531:. AD 54–68). At the same period, some workshops experimented briefly with a marbled red-and-yellow slip, a variant that never became generally popular. Early production of plain forms in South Gaul initially followed the Italian models closely, and even the characteristic Arretine decorated form, Dragendorff 11, was made. But many new shapes quickly evolved, and by the second half of the 1st century AD, when Italian sigillata was no longer influential, South Gaulish samian had created its own characteristic repertoire of forms. The two principal decorated forms were Dragendorff 30, a deep, cylindrical bowl, and Dragendorff 29, a carinated ('keeled') shallow bowl with a marked angle, emphasised by a moulding, mid-way down the profile. The footring is low, and potters' stamps are usually bowl-maker's marks placed in the interior base, so that vessels made from the same, or parallel, moulds may bear different names. The rim of the 29, small and upright in early examples of the form, but much deeper and more everted by the 70s of the 1st century, is finished with rouletted decoration, and the relief-decorated surfaces necessarily fall into two narrow zones. These were usually decorated with floral and foliate designs of wreaths and scrolls at first: the Dr.29 resting on its rim illustrated in the lead section of this article is an early example, less angular than the developed form of the 60s and 70s, with decoration consisting of simple, very elegant leaf-scrolls. Small human and animal figures, and more complex designs set out in separate panels, became more popular by the 70s of the 1st century. Larger human and animal figures could be used on the Dr.30 vessels, but while many of these have great charm, South Gaulish craftsmen never achieved, and perhaps never aspired to, the Classical naturalism of some of their Italian counterparts.
301:
substituted in iron. The two crystal populations are homogenously dispersed within the matrix. The colour of haematite depends on the crystal size. Large crystals of this mineral are black but as the size decreases to sub-micron the colour shifts to red. The fraction of aluminium has a similar effect. It was formerly thought that the difference between 'red' and 'black' samian was due to the presence (black) or absence (red) of reducing gases from the kiln and that the construction of the kiln was so arranged as to prevent the reducing gases from the fuel from coming into contact with the pottery. The presence of iron oxides in the clay/slip was thought to be reflected in the colour according to the oxidation state of the iron (Fe for the red and Fe for the black, the latter produced by the reducing gases coming into contact with the pottery during firing). It now appears as a result of this recent work that this is not the case and that the colour of the glossy slip is in fact due to no more than the crystal size of the minerals dispersed within the matrix glass.
454:
349:
began to expand in the middle of the 1st century BC, and examples were imported into Italy. Relief-decorated cups, some in lead-glazed wares, were produced at several eastern centres, and undoubtedly played a part in the technical and stylistic evolution of decorated
Arretine, but Megarian bowls, made chiefly in Greece and Asia Minor, are usually seen as the most direct inspiration. These are small, hemispherical bowls without foot-rings, and their decoration is frequently very reminiscent of contemporary silver bowls, with formalised, radiating patterns of leaves and flowers. The crisp and precisely profiled forms of the plain dishes and cups were also part of a natural evolution of taste and fashion in the Mediterranean world of the 1st century BC.
187:), is always used for both Italian and Gaulish products. Nomenclature has to be established at an early stage of research into a subject, and antiquarians of the 18th and 19th centuries often used terms that we would not choose today, but as long as their meaning is clear and well-established, this does not matter, and detailed study of the history of the terminology is really a side-issue that is of academic interest only. Scholars writing in English now often use "red gloss wares" or "red slip wares", both to avoid these issues of definition, and also because many other wares of the Roman period share aspects of technique with the traditional sigillata fabrics.
708:
Some of the Dr.37 bowls, for example those with the workshop stamp of Ianus, bear comparison with
Central Gaulish products of the same date: others are less successful. But the real strength of the Rheinzabern industry lay in its extensive production of good-quality samian cups, beakers, flagons and vases, many imaginatively decorated with barbotine designs or in the 'cut-glass' incised technique. Ludowici created his own type-series, which sometimes overlaps with those of other sigillata specialists. Ludowici's types use combinations of upper- and lower-case letters rather than simple numbers, the first letter referring to the general shape, such as 'T' for
937:
961:
398:(stamps) used making the moulds of human and animal figures to be fairly large, often about 5–6 cm high, and the modelling is frequently very accomplished indeed, attracting the interest of modern art-historians as well as archaeologists. Major workshops, such as those of M.Perennius Tigranus, P. Cornelius and Cn. Ateius, stamped their products, and the names of the factory-owners and of the workers within the factories, which often appear on completed bowls and on plain wares, have been extensively studied, as have the forms of the vessels, and the details of their dating and distribution.
901:
310:
496:, from the late 1st century BC: of these, La Graufesenque, near Millau, was the principal producer and exporter. Although the establishment of sigillata potteries in Gaul may well have arisen initially to meet local demand and to undercut the prices of imported Italian goods, they became enormously successful in their own right, and by the later 1st century AD, South Gaulish samian was being exported not only to other provinces in the north-west of the Empire, but also to Italy and other regions of the Mediterranean, North Africa and even the eastern Empire. One of the finds in the ruins of
973:
615:
611:, food-preparation bowls with a gritted interior surface, were also made in Central Gaulish samian fabric in the second half of the 2nd century (Dr.45). There is a small sub-class of Central Gaulish samian ware with a glossy black slip, though the dividing line between black terra sigillata and other fine black-gloss wares, which were also manufactured in the area, is sometimes hazy. When a vessel is a classic samian form and decorated in relief in the style of a known samian potter, but finished with black slip rather than a red one, it may be classed as black samian.
508:
297:(big kiln) at La Graufesenque, which was in use in the late 1st and early 2nd century, confirms the scale of the industry. It is a rectangular stone-built structure measuring 11.3 m. by 6.8 m. externally, with an original height estimated at 7 metres. With up to nine 'storeys' within (dismantled after each firing), formed of tile floors and vertical columns in the form of clay pipes or tubes, which also served to conduct the heat, it has been estimated that it was capable of firing 30,000–40,000 vessels at a time, at a temperature of around 1000 °C.
191:
128:
925:
31:
949:
841:
245:: a potter's stamp or moulded decoration provides even more precise evidence. The classic guide by Oswald and Pryce, published in 1920 set out many of the principles, but the literature on the subject goes back into the 19th century, and is now extremely voluminous, including many monographs on specific regions, as well as excavation reports on important sites that have produced significant assemblages of sigillata wares, and articles in learned journals, some of which are dedicated to Roman pottery studies.
1115:, Poland, and processed into small tablets. He promoted it as a panacea effective against every type of poison and several diseases, including plague. Berthold invited authorities to test it themselves. In two cases, physicians, princes and town leaders conducted trials involving dogs who were either given poison followed by the antidote or poison alone; the dogs who got the antidote lived and the dogs who got the poison alone died. In 1581, a prince tested the antidote on a condemned criminal, who survived.
913:
568:
469:
535:
249:
358:
877:
645:
232:/jugs that cannot be made in a single mould because they have a swelling profile that tapers inwards from the point of greatest diameter. Some large flagons were made at La Graufesenque by making the lower and upper bowl-shaped portions in moulds, and then joining these and adding the neck. Obviously the open forms, namely bowls that could be formed in, and extracted from, a single mould, were quicker and simpler to make.}} Study of the characteristic decorative
873:, the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Over the long period of production, there was obviously much change and evolution in both forms and fabrics. Both Italian and Gaulish plain forms influenced ARS in the 1st and 2nd centuries (for example, Hayes Form 2, the cup or dish with an outcurved rim decorated with barbotine leaves, is a direct copy of the samian forms Dr.35 and 36, made in South and Central Gaul), but over time a distinctive ARS repertoire developed.
220:. The mould was therefore decorated on its interior surface with a full decorative design of impressed, intaglio (hollowed) motifs that would appear in low relief on any bowl formed in it. As the bowl dried, the shrinkage was sufficient for it to be withdrawn from the mould, in order to carry out any finishing work, which might include the addition of foot-rings, the shaping and finishing of rims, and in all cases the application of the slip.
43:
402:
322:
268:-decorated wares echo the general traditions of Graeco-Roman decorative arts, with depictions of deities, references to myths and legends, and popular themes such as hunting and erotic scenes. Individual figure-types, like the vessel-shapes, have been classified, and in many cases they may be linked with specific potters or workshops. Some of the decoration relates to contemporary architectural ornament, with
603:, it was by far the most common type of fine tableware, plain and decorated, in use during the 2nd century AD. The quality of the ware and the slip is usually excellent, and some of the products of Les Martres-de-Veyre, in particular, are outstanding, with a lustrous slip and a very hard, dense body. The surface colour tends towards a more orange-red hue than the typical South Gaulish slips.
1159:, though of course the pottery known as samian ware to present-day archaeologists has nothing to do with that region. The modern parallel of the English term 'china' may be an apt one: 'china' refers to a class of ceramic that no longer has any direct connection with the country, China, but it was originally developed as part of the European attempts to imitate imported
114:, mixed as a very thin liquid slip and settled to separate out only the finest particles to be used as terra sigillata. When applied to unfired clay surfaces, "terra sig" can be polished with a soft cloth or brush to achieve a shine ranging from a smooth silky lustre to a high gloss. The surface of ancient terra sigillata vessels did not require this
337:, and later their regional variants made in Italy, involved the preparation of a very fine clay body covered with a slip that fired to a glossy surface without the need for any polishing or burnishing. Greek painted wares also involved the precise understanding and control of firing conditions to achieve the contrasts of black and red.
790:. By the early 2nd century AD, when Gaulish samian was completely dominating the markets in the Northern provinces, the eastern sigillatas were themselves beginning to be displaced by the rising importance of African Red Slip wares in the Mediterranean and the Eastern Empire. In the fourth century AD,
373:
27 BC – AD 14), this tableware, with its precise forms, shiny surface, and, on the decorated vessels, its visual introduction to
Classical art and mythology, must have deeply impressed some inhabitants of the new northern provinces of the Empire. Certainly it epitomised certain aspects of Roman
884:
There was a wide range of dishes and bowls, many with rouletted or stamped decoration, and closed forms such as tall ovoid flagons with appliqué ornament (Hayes Form 171). The ambitious large rectangular dishes with relief decoration in the centre and on the wide rims (Hayes Form 56), were clearly
627:
relief, with appliqué motifs, and a class usually referred to as 'cut-glass' decoration, with geometric patterns cut into the surface of the vessel before slipping and firing. Two standard 'plain' types made in considerable numbers in
Central Gaul also included barbotine decoration, Dr.35 and 36, a
547:
such as forms DĂ©chelette 67 and Knorr 78 were also made in South Gaul, as were occasional 'one-off' or very ambitious mould-made vessels, such as large thin-walled flagons and flasks. But the mass of South
Gaulish samian found on Roman sites of the 1st century AD consists of plain dishes, bowls and
292:
in southern Gaul, documentary evidence in the form of lists or tallies apparently fired with single kiln-loads, giving potters' names and numbers of pots have long been known, and they suggest very large loads of 25,000–30,000 vessels. Though not all the kilns at this, or other, manufacturing sites
733:
In the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, there had been several industries making fine red tablewares with smooth, glossy-slipped surfaces since about the middle of the 2nd century BC, well before the rise of the
Italian sigillata workshops. By the 1st century BC, their forms often paralleled
703:
The Trier potteries evidently began to make samian vessels around the beginning of the 2nd century AD, and were still active until the middle of the 3rd century. The styles and the potters have been divided by scholars into two main phases, Werkstatten I and II. Some of the later mould-made Dr.37
631:
During the second half of the 2nd century, some Lezoux workshops making relief-decorated bowls, above all that of
Cinnamus, dominated the market with their large production. The wares of Cinnamus, Paternus, Divixtus, Doeccus, Advocisus, Albucius and some others often included large, easily legible
444:
of vessel forms, bringing earlier work on the respective topics up to date. Catalogues of the punch motives and the workshops of
Arretine Sigillata were published in 2004 and 2009, respectively, and a catalogue on the known appliqué motifs appeared in 2024. As with all ancient pottery studies, each
348:
continued this technological tradition, though painted decoration gave way to simpler stamped motifs and in some cases, to applied motifs moulded in relief. The tradition of decorating entire vessels in low relief was also well established in Greece and Asia Minor by the time the
Arretine industry
85:
ranging from a soft lustre to a brilliant glaze-like shine, in a characteristic colour range from pale orange to bright red; they were produced in standard shapes and sizes and were manufactured on an industrial scale and widely exported. The sigillata industries grew up in areas where there were
707:
The
Rheinzabern kilns and their products have been studied since Wilhelm Ludowici (1855–1929) began to excavate there in 1901, and to publish his results in a series of detailed reports. Rheinzabern produced both decorated and plain forms for around a century from the middle of the 2nd century.
435:
The first published study of Arretine ware was that of Fabroni in 1841, and by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German scholars in particular had made great advances in systematically studying and understanding both Arretine ware and the Gaulish samian that occurred on Roman military sites
300:
A 2005 work has shown that the slip is a matrix of mainly silicon and aluminium oxides, within which are suspended sub-microscopic crystals of haematite and corundum. The matrix itself does not contain any metallic ions, the haematite is substituted in aluminium and titanium while the corundum is
182:
Whereas Anthony King's definition, following the more usual practice among Roman pottery specialists, makes no mention of decoration, but states that terra sigillata is 'alternatively known as samian ware'. However, 'samian ware' is normally used only to refer to the sub-class of terra sigillata
1057:
Terra sigillata is usually brushed or sprayed in thin layers onto dry or almost dry unfired ware. The ware is then burnished with a soft cloth before the water in the terra sigillata soaks into the porous body or with a hard, smooth-surfaced object . The burnished ware is fired, often to a lower
1053:
or aggregates. For undisturbed deflocculated slip settling in a transparent container, these layers are usually visible within 24 hours. The top layer is water, the center layer is the terra sigillata and the bottom layer is the sludge. Siphoning off the middle layers of "sig" which contain the
715:
In general, the products of the East Gaulish industries moved away from the early imperial Mediterranean tradition of intricately profiled dishes and cups, and ornamented bowls made in moulds, and converged with the later Roman local traditions of pottery-making in the northern provinces, using
848:
African red slip ware (ARS) was the final development of terra sigillata. While the products of the Italian and Gaulish red-gloss industries flourished and were exported from their places of manufacture for at most a century or two each, ARS production continued for more than 500 years. The
542:
In the last two decades of the 1st century, the Dragendorff 37, a deep, rounded vessel with a plain upright rim, overtook the 29 in popularity. This simple shape remained the standard Gaulish samian relief-decorated form, from all Gaulish manufacturing regions, for more than a century. Small
280:
and the like. While the decoration of Arretine ware is often highly naturalistic in style, and is closely comparable with silver tableware of the same period, the designs on the Gaulish products, made by provincial artisans adopting Classical subjects, are intriguing for their expression of
171:. These high-quality tablewares were particularly popular and widespread in the Western Roman Empire from about 50 BC to the early 3rd century AD. Definitions of 'TS' have grown up from the earliest days of antiquarian studies, and are far from consistent; one survey of Classical art says:
622:
Though the Central Gaulish forms continued and built upon the South Gaulish traditions, the decoration of the principal decorated forms, Dr.30 and Dr.37, was distinctive. New human and animal figure-types appeared, generally modelled with greater realism and sophistication than those of La
118:
or polishing. Burnishing was a technique used on some wares in the Roman period, but terra sigillata was not one of them. The polished surface can only be retained if fired within the low-fire range and will lose its shine if fired higher, but can still display an appealing silky quality.
720:
ware, decorated with all-over patterns of small stamps, was made in the area east of Rheims and quite widely traded. Argonne ware was essentially still a type of sigillata, and the most characteristic form is a small, sturdy Dr.37 bowl. Small, localised attempts to make conventional
369:(Tuscany) a little before the middle of the 1st century BC. The industry expanded rapidly in a period when Roman political and military influence was spreading far beyond Italy: for the inhabitants of the first provinces of the Roman Empire in the reign of the Emperor Augustus (
599:(AD 98–117), and the beginning of a decline in the South Gaulish export trade, that Central Gaulish samian ware became important outside its own region. Though it never achieved the extensive geographical distribution of the South Gaulish factories, in the provinces of Gaul and
198:
Italian and Gaulish TS vessels were made in standardised shapes constituting services of matching dishes, bowls and serving vessels. These changed and evolved over time, and have been very minutely classified; the first major scheme, by the German classical archaeologist
885:
inspired by decorated silver platters of the 4th century, which were made in rectangular and polygonal shapes as well as in the traditional circular form. Decorative motifs reflected not only the Graeco-Roman traditions of the Mediterranean, but eventually the rise of
606:
Vessel-forms that had been made in South Gaul continued to be produced, though as the decades passed, they evolved and changed with the normal shifts of fashion, and some new shapes were created, such as the plain bowl with a horizontal flange below the rim, Dr.38.
716:
free-thrown, rounded forms and creating relief designs with freehand slip-trailing. Fashions in fine tablewares were changing. Some East Gaulish producers made bowls and cups decorated only with rouletted or stamped decoration, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries,
240:
signatures of mouldmakers, makes it possible to build up a very detailed knowledge of the industry. Careful observation of form and fabric is therefore usually enough for an archaeologist experienced in the study of sigillata to date and identify a broken
378:
quickly began to copy the shapes of plain Arretine dishes and cups in the wares now known as Gallo-Belgic, and in South and Central Gaul, it was not long before local potters also began to emulate the mould-made decoration and the glossy red slip itself.
109:
Modern "terra sig" should be clearly distinguished from the close reproductions of Roman wares made by some potters deliberately recreating and using the Roman methods. The finish called 'terra sigillata' by studio potters can be made from most
1180:) to impress the pattern on the bowl before the clay was hard. It is also possible that it was sometimes made by holding a blade-like tool against the vessel as it turned on the wheel, allowing the tool to judder against the surface of the clay.
440:. Research on Arretine ware has continued very actively throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, for example with the publication and revision of an inventory of the known potter's stamps ("Oxé-Comfort-Kenrick") and the development of a
632:
name-stamps incorporated into the decoration, clearly acting as brand-names or advertisements. Though these vessels were very competently made, they are heavy and somewhat coarse in form and finish compared with earlier Gaulish samian ware.
178:... is a Latin term used by modern scholars to designate a class of decorated red-gloss pottery .... not all red-gloss ware was decorated, and hence the more inclusive term 'Samian ware' is sometimes used to characterize all varieties of it.
453:
1570:
Many of the Central Gaulish types were first drawn and classified in Déchelette 1904. Oswald's classification (Oswald 1936–7) is much fuller, covering South, Central and East Gaulish types, but is marred by the poor quality of the
428:'s massive encyclopedia included a chapter praising the refined Roman ware discovered in his native city, "what is perhaps the first account of an aspect of ancient art to be written since classical times". The chronicler
80:
Terra sigillata as an archaeological term refers chiefly to a specific type of plain and decorated tableware made in Italy and in Gaul (France and the Rhineland) during the Roman Empire. These vessels have glossy surface
203:(1895), is still in use (as e.g. "Dr.29"), and there have been many others, such as the classifications of DĂ©chelette, Knorr, Hermet, Walters, Curle, Loeschcke, Ritterling, Hermet and Ludowici, and more recently, the
207:
of Arretine forms and Hayes's type-series of African Red Slip and Eastern sigillatas. These reference sometimes make it possible to date the manufacture of a broken decorated sherd to within 20 years or less.
635:
From the end of the 2nd century, the export of sigillata from Central Gaul rapidly, perhaps even abruptly, ceased. Pottery production continued, but in the 3rd century, it reverted to being a local industry.
797:
In the 1980s two primary groups of Eastern Terra Sigillata in the Eastern Mediterranean basin were distinguished as ETS-I and ETS-II based on their chemical fingerprints as shown by analysis by instrumental
211:
Most of the forms that were decorated with figures in low relief were thrown in pottery moulds, the inner surfaces of which had been decorated using fired-clay stamps or punches (usually referred to as
623:
Graufesenque and other South Gaulish centres. Figure-types and decorative details have been classified, and can often be linked to specific workshops Lezoux wares also included vases decorated with
548:
cups, especially Dr.18 (a shallow dish) and Dr.27 (a little cup with a distinctive double curve to the profile), many of which bear potters' name-stamps, and the large decorated forms 29, 30 and 37.
390:, too, tended to match the subjects and styles seen on silver plate, namely mythological and genre scenes, including erotic subjects, and small decorative details of swags, leafy wreaths and ovolo (
462:
1288:
Oswald & Pryce 1920 covers the main typologies of the early 20th century. Ettlinger 1990 is the current reference system for Arretine, and Hayes 1972 and 1980 for the late Roman material.
515:
South Gaulish samian typically has a redder slip and deeper pink fabric than Italian sigillata. The best slips, vivid red and of an almost mirror-like brilliance, were achieved during the
436:
being excavated in Germany. Dragendorff's classification was expanded by other scholars, including S. Loeschcke in his study of the Italian sigillata excavated at the early Roman site of
382:
The most recognisable decorated Arretine form is Dragendorff 11, a large, deep goblet on a high pedestal base, closely resembling some silver table vessels of the same period, such as the
1058:
temperature than normal bisque temperature of approximately 900 °C. Higher firing temperatures tend to remove the burnished effect because the clay particles start to recrystallize.
504:
in August AD 79, was a consignment of South Gaulish sigillata, still in its packing crate; like all finds from the Vesuvian sites, this hoard of pottery is invaluable as dating evidence.
102:. Closely related pottery fabrics made in the North African and Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire are not usually referred to as terra sigillata, but by more specific names, e.g.
688:, Blickweiler and other sites is of interest and importance mainly to specialists, two sources stand out because their wares are often found outside their own immediate areas, namely
826:
inland from the southern Turkish coast has been excavated since it was discovered in 1987, and its wares traced to many sites in the region. It was active from around 25 to 550 AD.
106:. All these types of pottery are significant for archaeologists: they can often be closely dated, and their distribution casts light on aspects of the ancient Roman economy.
2211:
Sciau, P., Relaix, S., Kihn, Y. & Roucau, C., "The role of Microstructure and Composition in the Brilliant Red Slip of Roman Terra Sigillata Pottery from Southern Gaul",
559:
developed its own distinctive forms and designs, and continued in production into the late Roman period, the 4th and 5th centuries AD. It was not exported to other regions.
1111:
In 1580, a miner named Adreas Berthold traveled around Germany selling Silesian terra sigillata made from a special clay dug from the hills outside the town of Striga, now
1327:
in the early 20th century included form-classifications which are still in use for forms that were absent from Dragendorff's original list: Loeschcke 1909; Ritterling 1913
424:
In the Middle Ages, examples of the ware that were serendipitously discovered in digging foundations in Arezzo drew admiring attention as early as the 13th century, when
69:
technique supposedly inspired by ancient pottery. Usually roughly translated as 'sealed earth', the meaning of 'terra sigillata' is 'clay bearing little images' (latin
2081:
Katalog V. Stempel-Namen und Bilder römischer Töpfer, Legions-Ziegel-Stempel, Formen von Sigillata und anderen Gefäßen aus meinen Ausgrabungen in Rheinzabern 1901-1914
413:, the Po valley and at other Italian cities. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, some of them had set up branch factories in Gaul, for example at La Muette near
333:
and early Roman period. That picture must itself be seen in relation to the luxury tablewares made of silver. Centuries before Italian terra sigillata was made,
329:
Arretine ware, in spite of its very distinctive appearance, was an integral part of the wider picture of fine ceramic tablewares in the Graeco-Roman world of the
73:), not 'clay with a sealed (impervious) surface'. The archaeological term is applied, however, to plain-surfaced pots as well as those decorated with figures in
1108:, it was seen as a proof against poisoning, as well as a general cure for any bodily impurities, and it was highly prized as a medicine and medicinal component.
1163:
in the 18th century. The parallel with 'china' is the reason why the late Professor Eric Birley favoured the use of a lower-case initial for 'samian'. (Birley
782:(or Cypriot sigillata) from Cyprus, as there is still much to be learnt about this material. While eastern sigillata C is known to come from Çandarli (ancient
1760:
57:
is a term with at least three distinct meanings: as a description of medieval medicinal earth; in archaeology, as a general term for some of the fine red
960:
1933:
Names on terra sigillata: an index of makers' stamps and signatures on Gallo-Roman terra sigillata (samian ware), Vol. 1 (A to AXO), Vol.2 (B to CEROTCUS
948:
936:
972:
900:
725:
in Britain, apparently initiated by potters from the East Gaulish factories at Sinzig, a centre that was itself an offshoot of the Trier workshops.
1790:
Rankin, Alisha; Rivest, Justin (July 14, 2016). "History of Clinical Trials: Medicine, Monopoly, and the Premodern State — Early Clinical Trials".
1143:
The meaning and etymology of 'samian ware' is a somewhat complex matter, fully addressed in King 1980. There is ancient authority for the use of
86:
existing traditions of pottery manufacture, and where the clay deposits proved suitable. The products of the Italian workshops are also known as
417:
in Central Gaul. Nor were the classic wares of the Augustan period the only forms of terra sigillata made in Italy: later industries in the
1202:
1259:
1155:, 'to polish' is probably connected. However, it would be unwise to exclude all possible historical associations with the island of
869:. From about the 4th century AD, competent copies of the fabric and forms were also made in several other regions, including
409:
Italian sigillata was not made only at or near Arezzo itself: some of the important Arezzo businesses had branch factories in
2168:
2102:
1948:
1940:
924:
538:
South Gaulish bowl, Dr.37, from the late 1st century AD, with a stamp of the potter Mercato in the decoration. British Museum
2385:
2375:
1019:
re-invented the method of making terra sigillata of Roman quality and obtained patent protection for this procedure at the
228:('sprigged') techniques were sometimes used to decorate vessels of closed forms.{{|Closed forms: shapes such as vases and
912:
445:
generation asks new questions and applies new techniques (such as analysis of clays) in the attempt to find the answers.
394:) borders that may be compared with elements of Augustan architectural ornament. The deep form of the Dr.11 allowed the
2263:
2238:
2206:
2153:
2138:
2053:
2025:
1976:
1868:
1840:
1723:, Sulzbach-Rosenberg 1984; Patents in the UK, France and the US are reported in the source, yet without patent-number
236:, combined in some cases with name-stamps of workshops incorporated into the decoration, and also sometimes with the
1768:
1054:
smallest clay particles, produces terra sigillata. The remaining larger clay-particle bottom layers are discarded.
1176:'Rouletted' decoration: this is a regular, notched surface texture, created by using a tool with a toothed wheel (
2278:
1021:
1203:"Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers"
480:
Sigillata vessels, both plain and decorated, were manufactured at several centres in southern France, including
2370:
1701:
Hayes 1972 and Hayes 1980 are the standard reference works: Hayes 1997, pp. 59–64 provides a succinct summary.
1686:
1828:
1643:
The summary in Hayes 1997, pages 52–59 illustrates the main forms and describes the characteristics of wares.
822:. However this classification has been criticized, and is not universally accepted. A potter's quarter at
77:, because it does not refer to the decoration but to the makers stamp impressed in the bottom of the vessel.
1690:
2302:
628:
matching cup and dish with a curved horizontal rim embellished with a stylised scroll of leaves in relief.
1096:. The latter was called "sealed" because cakes of it were pressed together and stamped with the head of
799:
17:
183:
made in ancient Gaul. In European languages other than English, terra sigillata, or a translation (e.g.
2292:
1733:
1008:
firing. Terra sigillata is also used as a brushable decorative colourant medium in higher temperature
1667:
Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer
673:
1046:
374:
taste and technical expertise. Pottery industries in the areas we now call north-east France and
1432:
The history of sigillata manufacture in Italy is succinctly summarised in Hayes 1997, pages 41–52.
65:
made in specific areas of the Roman Empire; and more recently, as a description of a contemporary
2380:
1210:
850:
282:
1678:
1654:
The Provenience, Typology and Chronology of Eastern Terra Sigillata of the Eastern Mediterranean
1049:
is often added to the watery clay/water slip mixture to facilitate separation of fine particle
759:
735:
309:
1066:
Since the 18th century Samian ware pots have been found in sufficient numbers in the sea near
1854:
La céramique gallo-romaine d'Argonne du IVe siècle et la terre sigillée décorée à la molette,
835:
103:
58:
2197:
Roberts, Paul, 'Mass-production of Roman Finewares', in Ian Freestone & David Gaimster,
889:
as well. There is a great variety of monogram crosses and plain crosses amongst the stamps.
997:
614:
576:
544:
334:
115:
507:
8:
1412:
1000:
of raw clay surfaces to promote glossy surface effects in low fire techniques, including
779:
771:
763:
755:
734:
Arretine plain-ware shapes quite closely. There were evidently centres of production in
652:
There were numerous potteries manufacturing terra sigillata in East Gaul, which included
584:
425:
288:
Many of the Gaulish manufacturing sites have been extensively excavated and studied. At
273:
233:
1881:
Dragendorff, Hans, 'Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen und römischen Keramik',
1652:
Gunneweg, J., 1980 Ph.D.Thesis, Hebrew University; Gunneweg, Perlman and Yellin, 1983,
1625:
Tyers 1996, pp. 136–7. The stamps have been classified in Chenet 1941 and Hübener 1968
190:
2297:
2259:
2234:
2202:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2098:
2049:
2021:
1972:
1944:
1936:
1864:
1836:
1807:
1682:
1674:
1160:
1001:
791:
717:
127:
1481:
Oxé & Comfort 1968; Oxé & Comfort & Kenrick 2000; Ettlinger et al. 1990.
1988:
Hübener, W., 'Eine Studie zur spätrömischen Rädchensigillata (Argonnensigillata)',
1928:
1799:
588:
580:
516:
429:
200:
160:
139:
without further qualification normally denotes the Arretine ware of Italy, made at
1665:
Poblome, Jernen, "The Ecology of Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey) Red Slip Ware", in
94:
and have been collected and admired since the Renaissance. The wares made in the
30:
1539:
Examples of these may be found in Hermet's own type-sequence, Hermet 1934, Pl.4—5
1071:
1042:
996:, 'terra sigillata' describes only a watery refined slip used to facilitate the
840:
783:
775:
665:
511:
South Gaulish plain forms, showing standardisation of size. Millau Museum, France
458:
289:
148:
82:
62:
2095:
Die italische Terra Sigillata mit Auflagenverzierung. Katalog der Applikenmotive
1324:
1233:
1124:
1101:
1089:
1083:
567:
551:
A local industry inspired by Arretine and South Gaulish imports grew up in the
473:
468:
391:
269:
66:
704:
bowls are of very poor quality, with crude decoration and careless finishing.
534:
248:
2364:
1558:
1232:
Roberts, Paul, "Mass-production of Roman Finewares", in Freestone, Ian &
1009:
747:
600:
357:
1811:
1050:
1038:
954:
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 11. 1st century BC–early 1st century AD
886:
876:
819:
575:
The principal Central Gaulish samian potteries were situated at Lezoux and
1508:
See Tyers 1996, p. 106, fig. 90 for a map of the Gaulish production sites
721:
relief-decorated samian ware included a brief and unsuccessful venture at
644:
2131:
A Catalogue of the Signatures, Shapes and Chronology of Italian Sigillata
1803:
1105:
993:
689:
405:
Mould for an Arretine Dr.11, manufactured in the workshop of P. Cornelius
387:
330:
168:
285:', the fusion of Classical and native cultural and artistic traditions.
225:
1336:
Webster 1996, pp. 9–12 provides a useful summary. For a report on the
1067:
870:
823:
722:
481:
383:
277:
131:
A decorated Arretine vase (Form Dragendorff 11) found at Neuss, Germany
2060:
Töpfer und Fabriken verzierter Terra-sigillata des ersten Jahrhunderts
1719:
Patent No. 206 395, Class 80b, Group 23; according to: Heinl, Rudolf;
1167:, 1960s, and see also Stanfield and Simpson 1958, p.xxxi, footnote 1).
1147:
to describe pottery with a polished surface in literary usage (Pliny,
98:
factories are often referred to by English-speaking archaeologists as
2354:
1005:
807:
624:
608:
489:
418:
221:
47:
42:
2245:
Un four de la Graufesenque (Aveyron): la cuisson des vases sigillés
1112:
854:
815:
787:
743:
657:
501:
493:
345:
1320:
1097:
866:
862:
858:
767:
739:
681:
669:
497:
485:
437:
401:
375:
341:
237:
2190:
Ritterling, E., 'Das frührömische Lager bei Hofheim im Taunus',
1104:. This soil's particular mineral content was such that, in the
321:
2067:
Terra-Sigillata-Gefässe des ersten Jahrhunderts mit Töpfernamen
1922:
Terra Sigillata. Ein Weltreich im Spiegel seines Luxusgeschirrs
1093:
803:
751:
693:
685:
677:
653:
596:
552:
366:
265:
229:
217:
156:
152:
140:
91:
74:
2344:
Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
1419:
In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 4–13; von Schnurbein, Siegmar:
1598:
For a good selection of examples, see Garbsch 1982, pp. 54–74
1156:
811:
697:
661:
317:(libation bowl) with mould-made relief decoration. c. 300 BC.
242:
164:
2328:
Pottery In the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach.
1901:
Conspectus formarum terrae sigillatae italico modo confectae
1847:
Catalogue of Italian Terra-Sigillata in the Ashmolean Museum
786:), there were likely other workshops in the wider region of
2146:
Katalog der Punzenmotive in der arretinischen Reliefkeramik
1034:
988:
In contrast to the archaeological usage, in which the term
520:
414:
410:
257:
144:
111:
95:
978:
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 30. 1st-2nd century AD
966:
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 37. 1st–3rd century AD
2184:
Die Bilderschüsseln der römischen Töpfer von Rheinzabern
2176:
Die Bilderschüsseln der römischen Töpfer von Rheinzabern
648:
Rheinzabern barbotine-decorated vase, form Ludowici VMe
194:
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 29. 1st century AD.
1765:
The University of Nottingham Department of Archaeology
1673:, 1996, Ed. Marc Lodewijckx, Leuven University Press,
1088:
The oldest use for the term terra sigillata was for a
1037:
particles to separate into layers by particle size. A
906:
South Gaulish cup, form Hofheim 8, with a marbled slip
880:
African Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd-4th century AD
618:
Central Gaulish samian jar with 'cut-glass' decoration
143:, and Gaulish samian ware manufactured first in South
1616:
Ludowici 1927; Ricken 1942; Ricken & Fischer 1963
1517:
Atkinson, D., "A hoard of Samian ware from Pompeii",
849:
centres of production were in the Roman provinces of
2030:
King, Anthony, "A graffito from La Graufesenque and
992:
refers to a whole class of pottery, in contemporary
2133:, Bonn 1968, revised by Philip Kenrick, Bonn 2000,
942:
Gaulish Dr.36, with barbotine decoration on the rim
892:
472:South Gaulish Dragendorff 29, late 1st century AD.
365:Arretine ware began to be manufactured at and near
2192:Annalen des Vereins fĂĽr Nassauische Altertumskunde
1915:Die Terra-Sigillata-Manufaktur von Sinzig am Rhein
595:. 27 BC–AD 14), but it was not until the reign of
587:. Production had already begun at Lezoux in the
1634:Tyers 1996. pp. 114–116; Hull 1963; Fischer 1969.
1270:As both King and Boardman do in their main texts.
2362:
1443:The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity
1028:
844:Late Roman African Red Slip dish, 4th century AD
27:Types of pottery; also, medieval medicinal earth
2199:Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions
2178:(Tafelband), Darmstadt 1942 (= Ludowici Kat.VI)
2124:An Introduction to the study of terra sigillata
1822:
1299:An Introduction to the Study of terra sigillata
1238:Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions
1033:Modern terra sigillata is made by allowing the
794:appears as a successor to Eastern sigillata C.
1876:Les vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine
1417:Die italische Produktion: Die klassische Zeit.
1385:Hayes 1997, pp.40-41: Garbsch 1982, pp. 26-30
1223:King 1983, p.253 (definition) and pp. 183–186.
562:
361:An Arretine stamp used for impressing a mould
2182:*Ricken, H. & Fischer, Charlotte,(eds.)
1789:
1671:Acta archaeologica Lovaniensia: Monographiae
448:
2337:Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
2335:Roman Pottery In the Archaeological Record.
2161:Werkstätten der arretinischen Reliefkeramik
2110:Index of Potters' Stamps on Terra Sigillata
2093:Ohlenroth, Ludwig & Schmid, Sebastian,
1721:Die Kunsttöpferfamilie Fischer aus Sulzbach
668:regions, but while the samian pottery from
639:
1726:
806:, whereas the ETS-II was probably made in
571:Central Gaulish Dr.30, stamped by Divixtus
122:
1908:Storia degli antichi vasi fittili aretini
1580:Stanfield & Simpson 1958, pp. 263–271
1490:Porten Palange 2004; Porten Palange 2009.
1310:e.g. Knorr 1919; Knorr 1952; Hermet 1934.
1074:that local people used them for cooking.
1061:
930:Flanged bowl, Dr.38, with profile drawing
2342:Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology.
2321:Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery.
2117:Index of figure-types on Terra Sigillata
1557:The basic study remains Stanfield &
1319:The site reports on the German forts at
918:South Gaulish cup of form Dragendorff 27
875:
839:
829:
643:
613:
566:
533:
506:
467:
452:
400:
356:
320:
308:
247:
189:
126:
41:
29:
2357:- specialist site with much information
2088:The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery
2044:King, Anthony in: Henig, Martin (ed.),
2011:The Roman potters' kilns of Colchester,
1969:Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery
1761:"Workshop Three: Research Partnerships"
1004:and unglazed alternative western-style
421:and elsewhere continued the tradition.
14:
2363:
2186:(Text), Bonn 1963 (= Ludowici Kat.VI)
1752:
738:; in western Turkey, exported through
2323:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2218:Stanfield, J., & Simpson, Grace,
2004:Trierer Reliefsigillata: Werkstatt II
1888:Dragendorff, H. & Watzinger, C.,
1607:Huld-Zetsche 1972; Huld-Zetsche 1993
1445:(Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:13 and note.
1423:In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 17–24.
802:(INAA). ETS-I originated in Eastern
728:
463:Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren, Belgium
340:Glossy-slipped black pottery made in
325:A black Megarian bowl, 2nd century BC
293:were so large, the excavation of the
2129:Oxé, August & Comfort, Howard,
1997:Trierer Reliefsigillata: Werkstatt I
1783:
754:, but archaeologists often refer to
163:, and at east Gaulish sites such as
1833:The Oxford History of Classical Art
1548:Johns 1977, p. 24: Tyers 1996, 113
24:
2272:
2122:Oswald, Felix & Pryce, T.D.,
1758:
1349:Sciau, P. et al 2005, pp.006.5.1-6
1077:
457:Terra sigillata bowl, produced in
216:) and some free-hand work using a
135:In archaeological usage, the term
25:
2397:
2355:Potsherd "Atlas of Roman pottery"
2348:
2159:Porten Palange, Francesca Paola,
2144:Porten Palange, Francesca Paola,
2020:, London 1971, revised edn. 1977
1656:, QEDEM 17, Jerusalem, Ahva Press
1297:Oswald, Felix & Pryce, T.D.,
1100:. Later, it bore the seal of the
983:
555:provinces in the 1st century AD.
461:, 50-85 A.D., found in Tongeren.
2340:Robinson, Henry Schroder. 1959.
2224:Les potiers de la Gaule Centrale
2222:, London 1958: revised edition,
2201:, London 1997, pp. 188–193
1962:Supplement to Late Roman Pottery
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
893:Gallery of Roman terra sigillata
352:
2316:London: British School at Rome.
2256:Roman samian pottery in Britain
1713:
1704:
1695:
1659:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1564:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1330:
1313:
1304:
1291:
1258:King 1983, p.253. See also the
1170:
500:, destroyed by the eruption of
1421:Die auĂźeritalische Produktion.
1282:
1273:
1264:
1252:
1243:
1226:
1217:
1194:
1137:
304:
264:The motifs and designs on the
13:
1:
1029:Making modern terra sigillata
2303:Resources in other libraries
1992:168 (1968), pp. 241–298
1823:General and cited references
1499:Ohlenroth & Schmid 2024.
1187:
46:Terra sigillata beaker with
7:
2386:Types of pottery decoration
2376:History of ancient medicine
2074:Keramische Funde in Haltern
2041:11 (1980), pp. 139–143
2018:Arretine and samian pottery
1903:, Frankfurt and Bonn, 1990.
1240:, London, 1997, pp. 188–193
1209:(in French). Archived from
1118:
800:neutron activation analysis
563:Central Gaulish samian ware
38:bowl with relief decoration
10:
2402:
2215:, Vol.852, 006.5.1-6, 2005
1890:Arretinische Reliefkeramik
1081:
1015:In 1906 the German potter
833:
2333:Peña, J. Theodore. 2007.
2298:Resources in your library
2251:39 (1981), pp. 25–43
2112:, privately printed, 1931
1740:. Canterbury City Council
557:Terra sigillata hispanica
449:South Gaulish samian ware
432:also mentioned the ware.
2326:Peacock, D. P. S. 1982.
2231:Roman Pottery in Britain
2002:Huld-Zetsche, Ingeborg,
1995:Huld-Zetsche, Ingeborg,
1530:Johns 1977, p. 12, Pl.II
1519:Journal of Roman Studies
1130:
1047:sodium hexametaphosphate
750:, near Pergamon; and on
640:East Gaulish samian ware
159:and adjacent sites near
2220:Central Gaulish Potters
2163:, 2 vols., Mainz 2009,
2148:, 2 vols., Mainz 2004,
2046:A Handbook of Roman Art
1403:Oxé-Comfort 1968 / 2000
1151:35, 160), and the verb
676:, Chémery-Faulquemont,
123:Roman red gloss pottery
1895:Ettlinger, Elisabeth,
1394:Tyers 1996, pp.161–166
1376:Garbsch 1982, pp.30-33
1062:Reuse of Roman pottery
881:
845:
649:
619:
572:
539:
512:
477:
465:
406:
362:
326:
318:
261:
195:
180:
132:
104:African red slip wares
51:
39:
2371:Ancient Roman pottery
2319:Hayes, John W. 1997.
2312:Hayes, John W. 1972.
1927:Hartley, Brian &
1710:Hayes 1972, p. 19–20.
1454:Weiss 1973:13 note 4.
1367:Hayes 1997, pp. 37-40
1022:Kaiserliche Patentamt
879:
843:
836:African red slip ware
830:African red slip ware
647:
617:
570:
537:
510:
471:
456:
404:
360:
324:
312:
260:") at La Graufesenque
251:
193:
173:
130:
59:Ancient Roman pottery
45:
33:
2194:, 40, Wiesbaden 1913
1913:Fischer, Charlotte,
1874:DĂ©chelette, Joseph,
1859:de la Bédoyère, G.,
1804:10.1056/NEJMp1605900
1413:Ettlinger, Elisabeth
1249:Boardman, pp. 276-77
1012:ceramic techniques.
865:and part of eastern
851:Africa Proconsularis
577:Les Martres-de-Veyre
61:with glossy surface
2314:Late Roman Pottery.
2213:Mater.Res.Soc.Proc.
2119:, Liverpool, 1937-7
1759:Rummel, Christoph.
1589:Johns 1977,pp.16–17
1521:4 (1914), pp. 26–64
1340:, see Vernhet 1981.
1092:from the island of
780:eastern sigillata D
772:eastern sigillata C
764:eastern sigillata B
756:eastern sigillata A
527:. AD 41–54; Nero,
523:periods (Claudius,
488:, La Graufesenque,
335:Attic painted vases
272:(ovolo) mouldings,
252:The remains of the
2097:, Wiesbaden 2024,
2086:Noble, Joseph V.,
2016:Johns, Catherine,
1955:Late Roman Pottery
1200:See, for example,
882:
861:; that is, modern
846:
729:Eastern sigillatas
650:
620:
591:period (Augustus,
573:
540:
513:
478:
466:
407:
363:
327:
319:
262:
196:
147:, particularly at
133:
52:
40:
2279:Library resources
2174:Ricken, H. (ed),
2169:978-3-88467-124-5
2103:978-3-7520-0615-5
2048:, Phaidon, 1983,
1990:Bonner JahrbĂĽcher
1949:978-1-905670-17-8
1941:978-1-905670-16-1
1929:Dickinson, Brenda
1920:Garbsch, Jochen,
1917:, DĂĽsseldorf 1969
1892:, Reutlingen 1948
1883:Bonner JahrbĂĽcher
1689:, 9789061867227,
1279:Dragendorff 1895.
1161:Chinese porcelain
792:Phocaean red slip
543:relief-decorated
313:A Campanian ware
16:(Redirected from
2393:
2330:London: Longman.
2254:Webster, Peter,
2233:, London 1996
2090:, New York, 1965
2069:, Stuttgart 1952
2062:, Stuttgart 1919
2036:
1967:Hayes, John W.,
1960:Hayes, John W.,
1953:Hayes, John W.,
1816:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1767:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1738:Visit Canterbury
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
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1470:
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1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1441:Weiss, Roberto,
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
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1347:
1341:
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1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:on 21 July 2011.
1198:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1141:
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
581:Clermont-Ferrand
430:Giovanni Villani
426:Restoro d'Arezzo
201:Hans Dragendorff
161:Clermont-Ferrand
34:Roman red gloss
21:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2287:
2286:
2284:Terra sigillata
2282:
2275:
2273:Further reading
2269:
2226:, Gonfaron 1990
2187:
2115:Oswald, Felix,
2108:Oswald, Felix,
2083:. Jockgrim 1927
2072:Loeschcke, S.,
2058:Knorr, Robert,
2034:
1983:La Graufesenque
1825:
1820:
1819:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1771:on 8 March 2016
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1734:"Roman pottery"
1732:
1731:
1727:
1718:
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1471:
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1453:
1449:
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1431:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1402:
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1357:
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1335:
1331:
1318:
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1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1234:Gaimster, David
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1121:
1086:
1080:
1078:Medicinal earth
1064:
1043:sodium silicate
1031:
990:terra sigillata
986:
979:
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964:
955:
952:
943:
940:
931:
928:
919:
916:
907:
904:
895:
838:
832:
770:in Asia Minor,
731:
642:
579:, not far from
565:
459:La Graufesenque
451:
355:
307:
290:La Graufesenque
176:Terra sigillata
155:, and later at
149:La Graufesenque
137:terra sigillata
125:
55:Terra sigillata
36:terra sigillata
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:Medicinal clay
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2350:
2349:External links
2347:
2346:
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2079:Ludowici, W.,
2077:
2076:, MĂĽnster 1909
2070:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1925:
1924:, MĂĽnchen 1982
1918:
1911:
1904:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1857:
1850:
1849:, Oxford 1968.
1843:
1829:Boardman, John
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1798:(2): 106–109.
1782:
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1472:Loeschcke 1909
1465:
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1351:
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1312:
1303:
1301:, London, 1920
1290:
1281:
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1263:
1260:British Museum
1251:
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1128:
1127:
1125:Cimolian earth
1120:
1117:
1102:Ottoman sultan
1090:medicinal clay
1084:Medicinal clay
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1030:
1027:
985:
984:Modern pottery
982:
981:
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834:Main article:
831:
828:
758:from Northern
730:
727:
641:
638:
564:
561:
474:British Museum
450:
447:
392:egg-and-tongue
354:
351:
306:
303:
270:egg-and-tongue
185:terre sigillée
124:
121:
67:studio pottery
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2270:
2265:
2264:1-872414-56-7
2261:
2258:, York 1996
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:Vernhet, A.,
2242:
2240:
2239:0-7134-7412-2
2236:
2232:
2229:Tyers, Paul,
2228:
2225:
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2208:
2207:0-7141-1782-X
2204:
2200:
2196:
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2158:
2155:
2154:3-88467-088-3
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:3-7749-3029-5
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:, London 1920
2125:
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2100:
2096:
2092:
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2057:
2055:
2054:0-7148-2214-0
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:0-7141-1361-1
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:Hull, M. R.,
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:0-7141-2216-5
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:, London 1980
1963:
1959:
1957:, London 1972
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1910:, Arezzo 1841
1909:
1906:Fabroni, A.,
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:0-85263-930-9
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:Brown, A. C.
1844:
1842:
1841:0-19-814386-9
1838:
1835:, 1993, OUP,
1834:
1830:
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1672:
1669:, Issue 8 of
1668:
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974:
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926:
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902:
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888:
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868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
837:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:from ancient
773:
769:
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761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
726:
724:
719:
713:
711:
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699:
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691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
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629:
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420:
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412:
403:
399:
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393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
372:
368:
359:
353:Arretine ware
350:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
323:
316:
311:
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298:
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291:
286:
284:
279:
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167:, Sinzig and
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56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
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2293:Online books
2283:
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2255:
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2223:
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2130:
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2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2017:
2010:
2006:. Bonn 1993
2003:
1999:. Bonn 1972
1996:
1989:
1985:, Paris 1934
1982:
1981:Hermet, F.,
1968:
1961:
1954:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1878:, Paris 1904
1875:
1860:
1853:
1852:Chenet, G.,
1846:
1832:
1795:
1792:N Engl J Med
1791:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:the original
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1691:google books
1670:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
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1566:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1463:Fabroni 1841
1459:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1211:the original
1207:GĂ©rard Morla
1206:
1196:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1110:
1087:
1065:
1056:
1039:deflocculant
1032:
1020:
1017:Karl Fischer
1016:
1014:
989:
987:
887:Christianity
883:
847:
796:
732:
714:
709:
706:
702:
674:La Madeleine
651:
634:
630:
621:
605:
592:
574:
556:
550:
541:
528:
524:
514:
479:
441:
434:
423:
408:
395:
381:
370:
364:
339:
328:
314:
299:
294:
287:
283:romanisation
263:
253:
213:
210:
204:
197:
184:
181:
175:
174:
136:
134:
108:
99:
88:Aretine ware
87:
79:
70:
54:
53:
35:
2065:Knorr, R.,
2013:Oxford 1963
1861:Samian Ware
1775:15 December
1744:15 December
1561:1958 / 1990
1106:Renaissance
1025:in Berlin.
994:ceramic art
690:Rheinzabern
388:iconography
331:Hellenistic
305:Forerunners
169:Rheinzabern
100:samian ware
18:Samian ware
2365:Categories
2032:samia vasa
1856:Mâcon 1941
1687:9061867223
1358:Noble 1965
1338:grand four
1149:Nat. Hist.
1145:samia vasa
1068:Whitstable
998:burnishing
871:Asia Minor
824:Sagalassos
723:Colchester
660:, and the
519:and early
442:Conspectus
384:Warren Cup
295:grand four
254:grand four
205:Conspectus
116:burnishing
50:decoration
2039:Britannia
1885:96 (1895)
1679:0776-2984
1571:drawings.
1236:, (eds.)
1188:Citations
1165:pers.comm
1072:Herne Bay
1002:primitive
808:Pamphylia
625:barbotine
490:Le Rozier
419:Po Valley
276:and vine
222:Barbotine
48:barbotine
1971:, 1997,
1863:, 1988,
1812:27410921
1178:roulette
1119:See also
1113:Strzegom
1041:such as
855:Byzacena
816:Aspendos
788:Pergamon
748:Çandarlı
744:Pergamon
712:(dish).
658:Saarland
609:Mortaria
589:Augustan
585:Auvergne
521:Neronian
517:Claudian
502:Vesuvius
494:Banassac
476:, London
396:poinçons
346:Campania
274:acanthus
226:appliqué
214:poinçons
1559:Simpson
1325:Hofheim
1321:Haltern
1153:samiare
1098:Artemis
867:Algeria
863:Tunisia
859:Numidia
768:Tralles
740:Ephesos
718:Argonne
692:, near
682:Remagen
670:Luxeuil
601:Britain
583:in the
553:Iberian
545:beakers
498:Pompeii
486:Montans
438:Haltern
386:. The
376:Belgium
342:Etruria
278:scrolls
238:cursive
230:flagons
151:, near
96:Gaulish
71:sigilla
2281:about
2262:
2249:Gallia
2237:
2205:
2167:
2152:
2137:
2101:
2052:
2024:
1975:
1947:
1939:
1897:et al.
1867:
1839:
1810:
1685:
1677:
1094:Lemnos
1010:glazed
804:Cyprus
784:Pitane
778:, and
776:Pitane
752:Cyprus
710:Teller
696:, and
694:Speyer
686:Sinzig
678:Lavoye
656:, the
654:Alsace
597:Trajan
367:Arezzo
315:phiale
266:relief
256:("big
234:motifs
218:stylus
157:Lezoux
153:Millau
141:Arezzo
92:Arezzo
75:relief
1935:2008
1831:ed.,
1157:Samos
1131:Notes
1051:flocs
812:Perge
810:, at
766:from
760:Syria
736:Syria
698:Trier
666:Mosel
662:Rhine
243:sherd
165:Trier
112:clays
90:from
83:slips
63:slips
2260:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1943:and
1937:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1808:PMID
1777:2015
1746:2015
1683:ISBN
1675:ISSN
1323:and
1070:and
1035:clay
1006:Raku
857:and
820:Side
818:and
664:and
492:and
482:Bram
415:Lyon
411:Pisa
371:reg.
344:and
258:kiln
224:and
145:Gaul
1800:doi
1796:375
1045:or
593:reg
529:reg
525:reg
2367::
2247:,
2037:|
1931:,
1899:,
1806:.
1794:.
1763:.
1736:.
1681:,
1415::
1205:.
853:,
814:,
762:,
746:;
742:;
700:.
684:,
680:,
672:,
484:,
2171:.
2156:.
2141:.
2105:.
2035:"
1871:.
1814:.
1802::
1779:.
1748:.
281:'
20:)
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