Shaivism - Knowledge

4886: 4667: 5479:, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sub-traditions. The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era. The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas. According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas". This school's view can be summed as, 7221: 4979: 7051: 5852:) which is considered identical to Shiva in Shaivism. The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two. Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God. While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas. 7308: 6507: 6883:

Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms. The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).

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Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts, but in others Shiva is linked to Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests. According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism. The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia. In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evdient in the

19011: 6819: 4490:, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD." Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god, but eventually came to be incorporated into the Brahmanical fold. The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies, and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult. Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as 4849: 6081: 7319: 7405: 4456: 4346: 17641: 6072: 20317: 18165: 6207: 20387: 20327: 18175: 5937: 20306: 7042: 7287:. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler. Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully. 6926: 4368: 6023:. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death. 4614: 5861: 18757: 20375: 20337: 7790: 7747: 7576: 7159: 75: 7860: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7808: 7781: 7772: 7763: 7973: 7957: 20363: 8021: 8005: 6612: 4046: 666: 7989: 7389:, for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism. 18749: 7844: 7903: 7528: 7464: 7939: 7869: 7715: 7667: 7626: 7560: 7430: 40: 7885: 7699: 7690: 7681: 7658: 7610: 7921: 7544: 7496: 7412: 7642: 7594: 7446: 7512: 7480: 7731: 6296: 6287:

Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality, worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas. This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.

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Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show

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naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food. The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognized no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.

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realizing the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature, and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).

6947:(Shiva). The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate. Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples. 4994:(devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality. The Yoga practice is particularly pronounced in nondualistic Shaivism, with the practice refined into a methodology such as four-fold 6156:

and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Shaiva Siddhanta is a major subtradition that emphasized dualism during much of its history.

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Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava. While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on

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The syncretism between Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions. This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali

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mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as

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is closely related to Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine

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The Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualized as the beast, and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati. The tradition aims at

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The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighboring islands, though the sub-tradition that

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The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts. The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction. Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva

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and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra. This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism. Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved

6989:(i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou". 4945:

Shaivism centers around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Within each of these theologies, there are two sub-groups. One sub-group is

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy.

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monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras. Both the Mantramarga and Atimarga are ancient traditions, more ancient than the date of their texts that have survived, according to Sanderson. Mantramārga grew to

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Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India. The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants

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Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information

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According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly. The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with

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period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE. In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about

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Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings". Similarly, Asko Parpola states

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is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these. For

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in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity

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The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000). However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south. The philosophy of

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This second division of the Atimarga developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata Atimargi in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost

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of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be

4247:, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples. It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within. The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites. 5875:

Shaivism is ancient, and over time it developed many sub-traditions. These broadly existed and are studied in three groups: theistic dualism, nontheistic monism, and those that combine features or practices of the two. Sanderson presents the historic classification found in Indian texts, namely

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Shaivism is a major tradition within Hinduism with a theology that is predominantly related to the Hindu god Shiva. Shaivism has many different sub-traditions with regional variations and differences in philosophy. Shaivism has a vast literature with different philosophical schools ranging from

7188:, yoga – which literally means "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is. 5050:

epic. The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period. Among these are the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta and Bhairava Shaivas

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The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts. The Buddhist

9836:, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva." 7282:

Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the

5970:) are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era. It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of 4915:

developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed. In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.

6835:, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions. 8226:. Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others. Kashi ( 4974:

Scholars such as Alexis Sanderson discuss Shaivism in three categories: Vedic, Puranik and non-Puranik (esoteric, tantric). They place Vedic and Puranik together given the significant overlap, while placing Non-Puranik esoteric sub-traditions as a separate category.

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The reverence for Shiva is one of the pan-Hindu traditions found widely across South Asia predominantly in Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While Shiva is revered broadly, Hinduism itself is a complex religion and a way of life, with a diversity of ideas on

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and traditions. It has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.

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Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.

6589:. For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was 5978:, aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself. 5467:(nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta, the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians. 13913:; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state." 10023:

Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define

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Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali. This influence on classical

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mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140. Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on

5459:. According to Gavin Flood – a professor at Oxford University specializing in Shaivism and phenomenology, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions. Among the notable and influential commentaries by 6644:

traditions. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century

6259:. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage. 4721:

declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting. The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the

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that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.

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Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases. For example, in the

6726:, which the adherents wear. Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions. Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions. 4832:

The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the

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temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as

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of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties. In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses. These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using

4966:(neuter abstraction), wherein the theology integrates the goddess (Shakti) and the god (Shiva) with Tantra practices and Agama teachings. There is a considerable overlap between these Shaivas and the Shakta Hindus. 6537:

Kashmir Shaivism has been a nondualistic school, and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir. A notable philosophy of monistic Kashmiri Shaivism has been the

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is an influential tradition within Shaivism that emerged in Kashmir in the 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium before the region was overwhelmed by the Islamic invasions from the

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characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.

5810:, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice. These canonical texts exist in 4284:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic 6163:(Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in 15877: 15875: 8330:

The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.

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embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.

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is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in

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amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation, while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.

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According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism. The 11th-century Jain text

13272:, Quote: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..." 16309:

Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", in Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.),

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theology, and their practices include an interim step that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities, which includes Shiva along with Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. This is called the

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For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923

6484:(self lordship, a yogi is always free). More broadly, the tantric sub-traditions sought nondual knowledge and enlightening liberation by abandoning all rituals, and with the help of reasoning ( 6453:. The cult of Yoginis aimed to gain special powers through esoteric worship of the Shakti or the feminine aspects of the divine. The groups included sisterhoods that participated in the rites. 5051:(non-Saiddhantika), based on whether they recognize any value in Vedic orthopraxy. These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of 5040:

sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula. According to Sanderson, the Pashupatas have the oldest heritage, likely from the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by ancient Hindu texts such as the

5463:(dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva. The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of 5920:, in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life. The Atimarga revered the 4825:

developed a philosophical and organizational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the

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Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows:

6107:: मन्त्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks. It grew from the Atimarga tradition. This tradition sought not just liberation from 8975:, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be 6996:, but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the 4937:

into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.

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A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314;

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Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga. Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva

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Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, and the

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For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.

6898:. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the 6771:

There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism. Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of

4990:. The majority within Shaivism follow the Vedic-Puranik traditions. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva 4906:, a few caves include Shaivism ideas. The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the 18690: 6229:(tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century. The tradition emphasizes loving devotion to Shiva, uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called 4958:(trident), as well as anthropomorphic statues of Shiva in temples to help focus their practices. Another sub-group is called esoteric, which fuses it with abstract 14744: 6670:

They formed monastic organisations, and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.

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Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with

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the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.

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Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads. These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the

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Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called

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There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or

4433:, an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of 14083: 5055:(special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals. 4773:. Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at 6392:) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas. Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz. The 5516:

Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature. The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.

4383:, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE. Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the 4542:

in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an

14109: 4555:

mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram, but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed. The dating of the

7170:(pilgrimage) centers, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating. 15549: 10742: 9209: 4353:

The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars, as it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.

18700: 14062: 8303:

The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "seminal retention" and practice of

6054:

Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on

7024:. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as 10174:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253

4617:

Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.

4586:. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of 17112: 11781: 4522:, among others. The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns. 6922:. In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. 7369:

Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from

7246:

Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in

4946:

called Vedic-Puranic, who use the terms such as "Shiva, Mahadeva, Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and they use iconography such as the

14487: 14256:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552

12028:

Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press.

11653: 10719: 8876: 7173:

In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a

15821: 15226: 15145: 14817: 14778: 14235: 13638: 13326: 13036: 12719: 12633: 12506: 12420: 11438: 10201: 4224:

Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many

15958: 14865: 14388: 13964: 13794: 13587: 12758: 9921: 9024:, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu." 6042:. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent. In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct. 4387:, which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns. This "Pashupati" ( 17051:

Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity

16107: 16031: 15106: 13755: 11255: 8132:

has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).

6449:, ritual feasts, would sometimes be held in cemeteries and cremation grounds and featured possession by powerful female deities called 17255:

Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Shingo Einoo (ed.).

9459:

Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes

17503: 4437:

in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only present scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.

4362: 4307:

means "relating to the god Shiva", while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.

776: 8812: 12330: 10958:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

9017: 6574:

have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.

18636: 18211: 17323:Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources 16410: 14306:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463

14265:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552

14974: 11732:

Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika

8311:), and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation". 2953: 1539: 13350:

Saṃvidullāsaḥ: manifestation of divine consciousness: Swami Lakshman Joo, saint-scholar of Kashmir Śaivism, a centenary tribute

12882: 12872: 17472: 10149: 8247:

poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.

6718:(loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher 18738: 18388: 18103: 17979: 17381: 17350: 17331: 17246: 17203: 17182: 17161: 17131: 17058: 17039: 17018: 16997: 16957: 16924: 16894: 16873: 16852: 16812: 16791: 16770: 16751: 16686: 16663: 16623: 16533: 16501: 16478: 16391: 16346: 16286: 16267: 16247: 16138: 15991: 15952: 15913: 15815: 15776: 15737: 15698: 15417: 15378: 15351: 15306: 15264: 15220: 15178: 15139: 15100: 15061: 15002: 14944: 14902: 14811: 14772: 14725: 14590: 14524: 14454: 14427: 14229: 14181: 14145: 13997: 13958: 13894: 13788: 13632: 13581: 13453: 13357: 13320: 13253: 13030: 12991: 12818: 12791: 12752: 12713: 12671: 12627: 12500: 12414: 12324: 12128: 12111: 12094: 12077: 12060: 12033: 11887: 11515:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press,

11288: 11249: 11160: 11121: 11055: 11016: 10931: 10892: 10853: 10787: 10698: 10580: 10541: 10502: 10463: 10417: 10195: 10119: 10092: 9996: 9957: 9915: 9760: 9706: 9645: 9546: 9522: 9417: 9160: 8972: 8693: 8673: 8647: 8608: 5523:-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes. 4885: 16930: 16818: 15997: 15919: 15782: 15743: 15704: 15573: 15384: 15312: 15270: 15184: 15067: 15008: 14950: 14908: 14596: 14557: 14460: 14151: 14003: 13900: 13459: 13259: 12997: 12260: 12040: 11754: 11695: 11623: 11550: 11477: 11294: 11166: 11127: 11061: 11022: 10937: 10898: 10859: 10793: 10625: 10586: 10547: 10508: 10469: 10423: 10268: 10002: 9963: 9766: 9552: 9369: 8786: 8539: 4889:

An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi,

15536:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253

14027:

Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press,

12834:

A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I

12677: 7116:

Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine. The

6629:. The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in 4666: 2832: 13142: 20412: 18378: 17984: 14317: 12106:

Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press,

6792: 15510:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165

14741: 7191:

Many Yoga-emphasizing Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing

6822:

Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the

17405: 17310: 17225: 16705: 15867: 15572:. Vol. Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 1–3. 14382: 14032: 13870: 13731: 13711: 12532: 11945: 11862: 11837: 11812: 11740: 11689: 11617: 11593: 11576: 11544: 11520: 11503: 11471: 11432: 11401: 11371: 11351: 10992: 10963: 10673: 10651: 9674: 9501: 9447: 9437: 9193: 9001: 4076: 19402: 14881:

Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25

14297:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17

4761:(Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North 3709: 17425: 16732: 16578: 15495: 14551: 13853: 12254: 12013: 11920: 11094: 10619: 10262: 10232: 8780: 8533: 694: 20234: 13550: 8713: 8164:), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism. Twelve 7146:

acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text

15033: 10987:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

7237:, which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the 4813:

Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava

14278: 12008:(2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, 8149:(pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points, but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and 20422: 20222: 19753: 17010:

The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane

16431:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire".

15846: 14079: 13865:

Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass,

11982: 9829: 8170:

sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (

6058:(epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era. 4601:

suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late

2862: 1693: 17415: 17068:

Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".

16171: 10225:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7220: 4868:). Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 20340: 20051: 18578: 18220: 18078: 13826: 11424: 6981:, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by 813: 13706:

Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press,

13425: 13292: 9033:

For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", Flood (2003), pp. 200–228.

6959:, sometimes referred to as Smartism, another tradition of Hinduism. The Smarta Hindus are associated with the 5806:

The Agama texts of Shaivism are another important foundation of Shaivism theology. These texts include Shaiva

4911:

1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam, and persists today in the province of Bali.

20180: 18548: 17496: 16783:

The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective

9148: 7008:

era (pre-300 CE). According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the

6456:

Some traditions defined special powers differently. For example, the Kashmiri tantrics explain the powers as

4903: 4629:

literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with

2286: 14105: 8642:

David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press,

6992:

Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century

6633:

whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.

4269:) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious. As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One". 20417: 20229: 18568: 18393: 18345: 17964: 17931: 14332:

Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.

8230:) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu 7255: 4790: 2842: 2782: 762: 9072:

For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.

7404: 7050: 6015:. The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four 4187:

texts as important sources of theology. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the

4160: 1385: 20244: 18661: 18558: 18204: 16970:(2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". In Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). 15546: 10751: 9206: 8036: 6759:, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the 6194:

region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam (

4579:

era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on

4330: 4239:

Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the

4012: 3903: 2513: 14059: 9638:

Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna

6733:

that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by

6527: 6171:

as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.

4978: 4201:

traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. In the process of

20353: 20271: 19763: 19340: 18796: 18769: 18490: 18340: 18047: 17926: 16607:

While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind

8207: 7616: 7122:, for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva." 4856:

at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.

4031: 3702: 3606: 2553: 2222: 1907: 1219: 11280:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism

6152: 5947:, 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues are also found in seated yogi position in 4159:. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional 2548: 350: 20291: 19217: 18731: 18621: 18573: 18464: 18398: 18022: 17969: 17679: 17264:

Sanderson, Alexis (1988). "Saivism and the Tantric Traditions". In S Sutherland; et al. (eds.).

16366:

Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra

16169:

Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints

8187: 7453: 6159:

Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions. Its central premise has been that the

5729: 4746:. Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: 4380: 4372: 4292:

in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".

4008: 3654: 2772: 2508: 796: 781: 204: 18870: 17724: 11777: 11571:

Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press,

8139:

literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centers and temples. For example, the

5896:) in Shaivism. Sub-traditions of Shaivas did not exclusively focus on Shiva, but others such as the 4796:

Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as

1449: 20085: 19743: 19667: 19373: 19155: 19130: 18017: 17658: 17489: 16967: 8183: 7436: 6506: 5495: 4735: 4557: 4551: 4137: 3564: 3557: 3536: 3245: 3135: 3107: 2837: 1727: 1514: 219: 18905: 12072:

Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press,

9590:"Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE" 7299:, where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings 7233:

Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism. This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as

4742:

preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of

1489: 1405: 19921: 19781: 19452: 18992: 18935: 18704: 18484: 18057: 17531: 17031:

Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir

15519:

J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550;

14164:, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions". 8411:

Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not disaffected.

8203: 6522:

region. The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by

6195: 5640: 5623: 5585: 5568: 4590:

also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.

4194:

Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern

3779: 2992: 2897: 2822: 2003: 1925: 818: 786: 317: 17: 19816: 17448:

Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325

17441:

Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.

15487: 15481: 15343: 12316: 7361:– a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests. 7307: 6755:, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet 6684: 1965: 20264: 20217: 19427: 19150: 18500: 18383: 18197: 18052: 18027: 17974: 14484: 14419: 11912: 11646: 10711: 8873: 8215: 8211: 8049:

Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as

7550: 7486: 7263: 6396:

is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon. The

5864: 5708: 5691: 5602: 5020:) into a specific cult they prefer. Their goals vary, ranging from liberation in current life ( 4478:, his mount, as in Shaivism. The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as " 4069: 3978: 3908: 3744: 3373: 3142: 2802: 1703: 1380: 652: 88: 18716: 17302:

Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner

15805: 15210: 15129: 14872:, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428. 14801: 14762: 14717: 14516: 14219: 13622: 13310: 13020: 12703: 12617: 12490: 12404: 11498:

Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press,

11418: 11393: 10185: 9407: 8808: 7217:. The texts of these Yoga emphasizing Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context. 6818: 6190:(1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the 20286: 20239: 20212: 20175: 19432: 18563: 18505: 18108: 18037: 15942: 14862: 14372: 13948: 13816: 13778: 13571: 12742: 10109: 9905: 9696: 8219: 7600: 7534: 6967:. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals. 6878:

which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all

5924:

sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic

5763: 5674: 4018: 3996: 3886: 3751: 3324: 2932: 2812: 2215: 2201: 1369: 687: 536: 172: 19748: 17273:

Sanderson, Alexis (1995). "Meaning of a Tantric Ritual". In AM Blondeau; K Schipper (eds.).

16724: 16101: 16025: 15090: 13749: 12892: 11904: 11385: 11239: 9662: 4929: 1364: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20170: 19647: 19140: 19125: 18777: 18724: 18646: 18528: 18370: 17956: 17759: 17731: 17596: 15674:

Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press

10128: 9594: 9218: 4597:. The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of 4004: 4000: 3992: 3881: 3543: 3121: 3091: 2922: 2827: 2723: 2453: 2347: 505: 224: 139: 16804:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

16655:

Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism

8668:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press,

8409:

How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind?

7099:

list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.

8: 20309: 20276: 20155: 20046: 19981: 19831: 19690: 19570: 19442: 19270: 19207: 19160: 18626: 18533: 18510: 18479: 18431: 18416: 18294: 18007: 18002: 17665: 17522: 16525: 9247:

Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage.

8456:

Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).

8266: 8261: 8231: 7518: 7247: 6756: 6730: 6653:. They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic 5504:(400–200 BCE) is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. 4774: 4762: 4587: 4532: 4206: 4148: 4036: 3929: 3765: 3296: 3158: 2902: 2792: 2777: 2683: 2623: 2588: 2488: 2068: 1980: 1599: 1258: 869: 771: 742: 589: 167: 18959: 18819: 14368: 13780:

Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present

9855: 6128:

become a dominant form of Shaivism in this period. It also spread outside of India into

4605:

era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.

4184: 2169: 1359: 252: 20111: 20070: 19362: 19175: 19120: 18694: 18469: 18426: 18355: 18032: 17941: 17788: 17766: 17287: 17106: 17085: 16675: 16611: 16592: 16566: 16547: 16448: 16397: 16352: 15862:

Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge,

15527:, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava." 15462: 15336: 14710: 14412: 13689: 12527:

Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,

12309: 10051: 9014: 8525:

The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

8106: 8011: 7910: 7284: 6304: 5959: 5841:) Agama texts. The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic. 5746: 5657: 5547: 4594: 3958: 3944: 3663: 3188: 3084: 2912: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2483: 2249: 2120: 1732: 1618: 599: 403: 199: 19335: 19310: 12833: 5912:

The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasizes liberation (salvation) – or the end of all

462: 20407: 20326: 20320: 20200: 20190: 20056: 19991: 19384: 19325: 19180: 19170: 18666: 18631: 18616: 18495: 18421: 18228: 18174: 18168: 18150: 18088: 17738: 17630: 17421: 17401: 17394: 17377: 17346: 17327: 17306: 17242: 17221: 17199: 17178: 17157: 17127: 17054: 17035: 17014: 16993: 16953: 16920: 16890: 16869: 16848: 16808: 16787: 16766: 16747: 16728: 16715:

Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism".

16701: 16682: 16659: 16629: 16619: 16596: 16584: 16574: 16551: 16539: 16529: 16497: 16474: 16401: 16387: 16356: 16342: 16298: 16282: 16263: 16243: 16134: 15987: 15948: 15909: 15863: 15811: 15772: 15733: 15694: 15520: 15491: 15454: 15413: 15374: 15347: 15302: 15260: 15216: 15174: 15135: 15096: 15057: 14998: 14971: 14940: 14898: 14807: 14768: 14721: 14586: 14547: 14520: 14509: 14450: 14423: 14378: 14225: 14177: 14141: 14028: 13993: 13954: 13890: 13866: 13849: 13822: 13784: 13707: 13628: 13577: 13449: 13353: 13316: 13249: 13026: 12987: 12814: 12787: 12748: 12709: 12667: 12623: 12528: 12496: 12410: 12320: 12250: 12124: 12107: 12090: 12073: 12056: 12029: 12009: 11988: 11978: 11941: 11916: 11905: 11883: 11858: 11833: 11808: 11746: 11736: 11685: 11613: 11589: 11572: 11540: 11516: 11499: 11467: 11428: 11397: 11386: 11367: 11347: 11284: 11245: 11156: 11117: 11090: 11051: 11012: 10988: 10959: 10927: 10888: 10849: 10783: 10694: 10669: 10647: 10615: 10576: 10537: 10498: 10459: 10413: 10258: 10228: 10191: 10115: 10088: 10055: 9992: 9953: 9911: 9756: 9702: 9670: 9641: 9542: 9518: 9497: 9443: 9433: 9413: 9189: 9156: 8997: 8968: 8776: 8689: 8669: 8643: 8604: 8529: 8339:

There is an overlap in this approach with those found in non-puranik tantric rituals.

8321:

about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.

8281: 8256: 7502: 6964: 6903: 6577:

A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from

6093:) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolizing 4924: 4869: 4770: 4388: 4262: 4176: 4128: 4062: 3968: 3937: 3893: 3550: 3501: 3436: 3195: 3181: 2927: 2852: 2673: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2458: 2154: 2088: 1683: 1420: 711: 292: 58: 19791: 18841: 16511: 13086:

For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.

12949: 12869: 10646:

Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press,

7000:

period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from

5974:

that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males. Pashupata theology, according to

4848: 4317: 2533: 1940: 1227: 20061: 19971: 19862: 19462: 19457: 19422: 19397: 19283: 19240: 18927: 18787: 18656: 18601: 18543: 18436: 18408: 18350: 18098: 18093: 18083: 18012: 17936: 17888: 17830: 17820: 17810: 17803: 17783: 17710: 17077: 16720: 16615: 16570: 16440: 16377: 16373: 16332: 16322: 16318: 15446: 15206: 14173: 13681: 12442: 11201: 10824: 10146: 10087:. British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 162. 10043: 9603: 9481: 9442:

R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge,

9234:

Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans.

8964: 8400:

Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained,

8276: 8236: 8195: 7632: 7095:

and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama in the

7067:

river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.

6956: 6933:

symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.

6796: 6747:. Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the 6711: 6523: 6514: 6501: 6264: 6222: 6187: 6160: 5944: 5845: 5822: 5784: 5773: 5281: 4687: 4634: 4277: 4240: 4198: 4164: 4095: 3844: 3806: 3786: 3737: 3686: 3585: 3380: 3366: 3317: 3260: 2807: 2463: 2382: 2133: 2053: 1678: 1104: 958: 855: 680: 632: 609: 471: 467: 447: 435: 345: 195: 19245: 17121: 16157:, History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360 16155:

Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography

13312:

The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics

8406:

Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level.

4471: 3222: 20391: 20367: 20330: 20195: 20148: 20130: 20080: 20014: 19996: 19939: 19889: 19708: 19612: 19485: 19447: 19417: 19255: 19145: 18984: 18977: 18824: 18538: 18279: 18178: 18073: 17903: 17851: 17591: 17447: 17371: 17321: 17300: 17236: 17193: 17172: 17151: 17029: 17008: 16947: 16914: 16884: 16863: 16802: 16781: 16653: 16605: 16560: 16515: 16175: 15981: 15903: 15850: 15766: 15727: 15688: 15567: 15553: 15407: 15368: 15296: 15254: 15168: 15051: 15037: 14992: 14978: 14934: 14892: 14869: 14748: 14580: 14541: 14491: 14444: 14282: 14135: 14066: 13987: 13884: 13735: 13554: 13443: 13429: 13296: 13243: 12981: 12876: 12808: 12781: 12661: 12244: 12089:

DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press,

12044: 12037: 11730: 11679: 11607: 11534: 11461: 11278: 11150: 11111: 11086:

Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path

11084: 11045: 11006: 10921: 10882: 10843: 10777: 10609: 10570: 10531: 10492: 10453: 10407: 10252: 10153: 10082: 9986: 9947: 9833: 9750: 9538:

Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery

9536: 9357: 9213: 9021: 8880: 8770: 8523: 8244: 8110: 7892: 7202: 7185: 7109: 6960: 6930: 6919: 6887: 6734: 6637: 6625:: a Shaiva subtradition that emerged from a much older Siddha tradition based on 6319:

with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars. The devotional

6300: 6256: 6179: 6168: 6164: 6016: 5991: 5247: 4998:: being pathless (anupaya, iccha-less, desire-less), being divine (sambhavopaya, 4818: 4782: 4695: 4202: 4050: 3973: 3921: 3730: 3634: 3578: 3515: 3331: 3232: 3128: 2877: 2857: 2728: 2603: 2583: 2503: 2194: 2180: 2078: 2058: 2021: 1613: 1608: 1335: 1214: 1178: 1123: 1118: 945: 670: 355: 279: 214: 18910: 17143:

History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D

16746:. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. 13186: 13184: 10779:

The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras

8040:

Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent.

6890:

ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in

6832: 6080: 4188: 1742: 1494: 1195: 20165: 20101: 19944: 19288: 19165: 19135: 18970: 18611: 18454: 18042: 17649: 16311:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson 14221:

Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.

14176:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 13848:

Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes,

13136: 12848: 8967:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 8404:

Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all .

8393:

be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself.

8179: 7419: 7210: 6986: 6788: 6688:

A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.

6646: 6403: 6338: 6330: 6320: 6129: 5815: 4463: 4384: 4229: 4217:

and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the

3963: 3772: 3620: 3271: 3165: 3114: 2917: 2743: 2663: 2613: 2598: 2563: 2518: 2415: 2187: 2048: 1930: 1879: 1864: 1844: 1808: 1737: 1519: 1474: 1425: 1183: 808: 579: 18834: 17373:

The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika

16327: 12705:

The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master

11206: 11189: 10047: 9810: 9808: 9608: 9589: 9485: 6235:. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century 5012:. These are esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated ( 4637:

of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.

1565: 1345: 1276: 791: 20401: 20281: 20185: 19964: 19738: 19476: 19367: 19278: 19212: 18641: 18553: 18360: 18332: 17946: 17918: 17825: 17549: 16836:

Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1

16203:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.

15684: 15458: 14832: 14688: 14686: 14611: 13181: 12005: 11992: 11880:

Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India

11750: 10845:

Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions

10693:

Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,

9903: 8402:

he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades.

8141: 7928: 7379: 7267: 7239: 7118: 7075: 7005: 6812: 6739: 6695:, also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in 6554:. Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an 6547: 6167:

of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider

5952: 5844:

The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of

5222: 4648: 4576: 4459: 3627: 3592: 3529: 3475: 3468: 3429: 3422: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3310: 3254: 2872: 2817: 2797: 2787: 2767: 2738: 2648: 2438: 2433: 2423: 2372: 2294: 2208: 2041: 1990: 1889: 1824: 1663: 1430: 884: 604: 559: 18596: 17459: 16633: 16588: 16543: 15596:

Buddhism in Ceylon and studies on religious syncretism in Buddhist countries

14647: 13818:

Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele

13728: 11190:"The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature" 6323:

poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as

4455: 2608: 2367: 1575: 1570: 20379: 19836: 19801: 19698: 19315: 18671: 17871: 17846: 17745: 17717: 17672: 17640: 16904:

Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.).

15888:

The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called

14764:

Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson

14705: 13483: 13366: 13211: 12810:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

12783:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

9805: 9432:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

8976: 8443:

Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the

8223: 8199: 8175: 7979: 7963: 7648: 7318: 7251: 7214: 6997: 6993: 6744: 6650: 6539: 6531: 6398: 6384: 6133: 5868: 5300: 5041: 4951: 4894: 4861:

who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.

4853: 4797: 4786: 4718: 4675: 4654: 4642: 4622: 4602: 4475: 4349:

The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.

3599: 3508: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3387: 3045: 2867: 2703: 2698: 2658: 2568: 2558: 2528: 2498: 2428: 2332: 2254: 1985: 1950: 1874: 1849: 1778: 1628: 1479: 1271: 1266: 1165: 1152: 1147: 483: 452: 422: 302: 16861: 16489: 16382: 14683: 14344: 14187: 10134: 9907:

Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent

9861: 9121: 8371: 6377: 6371: 6315:, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient 5964: 5496: 5014: 4530: 4516: 4508: 4396: 4345: 4296: 4256: 4142: 1803: 20143: 19976: 19904: 19894: 19806: 19796: 19771: 19412: 19407: 19298: 19092: 19076: 19019: 18954: 18890: 18680: 18606: 18446: 18312: 18307: 18256: 18246: 18236: 17994: 17880: 17815: 17752: 17213: 15524: 14972:

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century

13547: 13057:

For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with

12175: 12173: 11047:

The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order

10828: 8980: 8688:

Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,

8191: 8166: 8027: 7797: 7470: 7328: 7292: 7271: 7259: 6907: 6808: 6692: 6679: 6582: 6367: 6268: 6071: 5375: 5272: 5124: 5046: 4747: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4630: 4580: 4570: 4487: 4403: 3670: 3394: 3287: 3217: 3030: 2984: 2945: 2847: 2688: 2678: 2543: 2407: 2397: 2266: 2261: 2164: 2063: 1955: 1945: 1915: 1884: 1793: 1560: 1374: 1297: 1289: 1091: 860: 647: 516: 512: 475: 17291: 16179:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90 15683: 15030: 10034:

Srinivasan, Doris (1984). "Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization".

8603:

Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

5916:– as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits. It was the path for Shaiva 4613: 4593:

In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of

20041: 20009: 19954: 19811: 19520: 19357: 19330: 19112: 18885: 18676: 18317: 18284: 18133: 17908: 17861: 17574: 17282:

Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I".

17089: 16644:

A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism

16337: 15466: 15435:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia" 15434: 14275: 10533:

Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati

9904:

Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016).

7995: 7370: 7192: 7064: 6895: 6800: 6772: 6551: 6543: 6519: 6480:(control, realize that one always has power to do whatever one wants), 6446: 6316: 6226: 5971: 5917: 5834: 5351: 4932: 4766: 4702: 4683: 4562: 4429:("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114. The text also includes a 4402:) seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva. 4334: 4243:(Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to 4225: 4218: 4210: 3716: 3677: 3641: 3522: 3461: 3068: 3060: 2971: 2748: 2523: 2473: 2327: 2317: 2083: 2031: 1960: 1869: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1555: 1330: 1307: 1302: 1031: 831: 569: 312: 307: 120: 16452: 16168: 15843: 13693: 12170: 11975:

The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin

10375: 9887: 9885: 9852:, Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113 9826: 6429:

A notable feature of some "left tantra" ascetics was their pursuit of

6206: 5871:

in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.

5513: 5032:

or "outer higher path" versus those whose means are recitation-driven

20160: 19949: 19899: 19872: 19821: 19786: 19776: 19728: 19627: 19595: 19540: 19437: 19392: 19066: 18651: 18474: 18459: 18302: 18274: 18264: 18241: 17898: 17686: 17613: 17569: 17376:. Translated by Mark Dyczkowski. State University of New York Press. 14582:

Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture

8766: 7946: 7583: 7566: 7262:

and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in

7017: 6915: 6914:. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the 6891: 6780: 6776: 6743:, which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler 6737:

and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be

6615: 6594: 6586: 6567: 6353: 6325: 6303:

in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century

6280: 6272: 6236: 6231: 6210: 6191: 6090: 6031: 5986: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5892: 5807: 5612: 5243: 4890: 4865: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4699: 4679: 4525: 4507: 3826: 3758: 3695: 3613: 3445: 3016: 2976: 2907: 2753: 2718: 2668: 2638: 2573: 2493: 2392: 2362: 2342: 2026: 1970: 1935: 1920: 1839: 1834: 1816: 1142: 1056: 987: 926: 584: 564: 554: 457: 408: 340: 257: 247: 209: 162: 17191: 17081: 16103:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

16027:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

15450: 15166: 14047: 13928: 13495: 13480:

Wallis, Christopher; Tantra Illuminated, Chapter 2, Kashmir Shaivism

11152:

A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals

6468:(heaviness, realize one's limit is beyond one's own consciousness), 5683:

Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography

1623: 526: 20386: 20205: 20024: 20019: 19909: 19846: 19826: 19657: 19493: 19320: 19293: 19260: 19202: 19102: 19097: 19071: 18996: 18880: 18752: 18322: 18269: 17893: 17856: 17793: 17618: 17579: 17564: 17554: 17544: 17299:

Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (ed.).

16444: 15905:

Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas

13685: 13422: 13289: 12786:. University of California Press. pp. 11–12, 209–211 note 28. 10036:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

9882: 8304: 8227: 8118: 7343: 7332: 7296: 7234: 7206: 7104: 7060: 7025: 6943: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6719: 6641: 6578: 6361: 6312: 6276: 6175: 6104: 6055: 5901: 5886: 5811: 5718: 5557: 5476: 5174: 4955: 4874: 4822: 4801: 4758: 4467: 4392: 4273: 4244: 4233: 3898: 3454: 3280: 3237: 3204: 3055: 3050: 3023: 2733: 2713: 2643: 2593: 2468: 2357: 2273: 2244: 2108: 2098: 1995: 1975: 1899: 1894: 1859: 1529: 1509: 1469: 1435: 1415: 1395: 1281: 1157: 892: 850: 719: 574: 413: 110: 105: 19034: 17450:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P., 1993 13653: 13526: 12555: 10062: 8996:

Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict,

8395:

Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards.

8348:

Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.

8044:

Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.

7041: 6925: 5387: 4367: 2961: 20106: 19959: 19877: 19867: 19642: 19632: 19605: 19600: 19590: 19545: 19530: 19525: 19305: 19250: 19235: 19227: 19194: 19061: 18964: 18939: 18915: 18814: 18804: 18684: 18145: 17608: 17601: 16517:

The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism

13672:

Lorenzen, David N. (1978). "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History".

11366:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press,

10750:. Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from 10321: 9412:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 277–278, 58 with note on Guleri. 8984: 8772:

Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions

8361:(Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder. 8358: 8136: 7088: 7021: 6982: 6978: 6970:

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (

6860: 6804: 6752: 6704: 6555: 6430: 6419: 6344: 6183: 6035: 6027: 5995:, a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the 5860: 5849: 5838: 5821:

The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from

5305: 5277: 4751: 4671: 4491: 4421: 4326: 4213:, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity 3831: 3821: 3571: 3492: 3484: 3301: 3227: 3212: 3009: 2708: 2653: 2387: 2337: 2307: 2302: 2174: 2149: 2036: 1668: 1547: 1524: 1499: 1410: 1400: 1209: 1173: 1061: 1046: 1041: 977: 972: 936: 931: 918: 614: 521: 479: 335: 157: 134: 18900: 18756: 18189: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13201: 13199: 12983:Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue 12939: 12937: 12935: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12462:

For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.

12204: 12202: 12200: 10611:

Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives

10575:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. 8684: 8682: 7201:

Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated philosophy from

7158: 6867:

continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.

6667:) state of realizing oneness of self and everything with Shiva. 3867: 1713: 1708: 1534: 20138: 20116: 19929: 19882: 19841: 19723: 19713: 19652: 19560: 19503: 19498: 19352: 19039: 18875: 18861: 18846: 18746: 18140: 18128: 17798: 17701: 17697: 17586: 17559: 16369: 16314: 14635: 13882: 13602: 13061: 13058: 12929:, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1 12384: 12350: 12348: 12055:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi,

10841: 10290: 10288: 10286: 8735: 8444: 8271: 7347: 7184:(aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to 7092: 7084: 7080: 7013: 6911: 6823: 6784: 6715: 6700: 6699:. It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman 6659: 6611: 6559: 6450: 6415: 6333: 5996: 5913: 5830: 5826: 5520: 5455: 5218: 5197: 5153: 4991: 4814: 4778: 4698:(Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or 4626: 4434: 4195: 4172: 3836: 3650: 2966: 2693: 2578: 2478: 2448: 2443: 2377: 2352: 2141: 2011: 1854: 1829: 1768: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1580: 1504: 1464: 1459: 1390: 1315: 1250: 1235: 1137: 1081: 1066: 1012: 992: 905: 900: 737: 642: 637: 594: 531: 377: 373: 364: 127: 16562:

Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

11954: 11710: 11103: 10187:

Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia

10084:

Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route

8156:

Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (

7224:

Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.

7073:

Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the

6870:

In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been

6657:

in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or

74: 20034: 20029: 19733: 19703: 19637: 19617: 19555: 19535: 19508: 19347: 19049: 18949: 18895: 18851: 18829: 17623: 17539: 16521: 16187: 16185: 15940: 15656: 15644: 15632: 15370:

India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought

15338:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

15040:, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215 13747: 13507: 13410:

Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167

13399: 13196: 13157: 12961: 12932: 12597: 12538: 12465: 12285: 12197: 12185: 9054: 8679: 7358: 7351: 7180: 7132: 7001: 6971: 6899: 6760: 6696: 6630: 6464:(lightness, be free from presumed diversity or differences), 6357: 6349: 6252: 6145: 6061: 6039: 5925: 5921: 5395: 5383: 5251: 4947: 4907: 4821:

in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as

4743: 4640:

The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the

4598: 4583: 4546:(iron spear, trident lance) as an icon representing his god. 4503: 4495: 4479: 4450: 4446: 4426: 4281: 4214: 4152: 3853: 3723: 3488: 3000: 2538: 2402: 2312: 2159: 2113: 2093: 1773: 1758: 1698: 1688: 1673: 1658: 1633: 1484: 1454: 1340: 1240: 1071: 1036: 1007: 1002: 997: 982: 910: 360: 274: 269: 190: 144: 115: 98: 44: 39: 16206: 15768:

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Kim Skoog (1996). Andrew O. Fort; Patricia Y. Mumme (eds.).

10353: 10351: 10338: 10336: 10283: 9872: 9870: 9325: 9313: 9303: 9301: 8898: 8886: 8723: 7335:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image 6295: 5793:

Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art

20075: 20004: 19986: 19934: 19718: 19662: 19622: 19582: 19565: 19550: 19515: 18944: 18856: 17481: 17149: 14838: 14803:

Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement

14199: 13378: 13223: 12898: 12146: 10387: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10303: 9572: 9570: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 7197: 7174: 6879: 6844: 6748: 6654: 6626: 6622: 6606: 6423: 6141: 6137: 5897: 5632:

Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism

5391: 4515: 4499: 4180: 4168: 4116: 4104: 2322: 2103: 2073: 2016: 1763: 1750: 1643: 1245: 1086: 1076: 1051: 1017: 967: 949: 500: 369: 297: 149: 17467: 17365:(First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. 16182: 15366: 15092:

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14671: 14659: 14623: 13432:, David Peter Lawrence, University of Manitoba, IEP (2010) 13241: 10190:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 261–275. 9720: 9718: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8578: 8576: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8153:

is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.

6593:, or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by 5717:

Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and

5519:

The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from

4101: 18748: 17195:

Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha

16303:. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 15601: 15409:

India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods

14844: 14540:

Frederick Asher (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.).

12588: 12214: 12158: 12134: 11214: 10363: 10348: 10333: 9867: 9730: 9337: 9298: 9271: 8851: 8114: 6472:(attain, be restful and at peace with one's own nature), 6414:

The main element of all Shaiva Tantra is the practice of

5985:

The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named

5059: 4156: 4110: 16765:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 15049: 14585:. National Museum Institute. pp. 159 with note 13. 13245:

A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana

13169: 12910: 12663:

The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion

12360: 12242: 11940:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 110–114. 11857:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 165–192. 11832:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 193–199. 10300: 10135:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9862:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9793: 9781: 9567: 9515:

Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy

9496:

D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill,

9462: 9230: 9228: 9075: 8747: 8469: 8105:

and others. In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called

6239:. This theology presents three universal realities: the 6213:, the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint ( 4969: 4793:, Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram. 18809: 16865:

Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java

16862:

Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003).

16801:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010).

16473:(Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 13248:. State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xiv. 12865: 12863: 12123:

JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,

11588:

H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner,

9715: 9389: 9387: 9288: 9286: 9261: 9259: 9257: 8614: 8573: 8554: 8500: 6851:) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism. 6766: 6182:. In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with 6094: 5738:

Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation

4757:

In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim

1190: 727: 17319: 16800: 16760: 15483:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2

13992:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110, 213–215. 12955: 12836:, V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48 12813:. University of California Press. pp. 9–12, 220. 11283:. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–25. 10068: 9541:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 274–276. 9166: 9130: 9051:

Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152

8939: 8937: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8376:

Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see:

6722:. Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of 6542:

ideas, particularly those by the 10th century scholar

6225:("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest 5833:) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism ( 20351: 17420:(First ed.). Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 17400:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 16992:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15687:; Hariani Santiko; Hasan Djafar; et al. (2013). 15598:, Vol. 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 146–177 15594:

Jacob Ensink (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali,

14761:

Paul E Muller-Ortega (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).

14285:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 12701: 12576: 11276: 11237: 10969: 10490: 10107: 9755:. University of California Press. pp. xii, 4–5. 9225: 6418:, a ceremonial initiation in which divinely revealed 6111:(suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers ( 5989:(~2nd century CE). He is the purported author of the 4191:, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus. 4113: 16651: 15373:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. 14760: 14363: 14361: 14359: 13565: 13563: 13130: 13128: 12860: 12854: 12233:

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.

10880: 10607: 10405: 9752:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

9384: 9283: 9254: 8922: 8844: 8842: 4107: 19010: 16030:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 5–7, 12. 15901: 15620: 15565: 15301:. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30, 84–85. 14990: 14932: 14511:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

13445:

Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition

12306: 11327:

For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.

11043: 10887:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183. 10246: 10244: 8934: 8910: 8827: 8481: 6530:in the 20th century due especially to influence of 6026:The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in 5700:Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism 5649:Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism 5359:

Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita

4829:, Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier. 4466:(2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a 4425:(~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of 4119: 4098: 17393: 16696:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". 16674: 15335: 15294: 15290: 15288: 15252: 15248: 15246: 15244: 14997:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–238, 247–258. 14709: 14508: 14411: 14129: 14127: 13418: 13416: 13347: 13073:For eleven collections, with the first seven (the 12308: 11882:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 134, 371. 11807:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–134, 201–202. 11337: 11335: 11333: 10140: 10111:Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China 9910:. University of California Press. pp. 61–62. 9844: 9842: 9534: 9207:The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great 8397:To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam). 8042:Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 6476:(forbearance, grasp and accept cosmic diversity), 5475:The Vedas and Upanishads are shared scriptures of 5028:). Their means also vary, ranging from meditative 4982:Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting) 4538:, dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term 16761:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). 16260:The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism 16106:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 36–41. 15693:. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 4–15. 15259:. Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 191. 15127: 14806:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 161–163. 14543:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 14502: 14500: 14356: 14217: 13573:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 13560: 13125: 12979: 12302: 12300: 11321: 10601: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10399: 9748: 9199: 9153:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 8839: 6186:, but shares with the Supreme all its qualities. 5848:(Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality ( 5755:Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda 5470: 4302: 20399: 17439:. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 17298: 17281: 17006: 16882: 16364:Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), "Universal Śaivism", 16279:Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems 15547:Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha 15479: 15215:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. 15205: 14641: 14367: 14211: 14048:Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014 13934: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13396:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61-66 13308: 13190: 10815:Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". 10257:. Princeton University Press. pp. 215–217. 10241: 10184:Andrea Acri (2015). D Christian Lammerts (ed.). 9941: 9939: 9891: 9626:pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4. 8801: 8160:), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and 7346:(half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing 6348:and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the 5943:at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka ( 5006:, action-full) and being individual (anavopaya). 17192:Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014). 17170: 17119: 16779: 16070: 15881: 15732:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–36. 15285: 15241: 15167:Anita M. Leopold; Jeppe Sinding Jensen (2005). 14539: 14533: 14316:General, India Office of the Registrar (1974). 14124: 14023: 14021: 13922: 13413: 13284: 13282: 13280: 13278: 12888: 12697: 12695: 11999: 11911:. State University of New York Press. pp. 11410: 11330: 11148: 9839: 9669:. 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In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic ( 4977: 4940: 4884: 4847: 4694:Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with 4665: 4612: 4454: 4440: 4366: 4344: 18667:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 17259:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture. 16494:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings 15342:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15212:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 14923: 14894:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings 14579:Anupa Pande; Parul Pandya Dhar (2004). 14315: 12488: 12019: 11677: 11605: 11532: 11459: 11416: 11116:. SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239. 11083:Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). 10823:(2). Oxford University Press: 101–113. 10814: 10159: 9952:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–48. 9635: 9368:. 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(2011). 12680:from the original on 14 August 2014 11427:. pp. 247–268 with footnotes. 11025:from the original on 4 January 2017 10412:. Gregorian Press. pp. 32–34. 9827:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram 9701:. Barkhuis. pp. 98–99 and 93. 8020: 8004: 7902: 7789: 7527: 7463: 6950: 6729:They were influential in the Hindu 6495: 6441:) and the ability to harm enemies ( 6437:(powers), such as averting danger ( 6201: 6119:), both in this life and next. The 4713:invasions, especially those of the 4608: 27:Hindu tradition that worships Shiva 24: 16981:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra 16908:. Vol. 13. Collier Macmillan. 16821:from the original on 27 March 2023 16110:from the original on 30 March 2017 16034:from the original on 30 March 2017 15961:from the original on 30 March 2017 15908:. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. 15824:from the original on 14 March 2017 15807:Khon Mask : Thailand Heritage 15785:from the original on 18 April 2017 15746:from the original on 14 March 2017 15707:from the original on 14 March 2017 15576:from the original on 28 March 2017 15387:from the original on 29 March 2017 15229:from the original on 20 March 2017 15187:from the original on 20 March 2017 15148:from the original on 15 March 2017 15109:from the original on 15 March 2017 15070:from the original on 15 March 2017 15011:from the original on 15 March 2017 14953:from the original on 15 March 2017 14820:from the original on 15 March 2017 14599:from the original on 27 March 2017 14515:. Yale University Press. pp. 14485:The Four Denominations of Hinduism 14238:from the original on 15 March 2017 13641:from the original on 17 March 2017 13462:from the original on 15 March 2017 13329:from the original on 15 March 2017 13262:from the original on 15 March 2017 12761:from the original on 25 March 2017 12722:from the original on 24 March 2017 12509:from the original on 13 March 2020 12423:from the original on 30 March 2017 12333:from the original on 16 March 2020 12249:. BRILL. pp. 92–97, 102–103. 11757:from the original on 13 March 2017 11441:from the original on 2 August 2016 11258:from the original on 15 March 2017 11113:Living Liberation in Hindu Thought 10530:Sanjukta Gupta (1 February 2013). 10455:Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison 10204:from the original on 28 March 2017 10005:from the original on 9 August 2019 9966:from the original on 9 August 2019 9924:from the original on 26 March 2017 9817:, pp. 61–62 with footnote 64. 9667:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion 8815:from the original on 30 April 2015 7988: 7327:Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in 7004:) has been dated to belong to the 6045: 5577:Rudra, Atman, Brahman, Om, monism 5488:Umapati, Translated by David Smith 5356:Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita 25: 20434: 18219: 17453: 16983:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 16240:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 15947:. SAGE Publications. p. 76. 15315:from the original on 30 June 2016 15273:from the original on 30 June 2016 15050:Anna Libera Dallapiccola (2007). 14781:from the original on 2 April 2017 13590:from the original on 4 March 2017 13220:, pp. 197–198 with note 117. 13145:from the original on 1 April 2017 13039:from the original on 2 April 2017 13022:Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women 13000:from the original on 2 April 2017 12636:from the original on 2 April 2017 12263:from the original on 2 April 2017 12243:Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997). 11778:"शरभोपनिषत् (Sharabha Upanishad)" 11659:from the original on 22 July 2017 9695:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020). 9640:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 36. 9555:from the original on 27 June 2019 7938: 7868: 7746: 7714: 7666: 7625: 7575: 7559: 7429: 7153: 6874:, which is derived from Sanskrit 6123:were particularly the pursuit of 5776:, Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge 5714:Late medieval, post-12th century 5611:Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads, 5608:Late medieval, post-12th century 4880: 4705:and had been ardent promoters of 4414: 4209:, starting in the last centuries 20385: 20373: 20361: 20335: 20325: 20316: 20315: 20304: 19009: 18755: 18747: 18637:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 18341:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 18173: 18164: 18163: 17639: 16972:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16293:Third AES reprint edition, 1995. 16160: 16147: 16122: 16093: 16076: 15973: 15934: 15895: 15856: 15836: 15797: 15758: 15719: 15677: 15668: 15588: 15559: 15539: 15530: 15513: 15504: 15473: 15426: 15399: 15360: 15327: 15199: 15170:Syncretism in Religion: A Reader 15160: 15121: 15082: 15043: 15023: 14984: 14965: 14875: 14856: 14839:Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014 14793: 14754: 14734: 14716:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 14698: 14695:, pp. 53–58 with footnotes. 14572: 14546:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–4. 14436: 14353:, pp. 45–52 with footnotes. 14335: 14326: 14309: 14300: 14268: 14259: 14250: 14196:, pp. 44–45 with footnotes. 14167: 14098: 14072: 14053: 13979: 13876: 13842: 13809: 13770: 13741: 13738:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015) 13665: 13557:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) 13474: 13435: 13390: 13375:, p. 221 with footnote 500. 13341: 13302: 13235: 13116: 13107: 13098: 13089: 13080: 13067: 13051: 13012: 12973: 12927:Saivism – A Perspective of Grace 12879:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) 12839: 12827: 12800: 12773: 12734: 12609: 12567: 12521: 12482: 12456: 12435: 12396: 12275: 12236: 12226: 12117: 12083: 12066: 12049: 11966: 11929: 11896: 11871: 11846: 11821: 11796: 11784:from the original on 30 May 2017 11769: 11722: 11671: 11638: 11599: 11582: 11565: 11526: 11492: 11453: 11377: 11360: 11270: 11231: 11181: 11142: 11076: 11037: 11008:Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls 10998: 10981: 10952: 10913: 10874: 10835: 10808: 10769: 10734: 10704: 10657: 10640: 10572:Religious Diversity in Singapore 10523: 10484: 10156:, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) 8983:, even an agnostic, humanist or 8450: 8437: 8428: 8383: 8364: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8019: 8003: 7987: 7971: 7955: 7937: 7919: 7901: 7884: 7883: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7842: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7807: 7806: 7788: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7761: 7745: 7729: 7713: 7698: 7697: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7679: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7640: 7624: 7609: 7608: 7592: 7574: 7558: 7542: 7526: 7510: 7494: 7478: 7462: 7444: 7428: 7410: 7403: 7317: 7306: 7049: 7040: 6089:The horizontal three ash lines ( 6079: 6070: 5801: 4094: 4044: 726: 664: 73: 38: 20305: 18672:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 17478:, scholarly studies in Shaivism 17320:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000). 17028:Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010). 16700:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 16641:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). 16052: 14184:, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375 13950:A History of Kannada Literature 12708:. Shambhala. pp. 243–244. 12447:Śaivism among the Khmers Part I 11878:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). 10884:Plants of Life, Plants of Death 10589:from the original on 3 May 2016 10497:. Fortress Press. p. 182. 10494:Introduction to World Religions 10177: 10101: 10074: 10027: 10017: 9988:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9978: 9949:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9897: 9820: 9742: 9654: 9629: 9616: 9582: 9528: 9507: 9474: 9453: 9426: 9399: 9358:"Silk Road Art and Archaeology" 9349: 9241: 9178: 9142: 9100: 9066: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9007: 8990: 8958: 8872:Monier Monier-Williams (1899), 8759: 8699: 8324: 8314: 7920: 7543: 7495: 7411: 6422:are given to the initiate by a 5525: 20230:Relations with other religions 17417:Meditation: Any Time Any Where 17345:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17241:, Cambridge University Press, 17238:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra 17198:. Princeton University Press. 17156:. Princeton University Press. 16974:. Vol. 3. Brill Academic. 16889:. Princeton University Press. 16868:. University of Hawaii Press. 16300:The Cultural Heritage of India 15412:. Concept Publishing Company. 14751:, Oxford University, pages 1-7 14377:. BRILL Academic. p. 60. 13751:Contributions to Asian Studies 13315:. Springer. pp. 402–408. 12702:John Myrdhin Reynolds (1996). 12666:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–61. 12409:. Penguin Books. p. 206. 12282:Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72. 11425:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 11277:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). 11238:Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (2002). 10741:Munavalli, Somashekar (2007). 10491:Christopher Partridge (2013). 10108:Edward L. Shaughnessy (2009). 9636:Ganguli, Kalyan Kumar (1988). 9624:The World of the Skandapurāṇa, 9222:, No. 227 (July 2012); page 11 9188:, Cambridge University Press, 8712:. January 2012. Archived from 7641: 7593: 7445: 7209:traditions. It was founded by 7031: 6673: 6526:. The tradition experienced a 5772:Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism, 5471:Vedas and Principal Upanishads 4808: 4379:Some trace the origins to the 4371:The "Pashupati" seal from the 814:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 13: 1: 16652:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). 16647:. Cambridge University Press. 16469:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), 16460:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), 15810:. MOCA Bangkok. p. 222. 15771:. Penguin Books. p. 24. 15406:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). 14994:Elements of Hindu Iconography 14936:Elements of Hindu Iconography 13754:. Brill Academic. p. 5. 13492:, pp. 15–16, 43–45, 118. 13288:David Peter Lawrence (2012), 12958:, pp. 1–7, 29–37, 44–49. 11977:. The Adyar Library, Madras. 10881:Frederick J. Simoons (1998). 10608:Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). 10536:. Routledge. pp. 65–71. 10406:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). 9517:, Columbia University Press, 8979:or monotheistic, monistic or 8463: 7511: 7479: 6433:(supernatural abilities) and 6267:, is particularly popular in 5855: 4904:Caves of the Thousand Buddhas 4625:(c. 320–500 CE) the genre of 3875:Other society-related topics: 1566:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 18622:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 17511: 17437:History of Indian Literature 17435:Winternitz, Maurice (1972). 17220:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 17123:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism 17120:Parmeshwaranand, S. (2004). 17049:Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). 16906:The Encyclopedia of Religion 16834:Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13". 16487:Courtright, Paul B. (1985). 16238:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). 16064: 15902:Geoffrey Waring Maw (1997). 15566:Christiaan Hooykaas (1974). 15486:. Rosen Publishing. p. 14991:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 14933:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 13193:, pp. 260–262, 329–333. 12492:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 12307:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 12182:, pp. 663–670, 690–693. 11681:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11609:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11536:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11463:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11044:Matthew James Clark (2006). 10817:The Journal of Hindu Studies 10384:, pp. 660–663, 681–690. 10330:, pp. 205–207, 215–221. 9409:Pāṇini: A Survey of Research 9186:Deciphering the Indus Script 8676:, pages 31–34 with footnotes 8357:Vasugupta is claimed by two 7730: 7350:on its right and a standing 6838: 5098:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 5095:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 4918: 4877:district of Andhra Pradesh. 4482:", a possibly kushan deity. 4276:, as an epithet for several 3986:Hinduism and other religions 2783:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 17392:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), 17361:Tattwananda, Swami (1984), 16786:. Oxford University Press. 16719:. Oxford University Press. 16677:An Introduction to Hinduism 16490: 16415:, Oxford University Press, 16409:Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), 15944:Tagore at Home in the World 15295:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 15253:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 14414:An Introduction to Hinduism 13886:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 13104:Winternitz, p. 588, note 1. 12956:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000 11776:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11645:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11241:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy 11050:. Brill. pp. 177–225. 10848:. Lantern. pp. 27–36. 10716:Overview Of World Religions 9665:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 9535:Michael W. Meister (1984). 9504:, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9 9155:, Oxford University Press, 9122: 8811:. Himalayan Academy. 2009. 8372: 8250: 7277: 7028:(half Shiva, half Vishnu). 6937: 6597:in the early 10th century. 6492:) and the initiating Guru. 6378: 6372: 6290: 5965: 5537: 5531: 5497: 5437:Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000 5342:5. Negative/cognitive proof 5015: 4531: 4517: 4509: 4397: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4257: 4143: 3731:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3703:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1431:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1375:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1370:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 20439: 20413:Theistic Indian philosophy 17341:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). 16990:Hinduism: Past and Present 16744:Ganapati: Song of the Self 16230: 16129:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 15173:. Routledge. p. 303. 15128:Frank Burch Brown (2014). 15029:Gomathi Narayanan (1986), 14322:. Manager of Publications. 13423:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 13290:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 12980:Rohan A. Dunuwila (1985). 12857:, pp. 14–22, 257–258. 11907:Ganapati: Song of the Self 11384:Olivelle, Patrick (1998). 11188:Sanderson, Alexis (2013). 10664:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 10254:Hinduism: Past and Present 9749:David N. Lorenzen (1972). 9663:"Vaishnavism: an overview" 8809:"Introduction to Hinduism" 8174:) of infiniteness, as per 7364: 6677: 6604: 6499: 5540: 5534: 5408:Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, 5402:champions householder life 5365:Advaita, qualified advaita 5340:4. Postulation, derivation 4444: 4360: 4251:Etymology and nomenclature 3607:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2287:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2223:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1411:Uparati (self-settledness) 20302: 20129: 20094: 19920: 19855: 19762: 19689: 19682: 19581: 19484: 19475: 19383: 19269: 19226: 19193: 19111: 19085: 19057: 19048: 19027: 19018: 19007: 18926: 18795: 18786: 18765: 18587: 18529:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 18519: 18445: 18407: 18369: 18361:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 18331: 18293: 18255: 18227: 18159: 18121: 18066: 17993: 17955: 17917: 17879: 17870: 17840:Festivals and observances 17839: 17776: 17696: 17680:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 17648: 17637: 17530: 17519: 17446:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao, 17235:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 17007:R. Blake Michael (1992). 16883:Stella Kramrisch (1993). 16847:. New York: Grove Press. 16559:Daniélou, Alain (1984) . 16328:10.1163/9789004432802_003 15849:12 September 2016 at the 15480:James Lochtefeld (2002). 15036:28 September 2018 at the 14740:Alexis Sanderson (1999), 13783:. Routledge. p. 83. 13309:Stanley D. Brunn (2015). 12855:Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971 11207:10.1163/15728536-13560308 10048:10.1017/s0035869x00166134 9848:Alexis Sanderson (2014), 9609:10.1163/15728536-05904001 9513:Stephen Phillips (2009), 9486:10.1017/S0041977X00146531 7354:(Hindu Sun god) on left. 7213:and further developed by 7137:example, the Shaiva text 6174:Srikantha, influenced by 5908:Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga 5730:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad 5338:3. Comparison and analogy 4381:Indus Valley civilization 4373:Indus Valley civilisation 4357:Indus Valley Civilisation 4266: 4189:second-largest Hindu sect 4132: 2773:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1426:Samadhana (concentration) 1290:Three paths to liberation 797:Tribal religions in India 782:Historical Vedic religion 777:Indus Valley Civilisation 37: 19374:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 18705:Kamphaeng Phet province 18691:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 18657:Sivan temple (Singapore) 18627:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 18602:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 18099:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 17659:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 17414:Venugopalam, R. (2003). 17171:A. K. Ramanujan (1973). 16916:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16780:Ariel Glucklich (2008). 16742:Grimes, John A. (1995). 16604:Daniélou, Alain (1987). 16166:Indira Peterson (1982), 16153:Indira Peterson (1983), 14977:15 February 2017 at the 14274:Hariani Santiko (1997), 13535:, pp. 169–170, 308. 12564:, pp. 664, 667–668. 11903:Grimes, John A. (1995). 11155:. Concept. p. 375. 11149:Rajendra Prasad (2008). 9832:23 November 2019 at the 9212:20 December 2016 at the 8879:27 February 2017 at the 8287: 7059:Shaivism iconography in 6410:Tantra Diksha traditions 6311:By the 7th century, the 6019:into the fifth stage of 6009:Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā 5880:of the Shaiva monks and 5439:Bali and SE Asia = Many 5418: 4552:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4179:. It considers both the 1602:, sacrifice, and charity 19453:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 18652:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 18632:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 18607:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 18597:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 18389:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 18356:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 17461:Encyclopædia Britannica 17326:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17099:Die Religion des Rgveda 17013:. Motilal Banarsidass. 16988:Michaels, Axel (2004). 16946:Lipner, Julius (2012). 16919:. Infobase Publishing. 15804:Jack M. Clontz (2016). 15552:10 October 2016 at the 14747:19 October 2016 at the 14507:James C. Harle (1994). 14410:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 14065:9 February 2020 at the 13947:Edward P. Rice (1982). 13821:. Brill Archive. 1981. 13734:2 February 2017 at the 13662:, pp. 99–104, 218. 13570:Mark Singleton (2010). 13064:see: Flood (1996), 131. 12741:Braj B. Kachru (1981). 11005:McDaniel, June (2004). 10654:, page 332 with note 68 10458:. Bloomsbury Academic. 9985:Heather Elgood (2000). 9946:Heather Elgood (2000). 9406:George Cardona (1997). 9356:Laura Giuliano (2004). 9205:Loeschner, Hans (2012) 9015:The Essence of Hinduism 8418:Bhatta Narayanakantha, 8128:(Sanskrit: क्षेत्र). A 7264:Indian classical dances 6955:Shiva is a part of the 6918:empire and pre-Islamic 6710:Lingayatism emphasizes 6600: 6247:(lord, Shiva), and the 6243:(individual Self), the 6196:Tiruvannamalai district 5735:After the 10th century 5641:Dakshinamurti Upanishad 5624:Kalagni Rudra Upanishad 5586:Atharvashikha Upanishad 5569:Atharvashiras Upanishad 5556:Shiva, Atman, Brahman, 5508:Shaiva minor Upanishads 5410:champions monastic life 5287:Brahman (Vishnu), Atman 4893:temple, Yoni-Linga and 4852:The 7th to 8th-century 4800:of Advaita Vedanta and 3780:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2993:Timeline of Hindu texts 2898:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1926:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1581:Śabda (word, testimony) 819:Epic-Puranic chronology 787:Dravidian folk religion 20423:Monotheistic religions 19428:Eighteen Greater Texts 17980:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 17145:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17141:Pathak, V. S. (1960). 16838:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 16131:The Samnyasa Upanisads 15726:Fredrik Barth (1993). 14891:Saroj Panthey (1987). 14281:22 August 2018 at the 13621:Romila Thapar (2008). 13504:, pp. 7–8, 17–32. 13442:Jaideva Singh (1982). 12807:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12780:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12489:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11936:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11853:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11828:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11678:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11606:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11533:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11460:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11417:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11342:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 10666:The Samnyasa Upanisads 10614:. Rodopi. p. 63. 10251:Axel Michaels (2004). 10081:S. J. Vainker (1990). 9110:: Flood (1996), p. 29. 9004:, Academic Press, 2008 8425: 7397:Temples and pilgrimage 7387:Bhairavapadmavatikalpa 7229:Hindu performance arts 7225: 7163: 6934: 6827: 6826:in a Vajrayana temple. 6689: 6619: 6511: 6308: 6218: 5956: 5872: 5709:Bhasmajabala Upanishad 5692:Rudrahridaya Upanishad 5603:Brihajjabala Upanishad 5491: 5442: 4983: 4898: 4857: 4691: 4686:, 7th–8th century CE. 4662:Post-Gupta development 4618: 4483: 4376: 4350: 4219:Vedic-Brahmanical fold 4147:) is one of the major 3745:Eighteen Greater Texts 3374:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2803:Krishnananda Saraswati 2042:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1556:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1416:Titiksha (forbearance) 20181:Hindu gurus and sants 19433:Eighteen Lesser Texts 18677:Thewasathan Bot Phram 18647:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 18384:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 18351:Silver/Velli, Madurai 17975:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 17266:The World's Religions 17097:Oberlies, T. (1998). 16673:Flood, Gavin (1996). 16383:10.1163/9789004384361 16174:30 March 2017 at the 15980:Diana L. Eck (1998). 15765:Roshen Dalal (2010). 15433:Lee, Junghee (1993). 15334:Peter Harvey (1990). 14642:Stella Kramrisch 1993 14490:28 March 2017 at the 14443:Diana L. Eck (1998). 14069:, Pew Research (2012) 13935:R. Blake Michael 1992 13889:. Gale. p. 475. 13533:Jones & Ryan 2006 13428:12 March 2017 at the 13295:12 March 2017 at the 13191:Alexis Sanderson 2010 13019:Julia Leslie (1992). 12968:Jones & Ryan 2006 12875:18 March 2017 at the 12449:, pp. 349—462 in the 12403:Roshen Dalal (2010). 11318:, pp. 11, 51–52. 10920:K. Sivaraman (1973). 10776:Prem Prakash (1998). 10152:17 April 2019 at the 9892:Alexis Sanderson 2004 9622:Bakker, Hans (2014). 8568:Jones & Ryan 2006 8390: 8145:deals primarily with 8135:Many of the historic 8121:and nearby regions). 7223: 7161: 6928: 6821: 6687: 6614: 6509: 6382:), the author of the 6298: 6209: 5939: 5865:Kauai Hindu monastery 5863: 5769:About 7th century CE 5764:Pancabrahma Upanishad 5752:16th or 17th century 5675:Akshamalika Upanishad 5481: 5423: 5344:6. Reliable testimony 5331:3. Reliable testimony 5324:3. Reliable testimony 5315:3. Reliable testimony 5290:Brahman (Devi), Atman 4981: 4962:(feminine energy) or 4941:Beliefs and practices 4888: 4851: 4789:(Kailasha, cave 16), 4669: 4616: 4458: 4441:Emergence of Shaivism 4370: 4348: 4207:formation of Hinduism 3861:Varna-related topics: 3752:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3325:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2216:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2202:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2134:Philosophical schools 1436:Ahamkara (attachment) 1396:Vairagya (dispassion) 1324:Mokṣa-related topics: 20171:Anti-Hindu sentiment 18662:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 18617:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 18612:Iraivan temple (USA) 18394:Chidambaram (Ether) 18371:Panchabhuta Sthalams 17957:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 17396:The Presence of Śiva 17275:Essais sur le Rituel 17126:. Sarup & Sons. 16979:Mate, M. S. (1988). 16886:The Presence of Siva 15882:Ariel Glucklich 2008 15089:David Smith (2003). 15053:Indian Art in Detail 14800:Lise McKean (1996). 14519:–142, 191, 201–203. 14134:Gavin Flood (2008). 14106:"Shaivism in Tamils" 13986:Bill Aitken (1999). 13923:A. K. Ramanujan 1973 13777:Aya Ikegame (2013). 13729:Lingayat: Hindu sect 13553:4 March 2017 at the 13135:Gavin Flood (2007). 12889:Parmeshwaranand 2004 12660:Gavin Flood (2006). 12616:Guy L. Beck (1995). 12043:7 March 2017 at the 11194:Indo-Iranian Journal 9850:The Saiva Literature 9595:Indo-Iranian Journal 9219:Sino-Platonic Papers 9184:Asko Parpola(2009), 9020:24 July 2015 at the 8037:class=notpageimage| 7126:Sauraism (Sun deity) 6570:and his ideas about 6178:, formulated Shaiva 5890:) and householders ( 5527:Shaivism Upanishads 5447:The Saiva Literature 5405:Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga 5236:Recommends, Optional 5227:Recommends, Optional 5104:Vedas and Upanishads 5101:Vedas and Upanishads 5092:Scriptural authority 5078:Vaishnava Traditions 4709:. But following the 4474:state and next to a 3993:Hinduism and Jainism 2923:Vethathiri Maharishi 2828:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1391:Viveka (discernment) 766:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 225:Siddhanta Shikhamani 185:Scriptures and texts 20418:Hindu denominations 20277:Hinduism by country 19443:Iraiyanar Akapporul 19403:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 18642:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 18447:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 18399:Srikalahasthi (Air) 18379:Kanchipuram (Earth) 18295:Pancharama Kshetras 17985:Kanchipuram (Earth) 17970:Tirukalahasti (Air) 17965:Chidambaram (Ether) 17666:Shivarahasya Purana 17277:. Louvain: Peeters. 16843:Keay, John (2000). 16763:The Roots of Tantra 16658:. Clarendon Press. 16526:Motilal Banarsidass 16100:B Sarawati (1985). 16024:B Sarawati (1985). 15665:, pp. 245–249. 15653:, pp. 245–246. 15641:, pp. 243–244. 14868:17 May 2017 at the 14668:, pp. 319–333. 14632:, pp. 319–320. 13989:Divining the Deccan 13937:, pp. 168–175. 13523:, pp. 407–421. 13352:. D.K. Printworld. 13208:, pp. 671–673. 13166:, pp. 124–125. 13122:Tattwananda, p. 56. 13095:Tattwananda, p. 55. 12970:, pp. 375–376. 12946:, pp. 668–669. 12744:Kashmiri Literature 12606:, pp. 662–663. 12552:, pp. 667–668. 12479:, pp. 665–666. 12381:, pp. 124–129. 12357:, pp. 120–123. 12294:, pp. 140–141. 12211:, pp. 664–665. 12194:, pp. 660–663. 12143:, pp. 154–162. 11973:Sastri, AM (1950). 11228:, pp. 223–224. 10569:Lai Ah Eng (2008). 10372:, pp. 210–213. 10360:, pp. 208–209. 10345:, pp. 221–223. 10318:, pp. 206–207. 10297:, pp. 660–704. 10223:James Boon (1977). 9894:, pp. 349–352. 9879:, pp. 230–249. 9802:, pp. 206–214. 9790:, pp. 212–213. 9471:, pp. 153–154. 9249:South Asian Studies 9119:For translation of 9097:, pp. 204–205. 9042:Tattwananda, p. 54. 8756:, pp. 208–214. 8744:, p. 1, 66-70. 8719:on 20 October 2013. 8628:, pp. 202–204. 8585:, pp. 162–167. 8267:History of Shaivism 8262:Hindu denominations 8232:Sannyasa Upanishads 7248:Badami cave temples 7130:The sun god called 7012:architecture, from 6793:Jammu & Kashmir 6763:and the shastras." 6757:Palkuriki Somanatha 6731:Vijayanagara Empire 5591:1st millennium BCE 5574:1st millennium BCE 5553:1st millennium BCE 5528: 5445:—Alexis Sanderson, 5435:South India = 8,600 5429:(post-8th century) 5069: 4775:Badami cave temples 4765:, including in the 4763:Indian subcontinent 4588:Alexander the Great 4341:Origins and history 4175:non-theism such as 4051:Hinduism portal 3930:Hinduism by country 3766:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3710:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2793:Dayananda Saraswati 2778:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2684:Sripada Srivallabha 2624:Raghunatha Siromani 2589:Narasimha Saraswati 2489:Santadas Kathiababa 1561:Anumāṇa (inference) 671:Hinduism portal 34: 18695:Sukhothai province 18084:Kailash Mansarovar 17789:Pashupata Shaivism 17767:Hara Hara Mahadeva 17473:Alexis sanderson, 17370:Vasugupta (1992). 17286:. 90/91: 349–462. 16612:Rochester, Vermont 16567:Rochester, Vermont 16321:, pp. 14–32, 16077:Vivekananda Vol. 4 13609:Muller-Ortega 2010 13502:Muller-Ortega 2010 13490:Muller-Ortega 2010 12907:, pp. 209–210 12453:90—91 (2003—2004). 12391:Muller-Ortega 2010 11963:, p. 187-188. 11803:Beck, Guy (1995). 11729:AM Sastri (2001). 11719:, p. 274-286. 10829:10.1093/jhs/hit028 10452:Jan Gonda (1970). 10409:Hindu Spirituality 8848:Macdonell, p. 314. 7285:Seto Machindranath 7226: 7164: 7139:Srikanthiyasamhita 6935: 6828: 6690: 6620: 6587:Vajrayana Buddhism 6534:and his students. 6512: 6309: 6305:Karaikkal Ammaiyar 6219: 5957: 5932:Pashupata Atimargi 5873: 5747:Ganapati Upanishad 5666:Shiva as Sharabha 5658:Sharabha Upanishad 5548:Kaivalya Upanishad 5526: 5400:Videhamukti, Yoga, 5067: 4984: 4899: 4858: 4843:Paramesvarasamhita 4717:circa 500 CE, the 4692: 4619: 4484: 4377: 4351: 4295:The Sanskrit word 4236:in these regions. 3945:Caribbean Shaktism 3664:Kanakadhara Stotra 2913:U. G. Krishnamurti 2893:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2484:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2142:Six Astika schools 1386:Ānanda (happiness) 1365:Anātman (non-self) 442:Non - Saiddhantika 32: 20349: 20348: 20125: 20124: 19678: 19677: 19471: 19470: 19385:Sangam literature 19341:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 19189: 19188: 19005: 19004: 18714: 18713: 18346:Gold/Pon, Thillai 18229:Trilinga Kshetras 18187: 18186: 18117: 18116: 17383:978-0-7914-1264-0 17352:978-81-208-0544-6 17333:978-81-208-1569-8 17248:978-0-521-69534-3 17205:978-1-4008-6090-6 17184:978-0-14-044270-0 17163:978-1-4008-6006-7 17133:978-81-7625-427-4 17060:978-0-7914-3696-7 17041:978-1-4384-1385-3 17020:978-81-208-0776-1 16999:978-0-691-08953-9 16959:978-1-135-24061-5 16926:978-0-8160-7564-5 16896:978-0-691-01930-7 16875:978-0-8248-2779-3 16854:978-0-8021-3797-5 16814:978-9-8123-0937-2 16793:978-0-19-971825-2 16772:978-0-7914-5306-3 16753:978-0-7914-2440-7 16688:978-0-521-43878-0 16665:978-0-19-826523-8 16625:978-1-59477-736-3 16535:978-81-208-3638-9 16503:978-0-19-505742-3 16480:978-81-208-0053-3 16393:978-90-04-38246-6 16348:978-90-04-43266-6 16288:978-81-206-0122-2 16269:978-0-19-507349-2 16249:978-81-208-0567-5 16215:, pp. 11–12. 16140:978-0-19-507045-3 15993:978-0-231-11265-9 15954:978-81-321-1149-8 15915:978-1-85072-190-1 15817:978-1-78301-872-7 15778:978-0-14-341517-6 15739:978-0-226-03834-6 15700:978-602-17669-3-4 15419:978-81-8069-457-8 15380:978-0-8122-4560-8 15353:978-0-521-31333-9 15308:978-0-674-39189-5 15266:978-0-674-39189-5 15222:978-0-521-66369-4 15180:978-0-415-97361-8 15141:978-0-19-517667-4 15102:978-0-521-52865-8 15063:978-0-674-02691-9 15004:978-81-208-0877-5 14946:978-81-208-0877-5 14904:978-81-7099-016-1 14841:, pp. 96–97. 14813:978-0-226-56009-0 14774:978-81-208-3232-9 14727:978-81-208-1706-7 14592:978-81-246-0262-1 14526:978-0-300-06217-5 14456:978-0-231-11265-9 14429:978-0-521-43878-0 14231:978-81-206-0444-5 14182:978-0-415-45677-7 14147:978-0-470-99868-7 13999:978-0-19-564711-2 13960:978-81-206-0063-8 13896:978-0-684-80617-4 13790:978-1-136-23909-0 13634:978-0-14-306468-8 13611:, pp. 36–38. 13583:978-0-19-974598-2 13455:978-81-208-0323-7 13387:, pp. 16–17. 13359:978-81-246-0414-4 13322:978-94-017-9376-6 13255:978-0-7914-0180-4 13232:, pp. 45–47. 13032:978-81-208-1036-5 12993:978-0-89581-675-7 12820:978-0-52029-301-4 12793:978-0-52029-301-4 12754:978-3-447-02129-6 12715:978-1-55939-868-8 12673:978-1-84511-011-6 12629:978-81-208-1261-1 12502:978-81-208-1467-7 12416:978-0-14-341517-6 12393:, pp. 31–38. 12326:978-0-8239-3180-4 12155:, pp. 16–21. 12129:978-81-208-0407-4 12112:978-0-691-60308-7 12095:978-0-7914-0347-1 12078:978-81-208-0784-6 12061:978-90-420-1510-4 12034:978-0-7914-3068-2 11889:978-0-88920-158-3 11290:978-0-88706-431-9 11251:978-81-208-1892-7 11162:978-81-8069-544-5 11123:978-0-7914-2706-4 11057:978-90-04-15211-3 11018:978-0-19-534713-5 10933:978-81-208-1771-5 10894:978-0-299-15904-7 10855:978-1-59056-281-9 10789:978-0-89281-664-4 10699:978-0-521-43878-0 10582:978-981-230-754-5 10543:978-1-134-15774-7 10504:978-0-8006-9970-3 10465:978-1-4742-8080-8 10419:978-88-7652-818-7 10396:, pp. 17–18. 10197:978-981-4519-06-9 10121:978-1-4358-5617-2 10094:978-0-7141-1447-7 9998:978-0-304-70739-3 9959:978-0-304-70739-3 9917:978-0-520-28847-8 9762:978-0-520-01842-6 9708:978-94-93194-00-7 9661:Dandekar (1977). 9647:978-81-85067-10-0 9548:978-0-8122-7909-2 9523:978-0-231-14485-8 9419:978-81-208-1494-3 9334:, pp. 70–71. 9161:978-0-19-539534-1 9139:, pp. 28–29. 9063:, p. 66-106. 8973:978-0-415-45677-7 8694:978-81-208-0595-8 8674:978-88-7652-818-7 8648:978-0-521-48234-9 8609:978-81-208-1892-7 8478:, pp. 15–16. 8307:(illustration of 8282:Kashmiri Shaivism 8257:Chaturdasa Devata 7148:Vathula-Kalottara 7091:, but it praises 6965:Panchayatana puja 6562:) framework. The 6546:and 11th century 6532:Swami Lakshmanjoo 6115:) and pleasures ( 6003:by Kaudinya, the 5799: 5798: 5560:, Self-knowledge 5535:Composition date 5532:Shaiva Upanishad 5416: 5415: 5146:Brahman principle 5084:Smarta Traditions 5081:Shakta Traditions 5075:Shaiva Traditions 4930:Siwa (shaivaites) 4925:Balinese Hinduism 4635:Smarta Traditions 4595:Pāśupata Shaivism 4177:Kashmiri Shaivism 4151:, which worships 4141: 4087: 4086: 3938:Balinese Hinduism 3437:Markandeya Purana 2674:Satyanatha Tirtha 2629:Raghuttama Tirtha 2619:Raghavendra Swami 2459:Ramdas Kathiababa 1540:Sources of dharma 1406:Dama (temperance) 1401:Sama (equanimity) 767: 705: 704: 52: 51: 16:(Redirected from 20430: 20390: 20389: 20378: 20377: 20376: 20366: 20365: 20364: 20357: 20339: 20338: 20329: 20319: 20318: 20308: 20307: 20218:Pilgrimage sites 19972:Ganesh Chaturthi 19687: 19686: 19482: 19481: 19463:Vedarthasamgraha 19458:Vinayagar Agaval 19423:Five Great Epics 19398:Divya Prabandham 19311:Minor Upanishads 19055: 19054: 19025: 19024: 19013: 19012: 18793: 18792: 18759: 18751: 18741: 18734: 18727: 18718: 18717: 18701:Hx Phar Ishvaran 18485:Kashi Vishvanath 18214: 18207: 18200: 18191: 18190: 18177: 18167: 18166: 17877: 17876: 17821:Siddha Siddhanta 17784:Shaiva Siddhanta 17711:Om Namah Shivaya 17643: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17440: 17431: 17410: 17399: 17387: 17366: 17356: 17337: 17316: 17295: 17278: 17269: 17260: 17251: 17231: 17209: 17188: 17174:Speaking of Śiva 17167: 17146: 17137: 17116: 17110: 17102: 17093: 17070:Social Scientist 17064: 17045: 17024: 17003: 16984: 16975: 16968:Mallinson, James 16963: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16909: 16900: 16879: 16858: 16845:India: A History 16839: 16830: 16828: 16826: 16797: 16776: 16757: 16738: 16711: 16692: 16680: 16669: 16648: 16637: 16616:Inner Traditions 16600: 16571:Inner Traditions 16555: 16507: 16493: 16483: 16465: 16456: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16404: 16385: 16374:Brill Publishers 16359: 16340: 16330: 16319:Brill Publishers 16304: 16292: 16273: 16253: 16225: 16222: 16216: 16210: 16204: 16201: 16195: 16189: 16180: 16164: 16158: 16151: 16145: 16144: 16126: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16115: 16097: 16091: 16090:, pp. 92–95 16088:Venugopalam 2003 16085: 16079: 16074: 16068: 16062: 16056: 16050: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16021: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15977: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15966: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15927: 15899: 15893: 15879: 15870: 15860: 15854: 15840: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15762: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15751: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15681: 15675: 15672: 15666: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15642: 15636: 15630: 15624: 15618: 15612: 15599: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15581: 15563: 15557: 15545:Rk Sahu (2011), 15543: 15537: 15534: 15528: 15517: 15511: 15508: 15502: 15501: 15477: 15471: 15470: 15445:(3/4): 311–357. 15430: 15424: 15423: 15403: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15364: 15358: 15357: 15341: 15331: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15292: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15250: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15207:Nicholas Tarling 15203: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15164: 15158: 15157: 15155: 15153: 15125: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15114: 15086: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15047: 15041: 15027: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15016: 14988: 14982: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14930: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14888: 14882: 14879: 14873: 14860: 14854: 14848: 14842: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14825: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14786: 14758: 14752: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14715: 14702: 14696: 14690: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14621: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14576: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14565: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14514: 14504: 14495: 14482: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14468: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14417: 14407: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14369:Gudrun Bühnemann 14365: 14354: 14348: 14342: 14339: 14333: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14313: 14307: 14304: 14298: 14295: 14286: 14272: 14266: 14263: 14257: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14215: 14209: 14206:Chakravarti 1986 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14174:Julius J. 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Lipner 8962: 8956: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8907:, p. 21-23. 8905:Chakravarti 1994 8902: 8896: 8895:, p. 21-22. 8893:Chakravarti 1994 8890: 8884: 8870: 8861: 8858:Chakravarti 1994 8855: 8849: 8846: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8742:Chakravarti 1986 8739: 8733: 8732:, p. 66-70. 8730:Chakravarti 1986 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8686: 8677: 8666: 8651: 8640: 8629: 8623: 8612: 8601: 8586: 8580: 8571: 8565: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8519: 8510: 8507:Chakravarti 1986 8504: 8498: 8492: 8479: 8473: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8387: 8381: 8378:Chakravarti 1994 8375: 8368: 8362: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8301: 8277:Shaiva Siddhanta 8237:Jabala Upanishad 8147:Tirtha Mahatmyas 8023: 8022: 8007: 8006: 7991: 7990: 7975: 7974: 7959: 7958: 7941: 7940: 7923: 7922: 7905: 7904: 7887: 7886: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7861: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7818: 7810: 7809: 7792: 7791: 7783: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7765: 7764: 7749: 7748: 7733: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7691: 7683: 7682: 7669: 7668: 7660: 7659: 7644: 7643: 7628: 7627: 7612: 7611: 7596: 7595: 7578: 7577: 7562: 7561: 7546: 7545: 7530: 7529: 7514: 7513: 7498: 7497: 7482: 7481: 7466: 7465: 7448: 7447: 7432: 7431: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7321: 7310: 7053: 7044: 6957:Smarta Tradition 6951:Smarta Tradition 6797:Himachal Pradesh 6712:qualified monism 6524:Kashmiri Pandits 6515:Kashmir Shaivism 6502:Kashmir Shaivism 6496:Kashmir Shaivism 6381: 6375: 6265:Shaiva Siddhanta 6202:Shaiva Siddhanta 6188:Appayya Dikshita 6083: 6074: 6013:Rāśikara-bhāshya 5999:(commentary) on 5968: 5823:theistic dualism 5785:Jabali Upanishad 5529: 5500: 5489: 5449: 5123:None (Considers 5070: 5066: 5018: 4688:Hermitage Museum 4674:, worshipped in 4609:Puranic Shaivism 4536: 4520: 4512: 4400: 4306: 4300: 4278:Rigvedic deities 4268: 4260: 4228:. It arrived in 4199:Shaiva Siddhanta 4165:Shaiva Siddhanta 4161:dualistic theism 4149:Hindu traditions 4146: 4144:Śaivasampradāyaḥ 4136: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4009:and Christianity 3979:Pilgrimage sites 3909:Reform movements 3787:Vinayagar Agaval 3738:Five Great Epics 3687:Tamil literature 3586:Sushruta Samhita 3381:Bhavishya Purana 3367:Brahmanda Purana 3318:Bhagavata Purana 3246:Other scriptures 2808:Mahavatar Babaji 2383:Satyakama Jabala 2054:Ganesh Chaturthi 1908:Rites of passage 1421:Shraddha (faith) 839:Major traditions 765: 730: 707: 706: 697: 690: 683: 669: 668: 667: 448:Kashmir Shaivism 242:Three Components 77: 54: 53: 42: 35: 31: 21: 20438: 20437: 20433: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20428: 20427: 20398: 20397: 20396: 20384: 20374: 20372: 20362: 20360: 20352: 20350: 20345: 20312: 20298: 20121: 20090: 20081:Vasant Panchami 20015:Pahela Baishakh 19997:Makar Sankranti 19916: 19851: 19758: 19674: 19577: 19467: 19448:Abhirami Antati 19418:Kamba Ramayanam 19379: 19265: 19222: 19185: 19107: 19081: 19044: 19014: 19001: 18985:Vishishtadvaita 18922: 18782: 18761: 18745: 18715: 18710: 18583: 18515: 18487: 18441: 18403: 18365: 18327: 18289: 18280:Madhyamaheshwar 18251: 18223: 18218: 18188: 18183: 18155: 18113: 18109:Vadakkum Nathan 18062: 17989: 17951: 17913: 17904:Madhyamaheshwar 17866: 17852:Maha Shivaratri 17835: 17772: 17725:Mahāmrityunjaya 17692: 17644: 17635: 17592:Ardhanarishvara 17526: 17515: 17510: 17456: 17444: 17428: 17408: 17384: 17357:Second edition. 17353: 17334: 17313: 17249: 17228: 17206: 17185: 17164: 17134: 17104: 17103: 17082:10.2307/3518337 17061: 17042: 17021: 17000: 16960: 16936: 16934: 16927: 16897: 16876: 16855: 16824: 16822: 16815: 16794: 16773: 16754: 16735: 16708: 16689: 16666: 16626: 16581: 16536: 16512:Daniélou, Alain 16504: 16481: 16422: 16420: 16394: 16349: 16289: 16270: 16250: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16219: 16213:Kramrisch 1994a 16211: 16207: 16202: 16198: 16192:Kramrisch 1994a 16190: 16183: 16176:Wayback Machine 16165: 16161: 16152: 16148: 16141: 16127: 16123: 16113: 16111: 16098: 16094: 16086: 16082: 16075: 16071: 16063: 16059: 16053:Lochtefeld 2002 16051: 16047: 16037: 16035: 16022: 16013: 16003: 16001: 15994: 15978: 15974: 15964: 15962: 15955: 15939: 15935: 15925: 15923: 15916: 15900: 15896: 15884:, p. 146, 15880: 15873: 15861: 15857: 15851:Wayback Machine 15841: 15837: 15827: 15825: 15818: 15802: 15798: 15788: 15786: 15779: 15763: 15759: 15749: 15747: 15740: 15729:Balinese Worlds 15724: 15720: 15710: 15708: 15701: 15682: 15678: 15673: 15669: 15661: 15657: 15649: 15645: 15637: 15633: 15625: 15621: 15613: 15602: 15593: 15589: 15579: 15577: 15564: 15560: 15554:Wayback Machine 15544: 15540: 15535: 15531: 15518: 15514: 15509: 15505: 15498: 15478: 15474: 15451:10.2307/3250524 15431: 15427: 15420: 15404: 15400: 15390: 15388: 15381: 15365: 15361: 15354: 15332: 15328: 15318: 15316: 15309: 15293: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15251: 15242: 15232: 15230: 15223: 15204: 15200: 15190: 15188: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15151: 15149: 15142: 15126: 15122: 15112: 15110: 15103: 15087: 15083: 15073: 15071: 15064: 15048: 15044: 15038:Wayback Machine 15028: 15024: 15014: 15012: 15005: 14989: 14985: 14979:Wayback Machine 14970: 14966: 14956: 14954: 14947: 14931: 14924: 14914: 14912: 14905: 14889: 14885: 14880: 14876: 14870:Wayback Machine 14863:Nath Sampradaya 14861: 14857: 14853:, pp. 7–8. 14849: 14845: 14837: 14833: 14823: 14821: 14814: 14798: 14794: 14784: 14782: 14775: 14759: 14755: 14749:Wayback Machine 14742:YOGA IN ŚAIVISM 14739: 14735: 14728: 14703: 14699: 14691: 14684: 14678:Kramrisch 1994a 14676: 14672: 14664: 14660: 14652: 14648: 14640: 14636: 14628: 14624: 14616: 14612: 14602: 14600: 14593: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14561: 14554: 14538: 14534: 14527: 14505: 14498: 14492:Wayback Machine 14483: 14476: 14466: 14464: 14457: 14441: 14437: 14430: 14408: 14404: 14394: 14392: 14385: 14366: 14357: 14349: 14345: 14340: 14336: 14331: 14327: 14314: 14310: 14305: 14301: 14296: 14289: 14283:Wayback Machine 14273: 14269: 14264: 14260: 14255: 14251: 14241: 14239: 14232: 14216: 14212: 14204: 14200: 14192: 14188: 14172: 14168: 14157: 14155: 14148: 14132: 14125: 14115: 14113: 14108:. 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Self-evident 5316: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5062: 4972: 4943: 4921: 4883: 4819:Bhakti movement 4811: 4783:Elephanta Caves 4769:region such as 4696:Chandragupta II 4664: 4611: 4540:Shiva-bhagavata 4453: 4443: 4417: 4389:Lord of Animals 4365: 4359: 4343: 4313: 4253: 4203:Sanskritisation 4097: 4093: 4083: 4045: 4043: 4024: 4023: 4017: 3987: 3953: 3932: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3876: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3792: 3689: 3657: 3579:Charaka Samhita 3558:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3516:Shilpa Shastras 3495: 3448: 3332:Naradiya Purana 3304: 3299: 3274: 3248: 3207: 3071: 3003: 2987: 2956: 2948: 2938: 2937: 2883:Shirdi Sai Baba 2878:Sathya Sai Baba 2858:Ramana Maharshi 2762: 2729:Vadiraja Tirtha 2724:Vācaspati Miśra 2604:Srinivasacharya 2584:Narahari Tirtha 2564:Matsyendranatha 2549:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2514:Jagannatha Dasa 2504:Haridasa Thakur 2418: 2297: 2289: 2279: 2278: 2234: 2195:Vishishtadvaita 2144: 2136: 2126: 2125: 2079:Makar Sankranti 2059:Vasant Panchami 2022:Maha Shivaratri 2006: 1910: 1819: 1753: 1722: 1603: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1550: 1444: 1381:Prajña (wisdom) 1377: 1354: 1318: 1292: 1261: 1230: 1228:Meaning of life 1215:God in Hinduism 1204: 1168: 1166:Supreme reality 1143:Subtle elements 1132: 1113: 1107: 1097: 1096: 952: 921: 895: 887: 877: 876: 873: 840: 834: 824: 823: 768: 763:Hindu synthesis 759: 754: 701: 665: 663: 658: 657: 628: 620: 619: 550: 542: 541: 490: 418: 393: 391: 383: 382: 356:Maha Shivaratri 331: 323: 322: 282: 238: 230: 229: 186: 178: 177: 154: 94:(Supreme being) 92: 85: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20436: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20395: 20394: 20382: 20370: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20343: 20333: 20323: 20303: 20300: 20299: 20297: 20296: 20295: 20294: 20289: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20268: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20227: 20226: 20225: 20215: 20210: 20209: 20208: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20146: 20135: 20133: 20127: 20126: 20123: 20122: 20120: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20098: 20096: 20092: 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18930: 18924: 18923: 18921: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18838: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18801: 18799: 18790: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18780: 18775: 18772: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18744: 18743: 18736: 18729: 18721: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18698: 18688: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18593: 18591: 18585: 18584: 18582: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18534:Brihadeeswaram 18531: 18525: 18523: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18451: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18413: 18411: 18409:Pancheshwarams 18405: 18404: 18402: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18375: 18373: 18367: 18366: 18364: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18337: 18335: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18299: 18297: 18291: 18290: 18288: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18261: 18259: 18257:Pancha Kedaras 18253: 18252: 18250: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18233: 18231: 18225: 18224: 18217: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18194: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18181: 18171: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18125: 18123: 18122:Related topics 18119: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18079:Brihadeeswarar 18076: 18070: 18068: 18064: 18063: 18061: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18038:Ramanathaswamy 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 17999: 17997: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17961: 17959: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17923: 17921: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17885: 17883: 17874: 17868: 17867: 17865: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17843: 17841: 17837: 17836: 17834: 17833: 17831:Shaiva Smartas 17828: 17823: 17818: 17816:Veera Shaivism 17813: 17811:Trika Shaivism 17808: 17807: 17806: 17801: 17791: 17786: 17780: 17778: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17706: 17704: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17690: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17654: 17652: 17646: 17645: 17638: 17636: 17634: 17633: 17628: 17627: 17626: 17621: 17611: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17536: 17534: 17528: 17527: 17520: 17517: 17516: 17509: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17486: 17480: 17479: 17470: 17465: 17455: 17454:External links 17452: 17443: 17442: 17432: 17426: 17411: 17407:978-0691019307 17406: 17388: 17382: 17367: 17358: 17351: 17338: 17332: 17317: 17312:978-2855396668 17311: 17296: 17279: 17270: 17261: 17252: 17247: 17232: 17227:978-3447025225 17226: 17210: 17204: 17189: 17183: 17168: 17162: 17147: 17138: 17132: 17117: 17094: 17076:(3/4): 19–50. 17065: 17059: 17046: 17040: 17025: 17019: 17004: 16998: 16985: 16976: 16964: 16958: 16943: 16925: 16910: 16901: 16895: 16880: 16874: 16859: 16853: 16840: 16831: 16813: 16798: 16792: 16777: 16771: 16758: 16752: 16739: 16733: 16712: 16707:978-1405132510 16706: 16693: 16687: 16670: 16664: 16649: 16638: 16624: 16601: 16579: 16556: 16534: 16508: 16502: 16484: 16479: 16466: 16457: 16445:10.2307/596106 16439:(4): 230–249. 16428: 16406: 16392: 16361: 16347: 16306: 16294: 16287: 16274: 16268: 16255: 16248: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16217: 16205: 16196: 16194:, p. 164. 16181: 16159: 16146: 16139: 16121: 16092: 16080: 16069: 16057: 16045: 16011: 15992: 15972: 15953: 15933: 15914: 15894: 15871: 15868:978-0415590389 15855: 15835: 15816: 15796: 15777: 15757: 15738: 15718: 15699: 15676: 15667: 15663:Sanderson 2009 15655: 15651:Sanderson 2009 15643: 15639:Sanderson 2009 15631: 15619: 15617:, p. 243. 15615:Sanderson 2009 15600: 15587: 15558: 15538: 15529: 15512: 15503: 15496: 15472: 15425: 15418: 15398: 15379: 15359: 15352: 15326: 15307: 15284: 15265: 15240: 15221: 15198: 15179: 15159: 15140: 15120: 15101: 15081: 15062: 15042: 15022: 15003: 14983: 14964: 14945: 14922: 14903: 14883: 14874: 14855: 14851:Vasugupta 1992 14843: 14831: 14812: 14792: 14773: 14753: 14733: 14726: 14697: 14693:Sanderson 2009 14682: 14680:, p. 438. 14670: 14658: 14646: 14634: 14622: 14610: 14591: 14571: 14552: 14532: 14525: 14496: 14474: 14455: 14435: 14428: 14402: 14384:978-9004129023 14383: 14355: 14351:Sanderson 2009 14343: 14334: 14325: 14308: 14299: 14287: 14267: 14258: 14249: 14230: 14210: 14208:, p. 171. 14198: 14194:Sanderson 2009 14186: 14166: 14146: 14123: 14097: 14071: 14052: 14037: 14033:978-0231139212 14017: 13998: 13978: 13959: 13939: 13927: 13915: 13895: 13875: 13871:978-8120812383 13858: 13841: 13827: 13808: 13789: 13769: 13740: 13716: 13712:978-0813540689 13699: 13686:10.2307/600151 13664: 13652: 13633: 13613: 13601: 13582: 13559: 13537: 13525: 13521:Mallinson 2012 13506: 13494: 13482: 13473: 13454: 13434: 13412: 13398: 13389: 13385:Sanderson 1995 13377: 13373:Sanderson 2009 13365: 13358: 13340: 13321: 13301: 13274: 13254: 13234: 13230:Sanderson 1995 13222: 13218:Vasugupta 1992 13210: 13206:Sanderson 1988 13195: 13180: 13176:Sanderson 1995 13168: 13164:Sanderson 2009 13156: 13124: 13115: 13106: 13097: 13088: 13079: 13066: 13050: 13031: 13011: 12992: 12972: 12960: 12948: 12944:Sanderson 1988 12931: 12925:S. Arulsamy, 12918: 12909: 12897: 12881: 12859: 12847: 12838: 12826: 12819: 12799: 12792: 12772: 12753: 12733: 12714: 12691: 12672: 12647: 12628: 12608: 12604:Sanderson 1988 12596: 12587: 12585:, p. 171. 12575: 12566: 12562:Sanderson 1988 12554: 12550:Sanderson 1988 12537: 12533:978-9004178960 12520: 12501: 12481: 12477:Sanderson 1988 12464: 12455: 12434: 12415: 12395: 12383: 12371: 12359: 12344: 12325: 12296: 12292:Vasugupta 1992 12284: 12274: 12255: 12235: 12225: 12223:, p. 664. 12221:Sanderson 1988 12213: 12209:Sanderson 1988 12196: 12192:Sanderson 1988 12184: 12180:Sanderson 1988 12169: 12167:, p. 663. 12165:Sanderson 1988 12157: 12153:Sanderson 1995 12145: 12133: 12116: 12099: 12082: 12065: 12048: 12018: 11998: 11983: 11965: 11953: 11947:978-0895819819 11946: 11928: 11921: 11895: 11888: 11870: 11864:978-0895819819 11863: 11845: 11839:978-0895819819 11838: 11820: 11814:978-8120812611 11813: 11795: 11768: 11742:978-8185208091 11741: 11721: 11709: 11691:978-8120814677 11690: 11670: 11637: 11619:978-8120814677 11618: 11598: 11594:978-3520195036 11581: 11577:978-8876524813 11564: 11546:978-8120814677 11545: 11525: 11521:978-0814736500 11508: 11504:978-0195066289 11491: 11473:978-8120814677 11472: 11452: 11434:978-8120814677 11433: 11409: 11403:978-0192835765 11402: 11376: 11372:978-0814736500 11359: 11353:978-0895819819 11352: 11329: 11320: 11308: 11289: 11269: 11250: 11230: 11213: 11180: 11161: 11141: 11122: 11102: 11095: 11075: 11056: 11036: 11017: 10997: 10993:978-0815336112 10980: 10978:, p. 225. 10968: 10964:978-0791430675 10951: 10932: 10912: 10893: 10873: 10854: 10834: 10807: 10788: 10768: 10733: 10703: 10681: 10675:978-0195070453 10674: 10656: 10652:978-0812692983 10639: 10620: 10600: 10581: 10561: 10542: 10522: 10503: 10483: 10464: 10437: 10418: 10398: 10394:Sanderson 1988 10386: 10382:Sanderson 1988 10374: 10362: 10347: 10332: 10320: 10299: 10295:Sanderson 1988 10282: 10263: 10240: 10233: 10215: 10196: 10176: 10158: 10139: 10127: 10120: 10100: 10093: 10073: 10061: 10026: 10016: 9997: 9977: 9958: 9935: 9916: 9896: 9881: 9866: 9854: 9838: 9819: 9815:Sanderson 2009 9804: 9792: 9780: 9761: 9741: 9729: 9727:, p. 128. 9714: 9707: 9682: 9676:978-0028657332 9675: 9653: 9646: 9628: 9615: 9581: 9566: 9547: 9527: 9506: 9502:978-9004107588 9489: 9473: 9461: 9452: 9448:978-8121509992 9438:978-8120814684 9425: 9418: 9398: 9396:, p. 154. 9383: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9297: 9295:, p. 150. 9282: 9270: 9268:, p. 205. 9253: 9251:, 23(1), 31–37 9240: 9236:Res Orientales 9224: 9198: 9194:978-0521795661 9177: 9165: 9149:Mark Singleton 9141: 9129: 9112: 9099: 9074: 9065: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9026: 9006: 9002:978-0123695031 8989: 8957: 8955:Keay, p.xxvii. 8948: 8933: 8931:, p. 149. 8921: 8919:, p. 927. 8909: 8897: 8885: 8862: 8850: 8838: 8836:, p. 919. 8826: 8800: 8781: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8698: 8678: 8652: 8630: 8613: 8587: 8572: 8570:, p. 474. 8553: 8534: 8511: 8499: 8480: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8449: 8436: 8427: 8415: 8391: 8382: 8363: 8350: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8313: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8249: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8025: 8018: 8017: 8010: 8009: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7936: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7917: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7882: 7881: 7874: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7823: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7743: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7727: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7687: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7664: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7556: 7549: 7548: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7524: 7517: 7516: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7461: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7409: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7366: 7363: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7279: 7276: 7230: 7227: 7211:Matsyendranath 7155: 7154:Yoga movements 7152: 7127: 7124: 7058: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7030: 6987:Saguna Brahman 6952: 6949: 6939: 6936: 6840: 6837: 6791:as well as in 6789:Andhra Pradesh 6768: 6765: 6678:Main article: 6675: 6672: 6647:Matsyendranath 6605:Main article: 6602: 6599: 6500:Main article: 6497: 6494: 6411: 6408: 6404:Manikkavacagar 6388:(also spelled 6370:(also spelled 6339:Periya Puranam 6292: 6289: 6223:Śaivasiddhānta 6203: 6200: 6130:Southeast Asia 6088: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6047: 6044: 6021:Siddha-Ashrama 5955:and elsewhere. 5933: 5930: 5909: 5906: 5857: 5854: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721:are important 5715: 5712: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5551: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5509: 5506: 5485: 5472: 5469: 5431: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5379: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362:Shakti-advaita 5360: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5309: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293:Brahman, Atman 5291: 5288: 5285: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5007: 4971: 4968: 4942: 4939: 4920: 4917: 4882: 4881:Southeast Asia 4879: 4810: 4807: 4663: 4660: 4610: 4607: 4558:Shvetashvatara 4464:Vima Kadphises 4442: 4439: 4416: 4415:Vedic elements 4413: 4385:Pashupati seal 4361:Main article: 4358: 4355: 4342: 4339: 4312: 4309: 4252: 4249: 4226:Hindu kingdoms 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4015: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3882:Discrimination 3878: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3773:Abirami Antati 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3621:Ramcharitmanas 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3572:Pramana Sutras 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3544:Mimamsa Sutras 3540: 3537:Samkhya Sutras 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3502:Dharma Shastra 3497: 3496: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3136:Shvetashvatara 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3108:Brihadaranyaka 3103: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918:Upasni Maharaj 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2744:Vedanta Desika 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664:Samarth Ramdas 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2614:Purandara Dasa 2611: 2606: 2601: 2599:Nimbarkacharya 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2519:Jayanta Bhatta 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049:Raksha Bandhan 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931:Simantonnayana 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880:Carnatic music 1877: 1872: 1867: 1865:Bhagavata Mela 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1809:Kundalini yoga 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259:Stages of life 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220:God and gender 1217: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1153:Gross elements 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 954: 953: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 923: 922: 917: 914: 913: 908: 903: 897: 896: 891: 888: 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 867: 864: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 841: 838: 835: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 811: 809:Itihasa-Purana 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 740: 732: 731: 723: 722: 716: 715: 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 580:Manikkavacakar 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 510: 509: 508: 497: 496: 489: 488: 487: 486: 465: 460: 455: 439: 438: 427: 426: 417: 416: 411: 406: 400: 399: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 367: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 277: 272: 266: 265: 264:Three bondages 261: 260: 255: 250: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 193: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 168:Forms of Shiva 165: 160: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 130: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 101: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 62: 50: 49: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20435: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20381: 20371: 20369: 20359: 20358: 20355: 20342: 20334: 20332: 20328: 20324: 20322: 20314: 20313: 20311: 20301: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20283: 20282:Hindu temples 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20232: 20231: 20228: 20224: 20221: 20220: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20207: 20204: 20203: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20186:Hindu studies 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20156:Denominations 20154: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20141: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20132: 20128: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20097: 20093: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20002: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19965:Vijayadashami 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19927: 19925: 19923: 19919: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19892: 19891: 19888: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19865: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19858: 19854: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19782:Simantonayana 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19765: 19761: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19692: 19688: 19685: 19681: 19671: 19670: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19589: 19588: 19586: 19584: 19580: 19574: 19573: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19487: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19386: 19382: 19376: 19375: 19371: 19369: 19368:Yoga Vasistha 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19279:Bhagavad Gita 19277: 19276: 19274: 19272: 19268: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19231: 19229: 19225: 19219: 19218:Sthapatyaveda 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19200: 19198: 19196: 19192: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19114: 19110: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19084: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19059: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19047: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19017: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18986: 18982: 18980: 18979: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18933: 18931: 18929: 18925: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18798: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18764: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18742: 18737: 18735: 18730: 18728: 18723: 18722: 18719: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18686: 18682: 18681:sao ching cha 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18590: 18586: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18554:Kudalasangama 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18522: 18518: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18491:Trimbakeshwar 18489: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18465:Mahakaleshwar 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18452: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18438: 18437:Thondeshwaram 18435: 18433: 18432:Naguleshwaram 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18410: 18406: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18376: 18374: 18372: 18368: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18333:Pancha Sabhas 18330: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18300: 18298: 18296: 18292: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18258: 18254: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18230: 18226: 18222: 18221:Shiva temples 18215: 18210: 18208: 18203: 18201: 18196: 18195: 18192: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18170: 18162: 18161: 18158: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18124: 18120: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18065: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18048:Trimbakeshwar 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18023:Mahakaleshwar 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 18000: 17998: 17996: 17992: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17962: 17960: 17958: 17954: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17920: 17919:Pancha Sabhai 17916: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17886: 17884: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17872:Shiva temples 17869: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17826:Shiva Advaita 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17781: 17779: 17775: 17769: 17768: 17764: 17762: 17761: 17760:Shiva Mahimna 17757: 17755: 17754: 17750: 17748: 17747: 17743: 17741: 17740: 17736: 17734: 17733: 17732:Shiva Tandava 17729: 17727: 17726: 17722: 17720: 17719: 17715: 17713: 17712: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17703: 17699: 17695: 17689: 17688: 17684: 17682: 17681: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17642: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17616: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17589: 17588: 17585: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17550:Dakshinamurti 17548: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17524: 17518: 17514: 17507: 17502: 17500: 17495: 17493: 17488: 17487: 17484: 17477: 17476: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17451: 17449: 17438: 17433: 17429: 17427:81-8056-373-1 17423: 17419: 17418: 17412: 17409: 17403: 17398: 17397: 17389: 17385: 17379: 17375: 17374: 17368: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17348: 17344: 17339: 17335: 17329: 17325: 17324: 17318: 17314: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17280: 17276: 17271: 17267: 17262: 17258: 17253: 17250: 17244: 17240: 17239: 17233: 17229: 17223: 17219: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17197: 17196: 17190: 17186: 17180: 17176: 17175: 17169: 17165: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17148: 17144: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17125: 17124: 17118: 17114: 17108: 17100: 17095: 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17066: 17062: 17056: 17052: 17047: 17043: 17037: 17033: 17032: 17026: 17022: 17016: 17012: 17011: 17005: 17001: 16995: 16991: 16986: 16982: 16977: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16955: 16952:. Routledge. 16951: 16950: 16944: 16932: 16928: 16922: 16918: 16917: 16911: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16892: 16888: 16887: 16881: 16877: 16871: 16867: 16866: 16860: 16856: 16850: 16846: 16841: 16837: 16832: 16820: 16816: 16810: 16806: 16805: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16745: 16740: 16736: 16734:9780199340378 16730: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16713: 16709: 16703: 16699: 16694: 16690: 16684: 16679: 16678: 16671: 16667: 16661: 16657: 16656: 16650: 16646: 16645: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16580:0-89281-374-1 16576: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16563: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16527: 16523: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16509: 16505: 16499: 16495: 16492: 16485: 16482: 16476: 16472: 16467: 16463: 16458: 16454: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16429: 16418: 16414: 16413: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16362: 16358: 16354: 16350: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16307: 16305:Four volumes. 16302: 16301: 16295: 16290: 16284: 16280: 16275: 16271: 16265: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16245: 16241: 16236: 16235: 16221: 16214: 16209: 16200: 16193: 16188: 16186: 16178: 16177: 16173: 16170: 16163: 16156: 16150: 16142: 16136: 16132: 16125: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16096: 16089: 16084: 16078: 16073: 16067:, pp. 158-158 16066: 16061: 16055:, pp. 324-325 16054: 16049: 16033: 16029: 16028: 16020: 16018: 16016: 15999: 15995: 15989: 15985: 15984: 15976: 15960: 15956: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15937: 15921: 15917: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15898: 15891: 15887: 15883: 15878: 15876: 15869: 15865: 15859: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15839: 15823: 15819: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15800: 15784: 15780: 15774: 15770: 15769: 15761: 15745: 15741: 15735: 15731: 15730: 15722: 15706: 15702: 15696: 15692: 15691: 15686: 15685:Edi Sedyawati 15680: 15671: 15664: 15659: 15652: 15647: 15640: 15635: 15629:, p. 17. 15628: 15623: 15616: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15597: 15591: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15562: 15555: 15551: 15548: 15542: 15533: 15526: 15522: 15516: 15507: 15499: 15497:0-8239-2287-1 15493: 15489: 15485: 15484: 15476: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15439:Artibus Asiae 15436: 15429: 15421: 15415: 15411: 15410: 15402: 15386: 15382: 15376: 15372: 15371: 15363: 15355: 15349: 15345: 15340: 15339: 15330: 15314: 15310: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15291: 15289: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15228: 15224: 15218: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15202: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15172: 15171: 15163: 15147: 15143: 15137: 15133: 15132: 15124: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15094: 15093: 15085: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15054: 15046: 15039: 15035: 15032: 15026: 15010: 15006: 15000: 14996: 14995: 14987: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14968: 14952: 14948: 14942: 14938: 14937: 14929: 14927: 14910: 14906: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14887: 14878: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14859: 14852: 14847: 14840: 14835: 14819: 14815: 14809: 14805: 14804: 14796: 14780: 14776: 14770: 14766: 14765: 14757: 14750: 14746: 14743: 14737: 14729: 14723: 14719: 14714: 14713: 14707: 14701: 14694: 14689: 14687: 14679: 14674: 14667: 14662: 14655: 14650: 14644:, p. 57. 14643: 14638: 14631: 14626: 14619: 14614: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14584: 14583: 14575: 14559: 14555: 14553:90-04-06498-2 14549: 14545: 14544: 14536: 14528: 14522: 14518: 14513: 14512: 14503: 14501: 14493: 14489: 14486: 14481: 14479: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14439: 14431: 14425: 14421: 14416: 14415: 14406: 14390: 14386: 14380: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14364: 14362: 14360: 14352: 14347: 14338: 14329: 14321: 14320: 14312: 14303: 14294: 14292: 14284: 14280: 14277: 14271: 14262: 14253: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14214: 14207: 14202: 14195: 14190: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14170: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14139: 14138: 14130: 14128: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14056: 14049: 14044: 14042: 14034: 14030: 14024: 14022: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13991: 13990: 13982: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13952: 13951: 13943: 13936: 13931: 13924: 13919: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13879: 13872: 13868: 13862: 13855: 13854:9788124601457 13851: 13845: 13830: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13812: 13796: 13792: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13773: 13757: 13753: 13752: 13744: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13713: 13709: 13703: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13656: 13640: 13636: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13617: 13610: 13605: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13575: 13574: 13566: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13544: 13542: 13534: 13529: 13522: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13503: 13498: 13491: 13486: 13477: 13461: 13457: 13451: 13447: 13446: 13438: 13431: 13427: 13424: 13419: 13417: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13374: 13369: 13361: 13355: 13351: 13344: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13314: 13313: 13305: 13298: 13294: 13291: 13285: 13283: 13281: 13279: 13261: 13257: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13238: 13231: 13226: 13219: 13214: 13207: 13202: 13200: 13192: 13187: 13185: 13178:, p. 24. 13177: 13172: 13165: 13160: 13144: 13140: 13139: 13131: 13129: 13119: 13110: 13101: 13092: 13083: 13076: 13070: 13063: 13060: 13054: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13015: 12999: 12995: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12957: 12952: 12945: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12928: 12922: 12913: 12906: 12901: 12894: 12890: 12885: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12866: 12864: 12856: 12851: 12842: 12835: 12830: 12822: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12803: 12795: 12789: 12785: 12784: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12737: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12698: 12696: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12665: 12664: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12635: 12631: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12612: 12605: 12600: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12570: 12563: 12558: 12551: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12508: 12504: 12498: 12494: 12493: 12485: 12478: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12459: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12380: 12379:Daniélou 1987 12375: 12368: 12367:Dasgupta 1955 12363: 12356: 12355:Daniélou 1987 12351: 12349: 12332: 12328: 12322: 12318: 12313: 12312: 12303: 12301: 12293: 12288: 12278: 12262: 12258: 12256:90-04-10789-4 12252: 12248: 12247: 12239: 12229: 12222: 12217: 12210: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12174: 12166: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12142: 12137: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12080:, pages 11–18 12079: 12075: 12069: 12063:, pages 54–56 12062: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12025: 12023: 12016:, pages 27–28 12015: 12014:0-415-21527-7 12011: 12007: 12006:Julius Lipner 12002: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11962: 11957: 11949: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11922:0-7914-2440-5 11918: 11914: 11909: 11908: 11899: 11891: 11885: 11881: 11874: 11866: 11860: 11856: 11849: 11841: 11835: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11810: 11806: 11799: 11783: 11779: 11772: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11725: 11718: 11713: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11674: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11611: 11610: 11602: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11579:, pages 24-25 11578: 11574: 11568: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11523:, pages 85–86 11522: 11518: 11512: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11413: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11389: 11380: 11374:, pages 60–88 11373: 11369: 11363: 11355: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11324: 11317: 11312: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11281: 11273: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11234: 11227: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11208: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11106: 11098: 11096:9780983784722 11092: 11088: 11087: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10885: 10877: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10772: 10753: 10746: 10745: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10677: 10671: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10627: 10623: 10621:90-420-1510-1 10617: 10613: 10612: 10604: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10565: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10526: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10487: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10425: 10421: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10402: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10371: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10352: 10344: 10339: 10337: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10296: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10270: 10266: 10264:0-691-08952-3 10260: 10256: 10255: 10247: 10245: 10236: 10234:0-521-21398-3 10230: 10226: 10219: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10180: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10123: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10104: 10096: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9981: 9965: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9942: 9940: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9900: 9893: 9888: 9886: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9864:, p. 17. 9863: 9858: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9745: 9739:, p. 46. 9738: 9733: 9726: 9725:Daniélou 1987 9721: 9719: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9619: 9610: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9585: 9578: 9577:Lorenzen 1987 9573: 9571: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9470: 9465: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9388: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9346:, p. 70. 9345: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9310:, p. 69. 9309: 9304: 9302: 9294: 9289: 9287: 9280:, p. 66. 9279: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9202: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9163:, pages 25–34 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9145: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9124: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8952: 8946:, p. 17. 8945: 8940: 8938: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8869: 8867: 8860:, p. 28. 8859: 8854: 8845: 8843: 8835: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8788: 8784: 8782:90-04-04330-6 8778: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8731: 8726: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8696:, pages 43–44 8695: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8611:, pages 16–19 8610: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8577: 8569: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8541: 8537: 8535:9781118323038 8531: 8527: 8526: 8518: 8516: 8508: 8503: 8496: 8495:Bisschop 2011 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8477: 8476:Bisschop 2020 8472: 8468: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8431: 8421: 8413: 8389:For example: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8317: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8188:Mahakaleshwar 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8142:Skanda Purana 8138: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8099:Mahadevagriha 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083:Bhuvaneshvara 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8038: 8029: 8013: 7997: 7981: 7965: 7949: 7948: 7931: 7930: 7913: 7912: 7895: 7894: 7877: 7852: 7800: 7799: 7755: 7739: 7723: 7707: 7650: 7634: 7618: 7602: 7586: 7585: 7568: 7552: 7536: 7520: 7504: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7455: 7438: 7422: 7421: 7406: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268:Bharatanatyam 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7240:Natya Shastra 7236: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7160: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7119:Skanda Purana 7114: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7076:Vishnu Purana 7066: 7062: 7052: 7043: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7006:Kushan Empire 7003: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6945: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6872:Bhattara Guru 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6813:Uttar Pradesh 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6740:Basava Purana 6736: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548:Abhinavagupta 6545: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6153:Shaiva Agamas 6149: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6073: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5953:Uttar Pradesh 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802:Shaiva Agamas 5795: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5430: 5427: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5334:1. Perception 5333: 5327:1. Perception 5326: 5320:1. Perception 5319: 5311:1. Perception 5310: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223:Vegetarianism 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111:Supreme deity 5110: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4988:Vedic-Puranik 4986: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4839:Padmasamhita, 4836: 4835:Isvarasamhita 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817:launched the 4816: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649:Skanda Purāṇa 4645: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4577:Kushan Empire 4573: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486:According to 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4335:mixed schools 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4259: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4157:Supreme Being 4154: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4133:शैवसम्प्रदायः 4130: 4124: 4091: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3952:Hindu culture 3950: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904:Organisations 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3628:Yoga Vasistha 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3593:Natya Shastra 3590: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3530:Brahma Sutras 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476:Sthapatyaveda 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469:Gandharvaveda 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3430:Varaha Purana 3427: 3425: 3424: 3423:Skanda Purana 3420: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3360:Brahma Purana 3357: 3355: 3354: 3353:Garuda Purana 3350: 3348: 3347: 3346:Matsya Purana 3343: 3341: 3340: 3339:Vāmana Purana 3336: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3311:Vishnu Purana 3308: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3255:Bhagavad Gita 3252: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838:Radhakrishnan 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2818:Narayana Guru 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2798:Jaggi Vasudev 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2788:Chinmayananda 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649:Ramprasad Sen 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 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2209:Shuddhadvaita 2206: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890:Kalaripayattu 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Bharatanatyam 1823: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Nritta-Nritya 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 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18003:Bhimashankar 17995:Jyotirlingas 17847:Kanwar Yatra 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17718:Rudrashtakam 17716: 17709: 17685: 17678: 17673:Shiva Purana 17671: 17664: 17657: 17521: 17512: 17475:Publications 17474: 17463:, "Shaivism" 17460: 17445: 17436: 17416: 17395: 17372: 17362: 17342: 17322: 17301: 17283: 17274: 17268:. Routledge. 17265: 17256: 17237: 17217: 17214:Rocher, Ludo 17194: 17173: 17152: 17142: 17122: 17098: 17073: 17069: 17050: 17030: 17009: 16989: 16980: 16971: 16948: 16935:. Retrieved 16915: 16905: 16885: 16864: 16844: 16835: 16823:. Retrieved 16803: 16782: 16762: 16743: 16716: 16697: 16676: 16654: 16643: 16606: 16561: 16516: 16488: 16470: 16461: 16436: 16432: 16421:, retrieved 16411: 16365: 16310: 16299: 16278: 16259: 16239: 16220: 16208: 16199: 16167: 16162: 16154: 16149: 16130: 16124: 16112:. Retrieved 16102: 16095: 16083: 16072: 16065:Harding 1998 16060: 16048: 16036:. Retrieved 16026: 16002:. Retrieved 15982: 15975: 15963:. Retrieved 15943: 15936: 15924:. Retrieved 15904: 15897: 15889: 15885: 15858: 15838: 15826:. Retrieved 15806: 15799: 15787:. Retrieved 15767: 15760: 15748:. Retrieved 15728: 15721: 15709:. Retrieved 15689: 15679: 15670: 15658: 15646: 15634: 15622: 15595: 15590: 15578:. 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Retrieved 10844: 10837: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10798:. Retrieved 10778: 10771: 10759:. Retrieved 10752:the original 10743: 10736: 10724:. Retrieved 10715: 10706: 10665: 10659: 10642: 10630:. Retrieved 10610: 10603: 10591:. Retrieved 10571: 10564: 10552:. Retrieved 10532: 10525: 10513:. Retrieved 10493: 10486: 10474:. Retrieved 10454: 10428:. Retrieved 10408: 10401: 10389: 10377: 10365: 10323: 10273:. Retrieved 10253: 10224: 10218: 10206:. Retrieved 10186: 10179: 10142: 10130: 10110: 10103: 10083: 10076: 10064: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10019: 10007:. Retrieved 9987: 9980: 9968:. Retrieved 9948: 9926:. Retrieved 9906: 9899: 9857: 9849: 9822: 9795: 9783: 9771:. Retrieved 9751: 9744: 9732: 9697: 9666: 9656: 9637: 9631: 9623: 9618: 9599: 9593: 9584: 9557:. Retrieved 9537: 9530: 9514: 9509: 9492: 9476: 9464: 9455: 9428: 9408: 9401: 9374:. 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Retrieved 8524: 8509:, p. 1. 8502: 8471: 8452: 8439: 8430: 8419: 8392: 8385: 8380:, p. 9. 8373:Śvetāśvatara 8366: 8353: 8344: 8335: 8326: 8316: 8309:Urdhva Retas 8308: 8242: 8235: 8234:such as the 8224:Grishneshwar 8200:Bhimashankar 8184:Mallikarjuna 8171: 8165: 8162:pancha-ganga 8161: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8123: 8113:(Bali), and 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8067:Jyotirlingam 8066: 8063:Shambhunatha 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8048: 7980:Ketheeswaram 7964:Naguleswaram 7945: 7927: 7909: 7891: 7875: 7851:Bhairavanath 7850: 7796: 7753: 7737: 7721: 7705: 7582: 7452: 7418: 7391: 7386: 7384: 7375: 7368: 7356: 7340: 7289: 7281: 7252:Ellora Caves 7245: 7238: 7232: 7215:Gorakshanath 7196: 7190: 7178: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7147: 7144:Saurasamhita 7143: 7138: 7131: 7129: 7117: 7115: 7101: 7096: 7074: 7072: 7009: 6998:Gupta Empire 6994:Adi Shankara 6991: 6975: 6969: 6954: 6941: 6885: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6853: 6842: 6829: 6811:and central 6770: 6745:Bukka Raya I 6738: 6728: 6723: 6709: 6691: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6651:Gorakshanath 6635: 6621: 6590: 6576: 6571: 6563: 6540:Pratyabhijna 6536: 6513: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6413: 6397: 6394:Tirumantiram 6393: 6390:Tirumandiram 6389: 6385:Tirumantiram 6383: 6366: 6343: 6337: 6324: 6310: 6285: 6261: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6220: 6214: 6173: 6158: 6150: 6134:Khmer Empire 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6053: 6049: 6025: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5976:Shiva Sutras 5975: 5963: 5958: 5911: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5869:Kauai Island 5843: 5825:to absolute 5820: 5805: 5783: 5762: 5745: 5728: 5707: 5690: 5673: 5656: 5639: 5622: 5601: 5584: 5567: 5546: 5518: 5511: 5498:Śvetāśvatara 5494: 5492: 5482: 5474: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5336:2. Inference 5329:2. Inference 5322:2. Inference 5313:2. Inference 5301:Epistemology 5063: 5052: 5045: 5044:book of the 5042:Shanti Parva 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4973: 4963: 4959: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4900: 4895:Hindu temple 4863: 4859: 4854:Shore Temple 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4812: 4798:Adi Shankara 4795: 4787:Ellora Caves 4756: 4719:Gupta Empire 4693: 4676:Central Asia 4655:Linga Purāṇa 4653: 4647: 4643:Shiva Purāṇa 4641: 4639: 4633:, Shaktism, 4623:Gupta Empire 4620: 4592: 4569: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544:ayah sulikah 4543: 4539: 4529: 4524: 4485: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4395: 4378: 4352: 4323: 4318:spirituality 4314: 4294: 4289: 4288:to the noun 4285: 4280:, including 4271: 4254: 4238: 4223: 4193: 4171:-orientated 4089: 4088: 4011: / 4007: / 4003: / 3999: / 3997:and Buddhism 3995: / 3959:Architecture 3922:Other topics 3860: 3843: 3815:Four varnas: 3814: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3600:Panchatantra 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3551:Nyāya Sūtras 3549: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3509:Artha Śastra 3507: 3500: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3416:Kūrma Purana 3414: 3409:Linga Purana 3407: 3402:Shiva Purana 3400: 3393: 3388:Padma Purana 3386: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3286: 3279: 3264:s (Hinduism) 3261: 3253: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3174:Atharvaveda: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3038: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 2888:Shraddhanand 2863:Ravi Shankar 2843:R. D. Ranade 2704:Śyāma Śastri 2699:Swaminarayan 2659:Rupa Goswami 2569:Morya Gosavi 2529:Jiva Goswami 2429:Adi Shankara 2255:Pratyabhijña 2239: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2179: 1986:Samavartanam 1966:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1951:Annaprashana 1875:Dandiya Raas 1850:Mohiniyattam 1743:Nididhyāsana 1548:Epistemology 1480:Brahmacharya 1360:Ātman (self) 1323: 1267:Brahmacharya 1196:Saccidānanda 1148:Panchikarana 1024: 957: 948: / 944:Other major 868: 845: 802: 801: 756: 493: 453:Pratyabhijna 441: 440: 430:Saiddhantika 429: 428: 423:Mantra marga 421: 396: 346:Panchakshara 303:Satkaryavada 220:Svetasvatara 93: 89:Parameshvara 87: 66: 29: 20341:WikiProject 20213:Persecution 20201:Nationalism 20191:Iconography 20071:Ratha Yatra 19982:Janmashtami 19977:Rama Navami 19905:Vanaprastha 19856:Varnashrama 19832:Ritushuddhi 19817:Vidyarambha 19807:Chudakarana 19797:Nishkramana 19772:Garbhadhana 19413:Thirukkural 19408:Thiruppugal 19336:Nāradasmṛti 19299:Mahabharata 19077:Atharvaveda 18955:Vaisheshika 18842:Puruṣārthas 18521:Significant 18506:Rameshwaram 18470:Omkareshwar 18422:Koneshwaram 18313:Ksheerarama 18308:Daksharamam 18247:Kaleshwaram 18237:Daksharamam 18151:Other names 18033:Omkareshwar 18018:Mallikarjun 17881:Panch Kedar 17753:Shri Rudram 17739:Sahasranama 17468:Saivism.Net 17218:The Puranas 17177:. Penguin. 16338:1887/135642 14666:Lipner 2012 14654:Lipner 2012 14630:Lipner 2012 14618:Rocher 1986 14050:, p. 7 13873:, pages 2–3 12891:, pp. 12038:pages 16–17 11984:81-85141029 11316:Pathak 1960 10761:13 December 10726:13 December 10718:. Philtar. 9877:Briggs 1951 9525:, Chapter 1 9238:, 17, 41–53 9173:Samuel 2008 8981:pantheistic 8212:Vaidyanatha 8204:Visheshvara 8192:Omkareshwar 8178:. They are 8167:jyotirlinga 8055:Shivayatana 8028:Tondeswaram 8012:Munneswaram 7911:Chandranath 7798:Chidambaram 7535:Rameshwaram 7471:Omkareshwar 7371:Hindu kings 7329:Kizil Caves 7293:Kizil Caves 7260:Chidambaram 7097:Mahabharata 7032:Vaishnavism 7010:pancayatana 6809:Maharashtra 6693:Lingayatism 6680:Lingayatism 6674:Lingayatism 6660:jivan-mukti 6583:Vaishnavism 6564:Siva Sutras 6447:Ganachakras 6399:Tiruvacakam 6336:called the 6269:south India 6125:Mantramarga 5882:Mantramarga 5381:Jivanmukta, 5376:Soteriology 5273:Metaphysics 5164:Significant 5161:Key concept 5125:Parabrahman 5087:References 5047:Mahabharata 5010:Non-Puranik 4827:Mahabharata 4809:South India 4748:South India 4715:Alchon Huns 4707:Vaishnavism 4670:Shiva with 4631:Vaishnavism 4621:During the 4581:Zoroastrian 4571:Mahabharata 4488:Gavin Flood 4472:ithyphallic 4431:Satarudriya 4404:Gavin Flood 4286:Rudra-Shiva 4005:and Judaism 4001:and Sikhism 3969:Iconography 3894:Nationalism 3887:Persecution 3671:Shiva Stuti 3565:Yoga Sutras 3395:Agni Purana 3297:Other texts 3288:Mahabharata 3031:Atharvaveda 2928:Vivekananda 2853:Rama Tirtha 2848:Ramakrishna 2823:Nigamananda 2813:Mahesh Yogi 2689:Sripadaraja 2679:Siddheshwar 2574:Mukundarāja 2554:Madhusūdana 2544:Kanaka Dasa 2464:Chakradhara 2408:Yajnavalkya 2398:Vishvamitra 2267:Pancharatra 2165:Vaisheshika 2121:Ratha Yatra 2069:Janmashtami 2064:Rama Navami 1981:Ritushuddhi 1956:Chudakarana 1946:Nishkramana 1916:Garbhadhana 1885:Pandav Lila 1794:Bhakti yoga 1679:Prāyaścitta 1450:Niti śastra 1298:Bhakti yoga 1277:Vānaprastha 1092:Vishvakarma 1025:Post-Vedic: 861:Vaishnavism 803:Traditional 648:Jyotirlinga 517:Lingayatism 513:Veerashaiva 436:Siddhantism 205:Shivasutras 20402:Categories 20042:Kumbh Mela 20010:Gudi Padwa 19955:Durga Puja 19940:Shivaratri 19812:Karnavedha 19792:Namakarana 19754:Tirthatana 19521:Dattatreya 19358:Subhashita 19331:Manusmriti 19208:Dhanurveda 19141:Taittiriya 19126:Kaushitaki 19113:Upanishads 18886:Aparigraha 18788:Philosophy 18569:Thiruvarur 18501:Nageshvara 18496:Vaidyanath 18318:Kumararama 18285:Kalpeshwar 18134:Rasalingam 18058:Vishwanath 18053:Vaidyanath 17909:Kalpeshwar 17862:Shiva Puja 17777:Traditions 17575:Tatpurusha 14242:8 February 14116:31 January 14090:31 January 14035:, page 104 13856:, page 983 13828:9004063706 12905:Flood 2003 12583:Flood 1996 12141:Gonda 1977 11506:, page 168 11226:Flood 2003 10976:Flood 1996 10966:, page 238 10370:Flood 2003 10358:Flood 2003 10343:Flood 2003 10328:Flood 2003 10316:Flood 2003 9800:Flood 2003 9788:Flood 2003 9469:Flood 1996 9394:Flood 1996 9293:Flood 1996 9266:Flood 2003 9137:Flood 1996 9095:Flood 2003 8944:Flood 1996 8929:Flood 1996 8819:1 February 8754:Flood 2003 8650:, page 116 8626:Flood 2003 8583:Flood 1996 8464:References 8447:of Vishnu. 8243:The early 8220:Rameshvara 8216:Nageshvara 8196:Kedarnatha 8091:Harayatana 8079:Bhavaggana 8071:Shristhala 7996:Koneswaram 7193:Hatha Yoga 7065:Kbal Spean 6910:) and the 6896:Tamil Nadu 6876:Bhattaraka 6801:Uttrakhand 6773:Tamil Nadu 6724:Ishtalinga 6552:Kshemaraja 6544:Utpaladeva 6520:Hindu Kush 6317:Tamil Nadu 6227:sampradaya 6005:Gaṇakārikā 5972:asceticism 5900:(goddess) 5856:Traditions 5835:bhedabheda 5541:Reference 5372:Liberation 5352:Philosophy 5189:Recommends 5180:Recommends 4933:Sampradaya 4870:Gudimallam 4767:Hindu Kush 4703:Vaishnavas 4684:Uzbekistan 4652:, and the 4533:Mahābhāṣya 4445:See also: 4327:nondualism 3845:Varna-less 3717:Tiruppukal 3678:Vayu Stuti 3642:Panchadasi 3635:Swara yoga 3523:Kama Sutra 3462:Dhanurveda 3122:Taittiriya 3100:Yajurveda: 3092:Kaushitaki 3069:Upanishads 3061:Upanishads 2985:Scriptures 2833:Prabhupada 2749:Vidyaranya 2634:Ram Charan 2609:Prabhākara 2524:Jayatīrtha 2474:Dadu Dayal 2469:Chāngadeva 2328:Bharadwaja 2318:Ashtavakra 2084:Kumbh Mela 2032:Durga Puja 1961:Karnavedha 1941:Nāmakaraṇa 1870:Yakshagana 1799:Karma yoga 1789:Jnana yoga 1784:Hatha yoga 1721:Meditation 1694:Tirthadana 1475:Aparigraha 1331:Paramātman 1316:Liberation 1308:Karma yoga 1303:Jnana yoga 1032:Dattatreya 832:Traditions 757:Historical 570:Utpaladeva 537:Indonesian 522:Siddharism 313:Svatantrya 308:Abhasavada 293:36 Tattvas 237:Philosophy 121:Virabhadra 20265:Theosophy 20196:Mythology 20176:Criticism 20144:Etymology 20102:Svādhyāya 20001:New Year 19950:Navaratri 19922:Festivals 19900:Grihastha 19873:Kshatriya 19847:Antyeshti 19822:Upanayana 19787:Jatakarma 19777:Pumsavana 19764:Sanskaras 19729:Naivedhya 19683:Practices 19628:Mahavidya 19596:Saraswati 19583:Goddesses 19541:Kartikeya 19438:Athichudi 19393:Tirumurai 19246:Vyākaraṇa 19213:Natyaveda 19161:Chandogya 19086:Divisions 19067:Yajurveda 18574:Khajuraho 18475:Kedarnath 18460:Srisailam 18303:Amararama 18275:Rudranath 18265:Kedarnath 18242:Srisailam 18094:Lingaraja 18089:Katas Raj 18028:Nageshvar 18013:Kedarnath 17899:Rudranath 17889:Kedarnath 17687:Tirumurai 17614:Kartikeya 17570:Sadyojata 17107:cite book 17101:. Vienna. 16597:191033152 16552:169604069 16514:(2017) . 16402:158081966 16357:229212351 15890:mahatmyas 15627:Gray 2016 15459:0004-3648 15298:Hindu Art 15256:Hindu Art 14720:–12, 59. 13624:Somanatha 12337:27 August 11993:863321204 11751:604013222 11388:Upaniṣads 10712:"Shaivas" 10056:162904592 8917:Apte 1965 8834:Apte 1965 8767:Jan Gonda 8075:Chattraka 8059:Shivalaya 7947:Katas Raj 7876:Taraknath 7754:Khajuraho 7722:Badrinath 7673:Sivasagar 7633:Kedarnath 7584:Kathmandu 7567:Jageshwar 7437:Srisailam 7256:Khajuraho 7018:Karnataka 6929:A seated 6916:Majapahit 6908:lingayats 6892:Karnataka 6839:Influence 6781:Telangana 6777:Karnataka 6616:Goraknath 6595:Somananda 6568:Vasugupta 6443:abhicarah 6379:Tirumūlar 6373:Tirumūlār 6368:Tirumular 6354:Sambandar 6326:Tirumurai 6281:Singapore 6273:Sri Lanka 6237:Meykandar 6232:Tirumurai 6211:Tirumular 6192:Karnataka 6091:Tripundra 6032:Rajasthan 5987:Lakulisha 5966:Pāśupatas 5962:: (IAST: 5960:Pashupata 5949:Rajasthan 5941:Lakulisha 5893:grihastha 5808:cosmology 5613:Tripundra 5501:Upanishad 5280:(Shiva), 5244:Free will 5196:Rituals, 5127:to be so) 4919:Indonesia 4891:Prambanan 4866:svayambhu 4791:Khajuraho 4740:Vardhanas 4736:Kalacuris 4732:Maitrakas 4728:Maukharis 4724:Aulikaras 4700:Bhagavata 4680:Penjikent 4563:Upanishad 4526:Patanjali 4510:Prajāpati 4230:Southeast 4138:romanized 4019:Criticism 4013:and Islam 3974:Mythology 3827:Kshatriya 3759:Athichudi 3696:Tirumurai 3614:Tirumurai 3223:Vyākaraṇa 3159:Chandogya 3151:Samaveda: 3039:Divisions 3017:Yajurveda 2977:Ātmatuṣṭi 2933:Yogananda 2908:Trailanga 2903:Sivananda 2768:Aurobindo 2754:Vyasaraja 2719:Tyagaraja 2669:Sankardev 2639:Ramananda 2534:Jñāneśvar 2509:Harivansh 2494:Gaudapada 2454:Chaitanya 2393:Vashistha 2363:Patanjali 2343:Jamadagni 2262:Vaishnava 2250:Pashupata 2027:Navaratri 2004:Festivals 1971:Upanayana 1936:Jatakarma 1921:Pumsavana 1840:Kuchipudi 1835:Kathakali 1804:Rāja yoga 1738:Samādhāna 1619:Prarthana 1593:Practices 1520:Svādhyāya 1124:Mythology 1119:Cosmology 1112:Worldview 1057:Kartikeya 988:Prajapati 927:Saraswati 605:Srikantha 585:Meykandar 565:Vasugupta 555:Lakulisha 527:Sroutaism 506:Inchegeri 409:Kalamukha 404:Pashupata 397:Ati marga 341:Rudraksha 330:Practices 210:Tirumurai 163:Kartikeya 20408:Shaivism 20392:Religion 20368:Hinduism 20321:Category 20272:Glossary 20240:Buddhism 20206:Hindutva 20166:Calendar 20047:Haridwar 20025:Vaisakhi 20020:Puthandu 19910:Sannyasa 19827:Keshanta 19658:Shashthi 19494:Trimurti 19321:Nitisara 19294:Ramayana 19289:Itihasas 19261:Jyotisha 19203:Ayurveda 19195:Upavedas 19176:Mandukya 19121:Aitareya 19103:Aranyaka 19098:Brahmana 19072:Samaveda 18997:Charvaka 18797:Concepts 18778:Timeline 18770:Glossary 18753:Hinduism 18564:Thrissur 18544:Lingaraj 18539:Amarnath 18323:Somarama 18270:Tungnath 18169:Category 18074:Amarnath 17947:Chitiram 17942:Thamiram 17927:Rathinam 17894:Tungnath 17857:Pradosha 17794:Kapalika 17619:Devasena 17580:Vamadeva 17565:Nataraja 17555:Harihara 17545:Bhairava 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8813:Archived 8793:10 March 8787:Archived 8769:(1975). 8546:10 March 8540:Archived 8416:— 8305:celibacy 8251:See also 8228:Varanasi 8180:Somnatha 8119:Cambodia 8109:(Java), 8103:Saudhala 8095:Kailasha 8087:Goputika 7893:Amarnath 7706:Varanasi 7617:Triambak 7344:Harihara 7333:Xinjiang 7297:Xinjiang 7278:Buddhism 7266:such as 7235:Nataraja 7207:Buddhism 7105:Harihara 7087:such as 7083:and his 7061:Cambodia 7026:Harihara 6944:Shaktism 6938:Shaktism 6865:Thailand 6857:Cambodia 6849:Nataraja 6753:shastras 6751:and the 6720:Ramanuja 6705:Sharanas 6642:Buddhism 6579:Shaktism 6474:prakamya 6362:Sundarar 6313:Nayanars 6291:Nayanars 6277:Malaysia 6176:Ramanuja 6105:Sanskrit 6056:pramanas 5945:Chalukya 5918:ascetics 5902:Shaktism 5887:sannyasi 5878:Atimarga 5812:Sanskrit 5790:unknown 5719:Varanasi 5697:Unknown 5663:Unknown 5646:Unknown 5629:Unknown 5558:Sannyasa 5486:— 5477:Hinduism 5233:Optional 5211:Optional 5175:Monastic 5038:atimarga 5030:atimarga 4956:Trishula 4875:Chittoor 4823:Ramanuja 4802:Ramanuja 4771:Nuristan 4759:Xuanzang 4462:coin of 4398:paśupati 4393:Sanskrit 4311:Overview 4274:Rig Veda 4263:Sanskrit 4245:Shaktism 4234:Buddhism 4205:and the 4183:and the 4173:monistic 4163:such as 4129:Sanskrit 4090:Shaivism 4032:Glossary 3964:Calendar 3899:Hindutva 3822:Brahmana 3493:samhitas 3485:Shastras 3455:Ayurveda 3446:Upavedas 3281:Ramayana 3272:Itihasas 3238:Jyotisha 3205:Vedangas 3189:Mandukya 3085:Aitareya 3077:Rigveda: 3056:Aranyaka 3051:Brahmana 3024:Samaveda 2739:Valluvar 2734:Vallabha 2714:Tulsidas 2644:Ramanuja 2594:Nayanars 2579:Namadeva 2416:Medieval 2358:Kashyapa 2274:Charvaka 2245:Kapalika 2109:Puthandu 2099:Vaisakhi 1996:Antyesti 1976:Keshanta 1900:Adimurai 1895:Silambam 1860:Sattriya 1845:Manipuri 1530:Mitahara 1510:Santosha 1470:Achourya 1282:Sannyasa 1272:Gṛhastha 1131:Ontology 1105:Concepts 893:Trimurti 856:Smartism 851:Shaktism 846:Shaivism 720:Hinduism 712:a series 710:Part of 638:Tantrism 590:Nirartha 575:Nayanars 549:Scholars 463:Dakshina 414:Kapalika 215:Vachanas 111:Bhairava 106:Sadasiva 67:Shaivism 59:a series 57:Part of 33:Shaivism 20354:Portals 20310:Outline 20260:Sikhism 20255:Judaism 20250:Jainism 20131:Related 20107:Namaste 19960:Ramlila 19890:Ashrama 19878:Vaishya 19868:Brahmin 19691:Worship 19643:Rukmini 19633:Matrika 19606:Parvati 19601:Lakshmi 19591:Tridevi 19546:Krishna 19531:Hanuman 19526:Ganesha 19477:Deities 19363:Tantras 19353:Stotras 19306:Puranas 19251:Nirukta 19241:Chandas 19236:Shiksha 19228:Vedanga 19181:Prashna 19171:Mundaka 19093:Samhita 19062:Rigveda 18993:Nāstika 18978:Advaita 18965:Vedanta 18960:Mīmāṃsā 18940:Samkhya 18928:Schools 18916:Akrodha 18835:Saṃsāra 18815:Ishvara 18805:Brahman 18685:Bangkok 18579:More... 18549:Gokarna 18455:Somnath 18146:Vibhuti 18043:Somnath 17746:Chalisa 17609:Ganesha 17602:Parvati 17532:Deities 17523:History 17090:3518337 16937:9 March 16231:Sources 15844:क्षेत्र 15467:3250524 14785:2 April 13043:1 April 13004:1 April 12684:1 April 12640:1 April 12513:2 April 12267:2 April 8985:atheist 8445:avatars 8359:Advaita 8137:Puranas 7929:Kailash 7551:Dwaraka 7503:Deoghar 7420:Somnath 7365:Jainism 7089:Krishna 7085:avatars 7022:Kashmir 6983:Smartas 6979:Brahman 6912:Rajputs 6861:Vietnam 6805:Haryana 6556:advaita 6528:revival 6490:sastras 6462:laghima 6451:Yoginis 6431:siddhis 6420:mantras 6345:Tevaram 6184:Brahman 6036:Kashmir 6028:Gujarat 5850:Brahman 5839:advaita 5615:tilaka 5538:Topics 5514:Muktikā 5465:advaita 5306:Pramana 5278:Brahman 5265:Affirms 5262:Affirms 5259:Affirms 5256:Affirms 5230:Affirms 5208:Affirms 5205:Affirms 5202:Affirms 5186:Accepts 5183:Accepts 5134:Creator 5034:mantras 4964:Sivatva 4897:layout. 4752:Kashmir 4738:or the 4672:Trisula 4492:Purusha 4468:trident 4422:Rigveda 4331:dualism 4255:Shiva ( 4155:as the 4140:: 4037:Outline 3832:Vaishya 3800:Society 3651:Stotras 3302:Puranas 3228:Nirukta 3218:Chandas 3213:Shiksha 3196:Prashna 3182:Mundaka 3046:Samhita 3010:Rigveda 2873:Samarth 2709:Tukaram 2654:Ravidas 2388:Valmiki 2338:Jaimini 2308:Angiras 2303:Agastya 2295:Ancient 2181:Advaita 2175:Vedanta 2170:Mīmāṃsā 2150:Samkhya 2037:Ramlila 1779:Sādhanā 1669:Tarpana 1654:Kīrtana 1649:Bhajana 1600:Worship 1525:Shaucha 1500:Akrodha 1346:Saṃsāra 1210:Ishvara 1179:Nirguna 1174:Brahman 1138:Tattvas 1062:Krishna 1047:Hanuman 1042:Ganesha 978:Chandra 973:Ashvins 937:Parvati 932:Lakshmi 919:Tridevi 885:Deities 792:Śramaṇa 772:History 753:Origins 743:History 627:Related 615:Navnath 610:Appayya 600:Sharana 480:Kubjika 390:Schools 365:Niyamas 336:Vibhuti 200:Tantras 158:Ganesha 135:Parvati 84:Deities 18:Saivism 20331:Portal 20235:Baháʼí 20139:Hindus 20117:Tilaka 20086:Others 20062:Ujjain 20057:Prayag 20052:Nashik 19992:Pongal 19930:Diwali 19883:Shudra 19842:Vivaha 19749:Dhyāna 19724:Bhajan 19714:Bhakti 19699:Temple 19653:Shakti 19561:Varuna 19504:Vishnu 19499:Brahma 19348:Sutras 19284:Agamas 19040:Smriti 18971:Dvaita 18936:Āstika 18881:Asteya 18876:Ahimsa 18862:Moksha 18847:Dharma 18760:topics 18559:Vaikom 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