Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts

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Deval Patrick and legislative leaders included job offers and trading votes on other issues. Opponents of the amendment cast the vote as one of conscience and personal rather than political lobbying. The day before the convention, the state's four Roman Catholic bishops in a letter to legislators endorsed putting the issue to a popular vote: "he marriage debate should not be reserved only to lawyers and lawmakers. Every citizen has a stake in the outcome, because every citizen has a stake in the well-being of the family." Cardinal O'Malley called several legislators to lobby for their votes and Governor Patrick said he offered some help in their re-election campaigns. On June 14, 2007, the convention opened and proceeded immediately to a vote on the issue without debate. The measure failed to obtain the required 50 votes, as 45 voted in favor, 151 opposed the measure, and four were absent or abstained from the vote. Two new legislators who were thought to support the amendment voted against it, while nine who had supported it in January, seven Democrats and two Republicans, changed their votes to oppose it. VoteOnMarriage.Org announced it would attempt to unseat legislators who had switched sides to defeat the amendment.

1063:, an opponent of the amendment, called a joint meeting of the General Court as a constitutional convention for June 19, 2002, and immediately adjourned it for a month saying legislators needed for time to consider the agenda items. When the constitutional convention met again on July 17, the amendment's opponents knew that proponents had the 50 votes needed for passage. Birmingham, who was presiding, moved for adjournment without considering the amendment, and his motion passed 137 to 53. He called the amendment "wrong-hearted and wrong-headed" and defended the procedure: "Everybody recognizes a vote to adjourn was a vote up or down" on the amendment. "I did gavel the last constitutional convention to a recess because I felt the members needed more time to assess... Today we saw democracy in action. They may not like it, but they lost two to one." A representative of the Catholic Action League, which supported the amendment, said: "Everything that is wrong with Massachusetts state government was apparent today for all the world to see". One legislator who voted to adjourn said: "For those of us who believe in an open democratic process, this was not a comfortable vote". State Senator 1712:

constitutionality of the legislative action, or inaction, in this matter." VoteOnMarriage.org, which had gathered signatures on the proposal the legislators had failed to vote on, sued on December 13, asking a federal court to order them to vote or, in the absence of a vote, to order the amendment placed on the ballot. It also sought $ 500,000 from the 109 legislators who voted to adjourn, the cost of its signature-gathering campaign. Arline Isaacson, one of the leaders of the Massachusetts Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus, urged the General Court to adjourn without voting on the amendment. She said: "We know that if the Legislature votes on the amendment, we will lose this year and next year, and it will go to the ballot, where it will likely pass." Senator Brian Lees said he thought the General Court would not be swayed by the ruling and he stood by his opposition to taking a vote: "I will never vote to put a form of discrimination into the state constitution." Before the legislators met,

1414:, suggested he get the law repealed: "If he's so concerned about problems, he can file an emergency bill to repeal that law. Massachusetts has basically said discriminating against people of the same sex is unconstitutional. So why would we try so hard to uphold another state's discriminatory law?" She asked: "Under the governor's logic, if some state again started banning marriages between Catholics and Protestants, then would Massachusetts enforce that?" In an interview on April 23, Romney said: "Massachusetts should not become the Las Vegas of same-sex marriage. We do not intend to export our marriage confusion to the entire nation." His spokesman announced he was sending letters to the governors and attorneys general of the other states to explain his view that same-sex marriage was not legal in their state and asking "if we're wrong" about that. Denying license to all out-of-state couples became known as "the Romney plan". It also allowed visitors from 1592:, a Republican who co-sponsored the amendment in the previous convention, explained why he withdrew his support: "Gay marriage has begun, and life has not changed for the citizens of the commonwealth, with the exception of those who can now marry. This amendment which was an appropriate measure or compromise a year ago, is no longer, I feel, a compromise today." Opponents turned instead to an alternative method of amending the Constitution that they thought would allow them to present an uncompromising ban on same-sex marriage to the voters. This method would require the collection of thousands of signatures on petitions but would need the support of only a quarter of the legislators to become a referendum. The process of gathering signatures was already underway when the legislators voted to reject the 2004 compromise. Travis explained that the opponents' fervor came in reaction to the position taken by gay and lesbian activists: 1661:. The collectors told voters that they were signing a petition about a different issue or that the petitions were in favor of same-sex marriage. In a case led by attorney Jennifer Levi, GLAD challenged Reilly's certification of the petitions in court, claiming the effort contradicted a provision of the Massachusetts Constitution (Article 48, Section 2), which prohibits the use of such petitions for "reversal of a judicial decision." In July, the SJC ruled unanimously that the amendment did not constitute "reversal" of a judicial decision, given that the proposed amendment sought to define only those marriages performed after its passage. If passed, the amendment would have restricted future marriages to different-sex couples but would not have invalidated the approximately 8,000 same-sex marriage licenses already issued. 1265:. Both would have banned same-sex marriage, one would have made civil unions possible in the future and the other would have established civil unions. Finneran commented: "We are as divided as the nation on this. We are doing the best we can. We are human beings. We struggle. Sometimes we come up short." The convention met again the next day and defeated an amendment that defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman and disavowed any position on civil unions on a 103–94 vote that showed divisions in each party and Catholic legislators evenly divided. Ronald Crews of the Massachusetts Family Institute blamed Finneran's misreading of his own caucus for the failure of his own proposed language, a defeat in the convention's opening moments from which Crews found it impossible to recover. 1123:. On November 18, 2003, the SJC ruled 4 to 3 that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. The court said: "We declare that barring an individual from the protections, benefits, and obligations of civil marriage solely because that person would marry a person of the same sex violates the Massachusetts Constitution." It provided a definition of marriage that would meet the State Constitution's requirements: "We construe civil marriage to mean the voluntary union of two persons as spouses, to the exclusion of all others." The court stayed its ruling for 180 days (i.e. until May 17, 2004) to allow the General Court to "take such action as it may deem appropriate in light of this opinion." In a widely quoted passage from the majority ruling, Chief Justice 994:, created a rule that foster children be placed in "traditional family settings". In December 1986, a commission that reviewed the foster care system recommended that sexual orientation could not be used to disqualify foster parents. As Dukakis delayed accepting that recommendation, advocates for gay and lesbian rights threatened protests against his presidential campaign. The ban on gay foster parents was enacted into law in the 1989 budget. After a lawsuit challenging the ban was settled out of court, the Dukakis administration withdrew the policy in April 1990. In the 1990s, court decisions further expanded the parenting rights of gays and lesbians. In September 1993, the state's highest court ruled that state law allowed for 1273:

as marriages for federal purposes. The language adopted had Romney's support. One report described the process: "Tenuous and shifting coalitions held together in the final vote, despite a series of parliamentary moves by liberal lawmakers to stop anything from moving forward. In the end, an amendment that was disliked by the political right and the political left was approved because it was the only measure that could draw the support of a majority of lawmakers." The proposed amendment, if approved by a second constitutional convention in 2005, would have been placed before the voters as a referendum in November 2006. Romney believed the vote justified asking the SJC to

1451: 1707:"The members of the joint session have a constitutional duty to vote, by the yeas and nays, on the merits of all pending initiative amendments before recessing on January 2, 2007. With respect to legislative action on proposals for constitutional amendments introduced ... by initiative petition, the language of art. 48 is not ambiguous. Today's discussion and holding on the meaning of the duty lays any doubt to rest... Those members who now seek to avoid their lawful obligations, by a vote to recess without a roll call vote by yeas and nays on the merits of the initiative amendment ... ultimately will have to answer to the people who elected them." 1716:, who was due to succeed Romney as governor on January 4, 2007, said: "I hope by whatever means appropriate, the constitutional convention today ends this debate. I think a vote on adjournment is a vote on the merits." The joint session of the General Court, promptly after coming to order and without debate, voted on the amendment on January 2, 2007, the last day of its 2005–2006 session. There were 62 votes in favor and 132 opposed, a sufficient number to require the amendment's consideration at another constitutional convention. Isaacson said that the SJC ruling "really tipped the scales against us." 1039:, proposed legislation to prevent Massachusetts from granting legal recognition to same-sex marriages established elsewhere: "a purported marriage contracted between persons of the same sex shall be neither valid nor recognized in the Commonwealth." In 1999, the Lesbian and Gay Political Alliance of Massachusetts called it a "hate bill" and a coalition of more than 150 religious leaders formed the Religious Coalition for the Freedom to Marry to oppose it. Other religious leaders organized in support of the measure. Rogers revised his proposal to define 1682:. Romney said: "The issue before us is not whether same-sex couples should marry. The issue before us today is whether 109 legislators will follow the constitution." He said he would ask a justice of the SJC to order the initiative placed on the ballot because the legislators were refusing to fulfill their constitutional obligations. The next day, he sent the 109 legislators a copy of the State Constitution with a letter underscoring the document's provision that the legislators sitting as a constitutional convention 1067:, an opponent of the amendment and a lesbian, said: "I'm proud to have done anything possible to defeat this hate-filled, discriminatory measure. I'll take a victory on this any way I can get it." Arlene Isaacson of the Massachusetts Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus later explained it was a critical moment because same-sex marriage had no chance of winning a popular vote at the time: "Not that we would lose by a little, because that wasn't an issue. Rather, it was that we were going to get massacred". 1322:

legislation giving him authority to request a stay. He said the implementation of the SJC ruling presented legal complications, citing both a 1913 law that invalidated the marriage of non-residents if the marriage was invalid in their home state and the possibility that a popular referendum on same-sex marriage might retroactively invalidate same-sex marriages. Conservative groups like the Coalition for Marriage praised Romney for continuing to search for a way to block same-sex marriages.

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Massachusetts Constitution ... because those rights might not be acknowledged elsewhere." The court also reiterated the need for the General Court to modify the state's marital laws. "The purpose of the stay was to afford the Legislature an opportunity to conform the existing statutes to the provisions of the Goodridge decision." It ended: "The answer to the question is 'No.'" Religious leaders responded with strong statements on both sides of the issue. Archbishop

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Chorus." Some 262 couples obtained licenses, starting with Marcia Hams and Susan Shepherd. The first to wed in Cambridge were Tanya McCloskey and Marcia Kadish at 9:15 a.m. Cambridge City Clerk Margaret Drury was the first city clerk in the U.S. to perform a legal same-sex marriage. Massachusetts has a three-day waiting period before issuing marriage licenses, but many couples obtained waivers of the waiting period in order to be wed as soon as possible.

8382: 816: 1131:"Civil marriage is at once a deeply personal commitment to another human being and a highly public celebration of the ideals of mutuality, companionship, intimacy, fidelity, and family. Because it fulfils yearnings for security, safe haven, and connection that express our common humanity, civil marriage is an esteemed institution, and the decision whether and whom to marry is among life's momentous acts of self-definition." 1337:, the Thomas More Law Center, Citizens for the Preservation of Constitutional Rights, and the American Family Association Center for Law and Policy, brought suit in federal court on behalf of the Vice President of the Catholic Action League, Robert Largess, and eleven members of the General Court to stop the May 17 marriages. It argued that the SJC's decision deprived the people of Massachusetts of their right to a 1782:

said its repeal would "open the floodgates for Massachusetts to become the Mecca for same-sex marriage. Their goal is to strike down the marriage restrictions in every state. Their launching pad will be Massachusetts." Isaacson said "no one is rushing" to take on that issue and that "In the short term, we want everyone to rest, breathe and appreciate the incredible victory that took place". Liberal columnist

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that law should be enforced, and Romney had used the state's authority to block the same-sex marriages of non-residents from being properly recorded. He told a news conference: "We certainly won't record on our public health records marriages that are on the face of them not consistent with the law". The clerks soon relented under orders from Attorney General Reilly. In June 2004, GLAD brought a lawsuit,

967:, said that Weld's "domestic partners" decision harms the common good "by making a special interest group equal to the family" and confuses "civil rights and family benefits". They asked: "Why should special recognition and assistance be given to friends who happen to share the same house?" Legislation to establish domestic partnerships that would carry spousal benefits was introduced annually in the 1885:

to all forms of discrimination. We raise our voices for justice. It's about basic freedoms for our friends, neighbors and families. Any effort to deny equal protections under the law is unfair, discriminatory, and unconstitutional – and that is just plain wrong. I am so proud to represent the state that has become a model across the country and the world on LGBT inclusion and acceptance."

1563:"defining and protecting marriage as a union of a man and a woman as husband and wife." It said: "The sacred institution of marriage should not be redefined by a few activist judges. All Americans have a right to be heard in this debate." On the same day, non-binding opinions by the attorneys general of two more neighboring states fueled debate about enforcing the 1913 law. On May 17, 1300:, a gay activist and first-time candidate, drew support from supporters of same-sex marriage, but ran largely on traditional issues like education, taxation, and health care, and narrowly defeated a 16-year veteran and same-sex marriage opponent in the Democratic primary on September 14. Later that month, Speaker of the House Finneran resigned from the General Court to be replaced by 1163:, there are some laws that are so unnatural that you have an obligation to openly defy them. The concept of stable, healthy gay relationships is largely a manufacturing of the gay propaganda machine." He called the decision "complete lunacy" and said: "It's beyond shocking. It's madness. It's four judges basically turning society inside out with no input from anybody else." 1687:

citizens on November 24, citing 5 occasions in 24 years in which the General Court failed to vote on valid initiatives. Other plaintiffs included Ray Flynn and officials of VoteOnMarriage.org and the Catholic Action League of Massachusetts. Named as defendants were the Massachusetts Secretary of State, who oversees the preparation of election ballots,

1254:. They had mobilized constituent telephone calls with increasing success in the weeks before the convention and emphasized the impact on children being raised by gay parents. The amendment's proponents drew support from Massachusetts Citizens for Life and larger donations than they had previously received, along with personal lobbying in localities. 1438:

they asked that of all couples, but needed only to have applicants swear that there were no legal impediments to their marrying in Massachusetts. The administration said that earlier reports had been premature. Some towns and clerks announced plans to knowingly issue licenses to out-of-staters, including Provincetown, Worcester, and

1389:'s Board of Selectmen decided their town clerk would approve marriage license applications from any couple that swore, as was customary, that their marriage was lawful. The town manager said: "We've never been the marriage police with heterosexual couples, and we're not about to start with same-sex couples". 1797:, in reply to an inquiry from Daniel O'Connell, Massachusetts Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, reported that it calculated that allowing non-resident same-sex couples to marry would add $ 37 million to the Massachusetts economy in each of the next three years and add 330 jobs for the same period. 1304:, who backed same-sex marriage. Some candidates who backed a constitutional amendment did not make same-sex marriage a campaign issue as anticipated, but it proved critical in a few races. All 50 incumbents who opposed a constitutional amendment and faced challengers won re-election. Four supporters of 1884:

said, "With this momentous ruling from the Supreme Court we end a chapter of discrimination in our country's history and start a new one that says all Americans have the right to pursue happiness by marrying the person they love. Today, we raise our voices for equality. We raise our voices for an end

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can marry in Massachusetts after finding "that same-sex marriage is ... not prohibited in Rhode Island". In May 2007, Judge Connolly declared valid the marriages of several same-sex couples, residents of New York, who married in Massachusetts before July 6, 2006, when a New York court issued a ruling

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marriages to white women. Though moribund for decades, it was used to prevent same-sex couples who were residents of other states from marrying in Massachusetts. As the date neared for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples, Governor Romney and some town clerks disputed how and whether

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called it "a major shift from the governor's earlier stance on enforcing limitations on licensing gay marriage." The new forms were gender-neutral, identifying the applicants as "Party A" and Party B" and asking each to check a box for either male or female. Clerks could require proof of residency if

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that denied a marriage license to a couple if their marriage would not be valid in their state of residence. The Massachusetts Town Clerks' Association raised the issue for the first time on February 24, reporting that some of them were receiving inquiries from out-of-state couples. New York Attorney

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Governor Mitt Romney said he disagreed with the SJC's decision, but "We obviously have to follow the law as provided by the Supreme Judicial Court, even if we don't agree with it". He said he would work with the General Court to draft a law "consistent" with the ruling. He also backed an amendment to

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as the union of a man and a woman when he offered it again in 2001, with the additional provision that "Any other relationship shall not be recognized as a marriage, or its legal equivalent, or receive the benefits exclusive to marriage in the Commonwealth." The chair of the Lesbian and Gay Political

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providing limited benefits to the same-sex partners of approximately 3,000 management-level state employees, covering only leave for family sickness and bereavement, far short of the health benefits LGBT activists were seeking, but probably the first state-level recognition of same-sex relationships.

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On June 15, 2007, following the defeat of the initiative to amend the State Constitution, Kris Mineau of the Massachusetts Family Institute warned that gay and lesbian activists would try to repeal the 1913 law next so that "This radical social experiment will be exported to the other 49 states". He

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The constitutional convention took up the compromise amendment approved in 2004. It failed on a vote of 157–39 on September 14, after many moderate legislators who had initially supported it refused to and most legislators opposed to same-sex marriage abandoned its compromise language. State Senator

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with white organza. Hundreds of applicants and supporters in celebratory dress–"glittery party hats and boutonnieres"–gathered in the street. City officials opened the building at 12:01 a.m. May 17 "for a rousing party, with wedding cake, sparkling cider and the music of the Cambridge Community

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Superior Court Judge Thomas E. Connolly ruled that the state marriage statute was not gender-neutral, no fundamental right to same-sex marriage existed, and that limiting marriage to male-female couples was rational because "procreation is marriage's central purpose". He concluded his legal analysis

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said, "For me, the issue of marriage equality is personal. I'm pleased the Commonwealth has already recognized same-sex marriages in our state, and with today's Supreme Court decision every American citizen across the nation will have equal protection under the law and the right to marry the person

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ordered an expedited hearing before the full SJC on December 20. At that hearing, both sides agreed that the SJC could not enforce an order against the General Court. An attorney for the plaintiffs said: "We're not asking you to tell the General Court how to do their business. We're only asking you

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found that half of the couples who applied for licenses on the first day had been partners for a decade or more. Two-thirds were women and 30% were raising children. Only the towns that had made an issue of issuing licenses to out-of-staters had appreciable numbers of them. In the first week, 2,468

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in which some legislators backed measures they would not ultimately support in order to prevent the adoption of an even stronger measure, the convention passed by a vote of 105–92 an amendment to ban same-sex marriage but allow civil unions. It also specified that civil unions should not be treated

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The Massachusetts General Court took up the repeal of the 1913 law the next month. On July 15, the Massachusetts Senate voted to repeal it on a unanimous voice vote. The House approved the legislation on July 29, 2008 on a 118 to 35 vote, and Governor Deval Patrick signed the bill into law on July

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When the General Court met as a constitutional convention in June 2007, observers anticipated a closer vote than the previous January because of retirements and some announced changes in position. Advocates of the amendment charged that the political pressure on legislators on the part of Governor

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addressed a crowd of same-sex couples that included several from New York gathered in front of Town Hall at 8 am.: "No matter who you are or where you come from, if you fill out the application, you will be given a license to marry. Those of you from out of state, welcome to Somerville." The seven

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made the question more urgent when he issued a non-binding opinion on March 3 that "New York common law requires recognizing as valid a marriage... validly executed in another state". On March 31, Romney took the position that no other states recognized same-sex marriage and therefore residents of

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said in a statement: "The tone and tenor of this answer clearly demonstrates the overly activist stance of the four-judge majority... Clearly, the justices who issued this opinion seem determined to blur the constitutional separation of powers and to usurp the rightful role of the Legislature." He

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justified the use of a different term, the court said: "Courts define what is constitutionally permissible, and the Massachusetts Constitution does not permit this kind of labeling... We do not abrogate the fullest measure of protection to which residents of the Commonwealth are entitled under the

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Massachusetts. The number of marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples in Massachusetts leveled off at about 1,500 a year in 2006 and 2007. They represented about 4% of all marriages in the state. A total of 22,406 same-sex marriages were performed in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2012, mostly in

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In the first year, more than 6,200 same-sex couples had married in Massachusetts. That number fell to only 1,900 marriages in the second year. Out of the total of more than 8,100 marriages, 64% involved lesbian couples. In comparison, more than 36,000 heterosexual couples are married each year in

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wrote: "Refusing to recognize a legal spousal relationship that granted rights equal to those acquired through marriage, in a State that did not allow same-sex couples to marry at the time, would only perpetuate the discrimination against same-sex couples" that led the court to tell the Senate in

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Attorney General Reilly certified the language and format of the petitions as valid on September 7, 2005. Advocates of same-sex marriage objected that the proposed amendment was clearly designed to reverse the SJC decision, a violation of the State Constitution's rule that amendments could not be

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and said: "We've broken down the barrier. I am so proud of these people. I am very proud to be mayor of this city today." The first to marry in Boston City Hall were Tom Weikle and Joe Rogers, who lined up for their license application at 5:30 a.m. and were wed about 11 a.m. by Boston's city

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individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males to be performed in some of these tribes. In the

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and the Senate), held during two successive two-year sessions, before going before the voters in a referendum during a normally scheduled November election. An amendment put forward by legislators needs a majority (101 out of 200) at two constitutional conventions and an amendment put forward by

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is a multi-year process that could not be accomplished before the date set by the SJC for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. In order to amend the State Constitution, it is necessary for an amendment first to receive sufficient support at two state constitutional conventions,

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itself was rarely mentioned or addressed directly during these years. The Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights launched a campaign on behalf of marriage rights for same-sex couples in Massachusetts in 1991. Governor Bill Weld said he would be willing to meet with the group and said he was

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He explained that the court could take no action against the plaintiffs in the case: "here is no presently articulated judicial remedy for the Legislature's indifference to, or defiance of, its constitutional duties. We have no statutory authority to issue a declaratory judgment concerning the

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vote on initiatives: "Not 'may' vote ... not 'could' vote ... not 'perhaps' vote ... It's very clear." His reference was to the clause: "final legislative action in the joint session ... shall be taken only by call of the yeas and nays". He filed the lawsuit as one member of a group of private

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said: "I think this is one of those instances where the institution of gay marriage may be less divisive to society than the referendum campaign will be. The emotions that this kind of issue brings out can be very detrimental to society. It has been around for a year and any honest person can

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for same-sex couples to the SJC, asking if it satisfied the court's requirements. On February 4, 2004, the court replied that it was unacceptable to allow different-sex couples marriages but same-sex couples only civil unions, that the distinction between marriage and civil unions constituted

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with language similar to Rogers' legislation, called the "Protection of Marriage Amendment". Some signature gatherers complained that opponents of the amendment were harassing them and their opponents charged in turn that some signature gatherers were misrepresenting the petition's content. A

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On July 12, 2006, the General Court sitting as a constitutional convention voted 100 to 91 to postpone action on the initiative amendment until November 9, 2006, two days after the elections. Supporters of same-sex marriage sought the delay, which the amendment's backers denounced and Romney

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Despite Romney's urging, Attorney General Reilly refused to ask the SJC to stay its decision, saying that implementation was not problematic and that a popular vote on a constitutional amendment was the only way to resolve the issue. On April 16, 2004, Romney asked the General Court to pass

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31. It took effect immediately. Patrick said: "I think other states will make their own judgments, and I expect them to–that's their own business. All we can do is tend our own garden, and make sure that it's weeded, and I think we've weeded out a discriminatory law that we should have."

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VoteOnMarriage.org collected 170,000 signatures before the December 7, 2005 deadline, almost three times the number required. Paid signature collectors from Arno Political Consultants subsequently revealed that an unknown but large number of these signatures had been collected through

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A Massachusetts law enacted in 1913 invalidated the marriage of non-residents if the marriage was invalid in the state where they lived. Historians and legal scholars believe it originated in an upsurge of anti-miscegenation sentiment associated with the notoriety of champion boxer

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Alliance of Massachusetts said its prospects for passage were slim but it could serve as a countervailing proposal to efforts at establishing civil unions or providing benefits to same-sex partners of state and local government employees. Alongside these legislative maneuvers, the

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the State Constitution to define marriage as the union of a man and a woman while also providing by statute "basic civil rights and appropriate benefits to same-sex couples and other nontraditional relationships." Romney quickly joined legislators in attempting to satisfy the

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Governor Romney in a brief statement said: "All along, I have said an issue as fundamental to society as the definition of marriage should be decided by the people. Until then, I intend to follow the law and expect others to do the same." President

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Unlike amendments in other states, the amendment did not explicitly forbid other forms of legal relationships for same-sex couples, such as civil unions or domestic partnerships. It did not attempt to invalidate same-sex marriages licensed since

1103:, on April 11, 2001. GLAD attorney, Jennifer Levi, argued the case in Superior Court on behalf of the plaintiffs. Levi argued that denying same-sex couples equal marriage rights was unconstitutional under the State Constitution. On May 7, 2002, 931:

in credit, public and private employment, union practices, housing, and public accommodation. In the decade that followed, political debate addressed same-sex relationships through two proxy issues: spousal benefits and parenting rights. The

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On July 10, 2008, the Supreme Judicial Court ruled unanimously that a surviving partner in a same-sex relationship, that was prevented from marrying before the same-sex marriage ban was declared unconstitutional, could not sue for loss of

1596:"We all want to give people the rights to have insurance and transfer property. No one is so rotten to the core that they wouldn't even consider that. That would be inappropriate. But we don't want to call it marriage. And remember, 1288:, following the enactment of civil unions legislation in 2000, a large group of its supporters had been defeated. One political action committee announced plans to target legislative candidates who supported same-sex marriage, eight 989:

The state had no explicit regulations with respect to foster care and parenting by gays and lesbians, either singly or in relationships, until, on May 24, 1985, the state Department of Social Services, with the approval of Governor

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that called the latest SJC ruling "wrongly decided and deeply mistaken", backed a state constitutional amendment and urged other states to take similar action, but did not endorse the idea of a federal constitutional amendment.

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by priests, did not address the issue until late May, when they ordered pastors to read and publish a statement to mobilize their parishioners to contact their legislators to urge then to support the constitutional amendment.

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have jurisdiction over marriages and divorces performed under tribal law. As a result, it is unclear if same-sex marriage is legal on their reservations. While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a

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held out for marriage. Civil unions weren't acceptable to the gay community in Massachusetts. They didn't want a second-sister relationship like they have in Vermont. They wanted the full-blown description with the title of

1296:. Ronald Crews of the Massachusetts Family Institute estimated a possible shift of 10 to 15 seats against same-sex marriage. The elections resulted in shifts that consistently favored supporters of same-sex marriage rights. 1312:

retired and three of their successors were supporters of same-sex marriage. In special elections in the spring of 2005, three incumbents who supported a constitutional amendment lost to supporters of same-sex marriage.

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was considering allowing a vote to adjourn without acting on the measure. Instead, on November 9, 2006, the legislators in convention voted 109 to 87 to recess until January 2, the last day of the legislative session.

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Advocates of same-sex marriage, who had been far outnumbered as demonstrators two years earlier, were a large and constant presence in the House of Representatives throughout the 2004 convention, coordinated by

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to declare what their constitutional obligations are." The First Assistant Attorney General representing the General Court countered that the voters were free to replace the legislators at the next election.

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When recognizing marriages entered into after the adoption of this amendment by the people, the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions shall define marriage only as the union of one man and one woman.

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On December 27, 2006, the SJC ruled unanimously that Article 48 of the State Constitution requires legislators to take recorded votes on initiative amendments. The SJC's opinion authored by Justice

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other states could not marry in Massachusetts. Reilly took the position that 38 states expressly denied recognition to same-sex marriages and that residents of other states could obtain licenses.

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in state court until the attempt to amend the State Constitution was allowed to run its course. A single justice of the SJC dismissed the complaint on May 3. A few days later, shortly before the

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called for the General Court to act during its scheduled joint session to put a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage to a popular vote. Governor Mitt Romney authored an op-ed in

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counties. Subtracting the first year total, an average of 2,025 marriages were performed each subsequent year. Approximately 32,000 same-sex couples had married in Massachusetts by 2024.

7682: 4436: 1648:, Reilly's principal opponent for the Democratic nomination for governor, said "There was a strong argument that this should have gone a different way." Massachusetts Secretary of State 1399:

showed that since 1976 town clerks had been repeatedly instructed not to question applicants for marriage licenses about their eligibility. A spokesman for Governor Romney said that the

8497: 8386: 6591: 6160: 5723: 5692: 7707: 7366: 5147: 2840: 2813: 1774:

that same-sex marriage was not legal there, New York's first explicit prohibition on same-sex marriage. In July 2007, the Department of Public Health ruled that same-sex couples from

1403:

decision "changed the definition of marriage, it changed the way the new marriage forms look, and it changed the way city and town clerks will carry out the requirements of the law."

628: 6988: 6046: 5850: 5404: 5243: 4888: 7732: 7615: 4157: 2867: 7067: 4405: 1956:

showed that there were 20,913 married same-sex couple households (9,037 male couples and 11,876 female couples) and 12,539 unmarried same-sex couple households in Massachusetts.

6776: 6541: 5466: 4800: 1284:

As the constitutional convention concluded its work on the amendment, some politicians announced plans to make the November 2004 elections a referendum on same-sex marriage. In

6656: 5373: 2980: 1691:, and the President of the Massachusetts Senate who chairs joint sessions of the General Court, Senator Travaglini. After a 20-minute hearing on November 30, Associate Justice 7806: 6932:"Sandra Cote-Whitacre & others vs. Department of Public Health & others Memorandum of Decision on Whether Same-Sex Marriage is Prohibited in New York and Rhode Island" 6957: 6807: 5502: 5085: 4715: 7826: 7125: 6838: 986:'s attempt to extend health care benefits to Boston city employees' domestic partners by executive order was successfully challenged by the Catholic Action League in court. 6745: 6714: 6622: 5915: 5541: 7842: 7564: 6087: 5274: 4831: 3662: 1670:

criticized it. As that date neared, Arline Isaacson, a lobbyist for the Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus, was not optimistic about her side's chances and Senate President

1257:

The General Court met in joint session as a constitutional convention on February 11, and after six hours of debate rejected two amendments, one proposed by House Speaker

698:

Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship" is available in 68 of Cambodia’s communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

4769: 6259: 4312: 4188: 979:

vetoed it because it applied to different-sex couples, which he thought undermined marriage, while he offered to sign legislation that applied to same-sex couples only.

657:

Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

6474: 6348: 8199: 6687: 6317: 6290: 5178: 1191:"a considered choice of language that reflects a demonstrable assigning of same-sex, largely homosexual, couples to second-class status." As for the argument that the 5661: 4250: 5209: 5116: 5028: 2759: 7187: 4343: 8640: 7902: 7301: 6236: 4566: 641: 5443: 4281: 3002: 1786:

wrote: "Las Vegas? Mecca? So far, little Rhode Island is the only state that allows gay residents to wed in Massachusetts. We are the Las Vegas of Rhode Island."

7920: 5796: 5350: 1822:

2004 that civil unions would not suffice as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples. The SJC took a comparable position on September 12 with respect to

602: 598: 446: 7930: 5059: 4944: 2930: 1215:

Without coming to agreement on how to proceed, legislative leaders considered several legal options, including passing statutes to delay the implementation of

971:

without success. Its supporters focused on equal benefits and fairness rather than same-sex relationships themselves. In 1998, when the General Court passed a

5889: 8451: 8286: 594: 559: 7278: 6202: 5572: 1346: 998:

by a parent of the same sex as a biological parent. In July 1999, the same court awarded visitation rights to each of two mothers after their separation.

299: 5765: 4597: 7935: 7244: 2920: 7649: 7907: 7895: 7799: 2925: 6137: 5316: 4475: 8276: 7890: 6110: 5630: 4669: 7414: 7156: 3339: 3226: 8420: 6568: 5595: 4227: 4138: 4444: 1183:

unconstitutional discrimination, even if the rights and obligations attached to each were identical. It called the difference between the terms

8338: 7759: 6599: 6168: 5819: 5731: 5700: 524: 1817:

that Massachusetts recognizes a same-sex civil union established in another jurisdiction as the legal equivalent of a marriage. Chief Justice

8584: 8266: 7792: 7715: 5155: 3376: 1144:

for same-sex couples. His views were recognized as an attempt to establish his record on a controversial issue while planning to run for the

468: 1888:

In August 2023, Boston removed all mentions of sex on marriage licence forms "in the hopes of offering more dignified experiences for all".

6996: 6869: 6054: 6008: 5858: 5412: 5251: 4892: 1325:

In April, the Catholic Action League of Massachusetts and several conservative advocacy organizations tried to block the implementation of

335: 330: 149: 7623: 7217: 5949: 4374: 1627:, and Gilbert Thompson, president of the board of the Black Ministerial Alliance of Greater Boston. The language of their amendment was: 8635: 7747: 7488: 4165: 1155:

Opponents of gay and lesbian rights opposed any compromise with the SJC. Brian Camenker, head of the Parents Rights Coalition, said: "As

421: 404: 7075: 6545: 4413: 8358: 7858: 6784: 6419: 5474: 4808: 1813:

On July 26, 2012, in a case involving a same-sex couple who established a civil union in Vermont in 2003, the SJC ruled unanimously in

463: 393: 388: 224: 6664: 5381: 2988: 8559: 8309: 7989: 7868: 6931: 1913:

cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized

1535:

broadcast live coverage from outside Boston City Hall. The three major networks lead their evening news shows with wedding coverage.

1120: 1096: 844: 529: 458: 432: 304: 289: 284: 6965: 6815: 5093: 4723: 1747:

signing a bill repealing the 1913 statute that prevented out-of-state same-sex couples from marrying in Massachusetts, July 31, 2008

8505: 8235: 7133: 6846: 5510: 3929: 1442:. Bonauto said that GLAD's position was that applicants should never be less than honest, "let alone on a form signed under oath". 1278: 1228: 1090: 870: 519: 509: 453: 325: 314: 294: 255: 6753: 6722: 6630: 4107: 8225: 8174: 7863: 7590: 6900: 6508: 6095: 5282: 4839: 1112: 416: 411: 398: 353: 340: 309: 229: 6444: 4777: 3666: 8625: 8521: 8245: 8240: 8230: 8207: 7882: 6267: 4320: 1233: 1059:

The President of the Massachusetts Senate controls the calling of a constitutional convention and its agenda. Senate President

514: 234: 7664: 6482: 6461: 6356: 4196: 6691: 6325: 6294: 5186: 1910: 1794: 895: 5669: 8564: 7815: 7041: 5217: 5124: 5036: 4974: 4258: 4076: 4045: 4014: 3983: 3898: 3844: 3813: 3782: 3751: 3720: 3689: 3632: 3601: 3570: 3539: 3505: 3474: 3443: 3412: 3308: 3278: 3195: 3164: 3110: 3079: 3033: 1472: 1454: 1433:

On May 4, when the Romney Administration began training clerks to handle applications from same-sex couples, a report from

1045: 964: 883: 865: 174: 7568: 7195: 4351: 8589: 8413: 8261: 8139: 8104: 7309: 2786: 2570: 1805:

mounted a petition drive for a referendum to reinstate the law in October 2008, but failed to collect enough signatures.

959: 645: 564: 549: 4289: 3010: 8333: 8217: 8179: 8084: 2901:

The margin of error for the national survey was ± 0.82 percentage points at the 95% level of confidence, including the

1866: 1350: 1075: 154: 4952: 8363: 8304: 8144: 8134: 8129: 8109: 7547: 1457:, where the first legal same-sex marriages in Massachusetts, and in the United States, were performed on May 17, 2004 707:

Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

199: 31: 1875:

ruling on June 26, 2015. Several state politicians from across the political spectrum welcomed the ruling. Governor

1541:

ran the tag "For better or for worse" above the headline "Same-sex weddings make history". It was the lead story in

8281: 8059: 7974: 1938: 1385:

Localities that supported the right of same-sex couples to marry resisted both those interpretations. On April 11,

1145: 1048:(GLAD) filed a lawsuit in state court challenging the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples in April 2001. 214: 179: 1778:, where whether the law prohibited same-sex marriage was disputed, can obtain marriage licenses in Massachusetts. 1529:. News coverage of the day's events in Massachusetts was extensive, though limited outside the United States. The 1074:, but took no action. The four Roman Catholic bishops of Massachusetts, long distracted by the revelations of the 8094: 8089: 7964: 1942: 1192: 159: 99: 1579:

only invalidated a marriage that violated public policy as in cases of "bigamy, incest or mental incompetence".

1017:, Weld said that Massachusetts would recognize the validity of same-sex marriages licensed there. He called the 944:

began providing health benefits to the same-sex partners of its employees the following year. In 1992, Governor

8620: 8615: 8406: 8353: 8184: 8149: 8054: 8029: 7248: 1678:

On November 19, 2006, Governor Romney led a rally against the General Court's delaying tactics in front of the

1289: 1149: 1036: 64: 59: 7099:"The Impact of Extending Marriage to Non-Resident Same-Sex Couples on the Massachusetts Budget, June 30, 2008" 1790: 1479:

Other cities and towns in Massachusetts began issuing applications during normal business hours. Boston Mayor

8343: 8169: 8119: 8099: 8074: 8064: 8049: 8039: 8024: 8004: 7979: 7969: 7959: 4918: 1946: 1104: 1052: 875: 837: 504: 194: 189: 94: 6409: 765:

Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

8537: 8469: 8461: 8348: 8189: 8164: 8069: 8009: 7984: 7954: 7944: 7450: 2915: 1703:

said the legislators' duties were "beyond serious debate", and described their constitutional obligations:

1419: 1277:

its ruling requiring the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples on May 17, but Attorney General

1005:

undecided on the question. When asked about "gay marriage" while running to represent Massachusetts in the

891: 887: 347: 239: 144: 134: 124: 119: 114: 109: 74: 69: 54: 7469: 8124: 8079: 8019: 7994: 7949: 7388: 3063:

Chafetz, Gary S. (September 15, 1992). "Cambridge Ordinance Extends Benefits to City Workers' Partners".

2935: 1901: 1514: 1386: 1160: 1014: 968: 899: 539: 219: 209: 184: 169: 139: 129: 84: 79: 7164: 3350: 2678: 2651: 2343: 1471:

described as having "a well-known taste for erudite rebelliousness", decorated the wooden staircases of

1201: 8630: 8154: 8034: 7999: 5603: 3237: 1560: 1506: 727: 686: 499: 494: 437: 204: 164: 89: 2732: 2705: 1450: 8446: 8271: 8159: 8114: 8014: 7436: 5638: 2624: 2597: 1953: 1679: 1489: 1439: 1119:

of GLAD argued the case for the plaintiffs. Assistant Attorney General Judith Yogman represented the

753: 682: 375: 104: 7774: 4373:

Marshall, Margaret H.; Greaney, John M.; Ireland, Roderick L.; Cowin, Judith A. (February 4, 2004).

6072: 1510: 1462: 1390: 1071: 941: 830: 3387: 8574: 6445:"C. Joseph Doyle & others vs. Secretary of the Commonwealth & another, December 27, 2006" 1897: 1537: 1531: 1502: 1364:

decision. Another bill targeted all four justices who signed the majority decision in that case.

1207: 1019: 5945: 5827: 4382: 8479: 7221: 5980: 5923: 5013: 4870: 4754: 4700: 4647: 4543: 3968: 3883: 3149: 1734: 1393:'s clerk took a similar position on April 16. Before the end of the month, an investigation by 1373: 1293: 1156: 995: 534: 6118: 3262:

Witcher, Gregory (December 18, 1986). "Panel Recommends Change in Gay Foster Parents Policy".

716:

Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

8594: 1919: 1406:

When Romney suggested confusion over the 1913 law justified postponing the implementation of

1013:

said: "it is not appropriate at this time". In December 1996, considering the possibility of

6877: 8441: 6114: 1871: 1823: 1753: 1526: 1525:

same-sex couples applied for licenses, including at least 164 from 27 other states and the

1501:

lawsuit were all wed on May 17, beginning with Robert Compton and David Wilson at Boston's

1427: 1345:

denied their request for an injunction delaying implementation of the decision, as did the

1175: 1124: 1006: 615: 544: 22: 7332: 4501: 8: 8569: 6938: 2541: 2512: 2483: 2454: 2425: 2396: 2367: 2338: 1818: 1543: 933: 3937: 1619:

organized the petition drive. Its backers included Governor Romney, former Boston Mayor

7784: 7597: 7536: 6518: 6513: 5973: 5006: 4863: 4747: 4693: 4640: 4621: 4536: 4517: 4115: 3961: 3876: 3142: 1616: 1564: 1467: 1342: 1258: 928: 6908: 7543: 6448: 6414: 1688: 1671: 1649: 1274: 1262: 1064: 1001: 954: 857: 554: 44: 1567:

wrote in a letter to Romney that the status of an out-of-state same-sex marriage in

1051:

In July 2001, Massachusetts Citizens for Marriage announced a campaign to amend the

6232: 6091: 4378: 2984: 1854: 1762: 1572: 1493: 1395: 1301: 1220: 937: 677: 7451:"'Love Wins': Mass. Officials React To Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Decision" 7098: 6542:"Same-sex marriage ban advances: Lawmakers OK item for ballot, but hurdle remains" 8318:

Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry

1700: 1692: 1624: 1334: 1269: 991: 980: 949: 4982: 3316: 3286: 3041: 1360:

filed legislation to impeach Chief Justice Margaret Marshall, the author of the

7359:"Massachusetts high court says it recognizes Vermont civil unions as marriages" 6901:"Will the State of Massachusetts Ever Permit Same-Sex Out-of-Staters to Marry?" 4084: 4053: 4022: 3991: 3906: 3852: 3821: 3790: 3759: 3728: 3697: 3640: 3609: 3578: 3547: 3513: 3482: 3451: 3420: 3203: 3172: 3118: 3087: 1802: 1556: 1423: 1297: 1060: 1032: 924: 7271:"Massachusetts Gov. Patrick Signs Bill Allowing Gay Marriage by Non-Residents" 1808: 923:

In 1989, passing legislation first proposed in 1973, Massachusetts prohibited

8609: 8513: 2902: 1906: 1876: 1783: 1744: 1713: 1645: 1488:

clerk. Rejecting the Romney's insistence that the 1913 statute be respected,

1480: 1378: 1357: 1237:

petition needs a 25% vote (50 out of 200) at two constitutional conventions.

983: 976: 861: 1853:

could not be applied retroactively. Previously, the lower court had granted

1250:, an umbrella organization formed to respond to the public backlash against 8579: 7411:"SJC: Massachusetts Recognizes California Registered Domestic Partnerships" 1770: 1576: 1430:

who could not in conscience officiate at a same-sex wedding should resign.

1308:

retired and successors with similar views replaced them. Five opponents of

1247: 1179: 1116: 879: 820: 739: 7018: 6224: 6030:

Nangle, Richard (October 19, 2005). "Signature fraud hearings get testy".

1559:

took note of these events in Massachusetts with a statement calling for a

1333:

decision was to take effect, four conservative public interest law firms,

7646:"How many same-sex marriages in the U.S.? At least 71,165, probably more" 7596:. National Center for Health Statistics. October 19, 2005. Archived from 1568: 1141: 1010: 878:

to allow only opposite-sex couples to marry. Massachusetts was the sixth

733: 685:

obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of

270: 8398: 7389:"Elia-Warnken v. Elia, 463 Mass. 29 – Mass: Supreme Judicial Court 2012" 1739: 7538:

Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures

2546: 2517: 2488: 2459: 2430: 2401: 2372: 1914: 1846: 1827: 1775: 1589: 1224: 903: 8530:

Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services

7157:"Massachusetts senate votes to repeal controversial 1913 marriage law" 6068: 1070:

In April 2003, a committee of the General Court held a hearing on the

7708:"On 14th anniversary, same-sex marriage seen as 'same-old, same-old'" 7437:"FindLaw's Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts case and opinions" 7220:. Seacoastonline.com. Associated Press. July 29, 2008. Archived from 4139:"Margaret Marshall and the judicial decision that changed the nation" 1881: 1620: 1232:

which is a joint meeting of the two houses of the General Court (the

972: 945: 7489:"Boston passes historic rule that lets people marry… without gender" 1372:

With respect to implementation, the principal dispute concerned the

8498:

Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston

7274: 6228: 1338: 1040: 907: 774:

Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

644:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and 7470:"Boston marriage licences no longer require gender identification" 743:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding. 689:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling. 1766: 1415: 1285: 1108:

by saying that the issue should be handled by the General Court.

5532:

Cooperman, Alan; Finer, Jonathan; Barbash, Fred (May 17, 2004).

5237: 5235: 3227:"New Policy on Foster Care Parenting By Gays All But Ruled Out" 7507:"2018-ORD-013 Amended and Restated Child and Family Ordinance" 1227:

on a constitutional amendment could be held in November 2006.

7827:

Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States

3386:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 3349:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 3236:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 1658: 1605: 940:

for the same-sex partners of city employees in May 1991, and

605:

in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

7843:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

5232: 4559:"Two marriage amendments fail; lawmakers to reconvene today" 1056:

sufficient number of signatures were certified in December.

6383:"Vote on gay marriage is due but can't be forced, SJC says" 4372: 1809:

Recognition of legal relationships from other jurisdictions

1082: 975:

petition allowing Boston to create such a status, Governor

5789:"Rush of reporters worldwide attracts some limelight, too" 4943:

Kirkpatrick, David D.; Zezima, Katie (November 30, 2004).

6540:

Phillips, Frank & Wangsness, Lisa (January 3, 2007).

1826:

established in other jurisdictions in a case involving a

7903:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

7814: 6839:"Eight Diverse Gay Couples Join to Fight Massachusetts" 5503:"Massachusetts Arrives at Moment for Same-Sex Marriage" 3444:"Coalition Readies Bill to Recognize Same-Sex Marriage" 3111:"Catholic bishops denounce 'domestic partner' benefits" 1653:

conclude that it has not been detrimental to society."

1281:

said there was no legal basis for making that request.

7565:"8,100 gay, lesbian couples marry after 2004 decision" 7245:"Governor signs law allowing out-of-state gays to wed" 6746:"Governor Seeks to Invalidate Some Same-Sex Marriages" 5916:"Massachusetts Rejects Bill to Eliminate Gay Marriage" 5372:

Greenberger, Scott S.; Abraham, Yvonne (May 5, 2004).

3663:"Massachusetts bill targets domestic partner benefits" 3538:

Ribadeneira, Diego; Robertson, Tatsha (May 17, 1999).

2931:

Same-sex marriage status in the United States by state

2310:

Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Massachusetts

1865:

Eleven years after legalization in Massachusetts, the

6989:"Same-sex couples from N.M. allowed to marry in Mass" 5531: 5343:"About 2,500 Gay Couples Sought Licenses in 1st Week" 5275:"Romney Won't Let Gay Outsiders Wed In Massachusetts" 5242:

McElhenny, John; Levenson, Michael (April 26, 2004).

4557:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (February 12, 2004).

4187:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (November 20, 2003).

1268:

At the end of March, after extended debate, and some

882:

in the world to legalize same-sex marriage after the

7648:. Pew Research Center. June 26, 2013. Archived from 7591:"Marriage rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999–2004" 6001:"Reilly OK's 2008 initiative on ban of gay marriage" 4590:"Vote on Travis measure shows split on gay marriage" 4466:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (February 6, 2004).

3537: 3413:"Equal rights: When Heather's Mommies Share Custody" 1517:, while "explicit protests were scattered and few". 1483:

greeted three of the couples who were plaintiffs in

7616:"5 years later, views shift subtly on gay marriage" 6069:"CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS" 5882:"Hundreds of Same-Sex Couples Wed in Massachusetts" 5060:"Spitzer's Opinion Mixed on Status of Gay Marriage" 4945:"Supreme Court Turns Down A Same-Sex Marriage Case" 4889:"Romney seeks authority to delay same sex marriage" 2921:

Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

1410:, Mary Bonauto, the lawyer who successfully argued 1316: 1026: 593:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the 8452:Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes 7908:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 7535: 7218:"Mass. House votes to let out-of-state gays marry" 6688:"Legislators vote to defeat same-sex marriage ban" 5972: 5849:Lewis, Raphael; Ebbert, Stephanie (May 18, 2004). 5660:Abraham, Yvonne; Paulson, Michael (May 18, 2004). 5371: 5005: 4862: 4746: 4692: 4639: 4620: 4535: 4516: 4156:Phillips, Frank; Klein, Rick (November 19, 2003). 3960: 3875: 3141: 2926:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 7916: 7891:History of same-sex marriage in the United States 7277:. Associated Press. July 31, 2008. Archived from 7097:Badgett, M. V. Lee; Sears, Brad (June 30, 2008). 6539: 6132:Estes, Andrea; Nichols, Russell (July 13, 2006). 5631:"Same-sex couples exchange vows in Massachusetts" 5403:Phillips, Frank; Abraham, Yvonne (May 12, 2004). 5302: 5300: 5241: 4942: 3665:. Unmarried America. May 18, 2001. Archived from 3506:"Weld: Mass. would honor out-of-state gay unions" 1719: 1664: 1582: 1240: 8607: 7665:"Mass. celebrates 20 years of same-sex marriage" 5436:"Municipalities Say Residency Won't be an Issue" 4468:"Finneran seeks to delay start of gay marriages" 1869:legalized same-sex marriage nationwide with its 8641:Same-sex marriage in the United States by state 7771:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 6870:"Massachusetts Court Limits Same-Sex Marriages" 5467:"Boston Adopts Stricter Stand on Gay Outsiders" 5402: 4801:"Gay-Marriage Vote Sparks Fight in State Races" 3571:"Group urges recognition of same-sex marriages" 3540:"Battle lines form over same-sex marriage bill" 1923: 1115:(SJC), which heard arguments on March 4, 2003. 6657:"Right of gays to marry set for years to come" 6134:"Lawmakers delay vote on gay marriage measure" 5659: 5297: 5114: 3309:"POLICY BARRING GAYS AS FOSTER PARENTS IS LAW" 1960:Massachusetts marriage statistics (2004–2016) 1195:'s refusal to recognize same-sex marriages as 525:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas 8585:Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition 8414: 7800: 6502: 6500: 5758:"Gay marriage story drew headlines worldwide" 5751: 5749: 4556: 4465: 4186: 4155: 3783:"Battle over Gay Marriage Petition Gets Ugly" 3034:"Scondras, O'Neil clash on insurance measure" 1728: 1341:. On May 13, 2004, U.S. District Court Judge 838: 7096: 6958:"Same-sex nuptials validated for NY couples" 6131: 5820:"Bush renews call for same-sex marriage ban" 5336: 5334: 4919:"Goodridge celebrates its paper anniversary" 4716:"A rift on gay unions fuels a coup at polls" 4666:"Vote ties civil unions to gay-marriage ban" 4627:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53ff. 4523:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47ff. 4220:"Image on the line, Romney treads carefully" 3277:Vennochi, Joan; Mohl, Bruce (May 25, 1987). 3276: 3003:"A Gay Rights Law Is Voted in Massachusetts" 1759:Cote-Whitacre v. Department of Public Health 8560:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 7533: 7117: 7021:. NBC News. Associated Press. July 26, 2007 7019:"Massachusetts now lets NM gay couples wed" 6737: 5909: 5907: 5848: 5721: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5309:"Romney: gay outsiders can't marry in Mass" 4588:Greenberger, Scott S. (February 13, 2004). 4587: 4437:"Romney Urges States to Define Institution" 4046:"Bishops Eye Pastors to Fight Gay Marriage" 3503: 3196:"SJC nullifies city domestic benefits plan" 2787:University of New Hampshire's Survey Center 1445: 1353:declined to hear the case without comment. 1099:(GLAD) initiated a lawsuit in state court, 1097:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 1046:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 273:or registered partnerships but not marriage 8489: 8421: 8407: 7859:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado 7807: 7793: 7042:"Next Battle Ready for Mass. Gay Marriage" 6930:Connolly, Thomas E. (September 29, 2006). 6715:"Gay-union foes vow to target legislators" 6623:"Bishops exhort lawmakers on gay marriage" 6561:"Gay marriage vote to test DiMasi's clout" 6509:"Massachusetts Considers Gay Marriage Ban" 6497: 6376: 6374: 5746: 5596:"A Carefully Considered Rush to the Altar" 5433: 4108:"SJC Peppers Lawyers on Same-Sex Marriage" 3602:"Rogers' Bill Would Rule Out Gay Marriage" 1891: 1860: 1606:Initiative to amend the State Constitution 1178:put forward legislative language creating 845: 831: 8428: 7869:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida 7185: 7123: 6712: 6650: 6648: 6439: 6437: 6225:"Romney seeks Mass. vote on gay marriage" 6195:"Romney seeks to force gay marriage vote" 6188: 6186: 6108: 6088:"Gay-marriage opponents get SJC go-ahead" 5755: 5340: 5331: 4975:"Motion to Remove Justice Marshall Filed" 4832:"Lavoie Tries to End Reign of Travaglini" 4403: 3533: 3531: 1166: 1121:Massachusetts Department of Public Health 530:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania 8506:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 7735:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 7567:. Springfield Republican. Archived from 7356: 7299: 7242: 6929: 6898: 6774: 6685: 6654: 6589: 6558: 6381:Saltzman, Jonathan (December 28, 2006). 6380: 6347:Saltzman, Jonathan (December 21, 2006). 6346: 6289:Saltzman, Jonathan (November 25, 2006). 6288: 6158: 5975:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 5904: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5489: 5008:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4912: 4910: 4882: 4880: 4865:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4749:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4695:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4642:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4623:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4538:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4519:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4495: 4493: 4310: 4280:Saltzman, Jonathan (November 23, 2003). 4279: 4248: 4077:"Judge Dismisses Same-Sex Marriage Suit" 3963:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3878:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3845:"3 Proposals on Threshold of '02 Ballot" 3749: 3633:"Bill Targets Domestic Partner Benefits" 3441: 3337: 3193: 3144:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3108: 2974: 2972: 2970: 1738: 1449: 1111:The plaintiffs appealed directly to the 1101:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 1091:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 1084:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 871:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 797: 795: 627:Neither performed nor recognized in six 520:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe 510:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa 8326: 7864:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas 7851: 7757: 7613: 7154: 7105:. University of California eScholarship 7065: 7039: 6867: 6836: 6805: 6743: 6592:"Tight vote looms on same-sex marriage" 6506: 6371: 6260:"Romney directs his ire at legislators" 6258:Radin, Charles A. (November 21, 2006). 6161:"Leaders seek to kill gay marriage ban" 6044: 5979:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5970: 5913: 5879: 5786: 5500: 5306: 5272: 5176: 5145: 5115:John McElhenny, John (April 12, 2004). 5057: 5012:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5003: 4916: 4860: 4829: 4753:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4744: 4690: 4659: 4657: 4646:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4637: 4618: 4542:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4533: 4514: 4404:Rodriguez, Matthew (February 6, 2004). 4043: 3958: 3927: 3896: 3873: 3814:"Accusations Swirl on Petition Tactics" 3781:Ebbert, Stephanie (November 21, 2001). 3687: 3630: 3475:"Kennedy, Romney battle for the middle" 3261: 3162: 3148:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3139: 3062: 1849:. The court ruled that its decision in 1229:Amending the Massachusetts Constitution 874:that it was unconstitutional under the 864:since May 17, 2004, as a result of the 8608: 8522:Gill v. Office of Personnel Management 7662: 7467: 7330: 6955: 6645: 6475:"Same-sex marriage foes sue lawmakers" 6434: 6349:"SJC role in gay marriage vote argued" 6239:from the original on February 14, 2016 6183: 6085: 6047:"Marriage backers, foes point fingers" 6029: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5952:from the original on February 14, 2016 5722:Greenberger, Scott S. (May 18, 2004). 5565:"Some Couples Avoid 3-Day Wait to Wed" 5562: 5341:MacDonald, Christine (June 17, 2004). 5179:"Marriage eligibility wasn't enforced" 5148:"Worcester clerk won't challenge gays" 4869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4699:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4313:"Senate eyes civil union bill for SJC" 4136: 3984:"Bill to Ban Same-Sex Marriage Argues" 3967:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3899:"Birmingham Blocks a Vote on Marriage" 3882:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3811: 3780: 3568: 3528: 3472: 3375:Wong, Doris Sue (September 11, 1993). 3224: 3165:"Mayor sets order on partner benefits" 3109:Franklin, James L. (October 9, 1992). 3080:"Weld gives family leave to some gays" 3031: 1931: 1095:Seven same-sex couples represented by 957:bishops of Massachusetts, replying in 515:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 8402: 7788: 7527: 6472: 6407: 6318:"Same-sex marriage hearing expedited" 6291:"Marriage vote suit delivered to SJC" 6257: 6192: 5998: 5690: 5618: 5593: 5464: 5207: 5083: 5026: 4907: 4886: 4877: 4798: 4767: 4714:Lewis, Raphael (September 26, 2004). 4713: 4663: 4490: 4434: 4341: 4311:Phillips, Frank (December 11, 2003). 4249:Phillips, Frank (November 27, 2003). 4217: 4105: 4074: 4012: 3842: 3812:Ebbert, Stephanie (January 9, 2002). 3750:Phillips, Frank (September 6, 2001). 3721:"Ballot Effort Eyes Gay Marriage Ban" 3718: 3599: 3504:Villancourt, Meg (December 5, 1996). 3340:"Foster-Care Ban on Gays is Reversed" 2979:Burge, Kathleen (November 18, 2003). 2978: 2967: 2948: 2295: 2285: 2275: 2270: 1795:University of California, Los Angeles 1505:. There were sizable celebrations in 1356:On May 14, Democratic Representative 792: 651: 589: 587: 8565:Gay and Lesbian Athletics Foundation 7816:Same-sex unions in the United States 7744:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 7683:"PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type" 7614:Filipov, David (November 17, 2008). 7562: 7486: 7300:Levenson, Michael (August 1, 2008). 6986: 6620: 6315: 6159:Phillips, Frank (November 9, 2006). 6111:"'Marriage' amendment OK's for vote" 5999:Lewis, Raphael (September 8, 2005). 5938: 5817: 4917:Kiritsy, Laura (November 18, 2004). 4654: 3419:. September 12, 1999. Archived from 3374: 3077: 1837: 866:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 671: 669: 667: 665: 663: 640:Neither performed nor recognized in 614:Neither performed nor recognized in 381: 277: 8590:Harvard Gender and Sexuality Caucus 7746:. November 18, 2003. Archived from 7243:Levenson, Michael (July 31, 2008). 6899:Grossman, Joanna (April 10, 2006). 6109:Wetzstein, Cheryl (July 11, 2006). 6045:LeBlanc, Steve (October 19, 2005). 5987: 5914:Belluck, Pam (September 15, 2005). 5851:"R.I., Conn. may grant recognition" 5210:"Romney cites gay-marriage tangles" 5146:Bennett, Jessica (April 17, 2004). 5117:"Gay-marriage license rules sought" 5029:"Clerks Ask Ruling on Marriage Law" 4799:Lewis, Raphael (October 24, 2004). 4768:Lewis, Raphael (November 3, 2004). 4435:Lewis, Raphael (February 6, 2004). 4406:"O'Malley Sharpens Attack on Court" 4342:Lewis, Raphael (January 13, 2004). 4251:"Weld supports gay marriage ruling" 4158:"Lawmakers are divided on response" 4015:"Panel Delays Vote on Gay Marriage" 3981: 3843:Usher, Nicole (December 21, 2001). 1015:Hawaii legalizing same-sex marriage 756:, but they are not legally binding. 565:LGBT rights by country or territory 13: 8636:Political history of Massachusetts 8475:Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts 7357:Finucane, Martin (July 26, 2012). 7331:Jacobs, Ethan (October 30, 2008). 7188:"A curb on gay marriage will fall" 6473:Tench, Megan (December 14, 2006). 6408:Barry, Ellen (December 28, 2006). 6193:Allen, Scott (November 20, 2006). 5434:Schweitzer, Sarah (May 17, 2004). 5405:"Defiance, Rebuke on Gay Marriage" 5307:Abraham, Yvonne (April 25, 2004). 5177:Abraham, Yvonne (April 28, 2004). 4830:Laidler, John (October 17, 2004). 4344:"Delay eyed on marriage amendment" 3688:Abraham, Yvonne (April 12, 2001). 3569:Lehigh, Scot (February 12, 1999). 3163:Sargent, Hilary (August 5, 1998). 3009:. November 1, 1989. Archived from 2542:Public Religion Research Institute 2513:Public Religion Research Institute 2484:Public Religion Research Institute 2455:Public Religion Research Institute 2426:Public Religion Research Institute 2397:Public Religion Research Institute 2368:Public Religion Research Institute 2339:Public Religion Research Institute 1571:was not "automatically void", and 1261:and the other by Senate President 752:Some cities and prefectures issue 616:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands 584: 14: 8652: 7725: 7302:"Same-sex couples applaud repeal" 7186:Moskowitz, Eric (July 30, 2008). 7155:Gilmore, Andrew (July 16, 2008). 7126:"Senate votes to repeal 1913 law" 7124:Moskowitz, Eric (July 16, 2008). 6806:Bennett, Jessica (May 27, 2004). 6777:"Somerville Eyes Challenge to AG" 6713:Sacchetti, Mara (July 24, 2007). 6686:Phillips, Frank (June 14, 2007). 6655:Phillips, Frank (June 15, 2007). 6590:Phillips, Frank (June 14, 2007). 6559:Phillips, Frank (June 11, 2007). 6422:from the original on July 2, 2015 6316:Ryan, Andrew (December 1, 2006). 5946:"Same-Sex Marriage Win In Boston" 5208:Lewis, Raphael (April 16, 2004). 5084:Lewis, Raphael (March 31, 2004). 4887:Lewis, Raphael (April 16, 2004). 4218:Klein, Rick (November 20, 2003). 4106:Burge, Kathleen (March 5, 2003). 4044:Paulson, Michael (May 29, 2003). 3928:Abraham, Yvonne (July 18, 2002). 3897:Abraham, Yvonne (June 20, 2002). 3719:Gedan, Benjamin (July 25, 2001). 3473:Lehigh, Scot (October 10, 1994). 3377:"Lesbian couple allowed to adopt" 3078:Loci, Toni (September 24, 1992). 2981:"SJC: Gay marriage legal in Mass" 2304: 1420:same-sex marriage was legal there 1367: 1031:In December 1998, Representative 783:Spousal health insurance benefits 660: 8381: 8380: 7700: 7675: 7656: 7638: 7607: 7583: 7556: 7499: 7487:Owen, Greg (September 3, 2023). 7480: 7461: 7443: 7429: 7403: 7381: 7350: 7324: 7293: 7263: 7236: 7210: 7179: 7148: 7090: 7068:"The Vegas of same-sex marriage" 7066:Goodman, Ellen (June 22, 2007). 7059: 7033: 7011: 6980: 6949: 6923: 6892: 6861: 6830: 6799: 6775:Phillips, Frank (May 25, 2004). 6768: 6706: 6679: 6614: 6583: 6552: 6533: 6507:Belluck, Pam (January 2, 2007). 6466: 6401: 6340: 6309: 6282: 6251: 6217: 6152: 6125: 6102: 6079: 6061: 6038: 6032:Worcester Telegram & Gazette 6023: 5964: 5948:. CBS News. September 14, 2005. 5873: 5842: 5811: 5780: 5756:Jurkowitz, Mark (May 19, 2004). 5724:"Survey Finds Women in Majority" 5715: 5693:"It was a New Experience for Us" 5684: 5653: 5587: 5563:Murphy, Shelley (May 18, 2004). 5556: 5525: 5458: 5427: 5027:Lewis, Raphael (March 7, 2004). 4282:"Reaction split on gay marriage" 3631:Abraham, Yvonne (May 17, 2001). 3600:Klein, Rick (February 2, 2001). 3225:Cooper, Kenneth (May 25, 1985). 3194:Pfeiffer, Sacha (July 9, 1999). 2518:April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 1561:federal constitutional amendment 1422:. The governor's legal counsel, 1317:Attempts to delay implementation 1027:Protection of Marriage Amendment 913: 814: 7468:Condon, Ali (August 30, 2023). 6868:Belluck, Pam (March 30, 2006). 6808:"P-Town Follows Order, for now" 6086:Helman, Scott (July 11, 2006). 5787:Talcott, Sasha (May 18, 2004). 5396: 5365: 5273:Belluck, Pam (April 25, 2004). 5266: 5201: 5170: 5139: 5108: 5077: 5058:Santora, Marc (March 4, 2004). 5051: 5020: 4997: 4967: 4936: 4854: 4823: 4792: 4761: 4738: 4707: 4684: 4631: 4612: 4581: 4550: 4527: 4508: 4459: 4428: 4397: 4366: 4335: 4304: 4273: 4242: 4211: 4180: 4149: 4130: 4099: 4075:Burge, Kathleen (May 9, 2002). 4068: 4037: 4006: 3982:Roy, Cynthia (April 29, 2003). 3975: 3952: 3936:. Free Republic. Archived from 3921: 3890: 3867: 3836: 3805: 3774: 3752:"8 Ballot Initiatives Rejected" 3743: 3712: 3681: 3655: 3624: 3593: 3562: 3497: 3466: 3442:Longcope, Kay (June 12, 1991). 3435: 3405: 3368: 3338:Longcope, Kay (April 5, 1990). 3331: 3315:. July 29, 1988. Archived from 3301: 3279:"Gays Target Dukakis' Campaign" 3270: 3255: 3218: 3187: 3156: 3133: 3102: 3071: 3056: 3025: 2995: 2575:September 20 – October 1, 2014 2547:April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 2489:May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 1909:perspective being performed in 1223:of Harvard Law School, until a 1161:letter from the Birmingham jail 860:has been legally recognized in 777: 768: 759: 746: 719: 710: 7714:. May 17, 2018. Archived from 7247:. Boston Globe. Archived from 7040:Maguire, Ken (June 15, 2007). 6837:Belluck, Pam (June 18, 2004). 6690:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6621:Ryan, Andrew (June 13, 2007). 6544:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6385:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6136:. Boston Globe. Archived from 5691:Weiss, Joanna (May 18, 2004). 5637:. May 17, 2004. Archived from 5594:Jones, Tamara (May 18, 2004). 5534:"America's first gay marriage" 5465:Weiss, Joanna (May 13, 2004). 5244:"Marriage restriction debated" 4981:. May 26, 2004. Archived from 4891:. Boston Globe. Archived from 4668:. Boston Globe. Archived from 4664:Klein, Rick (March 30, 2004). 4137:Graham, Renée (May 14, 2024). 4013:Lewis, Raphael (May 1, 2003). 2571:New York Times/CBS News/YouGov 1720:Constitutional convention 2007 1665:Constitutional convention 2006 1583:Constitutional convention 2005 1497:couples who were party to the 1347:First Circuit Court of Appeals 1241:Constitutional convention 2004 701: 692: 634: 621: 608: 1: 8626:LGBTQ rights in Massachusetts 7663:Deehan, Mike (May 17, 2024). 7542:. University of Texas Press. 6987:Abel, David (July 27, 2007). 6956:Mishra, Raja (May 17, 2007). 6744:Belluck, Pam (May 21, 2004). 5880:Belluck, Pam (May 18, 2004). 5501:Belluck, Pam (May 17, 2004). 2961: 2431:January 7 – December 20, 2020 1922:, the term for two-spirit is 1349:on June 29. In November, the 1053:Constitution of Massachusetts 918: 876:Constitution of Massachusetts 505:Timeline of same-sex marriage 8538:Barrett v. Fontbonne Academy 8470:LGBT rights in Massachusetts 6410:"Gay marriage vote unlikely" 5086:"AG sees gay marriage limit" 3032:Aucoin, Don (May 23, 1991). 2916:LGBT rights in Massachusetts 2373:March 11 – December 14, 2022 1610: 629:British Overseas Territories 7: 7687:United States Census Bureau 5971:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 5818:Bash, Dana (May 17, 2004). 5004:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4861:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4745:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4691:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4638:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4619:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4534:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4515:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4499:Massachusetts Legislature: 3959:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 3930:"Gay Marriage Ban Thwarted" 3874:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 3140:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 2936:Divorce of same-sex couples 2909: 2868:KRC Communications Research 2841:KRC Communications Research 2814:KRC Communications Research 2460:April 5 – December 23, 2017 2290: 2280: 1902:Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head 969:Massachusetts General Court 540:Divorce of same-sex couples 10: 8657: 7563:Ring, Dan (May 17, 2006). 4770:"GOP Falls Short in State" 3690:"Gays Seek Right to Marry" 2402:March 8 – November 9, 2021 2344:March 9 – December 7, 2023 1732: 1729:Marriages of non-residents 1174:On December 11, 2003, the 1088: 500:Same-sex union court cases 495:Same-sex union legislation 8552: 8460: 8447:Combahee River Collective 8434: 8376: 8303: 8254: 8216: 8198: 7929: 7881: 7835: 7822: 7333:"1913 law petition fails" 5374:"Gay-Marriage Rule Eased" 1680:Massachusetts State House 1219:, a strategy outlined by 1023:(DOMA) unconstitutional. 683:European Court of Justice 8277:Northern Mariana Islands 6073:Massachusetts Government 4189:"Civil union law sought" 2941: 1446:First same-sex marriages 1234:House of Representatives 1072:constitutional amendment 754:partnership certificates 8575:Family Equality Council 7514:Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe 4505:, accessed July 5, 2013 2905:for the survey of 1.56. 1924: 1898:Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe 1892:Native American nations 1861:Subsequent developments 1644:used for that purpose. 1615:An organization called 1538:The Cincinnati Enquirer 1503:Arlington Street Church 1208:The Wall Street Journal 1020:Defense of Marriage Act 963:, the newspaper of the 725:Courts have recognised 601:. May be registered in 8480:Massachusetts 1913 law 7758:Bonauto, Mary (2005). 7712:Wicked Local Hull News 7413:. GLAD. Archived from 7103:The Williams Institute 6098:on September 19, 2015. 2767:600 registered voters 2710:September 16–18, 2011 2602:September 20–23, 2013 2333:Do not know / refused 1968:Heterosexual marriages 1880:they choose." Senator 1789:On June 30, 2008, the 1748: 1735:Massachusetts 1913 law 1709: 1633: 1603: 1458: 1157:Martin Luther King Jr. 1133: 1113:Supreme Judicial Court 1076:sexual abuse of minors 996:second-parent adoption 535:Marriage privatization 8621:2004 in Massachusetts 8616:2004 in LGBTQ history 8429:LGBT in Massachusetts 8310:domestic partnerships 7652:on September 5, 2015. 7626:on September 15, 2013 6944:on November 30, 2006. 6235:. November 20, 2006. 5672:on September 22, 2004 5606:on September 21, 2018 5127:on September 10, 2015 5096:on September 26, 2015 4478:on September 21, 2015 4385:on September 10, 2015 4230:on September 27, 2013 4118:on September 12, 2015 2818:February 18–19, 2004 2733:Public Policy Polling 2706:Public Policy Polling 2679:Public Policy Polling 2652:Public Policy Polling 2625:Public Policy Polling 2598:Public Policy Polling 1980:% same-sex marriages 1920:Massachusett language 1824:domestic partnerships 1742: 1705: 1629: 1623:, former SJC Justice 1594: 1453: 1339:republican government 1202:Seán Patrick O'Malley 1140:decision by creating 1129: 910:to same-sex couples. 595:Caribbean Netherlands 8442:Secret Court of 1920 8267:District of Columbia 7534:Sabine Lang (1998). 7312:on December 30, 2008 7281:on February 14, 2016 7251:on September 6, 2008 7224:on February 14, 2016 7198:on December 24, 2008 6880:on February 14, 2016 6694:on February 17, 2012 6521:on February 14, 2016 6485:on December 30, 2006 6297:on December 30, 2006 6270:on November 30, 2006 6205:on February 14, 2016 6115:The Washington Times 5575:on February 14, 2016 5544:on December 15, 2018 5477:on September 6, 2004 4985:on February 14, 2016 4354:on November 23, 2004 4261:on February 13, 2016 4199:on February 13, 2016 4168:on February 13, 2016 4087:on February 13, 2016 4056:on February 13, 2016 4025:on February 13, 2016 3994:on February 13, 2016 3940:on February 13, 2016 3909:on February 13, 2016 3855:on February 13, 2016 3824:on February 13, 2016 3793:on February 13, 2016 3762:on February 13, 2016 3731:on February 13, 2016 3700:on February 13, 2016 3669:on February 13, 2016 3643:on February 13, 2016 3612:on February 13, 2016 3581:on February 13, 2016 3550:on February 13, 2016 3516:on February 13, 2016 3485:on February 16, 2016 3454:on February 13, 2016 3423:on February 13, 2016 3393:on February 13, 2016 3356:on February 13, 2016 3319:on February 13, 2016 3289:on February 13, 2016 3243:on February 13, 2016 3206:on February 13, 2016 3175:on February 13, 2016 3121:on February 13, 2016 3090:on February 13, 2016 3044:on February 13, 2016 3013:on November 20, 2015 2991:on January 28, 2016. 2578:2,389 likely voters 1872:Obergefell v. Hodges 1815:Elia-Warnken v. Elia 1527:District of Columbia 1428:justice of the peace 1176:Massachusetts Senate 545:Domestic partnership 8570:Knowthyneighbor.org 8287:U.S. Virgin Islands 7603:on October 9, 2005. 7167:on October 10, 2015 7136:on November 8, 2009 6911:on October 17, 2006 6121:on October 6, 2012. 5926:on October 23, 2015 5600:The Washington Post 5538:The Washington Post 5513:on October 25, 2018 4895:on February 3, 2016 4811:on October 26, 2004 2318:Dates administered 2311: 1961: 1932:Marriage statistics 1857:to the defendants. 1819:Roderick L. Ireland 1544:The Washington Post 1455:Cambridge City Hall 1159:pointed out in his 934:Boston City Council 902:. It was the first 642:some tribal nations 560:Listings by country 376:Minimal recognition 7780:on April 17, 2017. 6514:The New York Times 6389:on January 8, 2007 5886:The New York Times 5507:The New York Times 5446:on October 3, 2015 5384:on August 31, 2006 5319:on October 1, 2004 4569:on October 5, 2015 4447:on August 10, 2004 4375:"Majority opinion" 2683:March 16–18, 2012 2309: 1959: 1867:U.S. Supreme Court 1791:Williams Institute 1749: 1617:VoteOnMarriage.org 1565:Richard Blumenthal 1549:The New York Times 1468:The New York Times 1459: 1259:Thomas M. Finneran 1193:federal government 965:Boston Archdiocese 929:sexual orientation 801:Not yet in effect. 23:LGBT rights series 8631:Massachusetts law 8603: 8602: 8548: 8547: 8396: 8395: 8372: 8371: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 7877: 7876: 6548:on July 24, 2008. 6415:Los Angeles Times 6011:on March 20, 2006 5768:on March 14, 2005 5353:on April 21, 2005 5254:on March 18, 2005 5039:on March 13, 2005 4955:on April 11, 2015 4780:on April 18, 2005 2893: 2892: 2760:Decision Research 2656:June 22–24, 2012 2302: 2301: 1839:Charron v. Amaral 1689:William F. Galvin 1672:Robert Travaglini 1650:William F. Galvin 1461:On May 16, 2004, 1263:Robert Travaglini 1125:Margaret Marshall 1065:Cheryl A. Jacques 1002:Same-sex marriage 858:Same-sex marriage 855: 854: 599:Aruba and Curaçao 597:), as well as in 478: 477: 365: 364: 8648: 8487: 8486: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8384: 8383: 8324: 8323: 7927: 7926: 7914: 7913: 7849: 7848: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7773:. Archived from 7768: 7754: 7753:on May 15, 2024. 7752: 7741: 7720: 7719: 7718:on May 17, 2018. 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7622:. Archived from 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7595: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7571:on April 1, 2015 7560: 7554: 7553: 7541: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7511: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7457:. June 26, 2015. 7447: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7391:. Google Scholar 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7369:on April 4, 2015 7365:. Archived from 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7308:. Archived from 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7194:. Archived from 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7163:. Archived from 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7132:. Archived from 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7074:. Archived from 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6999:on July 26, 2008 6995:. Archived from 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6964:. Archived from 6953: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6937:. Archived from 6936: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6907:. Archived from 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6876:. Archived from 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6845:. Archived from 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6814:. Archived from 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6783:. Archived from 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6752:. Archived from 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6725:on April 3, 2015 6721:. Archived from 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6663:. Archived from 6652: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6629:. Archived from 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6598:. Archived from 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6567:. Archived from 6556: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6517:. Archived from 6504: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6481:. Archived from 6470: 6464: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6451:on July 20, 2015 6447:. Archived from 6441: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6355:. Archived from 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6324:. Archived from 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6293:. Archived from 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6266:. Archived from 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6233:Associated Press 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6201:. Archived from 6190: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6167:. Archived from 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6117:. Archived from 6106: 6100: 6099: 6094:. Archived from 6092:The Boston Globe 6083: 6077: 6076: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6057:on June 2, 2015. 6053:. Archived from 6042: 6036: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6007:. Archived from 5996: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5922:. Archived from 5911: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5892:on June 26, 2015 5888:. Archived from 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857:. Archived from 5855:The Boston Globe 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5826:. Archived from 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5799:on June 30, 2004 5795:. Archived from 5793:The Boston Globe 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5764:. Archived from 5762:The Boston Globe 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5730:. Archived from 5728:The Boston Globe 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5699:. Archived from 5697:The Boston Globe 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5668:. Archived from 5666:The Boston Globe 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5641:on June 27, 2015 5627: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5602:. Archived from 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5571:. Archived from 5569:The Boston Globe 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5540:. Archived from 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5509:. Archived from 5498: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5473:. Archived from 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5442:. Archived from 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5411:. Archived from 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5380:. Archived from 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5349:. Archived from 5347:The Boston Globe 5338: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5315:. Archived from 5304: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5281:. Archived from 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5250:. Archived from 5239: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5216:. Archived from 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5185:. Archived from 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5154:. Archived from 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5123:. Archived from 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5092:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5035:. Archived from 5024: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4951:. Archived from 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4838:. Archived from 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4807:. Archived from 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4776:. Archived from 4765: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4722:. Archived from 4711: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4672:on July 22, 2004 4661: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4596:. Archived from 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4565:. Archived from 4554: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474:. Archived from 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4443:. Archived from 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4412:. Archived from 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381:. Archived from 4379:The Boston Globe 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4350:. Archived from 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4319:. Archived from 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4288:. Archived from 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4257:. Archived from 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4226:. Archived from 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195:. Archived from 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4164:. Archived from 4153: 4147: 4146: 4143:The Boston Globe 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4114:. Archived from 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4083:. Archived from 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4052:. Archived from 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4021:. Archived from 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990:. Archived from 3979: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3905:. Archived from 3894: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851:. Archived from 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820:. Archived from 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3789:. Archived from 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3758:. Archived from 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3727:. Archived from 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3696:. Archived from 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3639:. Archived from 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608:. Archived from 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577:. Archived from 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3546:. Archived from 3535: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3512:. Archived from 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3481:. Archived from 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3450:. Archived from 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3392: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3285:. Archived from 3274: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3202:. Archived from 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3171:. Archived from 3160: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3117:. Archived from 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3075: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3040:. Archived from 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2987:. Archived from 2985:The Boston Globe 2976: 2955: 2952: 2791:March 5–8, 2005 2324:Margin of error 2312: 2308: 1974:Female marriages 1962: 1958: 1954:2020 U.S. census 1927: 1855:summary judgment 1573:Patrick C. Lynch 1522:The Boston Globe 1494:Joseph Curtatone 1435:The Boston Globe 1426:, warned that a 1418:to marry, since 1396:The Boston Globe 1302:Salvatore DiMasi 1221:Mary Ann Glendon 938:health insurance 896:British Columbia 868:(SJC) ruling in 847: 840: 833: 821:LGBTQ portal 819: 818: 817: 802: 799: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 763: 757: 750: 744: 723: 717: 714: 708: 705: 699: 696: 690: 678:Coman v. Romania 673: 658: 655: 649: 638: 632: 625: 619: 612: 606: 591: 382: 278: 36: 18: 17: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8544: 8485: 8456: 8430: 8427: 8397: 8392: 8368: 8322: 8308: 8291: 8250: 8212: 8194: 7933: 7918: 7912: 7873: 7847: 7831: 7818: 7813: 7777: 7766: 7750: 7739: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7661: 7657: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7485: 7481: 7466: 7462: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7417:on May 12, 2013 7409: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7201: 7199: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7078:on June 2, 2015 7064: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7046:Washington Post 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6968:on June 2, 2015 6954: 6950: 6941: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6849:on May 28, 2015 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6818:on June 3, 2004 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6787:on June 4, 2004 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6756:on May 28, 2015 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6667:on June 2, 2015 6653: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6633:on June 2, 2015 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6602:on June 2, 2015 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6571:on June 2, 2015 6557: 6553: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6505: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6467: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6379: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6359:on June 2, 2015 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6328:on May 12, 2011 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6171:on June 2, 2015 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6140:on June 2, 2015 6130: 6126: 6107: 6103: 6084: 6080: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6043: 6039: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5988: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5912: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5861:on June 5, 2004 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5830:on July 1, 2015 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5754: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5734:on June 3, 2004 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5703:on June 6, 2004 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5415:on June 6, 2004 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5305: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5285:on May 28, 2015 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5240: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5220:on June 2, 2015 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5189:on June 2, 2015 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5158:on June 2, 2015 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5021: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4915: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4885: 4878: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4842:on June 2, 2015 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4762: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4726:on June 2, 2015 4712: 4708: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4662: 4655: 4636: 4632: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4600:on June 2, 2015 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4532: 4528: 4513: 4509: 4498: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4416:on June 2, 2015 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4323:on June 2, 2015 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4292:on June 2, 2015 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3536: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3271: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3157: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3072: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2977: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2912: 2737:June 2–5, 2011 2307: 1977:Total marriages 1934: 1911:Native American 1894: 1863: 1842: 1811: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1701:John M. Greaney 1693:Judith A. Cowin 1667: 1613: 1608: 1585: 1448: 1370: 1335:Liberty Counsel 1319: 1270:tactical voting 1243: 1172: 1148:nomination for 1093: 1087: 1029: 992:Michael Dukakis 950:executive order 921: 916: 851: 815: 813: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 793: 788: 787: 782: 778: 773: 769: 764: 760: 751: 747: 724: 720: 715: 711: 706: 702: 697: 693: 674: 661: 656: 652: 639: 635: 626: 622: 613: 609: 592: 585: 579: 571: 570: 569: 550:Military policy 489: 481: 480: 479: 473: 426: 378: 368: 367: 366: 360: 319: 274: 263: 262: 261: 260: 245: 244: 48: 37: 34:same-sex unions 33: 32:Legal status of 30: 12: 11: 5: 8654: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8534: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 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Rose 1810: 1807: 1803:MassResistance 1754:Jack Johnson's 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1666: 1663: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1584: 1581: 1575:reported that 1557:George W. Bush 1520:A survey from 1447: 1444: 1424:Daniel Winslow 1369: 1368:Implementation 1366: 1318: 1315: 1298:Carl Sciortino 1242: 1239: 1171: 1165: 1105:Suffolk County 1089:Main article: 1086: 1081: 1061:Tom Birmingham 1033:John H. Rogers 1028: 1025: 955:Roman Catholic 925:discrimination 920: 917: 915: 912: 853: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 827: 824: 823: 810: 809: 804: 803: 790: 789: 786: 785: 776: 767: 758: 745: 718: 709: 700: 691: 681:ruling of the 659: 650: 646:American Samoa 633: 620: 607: 582: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 450: 449: 445: • 440: 435: 429: 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 403: • 396: 391: 385: 380: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 354:Cayman Islands 352: • 350: 346: • 341:United Kingdom 338: 333: 328: 322: 320: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Czech Republic 297: 292: 287: 281: 276: 275: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 258: 252: 251: 243: 242: 237: 232: 230:United Kingdom 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 50: 49: 43: 42: 39: 38: 29: 26: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8653: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553:Organizations 8551: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514:Cook v. Gates 8511: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8389: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255:Other regions 8253: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8208:Navajo Nation 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180:West Virginia 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:New Hampshire 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045:Massachusetts 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7599: 7592: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7549:0-292-74701-2 7545: 7540: 7539: 7530: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7438: 7432: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7390: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7020: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6463: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5908: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662:"Wedding Day" 5656: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4911: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4494: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2903:design effect 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632:1,539 voters 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2522:1,521 adults 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2493:1,952 adults 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464:1,280 adults 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2435:1,017 adults 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1929: 1926: 1925:nees manut8ak 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1877:Charlie Baker 1874: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1784:Ellen Goodman 1779: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1746: 1745:Deval Patrick 1741: 1736: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1714:Deval Patrick 1708: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646:Deval Patrick 1641: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1481:Thomas Menino 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1379:Eliot Spitzer 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:Philip Travis 1354: 1352: 1351:Supreme Court 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279:Thomas Reilly 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1167:Interpreting 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 987: 985: 984:Thomas Menino 982: 978: 977:Paul Cellucci 974: 970: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 926: 914:Legal history 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872: 867: 863: 862:Massachusetts 859: 848: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 828: 826: 825: 822: 812: 811: 798: 796: 791: 780: 771: 762: 755: 749: 742: 741: 736: 735: 730: 729: 722: 713: 704: 695: 688: 684: 680: 679: 672: 670: 668: 666: 664: 654: 647: 643: 637: 630: 624: 617: 611: 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 583: 575: 574: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 485: 484: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 448: 444: 443: 442:Netherlands: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 428: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 406: 402: 401: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 377: 372: 371: 355: 351: 349: 345: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 321: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 280: 279: 272: 267: 266: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 241: 238: 236: 235:United States 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Liechtenstein 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 46: 41: 40: 35: 28: 27: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8580:MassEquality 8536: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8474: 8385: 8305:Civil unions 8145:South Dakota 8135:Rhode Island 8130:Pennsylvania 8110:North Dakota 8044: 7917:By territory 7775:the original 7770: 7761: 7748:the original 7743: 7734: 7716:the original 7711: 7702: 7692:December 11, 7690:. Retrieved 7686: 7677: 7668: 7658: 7650:the original 7640: 7628:. Retrieved 7624:the original 7620:Boston Globe 7619: 7609: 7598:the original 7585: 7573:. Retrieved 7569:the original 7558: 7537: 7529: 7517:. Retrieved 7513: 7501: 7493:LGBTQ Nation 7492: 7482: 7473: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7431: 7419:. Retrieved 7415:the original 7405: 7395:February 14, 7393:. Retrieved 7383: 7371:. Retrieved 7367:the original 7363:Boston Globe 7362: 7352: 7340:. Retrieved 7336: 7326: 7314:. Retrieved 7310:the original 7306:Boston Globe 7305: 7295: 7285:February 14, 7283:. Retrieved 7279:the original 7265: 7253:. Retrieved 7249:the original 7238: 7228:February 14, 7226:. Retrieved 7222:the original 7212: 7200:. Retrieved 7196:the original 7192:Boston Globe 7191: 7181: 7171:February 14, 7169:. Retrieved 7165:the original 7160: 7150: 7138:. Retrieved 7134:the original 7130:Boston Globe 7129: 7119: 7107:. Retrieved 7102: 7092: 7080:. Retrieved 7076:the original 7072:Boston Globe 7071: 7061: 7049:. 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