp. 250–252 2761:Za proizhoda na tsar Samuil 2069: 1839: 1749:Museum of Byzantine Culture 1089:Further Byzantine successes 857:Patriarch of Constantinople 10: 6524: 5739:Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) . 5413: 4736:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 4328:; Retrieved 7 October 2014 3778:Balgarskite hanove i tsare 2865:(in Russian) (1): 130–132. 2765:За произхода на цар Самуил 2549:, Paris 1896, pp. 643–644. 2296:The Early Medieval Balkans 1828: 1651:in Agios Achilios, Greece. 1168: 1042: 824: 627: 382: 352: 336:The rise of the Cometopuli 6416: 6381: 6213: 6164: 6025: 5976: 5959: 5951: 5700:Stanford University Press 5278:в-к Дневник, 23 фев 2019. 3782:Българските ханове и царе 3540:Stephen of Taron, p. 198. 3486:(in Russian). p. 83. 2416:and becoming a Byzantine 2114: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1506: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1391: 1318:Samuel's wife was called 1240: 986:The beginning of the new 982:Advance of the Byzantines 939:, then northeast through 214:[samɔˈiɫ/sɐmuˈiɫ] 205: 188: 160: 150: 140: 128: 112: 102: 86: 76: 66: 58: 46: 37: 32: 5918:Basil II (A.D. 976–1025) 5840:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. 5836:Panov, Mitko B. (2019). 5815:Кунчер, Драгана (2009). 5698:. Stanford, California: 5437:(in Bulgarian). Abagar. 5426:Études Arméno-Byzantines 5290:Труд онлайн; 10.12.2018 5161:B. Panov, Mitko (2022). 3914:Ivanov, Jordan (1970) . 3402:Al-Rudrawari, pp. 28–35. 2912:Levchenko, М. V (1951). 2724:According to Zlatarski ( 2664:Prokić, Božidar (1906). 2412:title of patrician from 2314:Études Arméno-Byzantines 2215:ъ can be transliterated 2172:Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars 2167:Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars 1753:SS. Forty Martyrs Church 1662:overlooking the city of 1294:Family, grave and legacy 1224:Theophylactus Botaniates 1110:and plundered the area. 1045:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 329:Western Bulgarian Empire 4410:Talev, Dimitar (1998). 4176:Zlatarski, pp. 742–744. 4137:Pavlov, Plamen (2002). 4009:Златарски, pp. 689–690. 3954:Zlatarski, pp. 685–687. 3936:Skylitzes, pp. 454–455. 3892:Venedikov, pp. 151–152. 3850:Skylitzes, pp. 452–454. 3522:Zlatarski, pp. 651–652. 3472:Zlatarski, pp. 645–647. 3318:Skylitzes, pp. 436–438. 3167:Skylitzes, pp. 435–436. 3103:Skylitzes, pp. 434–435. 2884:Skylitzes, pp. 334–335. 2182:Medieval Bulgarian Army 2177:Croatian-Bulgarian Wars 2014:official state doctrine 1862:earlier cultural center 1179:The battle of Kleidion. 1069:, the grandson of duke 844:John Kyriotes Geometres 745:John Kyriotes Geometres 564:and icons from Preslav. 5936:Map of Europe in 1000. 5903:The Battle of Kleidion 5867:Летопис попа Дуклянина 5651:George Bell & Sons 5637:"The end of an empire" 5338:24chasa.bg, 04.12.2020 4237:L'histoire universelle 3567:Skylitzes, pp. 449–450 3328:Gilferding, А (1868). 2938:), София 2005, p. 195. 2294:Spelled thus in Fine, 2040:ideological propaganda 2004:North Macedonia's view 1966:Dragutin Anastasijević 1866:First Bulgarian Empire 1853: 1848:Monument of Samuil in 1694: 1686: 1670: 1652: 1315: 1307: 1273:First Bulgarian Empire 1255: 1212:defeated near the city 1188: 1180: 1152:Eustathios Daphnomeles 1098: 1054: 900: 840: 813: 795:battle of Thessaloniki 741: 664: 565: 556:The Byzantine Emperor 442:Battle of Arcadiopolis 398: 345: 324:Bulgarian Patriarchate 233:First Bulgarian Empire 97:First Bulgarian Empire 6420:(1878–1908) and 5829:Gesta Regum Sclavorum 5817:Gesta Regum Sclavorum 5577:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 4235:(Stepanos de Taron). 4159:Themes under Basil II 3740:Samuel and his estate 3278:89 (1975), pp. 65–98. 2948:Westberg, F (1951) . 2714:(in French) (39): 37. 2308:. In French, compare 2197:Armenians in Bulgaria 1986:breakup of Yugoslavia 1892:the region of modern 1847: 1692: 1676: 1658: 1642: 1313: 1301: 1249: 1186: 1178: 1096: 1052: 1035:eventually executed. 898: 836: 811: 723: 654: 555: 485:) sent envoys to the 479:Thietmar of Merseburg 392: 343: 306:) as far as southern 6478:Bulgarian Christians 5722:Bulgarian Chronicles 5517:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3482:Vasilyevskiy, V. G. 3122:Rozen, V. R (1972). 3044:Rozen, V. R (1972). 2979:Petrov, pp. 133–134. 2518:The life of St Nikon 2440:"Samuil of Bulgaria" 1955:Simeon I of Bulgaria 1715:Samuel's Inscription 1334:, who was wedded to 1235:("Bulgar-slayer" in 1165:Disaster at Kleidion 1059:Carpathian Mountains 1002:to the north of the 949:Croato-Bulgarian War 907:, taking control of 819:battle of Spercheios 401:During the reign of 62:997 – 6 October 1014 6382:Rebels against the 6165:Rebels against the 5962:Emperor of Bulgaria 5670:(in French). Paris. 5590:Ostrogorsky, George 5559:Lang, David Marshal 5456:(in French). Paris. 3997:Gilferding, p. 250. 3809:Ibidem. II, р. 452. 3729:, vii, pp. 264–265. 2789:Ioannes Scylitzes. 2401:Roman I of Bulgaria 2044:administrative term 1959:Peter I of Bulgaria 1904:relatives from the 1858:region of Macedonia 1720:The Arab historian 1683:Old Church Slavonic 965:Gregorios Taronites 763:Gregorios Taronites 718:Trajan's Gates Pass 516:. Moses ruled from 411:Romanos I Lekapenos 245:Peter I of Bulgaria 241:Roman I of Bulgaria 219:Old Church Slavonic 155:Ripsimia of Armenia 6498:Cometopuli dynasty 6323:Theodore Svetoslav 6019:Bulgarian monarchs 5923:2015-03-13 at the 5915:Catherine Holmes, 5909:2001-07-13 at the 5899:Synopsis Historion 5542:Rulers of Bulgaria 5495:Dimitrov, Bozhidar 5368:2022-08-15 at the 5363:Dir.bg. 15.08.2022 5068:Kazhdan, Alexander 4203:, Kosara (#24095). 4164:2013-10-19 at the 4127:Zlatarski, p. 699. 4032:Daulaurier, p. 37. 4023:Skylitzes, p. 457. 3986:Исторijа Византиje 3982:Istorija Vizantije 3963:Actes d'Iviron I. 3945:Skylitzes, p. 455. 3904:Skylitzes, p. 454. 3871:Venedikov, p. 150. 3800:Skylitzes, p. 452. 3693:Skylitzes, p. 451. 3496:Ioannes Geometer. 3450:Skylitzes, p. 446. 3417:Istorija Vizantije 3364:Ioannis Geometrae 3244:Исторijа Византиje 3240:Istorija Vizantije 3194:Skylitzes, p. 436. 2875:Zlatarski, p. 615. 2863:Byzantinobulgarica 2650:Stephen Runciman, 2192:Bitola inscription 2187:Cometopuli dynasty 1950:George Ostrogorsky 1906:Macedonian dynasty 1854: 1695: 1693:Monument in Sofia. 1687: 1679:Bitola inscription 1671: 1653: 1504:Samuel of Bulgaria 1316: 1308: 1256: 1216:Nicephorus Xiphias 1189: 1181: 1171:Battle of Kleidion 1099: 1055: 1000:Nikephoros Xiphias 954:Samuel's relative 911:and journeying to 901: 814: 731:... And when you, 665: 624:Co-rule with Roman 566: 548:War with Byzantium 487:Holy Roman Emperor 399: 355:Cometopuli dynasty 346: 277:battle of Kleidion 165:Bulgarian Orthodox 18:Samuil of Bulgaria 6455: 6454: 6425:(1908–1946) 6276:Constantine I Tih 6217:(1185–1422) 6204:Constantine Bodin 5986: 5985: 5977:Succeeded by 5974: 5793:978-0-521-76705-7 5690:Treadgold, Warren 5501:. Sofia: Borina. 5240:978-0-521-61637-9 4469:Pencho Slaveikov 3644:Pope Innocent III 3576:Skylitzes, p. 450 3558:Skylitzes, p. 449 3134:978-0-902089-39-6 3056:978-0-902089-39-6 2569:on April 17, 2008 2545:Schlumberger, G, 2331:978-608-203-024-1 2162: 2161: 1870:Kingdom of Serbia 1787:Livingston Island 1660:Samuel's Fortress 1637: 1636: 1277:Theme of Bulgaria 661:Gregory Taronites 451:Roman of Bulgaria 197:[sɐmuˈiɫ] 170: 169: 16:(Redirected from 6515: 6400:Ivan Shishman II 6333:Michael Asen III 6328:George Terter II 6029:(680–1018) 6012: 6005: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5968: 5952:Preceded by 5949: 5948: 5897:John Skylitzes, 5885: 5873: 5865: 5851: 5832: 5820: 5811: 5797: 5776: 5758: 5735: 5713: 5685: 5679: 5671: 5662: 5633:Runciman, Steven 5624: 5586: 5555: 5536: 5512: 5490: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5429: 5422:Adontz, Nicholas 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5255:. Archived from 5249: 5243: 5232: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5122:, pp. 29–50; 48. 5111: 5105: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5063: 5057: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4981: 4975: 4961: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4838: 4832: 4810: 4804: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4733: 4727: 4713: 4707: 4689: 4683: 4666: 4660: 4648: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4608: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4523: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4498:. Archived from 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4388:. Archived from 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4147:on May 25, 2009. 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4010: 4007: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3976:Ostrogorsky, G. 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3770: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3585:Stephenson, P., 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3411:Ostrogorsky, G. 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3381:. Archived from 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3266: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3234:Ostrogorsky, G. 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3153:(in Bulgarian). 3145: 3139: 3138: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3016:(in Bulgarian). 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2945: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2835: 2821: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2793:. 2, pp. 346–347 2787: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2626: 2620: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2565:. Archived from 2559: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2496:Stephenson, P., 2494: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2442:. Archived from 2436: 2427: 2397: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2357: 2351: 2340: 2334: 2323: 2317: 2310:Adontz, Nicholas 2292: 2286: 2275: 2109: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2060:Tsar of Bulgaria 1994:Srđan Pirivatrić 1924:Bulgarians. The 1815:Pencho Slaveykov 1761:Michael Shishman 1722:Yahya of Antioch 1699:Stepanos Asoghik 1631:Unknown daughter 1626:Unknown daughter 1366: 1365: 1242: 1138:. Its governor, 1039:War with Hungary 1004:Balkan Mountains 846: 752: 689:Saint Achilleios 536:, and to attack 249:Byzantine Empire 216: 211: 207: 199: 194: 190: 51: 40:Tsar of Bulgaria 30: 29: 21: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6421: 6412: 6377: 6348:Michael Asen IV 6303:George Terter I 6288:Michael Asen II 6282:Jacob Svetoslav 6259:Kaliman Asen II 6209: 6160: 6021: 6016: 5982: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5947: 5925:Wayback Machine 5911:Wayback Machine 5883: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5825:Живковић, Тибор 5794: 5761: 5732: 5710: 5673: 5672: 5552: 5533: 5509: 5487: 5459: 5458: 5445: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5370:Wayback Machine 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5229: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5130: 5126: 5112: 5108: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5064: 5060: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 4999: 4995: 4982: 4978: 4962: 4958: 4945: 4941: 4928: 4924: 4907: 4903: 4886: 4882: 4865: 4861: 4839: 4835: 4811: 4807: 4789: 4785: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4734: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4690: 4686: 4667: 4663: 4649: 4645: 4627: 4623: 4609: 4605: 4591: 4587: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4503: 4502:on July 5, 2008 4494: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4476:(in Bulgarian)" 4470: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166:Wayback Machine 4156: 4152: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988:), pp. 404–405. 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3771: 3767: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3511:Byzantine State 3508: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3343: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3307:Three Treatises 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3246:), pp. 391–393. 3233: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970:Petrov, p. 133. 2969: 2965: 2946: 2942: 2925: 2921: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2627: 2623: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2398: 2394: 2381: 2377: 2358: 2354: 2341: 2337: 2324: 2320: 2293: 2289: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2223:, or sometimes 2205: 2163: 2158: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2072: 2010:fringe theories 2006: 1982:Macedonian Tsar 1938: 1936:Yugoslav agenda 1910:European Turkey 1878:North Macedonia 1842: 1837: 1827: 1711:Nicholas Adontz 1668:North Macedonia 1612: 1396: 1387: 1353:Peter II Delyan 1345:Ashot Taronites 1324:John Chryselios 1296: 1193:Strumitsa River 1173: 1167: 1148:John Chryselios 1091: 1047: 1041: 984: 873: 848: 842: 827: 754: 743: 730: 706:draught animals 632: 626: 550: 403:Emperor Peter I 387: 381: 357: 351: 338: 209: 192: 121: 91: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6521: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6386: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6373:Constantine II 6370: 6365: 6360: 6358:Ivan Sratsimir 6355: 6350: 6345: 6343:Ivan Alexander 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6254:Michael Asen I 6251: 6249:Kaliman Asen I 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6169: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6156:Ivan Vladislav 6153: 6151:Gavril Radomir 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5980:Gavril Radomir 5978: 5975: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5945: 5940:Naum Kaychev: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5913: 5894: 5889: 5881: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5857:External links 5855: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5833: 5821: 5812: 5804:, ed. (1928). 5798: 5792: 5777: 5775:on 2005-11-10. 5759: 5736: 5730: 5718:Tsanev, Stefan 5714: 5708: 5686: 5663: 5629: 5608: 5601: 5587: 5573: 5556: 5550: 5537: 5531: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5485: 5472: 5449: 5443: 5430: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5374: 5354: 5342: 5329: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5244: 5227: 5210: 5193: 5176: 5167:Studia Ceranea 5153: 5141: 5124: 5106: 5089: 5082: 5058: 5041: 5032: 5019: 5010: 4993: 4976: 4956: 4939: 4922: 4901: 4880: 4868:Serbianization 4859: 4833: 4805: 4783: 4762: 4752: 4728: 4708: 4684: 4661: 4643: 4621: 4603: 4585: 4568: 4556: 4539: 4524: 4512: 4487: 4462: 4441: 4427: 4420: 4402: 4377: 4352: 4330: 4308: 4293: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4225: 4205: 4193: 4178: 4169: 4150: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4088: 4076: 4053: 4044: 4034: 4025: 4011: 3999: 3990: 3969: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3906: 3894: 3885: 3883:, pp. 492–493. 3873: 3864: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3823:Prokić, p. 30. 3811: 3802: 3793: 3765: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3695: 3683: 3681:, p. 334. 3671: 3669:, p. 331. 3656: 3628: 3626:, p. 330. 3616: 3607: 3598: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3502: 3489: 3474: 3465: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3421: 3404: 3395: 3370: 3357: 3320: 3311: 3309:, pp. 242–243. 3298: 3289: 3280: 3275:Handes Amsorya 3261: 3255:Leo Diaconus, 3248: 3227: 3214: 3196: 3187: 3169: 3160: 3157:(54): 219–225. 3140: 3133: 3125:Антиохийскаго) 3114: 3112:Prokić, p. 28. 3105: 3096: 3087: 3085:Petrov, p. 134 3078: 3062: 3055: 3047:Антиохийскаго) 3036: 3032:Untersuchungen 3023: 3004: 2995: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2940: 2919: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2852: 2836: 2813: 2795: 2782: 2769: 2748: 2738: 2717: 2702: 2693: 2656: 2654:, pp. 217–218. 2643: 2621: 2599: 2579: 2551: 2538: 2522: 2509: 2489: 2487:, pp. 387–388. 2476: 2456: 2428: 2392: 2375: 2352: 2335: 2318: 2287: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2240: 2235:(as below) or 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:Trajan's Gates 2115: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2005: 2002: 1998:Tibor Živković 1978:Serbian rulers 1974:distinct state 1937: 1934: 1930:Serbianisation 1841: 1838: 1826: 1823: 1819:Atanas Dalchev 1807:Penelope Delta 1757:Veliko Tarnovo 1649:Ivan Vladislav 1645:Gavril Radomir 1635: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1336:Jovan Vladimir 1314:Prespa Fortess 1295: 1292: 1241:Βουλγαροκτόνος 1233:Boulgaroktonos 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1090: 1087: 1061:as far as the 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 983: 980: 881:Jovan Vladimir 872: 869: 865:Pope Gregory V 835: 826: 823: 722: 628:Main article: 625: 622: 611:Gavril Radomir 607:Ivan Vladislav 592:, rebelled in 590:Bardas Scleros 558:John Tzimiskes 549: 546: 483:the Bulgarians 446:John Tzimiskes 423:Constantinople 407:Maria Lakapina 383:Main article: 380: 377: 361:count Nicholas 350: 349:The Cometopuli 347: 337: 334: 296:Halley's comet 288:Constantinople 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 119:Gavril Radomir 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 90:6 October 1014 88: 84: 83: 81:Gavril Radomir 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6520: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Ivan Shishman 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6298:Ivan Asen III 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215:Second Empire 6212: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5731:954-528-610-5 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5709:0-8047-2630-2 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5571:0-89158-530-3 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5551:954-474-098-8 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5532:0-472-08149-7 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508:954-500-044-9 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5486:954-9926-72-9 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5444:954-427-216-X 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5378: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5319: 5318:Фактор Портал 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5259:on 2017-12-17 5258: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5206:9781000610383 5203: 5197: 5190: 5189:9789004349070 5186: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5151:, p. 88. 5150: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5085: 5083:0-19-504652-8 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4951:, p. 123, at 4950: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910:David Fromkin 4905: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4855:1-85065-492-1 4852: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4829:0-691-04356-6 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4639:0-521-07459-2 4636: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4421:954-584-238-5 4417: 4413: 4406: 4392:on 2009-08-06 4391: 4387: 4381: 4367:on 2007-08-08 4366: 4362: 4356: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4283:on 2007-10-11 4282: 4278: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4048: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3797: 3791: 3790:954-427-216-X 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751:R. V. Rozen, 3748: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3614:Rozen, p. 43. 3611: 3602: 3596: 3595:0-521-81530-4 3592: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3549:Rozen, p. 34. 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3513:, pp. 303–308 3512: 3509:Ostrogorsky, 3506: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3441:Rozen, p. 27. 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3399: 3385:on 2015-03-13 3384: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3366:Carmina varia 3361: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3293: 3287:Rozen, p. 21. 3284: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3224: 3221:Litavrin, G. 3218: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3020:(2): 169–170. 3019: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926:Nikolov, G., 2923: 2915: 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After the 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970:Serbian past 1969: 1963: 1939: 1922: 1897: 1882: 1855: 1825:Nomenclature 1783:Samuel Point 1771: 1765: 1746: 1738:coat of arms 1727: 1719: 1696: 1349: 1317: 1281: 1269:Mount Tomorr 1257: 1251: 1232: 1205: 1200: 1190: 1156: 1144: 1124:Vardar River 1112: 1100: 1079: 1075:Transylvania 1056: 1021: 993: 985: 973:Grand Prince 953: 921:Krešimir III 902: 874: 849: 843: 841: 837: 828: 815: 787: 783:Adriatic Sea 755: 744: 742: 724: 697: 669:Thessaloniki 666: 657:Thessalonica 641: 633: 615: 587: 567: 502:Thessaloniki 482: 476: 471: 439: 400: 372: 358: 327: 285: 273:heart attack 257: 226: 180: 176: 172: 171: 38: 6468:1014 deaths 6437:Ferdinand I 6432:Alexander I 6368:Ivan Asen V 6270:Rostislav I 6229:Ivan Asen I 5603:Pavlov P., 5598:Joan Hussey 4991:, p. 50–51. 4474:Tsar Samuil 4448:Ivan Vazov 3209:Strategikon 3182:Strategikon 2776:"They (the 2422:in Abydus ( 2333:. стр. 1296 2021:and rarely 1946:Yugoslavian 1926:Balkan Wars 1900:", and his 1734:Lake Prespa 1681:written in 1304:Lake Prespa 861:See of Rome 803:Thermopylae 693:Lake Prespa 681:Peloponnese 671:, but also 494:Quedlinburg 431:Kievan Rus' 67:Predecessor 6462:Categories 6264:Mitso Asen 6176:Presian II 6167:Byzantines 5973:since 976) 5847:900439429X 5323:2020-09-23 5263:2017-10-19 5223:3319562061 5173:: 739–750. 5149:Panov 2019 5137:0521770173 5120:900434473X 5102:0312299133 5054:1443888435 5006:1137439033 4989:1786730731 4969:0857737686 4935:0801494931 4918:0820479039 4897:0191528722 4876:0208008217 4801:0472081497 4779:0814747302 4753:0521274591 4724:1444314831 4700:0275976483 4677:0199209197 4657:3034301960 4617:9004206507 4599:0810862956 4581:1134598475 4552:1317791789 4506:2008-09-10 4481:2008-09-10 4456:2008-09-10 4414:. Аbagar. 4396:2008-09-10 4371:2007-04-28 4346:2007-04-28 4325:Καθημερινή 4316:(in Greek) 4287:2007-04-28 4219:2008-09-10 3738:Antoljak, 3679:Шишић 1928 3667:Шишић 1928 3624:Шишић 1928 3389:2008-03-23 3268:W. Seibt, 3204:Kekaumenos 3177:Kekaumenos 2809:9004352996 2778:Cometopuli 2712:Mar BCLSMP 2593:2008-05-23 2573:2008-05-23 2532:Argoe, K. 2470:2008-05-23 2450:2008-05-23 2388:0190253223 2373:, p. 871. 2371:0804726302 2283:0521815398 2265:References 2129:Spercheios 2055:Zoran Zaev 2019:Bulgarians 1948:historian 1874:Yugoslavia 1829:See also: 1811:Ivan Vazov 1791:Antarctica 1397:of Armenia 1208:Nestoritsa 1132:Spercheios 1108:Adrianople 1104:Greek fire 988:millennium 817:it in the 594:Asia Minor 530:Adrianople 524:coast and 481:simply as 435:Sviatoslav 373:Cometopuli 353:See also: 210:pronounced 202:Macedonian 193:pronounced 135:Cometopuli 6447:Simeon II 6442:Boris III 6111:Presian I 6051:Kormisosh 5676:cite book 5544:. Kibea. 5462:cite book 5225:, p. 314. 5208:, p. 236. 5191:, p. 109. 5056:, p. 345. 5008:, p. 313. 4899:, p. 206. 4641:, p. 169. 4583:, p. 172. 3862:, p. 489. 3763:), p. 34. 3589:, p. 17, 3346:cite book 3259:, p. 171. 3185:pp. 65–66 3076:(803–814) 2811:, p. 156. 2682:cite book 2619:, p. 142. 2500:, p. 16, 2483:Whittow, 2424:Skylitzes 2419:strategos 2348:0583-4961 2301:opp. cit. 2285:, p. 242. 2237:bulgarski 2233:balgarski 2229:български 2213:Bulgarian 2203:Footnotes 2154:Strumitsa 1902:Byzantine 1872:, (later 1821:as well. 1707:Macedonia 1620:Miroslava 1361:strategos 1328:Miroslava 1083:Stephen I 1016:Nikulitsa 961:Miroslava 913:Dubrovnik 645:castrated 518:Strumitsa 498:tetrarchy 369:Macedonia 231:) of the 185:Bulgarian 123:Miroslava 77:Successor 6384:Ottomans 6224:Peter II 6136:Boris II 6126:Simeon I 6121:Vladimir 5971:de facto 5966:997–1014 5921:Archived 5907:Archived 5827:(2009). 5755:67080314 5692:(1997). 5635:(1930). 5621:41476117 5366:Archived 5242:, p. 15. 5139:, p. 78. 5104:, p. 53. 4857:, p. 67. 4726:, p. 48. 4659:, p. 48. 4619:, p. 35. 4601:, p. iii 4554:, p. 36. 4162:Archived 4106:80070403 3725:Holmes, 3713:23538214 3428:E Codd. 3338:79291155 3305:Dennis, 3257:Historia 3034:, p. 90. 2958:74302950 2791:Historia 2728:, I, 2, 2674:11193528 2641:, p. 140 2414:Basil II 2390:, p. 82. 2227:, as in 2149:Kleidion 2070:See also 1976:and its 1972:of that 1918:Bulgaria 1840:Overview 1395:Ripsimia 1388:Nicholas 1201:Kleidion 1128:defeated 1030:rivers. 905:Dalmatia 733:Phaethon 679:and the 673:Thessaly 636:Boris II 603:Dupnitsa 598:Basil II 562:Boris II 534:Belgrade 514:Kastoria 506:Thessaly 472:de facto 290:, where 253:Basil II 161:Religion 145:Nicholas 6423:Kingdom 6393:Fruzhin 6313:Ivan II 6308:Smilets 6234:Kaloyan 6197:Alusian 6190:Tihomir 6131:Peter I 6116:Boris I 6106:Malamir 6101:Omurtag 6086:Telerig 6036:Asparuh 5414:Sources 5070:(ed.). 4937:, p. 33 4781:, p. 1. 4681:p. 192. 4233:Asoghik 4071:8553856 3924:3736478 3648:Kaloyan 3498:Carmina 3030:Seibt, 2823:Delev, 2409:Antioch 2036:epitaph 2024:Misians 1942:Russian 1890:part of 1864:of the 1775:Petrich 1742:parrots 1613:Radomir 1265:Presian 1252:themata 1028:Maritsa 1008:Preslav 969:Magyars 925:Gojslav 917:Croatia 825:Emperor 747:on the 727:Moesian 701:Ihtiman 685:Larissa 659:, duke 456:Preslav 433:Prince 395:Preslav 320:Boris I 300:Balkans 269:Hungary 265:Croatia 237:general 228:Emperor 130:Dynasty 103:Spouses 6293:Ivaylo 6146:Samuel 6091:Kardam 6061:Telets 6041:Tervel 5844: 5790: 5753: 5728: 5706: 5659:832687 5657: 5647:London 5619: 5569: 5548: 5529: 5505: 5483: 5441: 5238: 5221: 5204: 5187: 5135: 5118: 5100: 5080: 5052: 5004: 4987: 4967: 4933: 4916: 4895: 4874: 4853: 4827: 4799: 4777: 4750: 4722: 4698: 4675: 4655: 4637: 4615: 4597: 4579: 4550: 4418: 4104: 4069: 3922: 3788: 3711: 3638:Гсуифф 3593: 3336: 3151:Гсуифф 3131: 3053: 3014:Гсуифф 2956: 2807: 2672: 2637: 2615: 2504: 2405:Annals 2386: 2369: 2346: 2329: 2281: 2256: 2134:Skopie 2106:Samuil 2029:Moesia 2008:These 1944:-born 1894:Thrace 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