115:
1384:
168:
73:
20:
2053:
254:
2065:
126:(PVB), between its two or more layers of glass, which crumble into small pieces. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its toughening prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern (radial and concentric cracks) when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass.
186:
abilities, and is well-rated to withstand both heat and hose streams. This is why wired glass exclusively is used on service elevators to prevent fire ingress to the shaft, and also why it is commonly found in institutional settings which are often well-protected and partitioned against fire. The
203:
or other such examples. Despite this belief, wired glass is actually weaker than unwired glass due to the incursions of the wire into the structure of the glass. Wired glass often may cause heightened injury in comparison to unwired glass, as the wire amplifies the irregularity of any fractures.
84:
or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering, by design, creates balanced internal stresses which causes the glass sheet, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks of similar size and shape instead of splintering into random, jagged shards. The
53:
These three approaches can easily be combined, allowing for the creation of glass that is at the same time toughened, laminated, and contains a wire mesh. However, combination of a wire mesh with other techniques is unusual, as it typically betrays their individual qualities. In many developed
207:
In recent years, new materials have become available that offer both fire-ratings and safety ratings so the continued use of wired glass is being debated worldwide. The US International
Building Code effectively banned wired glass in 2006.
293:
194:
Wired glass, as it is typically described, does not perform the function most individuals associate with it. The presence of the wire mesh appears to be a strengthening component, as it is metallic, and conjures up the idea of
211:
Canada's building codes still permit the use of wired glass but the codes are being reviewed and traditional wired glass is expected to be greatly restricted in its use. Australia has no similar review taking place.
339:
299:
42:, and wire mesh glass (also known as wired glass). Toughened glass was invented in 1874 by Francois Barthelemy Alfred Royer de la Bastie. Wire mesh glass was invented in 1892 by
520:
122:
Laminated glass is composed of layers of glass and plastic held together by an interlayer. When laminated glass is broken, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of
1900:
100:, and various types of plates and cookware. In the United States, since 1977 Federal law has required safety glass located within doors and tub and shower enclosures.
444:
390:
417:
1695:
1080:
1888:
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34:
with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. Common designs include
1193:
1221:
365:
1867:
632:
479:
1912:
1906:
266:
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Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered.
1408:
1783:
454:
427:
400:
349:
2068:
138:
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88:
As a result of its safety and strength, tempered glass is used in a variety of demanding applications, including
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1851:
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2012:
47:
1965:
1803:
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588:
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338:
Schittich, Christian; Staib, Gerald; Balkow, Dieter; Schuler, Matthias; Sobek, Werner (2007-01-01).
2056:
1862:
1778:
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92:
windows, shower doors, architectural glass doors and tables, refrigerator trays, as a component of
1705:
1670:
1518:
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1145:
1012:
886:
419:
The
Architecture Reference & Specification Book: Everything Architects Need to Know Every Day
146:
495:
114:
1846:
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244:. 9th ed. (American reprint). Vol. 10. Philadelphia: Sherman & co., 1894. 595. Print.
221:
200:
172:
242:
The
Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature
1560:
1488:
1453:
1448:
1303:
1037:
959:
707:
697:
472:
UV Radiation in Global
Climate Change: Measurements, Modeling and Effects on Ecosystems
178:
Wire mesh glass (also known as
Georgian Wired Glass) has a grid or mesh of thin metal
1986:
1981:
1976:
1872:
1763:
1745:
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Broken laminated safety glass, with the interlayer exposed at the top of the picture
1970:
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This has led to a decline in its use institutionally, particularly in schools.
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81:
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wire prevents the glass from falling out of the frame even if it cracks under
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257:, U.S. Patent no. 483,021 (filed: July 6, 1892; issued: September 20, 1892).
1955:
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Broken safety glass shows a characteristic circular "spider web" pattern
1935:
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521:"Industry experts question the safety of wired glass used in schools"
1950:
1660:
1615:
1338:
1328:
1227:
1140:
911:
687:
682:
145:
and windows. The PVB interlayer also gives the glass a much higher
130:
1171:
470:
Wei Gao; Daniel L. Schmoldt; James R. Slusser (8 September 2010).
392:
Glass
Structures: Design and Construction of Self-supporting Skins
860:
182:
embedded within the glass. Wired glass is used in the US for its
936:
742:
137:
typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring
497:
NFPA 80: Standard for Fire Doors and Other
Opening Protectives
295:
Contribution Ă l'Histoire
Industrielle des Polymères en France
267:"Northeast Philadelphia Hall of Fame Announces 2012 Inductees"
76:
Broken tempered glass showing the shape of the granular chunks
1991:
1945:
855:
822:
656:
641:
319:"Safety Glazing Glazing Glass Safety Guide For Landlord 2021"
196:
191:, and is far more heat-resistant than a laminating material.
46:. Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist
31:
16:
Glass with features that make it less likely to cause injury
1940:
1901:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
337:
298:, published online by the Société Chimique de France, see
269:(press release). Mayfair Civic Association, April 26, 2010.
179:
141:, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts,
561:
283:
Glaces et verres; revue technique, artistique, pratique
474:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 195.
366:"SAFETY STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL GLAZING MATERIALS"
305:
French patent 405,881 (registered
November 25, 1909).
157:(88% in window glass and 97.4% in windscreen glass).
1696:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
463:
85:granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.
2083:
442:
300:Chapter A3: "Le verre renforcé Triplex", page 7
1187:
1081:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
626:
446:Excel Senior High School: Engineering Studies
153:effect, and also blocks most of the incoming
589:"Wired Safety Glass Deemed a Serious Hazard"
536:"Wired Safety Glass Deemed a Serious Hazard"
255:"Process of embedding wire-netting in glass"
500:. United States: NFPA. 2010. pp. K.6.
80:Toughened glass is processed by controlled
1504:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1194:
1180:
633:
619:
415:
1889:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
443:Metcalfe, Peter; Metcalfe, Roger (2004).
395:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1222:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
640:
488:
166:
113:
71:
18:
1868:Listing and approval use and compliance
316:
2084:
518:
54:countries safety glass is part of the
1913:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1175:
614:
2064:
1907:National Fire Protection Association
388:
292:Jean-Marie Michel (April 27, 2012),
1201:
281:Édouard Bénédictus (October 1930),
13:
1409:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
171:Wire-mesh-reinforced glass in the
160:
103:
61:
14:
2103:
1784:Fire alarm notification appliance
519:Fatima, Sahar (August 25, 2014).
416:McMorrough, Julia (August 2013).
2063:
2052:
2051:
1382:
586:
533:
317:Hampton, Simon (15 March 2021).
139:hurricane-resistant construction
38:(also known as tempered glass),
1545:Vehicle fire suppression system
1233:Combustibility and flammability
1151:Radioactive waste vitrification
1106:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
580:
554:
527:
512:
436:
409:
382:
358:
331:
310:
272:
260:
247:
234:
1:
1895:Institution of Fire Engineers
1852:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1524:Personal protective equipment
1018:Chemically strengthened glass
562:"Unsafe Wire Glass in Canada"
227:
1966:GHS precautionary statements
1804:Manual fire alarm activation
851:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
7:
1837:Fire protection engineering
1769:Explosive gas leak detector
1586:Electromagnetic door holder
1419:External water spray system
566:Unsafe Wire Glass in Canada
215:
10:
2108:
2013:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1404:Automatic fire suppression
1344:K-factor (fire protection)
107:
65:
2047:
2021:
2000:
1928:
1919:Underwriters Laboratories
1881:
1817:
1754:Aspirating smoke detector
1744:
1553:
1414:Detonation flame arrester
1391:
1380:
1209:
1071:
1003:
935:
882:Chemical vapor deposition
869:
831:
803:Ultra low expansion glass
693:Borophosphosilicate glass
675:
649:
341:Glass Construction Manual
58:making properties safer.
1863:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1779:Fire alarm control panel
1759:Carbon monoxide detector
1736:Standpipe (firefighting)
1499:Gaseous fire suppression
1264:Enthalpy of vaporization
1121:Glass-reinforced plastic
783:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1706:Pressurisation ductwork
1671:Firewall (construction)
1519:Passive fire protection
1469:Fire suppression system
1013:Anti-reflective coating
887:Glass batch calculation
768:Photochromic lens glass
422:. Rockport Publishers.
147:sound insulation rating
133:glazing and automobile
1882:Industry organizations
1847:Fire-resistance rating
1726:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1701:Penetration (firestop)
1691:Packing (firestopping)
1399:Active fire protection
1359:Spontaneous combustion
175:
119:
77:
24:
2034:Template:Firefighting
2008:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1961:GHS hazard statements
1464:Fire sprinkler system
1444:Fire-retardant fabric
1146:Prince Rupert's drops
995:Transparent materials
955:Gradient-index optics
763:Phosphosilicate glass
523:. The Globe and Mail.
344:. Walter de Gruyter.
170:
117:
75:
22:
1818:Professions, trades,
1731:Smokeproof enclosure
1591:Electromagnetic lock
1299:Flammability diagram
1210:Fundamental concepts
1111:Glass ionomer cement
985:Photosensitive glass
912:Liquidus temperature
733:Fluorosilicate glass
56:building regulations
1774:Fire alarm call box
1681:Heat and smoke vent
1131:Glass-to-metal seal
1053:Self-cleaning glass
975:Optical lens design
222:Architectural glass
201:reinforced concrete
1746:Fire alarm systems
1561:Annulus (firestop)
1489:Flashback arrestor
1454:Fire-safe polymers
1449:Fire retardant gel
1304:Flammability limit
1116:Glass microspheres
1038:Hydrogen darkening
960:Hydrogen darkening
708:Chalcogenide glass
698:Borosilicate glass
389:Wurm, Jan (2007).
176:
120:
78:
48:Édouard Bénédictus
25:
2079:
2078:
1987:Safety data sheet
1982:List of S-phrases
1977:List of R-phrases
1873:Sprinkler fitting
1764:Circuit integrity
1636:Fire extinguisher
1474:Firefighting foam
1369:Thermal radiation
1169:
1168:
1086:Glass-coated wire
1058:sol–gel technique
1043:Insulated glazing
980:Photochromic lens
965:Optical amplifier
917:sol–gel technique
481:978-3-642-03313-1
124:polyvinyl butyral
94:bulletproof glass
90:passenger vehicle
2099:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2054:
1971:Life Safety Code
1576:Compartmentation
1386:
1309:Flammable liquid
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1172:
907:Ion implantation
662:Glass transition
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449:. Pascal Press.
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173:Lloyd's Building
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2017:
1996:
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1813:
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1666:Firestop pillow
1601:Emergency light
1554:Building design
1549:
1540:Tank blanketing
1509:Inerting system
1484:Flame retardant
1434:Fire protection
1429:Fire prevention
1387:
1378:
1243:Dangerous goods
1205:
1203:Fire protection
1200:
1170:
1165:
1101:Glass electrode
1096:Glass databases
1073:
1067:
1005:
999:
931:
865:
841:Bioactive glass
827:
813:Vitreous enamel
798:Thoriated glass
793:Tellurite glass
778:Soda–lime glass
748:Gold ruby glass
718:Cranberry glass
671:
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370:www.govinfo.gov
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161:Wire mesh glass
112:
110:Laminated glass
106:
104:Laminated glass
70:
68:Toughened glass
64:
62:Toughened glass
40:laminated glass
36:toughened glass
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1809:Smoke detector
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1566:Area of refuge
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1479:Flame arrester
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1439:Fire retardant
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1063:Tempered glass
1060:
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1033:DNA microarray
1030:
1028:Dealkalization
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902:Glass modeling
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773:Silicate glass
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644:science topics
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587:Lane, Gordon.
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253:Frank Shuman,
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189:thermal stress
184:fire-resistant
162:
159:
108:Main article:
105:
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66:Main article:
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2039:Template:HVAC
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2029:Template:Fire
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1827:Duct cleaning
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1807:
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1802:
1800:
1799:Heat detector
1797:
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1747:
1743:
1737:
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1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Smoke control
1714:
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1709:
1707:
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1702:
1699:
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1360:
1357:
1355:
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1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Heat transfer
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Friction loss
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Fire triangle
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Conflagration
1236:
1234:
1231:
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1226:
1223:
1220:
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1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
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1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
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1011:
1010:
1008:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Optical fiber
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
927:Vitrification
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Glass melting
895:
893:
892:Glass forming
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
834:
830:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Uranium glass
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Soluble glass
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Ceramic glaze
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
648:
643:
636:
631:
629:
624:
622:
617:
616:
613:
595:. Strata News
594:
590:
583:
568:. Glassopolis
567:
563:
557:
542:. Strata News
541:
537:
530:
522:
515:
507:
503:
499:
498:
491:
483:
477:
473:
466:
458:
456:9781741250510
452:
448:
447:
439:
431:
429:9781592538485
425:
421:
420:
412:
404:
402:9783764376086
398:
394:
393:
385:
371:
367:
361:
353:
351:9783034615549
347:
343:
342:
334:
320:
313:
304:
301:
297:
296:
291:
288:
284:
280:
279:
275:
268:
263:
256:
250:
243:
237:
233:
223:
220:
219:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
192:
190:
185:
181:
174:
169:
165:
158:
156:
152:
149:, due to the
148:
144:
143:curtain walls
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
116:
111:
101:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
74:
69:
59:
57:
51:
50:(1878–1930).
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2069:
2057:
1956:Flame spread
1842:Fireproofing
1820:and services
1721:Smoke damper
1711:Safety glass
1710:
1646:Fire hydrant
1611:Fire curtain
1571:Booster pump
1530:Relief valve
1494:Fusible link
1284:Fire loading
1279:Fire control
1249:Deflagration
1136:Porous glass
1091:Safety glass
1090:
1048:Porous glass
1006:modification
818:Wood's glass
738:Fused quartz
713:Cobalt glass
667:Supercooling
597:. Retrieved
592:
582:
570:. Retrieved
565:
556:
544:. Retrieved
539:
529:
514:
496:
490:
471:
465:
445:
438:
418:
411:
391:
384:
373:. Retrieved
369:
360:
340:
333:
322:. Retrieved
312:
294:
286:
282:
274:
262:
249:
241:
236:
210:
206:
193:
177:
164:
155:UV radiation
128:
121:
98:diving masks
87:
79:
52:
44:Frank Shuman
28:Safety glass
27:
26:
1676:Grease duct
1631:Fire escape
1621:Fire damper
1514:Intumescent
1459:Fire safety
1424:Fire bucket
1319:Flash point
1161:Glass fiber
1126:Glass cloth
870:Preparation
846:CorningWare
728:Flint glass
723:Crown glass
676:Formulation
135:windshields
1973:(NFPA 101)
1936:CE marking
1789:Fire drill
1392:Technology
1289:Fire point
1274:Fire class
1254:Detonation
1156:Windshield
990:Refraction
950:Dispersion
758:Milk glass
753:Lead glass
599:1 December
546:1 December
506:B0046MEGF8
375:2021-05-16
324:2021-05-16
228:References
1929:Standards
1858:Fire test
1686:Occupancy
1651:Fire pump
1641:Fire hose
1626:Fire door
1606:Exit sign
1581:Crash bar
1354:Pyrolysis
1349:Pool fire
1314:Flashover
1269:Explosive
1217:Backdraft
1023:Corrosion
922:Viscosity
877:Annealing
593:Sourcable
540:Sourcable
240:"Glass."
2086:Category
2058:Category
2022:See also
1951:EN 16034
1661:Firestop
1616:Fire cut
1339:Jet fire
1329:Gas leak
1245:(HAZMAT)
1228:Boilover
1141:Pre-preg
945:Achromat
688:Bioglass
683:AgInSbTe
572:26 April
289:(18): 9.
216:See also
131:Skylight
2070:Commons
1903:(NCEES)
1224:(BLEVE)
1072:Diverse
1004:Surface
861:Zerodur
151:damping
82:thermal
2001:Awards
1915:(SFPE)
1909:(NFPA)
1891:(FEMA)
1854:(FSES)
1074:topics
937:Optics
743:GeSbTe
650:Basics
504:
478:
453:
426:
399:
348:
96:, for
2092:Glass
1992:UL 94
1946:EN 54
1897:(IFE)
1526:(PPE)
856:Macor
823:ZBLAN
657:Glass
642:Glass
278:See:
197:rebar
32:glass
1941:EN 3
1921:(UL)
601:2014
574:2016
548:2014
502:ASIN
476:ISBN
451:ISBN
424:ISBN
397:ISBN
346:ISBN
180:wire
199:in
30:is
2088::
591:.
564:.
538:.
368:.
285:,
1195:e
1188:t
1181:v
634:e
627:t
620:v
603:.
576:.
550:.
508:.
484:.
459:.
432:.
405:.
378:.
354:.
327:.
302:.
287:3
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