899:
639:
532:
461:
354:
278:
801:, who performed administrative duties on behalf of the king in Civil and Military Affairs, respectively. The officials were divided into Civil and Military divisions. However, as time progressed, the distinction between Civil and Military divisions became blurred and all official including Civil officials were expected to perform military duties especially during the wars. The two prime ministers and four ministers had their own offices and each office had a long list of functionaries.
966:. Siam was then divided among the three ministers and the city governors were to report to the minister of their respective regions. The Minister of Trade or "Phraklang" also grown exceptionally powerful due to participation in foreign trades. By the eighteenth century in the Late Ayutthaya, three most powerful ministers of Siam were the
1166:
832:) or Royal Warehouse was established within the Ministry of Treasury to deal with foreign trades, in which the royal court held the monopoly. In the seventeenth century, the trade with Western nations grew and the
789:) who oversaw the Ministries. King Trailokanat organized and institutionalized the Four Ministries into bureaucratic apparatus in the Palatine Law of 1454. The Four Ministers were raised to the rank of
820:) or the Registration Department in 1518 to specifically oversee the census of manpower for more efficient levy and conscription. After the conclusion of a trade treaty with the Portuguese in 1511,
962:
became the Prime
Minister of Southern Siam. The division between the two prime ministers went from "functional" to "regional". King Phetracha also assigned the coastal port cities to the
986:
895:, who instead assigned the duties and responsibilities of the two prime ministers to his ministers without officially investing them with titles and honors.
1094:, which became a term for subordinate departments. The reforms culminated in 1892 when King Chulalongkorn announced the official establishment of modern
1263:
57:
552:
Oversaw legal matters and trials. Also responsibled for assigning the "Yokkrabats" (similar to
Magistrates) to the farther provinces.
109:
1268:
1273:
1075:
89:
648:
In later period when Siam had established trade with foreign nations the
Minister also oversaw Trade and Foreign Affairs.
1004:
became a powerless figure. After the Fall of
Ayutthaya in 1767, Thonburi and Rattanakosin kingdoms inherited the whole
950:
that took nearly three years to quell, sought to reduce the power of regional governors. He expanded the authority of
741:
in the
Ayutthaya period. However, during the late Ayutthaya and Bangkok period the ranks of these ministers rose to
844:) or the Ministry of Pier, formerly a department within the Ministry of Treasury, rose to importance and the term
1107:
31:
1070:
ministries into the ministries in modern, Western sense. Firstly, the
Phraklang ministry was separated into the
871:
in 1629. The power imbalance and potential threat from some ministers led the kings to reconsider and amend the
1115:
1071:
35:
17:
92:
from 1454 to 1892. For about four hundred years, it had served as the constitution of central government of
992:
the
Minister of Trade who was his ardent supporter. The Southern Siamese cities were then transferred from
793:
and the
Ministries were given Sanskrit-derived names. The executives was led by two prime ministers; the
1278:
1181:
1240:
981:, who ascended the throne in 1733 after a civil war with his nephews, transferred the cities of the
804:
After King
Trailokanat, auxiliary departments were added to the apparatus to meet the demands. King
1222:
1146:
148:), with the promulgation date being 1454. The original written law had been lost, however.
8:
1141:
1095:
947:
129:
113:
958:
became the Prime
Minister of Northern Siam in both Civil and Military affairs while the
1063:
943:
762:
541:
81:
70:
898:
875:
bureaucracy. King Prasat Thong transferred the Cavalry and Elephant Regiments from
85:
1017:
903:
859:
had grown powerful by the mid-Ayutthaya period as he controlled military forces.
444:
157:
1029:
805:
1257:
1131:
1083:
1059:
837:
825:
813:
778:
726:
698:
674:
661:
627:
613:
599:
575:
562:
520:
496:
483:
449:
423:
410:
342:
328:
316:
302:
266:
252:
238:
200:
188:
176:
141:
101:
49:
1179:
868:
651:
Known to Westerners as "Phrakhlang" or "Barcalon" and other derived terms.
638:
531:
460:
353:
277:
80:"Pillars") was the Thai system of central executive governance during the
1044:, but instead known from their individualized title names, most famously
153:
30:"Mahatthai" and "Kalahom" redirect here. For the modern ministries, see
1048:
978:
27:
Governance system of the Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Rattanakosin Kingdoms
939:
549:
Oversaw the ceremonies of the palace and Buddhist religious affairs.
358:
293:
or Civil Affairs all over the kingdom including the Four Ministries.
97:
62:
1136:
954:
to the regional level and redefined the two prime ministers. The
773:. The chancellor of the executives in Early Ayutthaya was called
199:
was led by two Prime Ministers, alternatively Grand Chancellors (
1009:
907:
902:
The seals of top three ministers of Siam were imprinted on the
1016:
in 1782. The seals of top three ministers were stamped on the
892:
537:
1239:
1164:
466:
93:
386:
and each ministry had a Thai and a Sanskrit-derived name.
1012:
restored the Southern Siamese cities to the authority of
1221:
374:
in Civil affairs were the Four Ministries, from which
1058:
system was inadequate for the modernizing Siam. King
1036:
s of the Rattanakosin period were then not known as "
891:
to avoid creating powerful nobles, most notably King
748:
1098:comprising twelve ministries on April 1, 1892. The
1180:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļĨāļēāļ āļŠāđāļēāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē.
737:ministers of the Four Ministries held the rank of
1245:Dynastic Chronicles, Bangkok Era, the First Reign
930:Right: Lotus Seal of Phraklang Minister of Trade.
152:went through subsequent amendments over time and
1255:
985:who had declared neutrality in the civil war to
474:Also occasionally led troops into foreign wars.
378:s name was derived. Each ministry was led by a
721:These four ministers were collectively called
1209:Ancient Siamese Government and Administration
1008:apparatus of the Late Ayutthaya period. King
1066:gradually re-organized and transformed the
942:. King Phetracha, who faced rebellions in
637:
530:
459:
352:
276:
1247:. Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.
1040:Chakkri", which was the generic title of
715:Oversaw land ownership and rice storage.
897:
867:usurped the throne and ascended as King
119:
1264:15th-century establishments in Thailand
14:
1256:
1227:āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļĨāļąāļāļāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļąāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļģāđāļŦāļāđāļ
883:. Some kings preferred not to appoint
765:before 1455. Each ministry was called
1233:
1206:
974:and Phraklang the Minister of Trade.
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1054:By the late nineteenth century, the
138:Phra aiyakan tamnaeng na phonlaruean
769:and the ministers held the rank of
24:
1078:in 1875. Each ministry was called
646:Ministry of Treasury and Taxation.
472:The Police Bureau; guarded cities.
25:
1290:
1191:
749:History and subsequent amendments
382:or Minister who held the rank of
156:enacted the Palatine Law in the
132:promulgated the constitution of
69:, literally "Four Pillars" from
1211:. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd.
1020:. King Rama I who was formerly
112:and officially established the
32:Ministry of Interior (Thailand)
1269:1892 disestablishments in Siam
1215:
1182:"āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļ"
1173:
1165:King Prajadhipok's Institute.
1158:
938:came during the reign of King
36:Ministry of Defence (Thailand)
13:
1:
1274:Political history of Thailand
1152:
848:became quite synonymous with
547:Ministry of Palatial Affairs.
171:bureaucracy was divided into
1241:Thipakornwongse, Chao Phraya
710:used in different occasions.
282:The Seal of the Lion or the
7:
1125:
1076:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
63:
10:
1295:
364:oversaw Military affairs.
29:
1087:
863:Kalahom Suriyawongse the
841:
829:
817:
782:
730:
702:
678:
665:
631:
617:
603:
579:
566:
524:
500:
487:
453:
427:
414:
346:
332:
320:
306:
270:
256:
242:
204:
192:
180:
146:āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļŦāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļĨāđāļĢāļ·āļāļ
145:
53:
1207:Wales, Quaritch (1934).
713:Ministry of Agriculture.
136:in his Palatine Law, or
934:The greatest reform of
753:The Four Ministries of
207:) who held the rank of
195:) or Military Affairs.
183:) or Civil Affairs and
1223:Phraya Anuman Rajadhon
1167:"āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļĢāļāļāđāļāļāļŦāļąāļ§āđāļĄāļ·āļāļ"
931:
906:, promulgated by King
1147:List of samuhakalahom
901:
810:Krom Phra Suratsawadi
1108:Ministry of Interior
759:Wiang-Wang-Khlang-Na
723:Wiang-Wang-Khlang-Na
708:Nine different seals
517:Phraya Thammathibodi
164:was mostly studied.
90:Rattanakosin Kingdom
1142:List of samuhanayok
1116:Ministry of Defence
1072:Ministry of Finance
948:Nakhon Si Thammarat
313:Chaophraya Mahasena
1118:, thus ending the
932:
822:Phra Khlang Sinkha
610:Phraya Kosathibodi
596:Phraya Sithammarat
249:Chaophraya Chakkri
116:on April 1, 1892.
1279:Ayutthaya Kingdom
944:Nakhon Ratchasima
719:
718:
695:Phraya Phonlathep
624:Phraya Phrakhlang
469:Riding Lion" Seal
368:
367:
323:), alternatively
160:, from which the
82:Ayutthaya Kingdom
61:
16:(Redirected from
1286:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1089:
1028:established the
855:The position of
843:
831:
819:
808:established the
784:
732:
704:
680:
667:
641:
633:
622:colloquially as
619:
605:
581:
568:
534:
526:
502:
489:
463:
455:
429:
416:
389:
388:
356:
348:
334:
322:
321:āđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļĄāļŦāļēāđāļŠāļāļē
308:
280:
272:
258:
244:
214:
213:
206:
194:
182:
147:
86:Thonburi Kingdom
68:
56:
55:
21:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1128:
1018:Three Seals Law
929:
920:
911:
904:Three Seals Law
761:had existed in
751:
714:
709:
682:
671:Kasettrathibodi
669:
650:
647:
642:
621:
607:
604:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļĻāļĢāļĩāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļ
583:
570:
551:
548:
535:
525:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩ
504:
491:
473:
464:
445:Phraya Yommarat
431:
418:
357:
281:
158:Three Seals Law
126:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1214:
1190:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1100:Krom Mahatthai
1064:Prince Damrong
1030:Chakri dynasty
1014:Samuha Kalahom
990:Chamnanborirak
983:Samuha Kalahom
960:Samuha Kalahom
877:Samuha Kalahom
865:Samuha Kalahom
818:āļāļĢāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĢāļąāļŠāļ§āļāļĩ
806:Ramathibodi II
785:from Sanskrit
750:
747:
731:āđāļ§āļĩāļĒāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļĨāļąāļāļāļē
717:
716:
711:
706:
692:
683:from Sanskrit
654:
653:
644:
643:The Lotus Seal
635:
618:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāđāļāļĐāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩ
593:
584:from Sanskrit
555:
554:
545:
528:
514:
505:from Sanskrit
476:
475:
470:
457:
441:
432:from Sanskrit
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
366:
365:
362:
350:
336:
325:Phraya Kalahom
310:
295:
294:
287:
274:
263:Krom Mahatthai
260:
257:āđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļąāļāļĢāļĩ
246:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
205:āļāļąāļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāđāļŠāļāļēāļāļāļĩ
125:
118:
26:
18:Samuha Kalahom
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Thai nobility
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:) instead of
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Chulalongkorn
1057:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Samuhakalahom
999:
995:
991:
989:
984:
980:
975:
973:
972:Samuhakalahom
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
928:
927:Samuhakalahom
924:
919:
915:
909:
905:
900:
896:
894:
890:
889:Samuhakalahom
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Samuhakalahom
853:
851:
847:
839:
835:
830:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāđāļē
827:
823:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
799:Samuhakalahom
796:
792:
788:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
736:
728:
724:
712:
707:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
676:
672:
663:
659:
656:
655:
652:
645:
640:
636:
629:
625:
615:
611:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
577:
573:
564:
560:
557:
556:
553:
546:
543:
539:
533:
529:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
498:
494:
485:
481:
478:
477:
471:
468:
462:
458:
451:
447:
446:
442:
439:
435:
425:
421:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
360:
355:
351:
344:
340:
337:
330:
326:
318:
314:
311:
304:
300:
299:Samuhakalahom
297:
296:
292:
288:
285:
279:
275:
268:
264:
261:
254:
250:
247:
240:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
210:
202:
198:
190:
186:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Chulalongkorn
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
67:
66:
59:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1175:
1160:
1119:
1112:Krom Kalahom
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:Samuha Nayok
1025:
1024:Chakkri the
1021:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
982:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:Samuha Nayok
955:
951:
935:
933:
926:
922:
917:
913:
888:
884:
881:Samuha Nayok
880:
876:
872:
869:Prasat Thong
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:Krommakhlang
849:
845:
833:
821:
809:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
752:
742:
738:
734:
722:
720:
694:
688:
684:
670:
657:
649:
632:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĨāļąāļ
623:
609:
595:
589:
585:
571:
559:Krommakhlang
558:
550:
516:
510:
506:
493:Thammathikon
492:
479:
443:
437:
433:
419:
406:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
339:Krom Kalahom
338:
324:
312:
298:
290:
283:
262:
248:
234:
208:
196:
184:
172:
168:
166:
161:
149:
137:
133:
127:
121:
108:into modern
105:
77:
73:
64:
45:
41:
40:
1114:became the
1106:became the
1104:Samuhanayok
1042:Samuhanayok
1034:Samuhanayok
968:Samuhanayok
918:Samuhanayok
885:Samuhanayok
795:Samuhanayok
679:āđāļāļĐāļāļĢāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩ
588:"Pocket" +
572:Kosathibodi
513:"authority"
501:āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļĢāļāđ
440:"protector"
407:Krommawiang
392:Office Name
376:Chatusadom'
372:Samuhanayok
333:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļēāđāļŦāļĄ
291:Phonlaruean
235:Samuhanayok
223:Office Name
173:Phonlaruean
154:King Rama I
130:Trailokanat
100:until King
46:Catustambha
1258:Categories
1153:References
1120:Chatusadom
1068:Chatusadom
1056:Chatusadom
1049:Bodindecha
1046:Chaophraya
1038:Chaophraya
1022:Chaophraya
1006:Chatusadom
988:Chaophraya
979:Borommakot
952:Chatusadom
936:Chatusadom
873:Chatusadom
755:Chatusadom
743:Chaophraya
703:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĨāđāļāļ
687:"Field" +
480:Krommawang
454:āļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļĒāļĄāļĢāļēāļ
395:Title name
307:āļŠāļĄāļļāļŦāļāļĨāļēāđāļŦāļĄ
271:āļāļĢāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāđāļāļĒ
220:Title Name
209:Chaophraya
197:Chatusadom
169:Chatusadom
162:Chatusadom
150:Chatusadom
134:Chatusadom
122:Chatusadom
110:ministries
106:Chatusadom
104:organized
65:Chatusadom
42:Chatusadom
1122:system.
998:Krommatha
964:Krommatha
940:Phetracha
846:Krommatha
834:Krommatha
763:Ayutthaya
580:āđāļāļĐāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩ
436:"City" +
420:Nakhonban
347:āļāļĢāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļŦāļĄ
217:Post Name
76:"Four" +
1243:(1990).
1225:(1950).
1126:See also
1080:Krasuang
925:Seal of
923:Gajasiha
921:Middle:
916:Seal of
914:Rajasiha
910:in 1805.
797:and the
787:Senapati
775:Senabodi
735:Senabodi
689:Adhipati
658:Krommana
590:Adhipati
509:"Law" +
415:āļāļĢāļĄāđāļ§āļĩāļĒāļ
380:Senabodi
359:Gajasiha
289:oversaw
284:Rajasiha
243:āļŠāļĄāļļāļŦāļāļēāļĒāļ
98:Thailand
71:Sanskrit
54:āļāļāļļāļŠāļāļĄāļ āđ
1137:Sakdina
1096:Cabinet
1088:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļ
994:Kalahom
783:āđāļŠāļāļēāļāļāļĩ
733:). The
567:āļāļĢāļĄāļāļĨāļąāļ
540:Riding
511:Adikara
401:Duties
229:Duties
181:āļāļĨāđāļĢāļ·āļāļ
114:Cabinet
78:Stambha
60::
1032:. The
1010:Rama I
1000:. The
970:, the
912:Left:
908:Rama I
842:āļāļĢāļĄāļāđāļē
791:Phraya
739:Phraya
691:"Lord"
685:Ksetra
592:"Lord"
544:" Seal
507:Dhamma
488:āļāļĢāļĄāļ§āļąāļ
434:Nagara
428:āļāļāļĢāļāļēāļĨ
384:Phraya
370:Below
185:Thahan
124:system
1185:(PDF)
977:King
893:Narai
666:āļāļĢāļĄāļāļē
608:also
542:Nandi
538:Shiva
128:King
74:Catur
1110:and
1092:Krom
1084:Thai
1074:and
1062:and
946:and
861:Okya
838:Thai
826:Thai
814:Thai
779:Thai
771:Khun
767:Krom
727:Thai
699:Thai
675:Thai
668:) or
662:Thai
628:Thai
614:Thai
600:Thai
586:Kosa
576:Thai
569:) or
563:Thai
521:Thai
497:Thai
490:) or
484:Thai
467:Yama
450:Thai
438:Pala
424:Thai
417:) or
411:Thai
398:Seal
361:Seal
343:Thai
329:Thai
317:Thai
303:Thai
286:Seal
267:Thai
253:Thai
239:Thai
226:Seal
201:Thai
193:āļāļŦāļēāļĢ
189:Thai
177:Thai
167:The
142:Thai
120:The
94:Siam
88:and
58:RTGS
50:Thai
34:and
1102:of
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887:or
879:to
757:or
96:or
44:or
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