741:
2218:
2090:
45:
1807:
Iran, a chronicler tells us that only one Shia text could be found in Ismail's capital Tabriz. Thus it is questionable whether Ismail and his followers could have succeeded in forcing a whole people to adopt a new faith without the support of the Arab Shiite scholars. The rulers of
Safavid Persia also invited these foreign Shiite religious scholars to their court in order to provide legitimacy for their own rule over Persia.
2367:
3502:
1628:
576:
2153:, that wrecked the Safavid state and made it decline. The religious unrest and rebellions were especially provoked by his ill-fated persecution of the Sunnis living under his control. These troubles contributed to the further destabilization of the Safavid empire (towards the final years of its existence) and were factors that contributed in bringing the Safavids into an existential crisis.
1861:, where a large Sunni population was massacred. Thus, the population of Azerbaijan was forcibly converted to Shiism in the early 16th century at the same time as the people of what is nowadays Iran, when the Safavids held sway over it. Modern-day Azerbaijan therefore contains the second largest population of Shia Muslims by percentage right after Iran, and the two along with
2070:(1587–1629). Abbas hated the Sunnis, and forced the population to accept Twelver Shiism. Thus by 1602 most of the formerly Sunnis of Iran had accepted Shiism. A significant number, however, did not accept Safavid rule, prompting Abbas to institute a number of administrative changes in order to further transform Iran into a Twelver Shia state.
1922:
had remained in
Safavid hands and efforts were being made to establish Shiism in place of Sunnism in these lands. Sunni scholars who refused to accept Shia doctrines were executed and Sunni tombs and shrines were destroyed once again, while the main mosques were converted for Shia use only. While not
3595:
Iran was a Shia country and gradually became an isolated island surrounded by a sea of
Sunnism. While lamenting the cruelty of forced conversion, modern Iranian historians generally agree that the establishment of Shia religious hegemony ultimately saved Iran from being incorporated into the Ottoman
1806:
in order to create a state clergy. Ismail offered them land and money in return for loyalty. These scholars taught the doctrine of
Twelver Shiism and made it accessible to the population and energetically encouraged conversion to Shiism. To emphasize how scarce Twelver Shiism was then to be found in
1781:
After the conquest, Ismail began transforming the religious landscape of Iran by imposing
Twelver Shiism on the populace. Since most of the population embraced Sunni Islam and since an educated version of Shiism was scarce in Iran at the time, Ismail imported a new Shia Ulama corps from traditional
2327:
Nader made a major effort to redefine the place of Shiism within the
Islamic world by working to gain recognition from the major Sunni powers. He attempted to integrate a redefined Shiism into the Sunni tradition. He rejected the Shia condemnation of the first three Sunni Caliphs and enforced that
2316:
should be venerated as before, but that the formula naming him as the deputy of God should no longer be spoken, because it had caused enmity between Shias and Sunnis. Externally he presented the policy as a wholesale conversion to
Sunnism. In general, this religious policy did not provoke popular
3606:
The word 'Safavi' which means
Safavid, as used by Sunnis, came to be associated with any expansionist Shia groups acting against Sunnis or their interests. The label is especially used against Iran or Iranian-backed groups and has particularly found currency during the sectarian turmoil in the
3567:
The
Safavid experience largely created the clear line of political demarcation and hostility between Twelver Shiism and Sunnism, even though doctrinal differences had long been recognized. Before the Safavids the Twelvers for many centuries had mostly accommodated themselves politically to the
2344:) belonging to Shia religious institutions. Fearful for their lives and feeling threatened in Iran, many Persian clergymen sought refuge and settlement in Iraq and formed the core of the Shia religious infrastructure that has persisted until the present around the Shia shrines in Iraq, such as
2276:
In 1736, after being chosen by an assembly of notables to be Shah, Nader agreed to accept on condition that they accept his new religious policy of restoring
Sunnism in Iran. The abandonment of Orthodox Shiism was necessary as the linchpin of a peace treaty he wanted to conclude with the Sunni
2272:
Nader made various attempts to reconcile his Persian subjects' Shia beliefs with the Sunni creed and sought to get the Ottomans to recognize this form of Shi'ism as its own sect with the possible motivation being to facilitate relations with the Sunni Ottomans, but possibly his real aim was to
2030:
clerics who administered and encouraged ritual cursing of the first three Sunni Caliphs among Iranians. His Sunni flirtation was also intended to reach out to the still-strong Sunni sympathies among Persians. Despite their quick rejection of Ismail II's policies, the majority of Ulema and the
2192:
Afghans in 1715 and the invasion of Iran. By the same course of the 1710s, there were numerous other uprisings and insurrections in other parts of the Safavid domains, often inspired by the persecutions instigated against non-Shiite minorities by the leading Shia Safavid ulama, e.g. the
2043:
2277:
Ottomans and was probably intended also as a way of diminishing the religious prestige of the Safavid house and of making himself a more attractive figure to the Sunni populations of areas he was planning to conquer. However, his religious policy fueled discontent in Iran itself.
2145:(r. 1694–1722) (the last effective Safavid Shah), there was a lot of religious unrest and religiously motivated rebellions in the Safavid state. Amongst the foreign interests, decades of misrule by incapable Shahs, and tireless wars against the Safavid's arch rival, the
1733:(who initially congratulated Ismail on his victories) to advise and ask the young monarch (in a "fatherly" manner) to stop the anti-Sunni actions. However, Ismail was strongly anti-Sunni, ignored the Sultan's warning, and continued to spread the Shia faith by the sword.
2339:
Nader alienated the Shiite clergy (partly in order to destroy the influential position they held) by trying to bridge the gap between Sunni and Shia by attempting to restore Sunnism in Iran. He also confiscated large sections of the religious endowment lands
1768:
The early Safavid rulers took a number of steps against the Sunni Ulama of Iran. These steps included giving the Ulama the choice of conversion, death, or exile and massacring the Sunni clerics who resisted the Shia transformation of Iran, as witnessed in
857:
Ismail and his followers pursued such a severe conversion policy in order to give Iran and the Safavid lands as distinct and unique an identity as was possible compared to its two neighboring Sunni Turkic military and political enemies, its arch rival the
1751:("killing of Umar") by Abu Lu'lua. The highlight of the day was making an effigy of Umar to be cursed, insulted, and finally burned. However, as relations between Iran and Sunni countries improved, the holiday was no longer observed (at least officially).
2113:. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama and the quasi-religious organizations run by
1852:
from 1500 to 1502, one of the first acts of Ismail was to declare Twelver Shiism to be the state religion, despite the predominance of Sunni Muslims in the newly acquired territories. After the declaration, a conversion campaign was launched and Muslim
3560:
did identify with Shiism by the end of the Safavid era in 1722. Thus, the population of Azerbaijan was forcibly converted to Shiism in the early 16th century at the same time as the people of what is nowadays Iran, when the Safavids held sway over
829:". It appears that he aimed for complete destruction of Sunni Islam, and he largely achieved that goal in the lands over which he ruled. His hatred of the Sunnis knew no bounds, and his persecution of them was ruthless. He required the first three
3591:
The use of the Shia religion to exert control was not completely successful. It resulted in the annexation of large areas of the country, but was followed by centuries of conflict between the Sunni and Shia populations, even after the fall of the
3563:
Hence it is no accident that in Iran and Azerbaijan, today's Sunni minorities are concentrated among the country's non-Persian and non-Azerbaijani ethnic groups that are scattered along the country's borders, with their Sunni co-nationals next
4830:
Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered, Ernest Tucker, Iranian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1/4, Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era (1994), pp. 163–179, Published by: International Society for Iranian Studies
661:—each of which had previously experienced their own eras of sectarian dominance. Through their actions, the Safavids were able to establish the Shia sect as the official religion of their empire, marking a significant turning point in
3762:
Forced conversion in the Safavid Empire made Persia for the first time dominantly Shia and left a lasting mark: Persia, now Iran, has been dominantly Shia ever since, and for centuries the only country to have a ruling Shia
2268:
It was an original religious policy, aimed at weakening Shia power, promoting his own rule in Sunni lands outside Iran and making Shiism a 5th school of orthodox Sunni Islam — a proposal rejected by both Sunni rulers and
1903:, Ismail forced his new Iraqi subjects to convert to Shiism and outlawed Sunni practices. He then returned to Persia. These actions by the conquering Safavids caused the Mesopotamian Sunnis to seethe with resentment.
844:
to be ritually cursed, abolished Sunni Sufi orders, seizing their property, and gave Sunni ulama a choice of conversion, death, or exile. Shi'ite scholars were brought in from other regions to take their place.
3732:
Shah persecuted the philosophers, mystics, and Sufis who had been promoted by his grandfather, and unleashed fanatical campaigns of forcible conversion on Sunnis, Jews, Christians and other religious minorities
883:
The conversion was part of the process of building a territory that would be loyal to the state and its institutions, thus enabling the state and its institutions to consolidate their rule throughout the whole
3833:"Iran: Safavid Period", Encyclopedia Iranica by Hamid Algar. Excerpt: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafi'ite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."
2082:(1616–98, one of the most important Shiite clerics of all time), who devoted himself to (among other things) the eradication of Sunnism in Iran, the Safavid state made major efforts, in the 17th century to
2265:, since his own pro-Sunni beliefs had alienated his Shiite Iranian soldiers, who included the Shia Turkoman and ethnic Persian soldiers from central and western Iran, who made up the Safavid partisans.
1887:
in 1508. However, his armies zealously killed Sunnis and actively persecuted them through tribal allies of the Shah. His armies also destroyed several important Sunni sites, including the tombs of
1907:
708:
legal schools until the triumph of the Safavids (who had initially been Shafi'i Sufis themselves). Ironically, this was to the extent that up until the end of the 15th century the
2328:
position within his realm. In addition, he tried to secure Ottoman recognition of Twelver Shiism as a fifth Sunni school of law, to be called the Jaafari school after the 6th Imam,
649:, and other religious groups, eventually transforming Iran into a bastion of Shia Islam. This process led to hostilities with Iran's Sunni-majority neighbours, most notably the
2237:(to be called the Jaafari Madh'hab). However, the scheme to establish this failed to win support among most of the population. The reasons for his integration policy included:
853:
More than most Muslim dynasties, the Safavids worked for conversion to their branch of Islam and for ideological conformity. The reasons for this conversion policy included:
2086:
Shiite practice and culture in order to facilitate its spread in Iran among its Sunni populace. It was only under Majlisi that Shi'a Islam truly took hold among the masses.
740:
2306:
He relied on his army, which was increasingly recruited from Sunni Afghans, Kurds, Turkmen, Baluchis and others (who naturally were gratified by the new religious policy).
2011:, thus placating the Ottomans and solidifying his own personal position. Another was his attempt to weaken the clerics as he attempted to forcibly demand land grants from
1688:
He reintroduced the Sadr (Arabic, leader) – an office that was responsible for supervising religious institutions and endowments. With a view to transforming Iran into a
1699:, the Portuguese ambassador to China who visited Iran in 1511–12, who when referring to Ismail noted: "He (i.e. Ismail) reforms our churches, destroys the houses of all
2035:, the Shah appointed Ulema with Sunni leanings such as Mawlana Mirza Jan Shirazi and Mir Makhdum Lala. Ismail II also wanted to do away with the inscribed names of the
817:
population was still Sunni. His army spread out first to the central regions in 1504. He captured southwestern Iran between 1505 and 1508 before finally conquering the
5096:
2000:
A few motives may account for Ismail II's approach to the anti-Sunni propaganda. A primary one was that he was keen to comply with one of the Ottoman demands of the
2356:
After Nader's death and the rapid disintegration of his empire, Shiism was quickly restored and religious properties were built up again in the following century.
2019:
amirs who were allied to the clerics. Thus, the public denunciation of Sunni emblems became one stage on which this power struggle between the Shah and the cleric-
4832:
3599:
The Ottoman advance in Europe suffered (since they now had to split their military resources) as Safavid Iran and European powers forged alliances, such as the
3588:
The Sunni majority was treated brutally and was most resistant to the Safavids' conversion policies, which went on at least until the end of the Safavid period.
2309:
The Persians were not simply ordered to adopt Sunnism as practiced elsewhere in the Muslim world; they were to retain their own discrete religious identity.
2109:
Because of the relative insecurity of property ownership in Persia, many private landowners secured their lands by donating them to the clergy as so called
1726:
and seized their assets, used state patronage to develop Shia shrines, institutions and religious art and imported Shia scholars to replace Sunni scholars.
3552:
Although conversion was not as rapid as Ismail's forcible policies might suggest, the vast majority of those who lived in the territory of what is now
2324:
he issued an edict that was sent throughout the country, enforcing the cessation of the traditional Shia practices that were most offensive to Sunnis.
2217:
1966:, the new Sadr, Ismail II strove to reverse the anti-Sunni practices among the populace. More specifically he strove to halt the public defamation of
2312:
Internally, he banned certain Shia practices; the more extreme ones, typical of the early Safavid period. He issued instructions to the Ulema that
5580:
4619:
Distant relations: Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years. H. E. Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain), p. 88.
1803:
1677:
Ismail consolidated his rule over the country and launched a thorough and, at times, brutal campaign to convert the majority Sunni population to
1773:. As a result, many Sunni scholars who refused to adopt the new religious direction lost their lives or fled to the neighboring Sunni states.
876:— and this struggle motivated the Safavids to create a more cohesive Iranian identity to counter the Ottoman threat; and eliminate a possible
3056:
1817:(religious schools) and successfully persuaded them to participate in the government, which they had shunned in the past (following the
5506:
1685:
Imposing Shiism as the state and mandatory religion for the whole nation and much forcible conversion of Iranian Sufi Sunnis to Shiism.
4489:
5590:
3571:
Ismail's advent to power signaled the end of Sunni Islam in Iran and Shiite theologians came to dominate the religious establishment.
2197:, in the northwestern part of the Safavid domain, which resulted in the massacre of thousands of its Shia inhabitants. Mir Wais' son
4939:
4130:
3061:
5386:
3856:
3678:
Shah Ismail pursued a relentless campaign of forced conversion of the majority Sunni population in Iran to (Twelver) Shia Islam...
728:
in high esteem. In contrast, before the Safavid period, a minority of Iranians were Shia and there had been relatively few Shia
5363:
5084:
4863:
4469:
4076:
3949:
5055:
4819:
4667:
4545:
4522:
4447:
4226:
4109:
4097:
4010:
3994:
3937:
3808:
3781:
1754:
In 1501, Ismail invited all the Shia living outside Iran to come to Iran and be assured of protection from the Sunni majority.
5332:
4310:
In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...)
4022:
3922:
3892:
3818:
5056:
Iran and the surrounding world: interactions in culture and cultural politics, By Nikki R. Keddie, Rudolph P. Matthee, pg.16
5391:
604:
5100:
2336:
was to be replaced. However, neither the Sunni Ottomans nor the major Shia scholars of the time accepted his redefinition.
665:, which had been universally dominated by the Sunni sect until that period. It also marked a significant turning point in
5270:
4907:
1097:
4426:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern ... By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, pg.360
1923:
extensive, some conversions did take place, and those remaining faithful to Sunnism were subjected to persecution until
653:. Additionally, the Safavid campaign sought to ensure Twelver dominance among Shia Muslims, particularly with regard to
5306:
5284:
5262:
5244:
4448:
Shi‘ite Lebanon: transnational religion and the making of national identities, By Roschanack Shaery-Eisenlohr, pg.12–13
4386:
4333:
4303:
2180:, along with the Shah's armies, and made the Afghan area free from the Shia's rule. The declaration of independence at
1656:
1092:
5085:
Rethinking a millennium: perspectives on Indian history from the eighth to ..., By Rajat Datta, Harbans Mukhia, pg.133
2160:
tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects from Sunni to Shia in the Safavids' easternmost territories of southern
1813:, during his reign, also imported more Arab Shia Ulama to Iran, built religious institutions for them, including many
5600:
5491:
5213:
4709:
4580:
3979:
3791:
3755:
3725:
3700:
3671:
3530:
4879:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 364.
4658:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 363.
825:
in 1510. According to Daniel W. Brown, Isma'il was "the most successful and intolerant ruler since the fall of the
5595:
4842:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 363.
4556:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 360.
4181:
2031:
military-political centre avoided a confrontation with him, even though in place of zealous Shia scholars like the
1739:
With the establishment of Safavid rule, there was a very raucous and colourful, almost carnival-like holiday on 26
1037:
211:
69:
4567:
712:(the most powerful and prominent Sunni state and future arch-enemy of the Shia Safavids) used to send many of its
5585:
5511:
4293:
1613:
4607:
4470:
The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840, By John Malcolm Wagstaff, pg.205
4595:
4533:
4458:
4323:
4268:
4142:
3882:
4851:
2640:
5527:
5408:
3600:
3131:
2685:
1574:
5575:
4376:
2926:
1352:
405:
3141:
5401:
1508:
1042:
221:
89:
84:
5010:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant]. Michael Axworthy, pp. 173, 176.
1518:
637:
as the nation's religious majority. Over the course of the next three centuries, the Safavids (who were
5486:
5356:
5276:
3260:
2851:
1729:
He killed Sunnis and destroyed and desecrated their graves and mosques. This caused the Ottoman Sultan
1543:
424:
226:
4897:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, By Michael Axworthy, pg.165–166
2430:
1484:
697:
670:
325:
94:
5481:
5476:
5001:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant. Michael Axworthy, p. 165–6.
3146:
1924:
1578:
1409:
1126:
1067:
912:
724:
itself. Persia was also a seat of Sunni learning. The Sunni Iranians had always held the family of
597:
552:
144:
79:
5148:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.77
4749:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.80
4740:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.87
4269:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.90
3136:
2931:
5501:
5185:
Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536
2743:
2246:
2222:
2194:
1993:, whose official occupation was to publicly curse such figures and other supposed enemies of the
1963:
1854:
1538:
1169:
1164:
813:). He would take most of the next decade to consolidate his control over Iran, where most of the
522:
4763:
4378:
The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program
3971:
3585:
on the other, date from this time and are not ethnic but religious, opposing Shiites and Sunnis.
5570:
5496:
5066:
The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War, By Mehran Kamrava, pg.29
4055:
2796:
2525:
2097:
2079:
1869:
are the only countries where a majority of the population is, at least nominally, Shia Muslim.
1857:, came under heavy pressure to accept Shiism. The imposition of Shiism was especially harsh in
1649:
1204:
685:
487:
101:
74:
4193:
4043:
131:
5565:
5349:
4649:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African… Maghan Keita, p. 79.
3745:
3690:
3661:
3621:
3523:
3345:
3026:
3006:
2901:
2821:
2366:
1681:
and thus transform the religious landscape of Iran. His methods of converting Iran included:
315:
216:
206:
199:
176:
4640:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African… Maghan Keita, p. 79.
2881:
310:
5429:
4598:. H. E. Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain), pp. 86–7.
3340:
2941:
2921:
2861:
1523:
1387:
1199:
1077:
1019:
928:
873:
502:
359:
246:
181:
111:
3403:
3191:
3151:
8:
4480:
The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule, By Audrey L. Altstadt, pg.5
3636:
3181:
3161:
2177:
2130:
1888:
1835:
1087:
1047:
892:
590:
537:
517:
454:
126:
106:
27:
4438:
Iran: religion, politics, and society : collected essays, By Nikki R. Keddie, pg.91
4067:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution]. Nikki R Keddie, Yann Richard, pp. 13, 20
3626:
2133:, Persia started to witness the emergence of a new and significant group of landowners.
3964:
3423:
3221:
3176:
2871:
2866:
2811:
2695:
2588:
2202:
2094:
2047:
1892:
1608:
1433:
972:
903:
767:
716:(Islamic scholars) to Iran to further their education in Sunni Islam, due to a lack of
638:
629:
against the Iranian populace, seeking to create a new demographic environment in which
64:
5139:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.91
4731:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.87
4282:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.90
2233:, an unsuccessful attempt to integrate Shiism as the fifth of the already extant four
5537:
5460:
5455:
5328:
5302:
5280:
5258:
5240:
5209:
5206:
The Al-Qaeda Doctrine: The Framing and Evolution of the Leadership's Public Discourse
5130:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.20
5121:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.13
5046:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.11
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2198:
2173:
2067:
1935:
1810:
1744:
1642:
1632:
1289:
1002:
987:
967:
923:
626:
580:
547:
512:
444:
271:
241:
3912:
3211:
3206:
5532:
5232:
5188:
4867:
4810:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, By Steven R. Ward, pg.50
4411:
4245:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, By Steven R. Ward, pg.43
4230:
4034:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution. Nikki R Keddie, Yann Richard, p. 11.
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3516:
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3021:
3011:
2956:
2936:
2841:
2758:
2663:
2485:
2480:
2297:
1533:
1489:
1139:
947:
818:
681:
662:
557:
532:
449:
5075:
Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World, By NK Singh, A Samiuddin, pg.459
4888:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces]. Steven R Ward, p. 52.
4760:
An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)
4401:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, By Francis Robinson, pg.72
4154:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R. Ward, p. 44.
2004:
concluded in 1555, which called for an end to the vilification of the first three
5396:
4967:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R Ward, p. 51.
4699:
4172:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world. Francis Robinson, p. 72.
3908:
3884:
Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran
3715:
3350:
3171:
3016:
3001:
2966:
2831:
2816:
2720:
2625:
2615:
2575:
2570:
2150:
2129:, gained full ownership of these lands, and, according to contemporary historian
2001:
1528:
1418:
997:
759:
666:
622:
497:
342:
251:
4958:
Iran: religion, politics, and society: collected essays. Nikki R Keddie, p. 92.
4088:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R Ward, pg.43
2981:
264:
5542:
5037:
Iran: a short history: from Islamization to the present. Monika Gronke, p. 95.
4758:
Packard Humanities Institute – Persian Literature in Translation – Chapter IV:
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3216:
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2836:
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1513:
1474:
1372:
1032:
957:
859:
814:
806:
778:
721:
709:
650:
562:
464:
400:
332:
5019:
Islam, continuity and change in the modern world]. John Obert Voll, pp. 80–1.
4914:
3238:
2545:
2089:
5559:
5424:
3843:
3692:
Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other
3641:
3631:
3373:
3330:
3290:
3280:
3106:
3086:
3044:
2951:
2946:
2856:
2846:
2773:
2753:
2700:
2675:
2610:
2495:
2455:
2450:
2377:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2055:
2015:
and Shia Ulema. The shah also clashed with the Ustajlu tribe and a number of
1878:
1791:
1740:
1692:
state, the Sadr was also assigned the task of disseminating Twelver doctrine.
1479:
1444:
1347:
977:
962:
952:
863:
744:
658:
459:
320:
305:
2650:
1962:'s reign (1576–77) was marked by a pro-Sunni policy. With the assistance of
1736:
He persecuted, imprisoned, exiled, and executed stubbornly resistant Sunnis.
1696:
5372:
5299:
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900
5294:
3998:
3506:
3355:
3315:
3250:
3111:
3031:
2906:
2500:
2440:
1449:
1382:
1362:
938:
877:
618:
507:
337:
236:
5175:
Iran and America: re-kindling a love lost, By Badi Badiozamani, pg.174–175
4941:
Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
4110:
The Judeo-Persian poet ‘Emrānī and his "Book of treasure": ‘Emrānī's Ganǰ…
3568:
Sunnis, and numerous religious movements combined Twelver and Sunni ideas.
3408:
5450:
5237:
The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
4163:
Iran and America: re-kindling a love lost]. Badi Badiozamani, pp. 174–5.
3578:
3488:
3473:
3393:
3245:
2991:
2911:
2715:
2705:
2560:
2234:
2161:
1994:
1896:
1818:
1748:
1494:
1357:
992:
982:
634:
437:
352:
347:
298:
231:
186:
171:
166:
156:
121:
5269:
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).
5166:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.75
5157:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.74
4820:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.74
4780:
2986:
872:
The Safavids were engaged in a lengthy struggle with the Ottomans — the
676:
As a direct result of the Safavid conversion campaign, the Shia sect of
5028:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Massoume Price, p. 81.
3557:
3443:
3438:
3275:
3201:
3126:
3116:
3081:
3071:
2976:
2916:
2635:
2535:
2395:
2388:
2230:
2032:
2027:
1841:
1783:
1730:
896:
798:
701:
646:
630:
492:
35:
3574:
The hierarchical organization of the Shiite clergy began under Ismail.
3156:
4864:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
4056:
The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War
3478:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3413:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3265:
3255:
3186:
2886:
2876:
2380:
2273:
overthrow the Turks by uniting the Muslim world with him as its head.
2262:
2258:
2020:
2016:
1959:
1915:
1569:
1429:
1414:
1342:
1311:
1264:
1254:
771:
752:
527:
412:
286:
44:
4459:
Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival, By S. M. Deen, pg.37
3398:
2176:
in 1709. Mir Wais and his Sunni Afghans killed the Safavid governor
1710:
He enforced the ritual of cursing of the first three Sunni Caliphs (
3543:
3483:
3433:
3383:
3320:
2961:
2435:
2384:
2313:
2254:
2181:
2122:
2036:
1971:
1931:
1906:
1845:
1814:
1711:
1583:
1367:
1331:
1209:
1082:
833:
826:
802:
786:
725:
717:
417:
390:
376:
116:
4976:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, By William Spencer, p. 23.
4259:
The failure of political Islam, By Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, pg.170
3548:
Ismail's conversion policy had the following historical outcomes:
2121:). Increasingly, members of the religious class, particularly the
4631:
The failure of political Islam. Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, p. 170.
4513:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, By William Spencer, pg.51
3428:
3325:
3310:
3166:
3076:
2801:
2645:
2605:
2600:
2520:
2460:
2403:
2392:
2349:
2333:
2206:
2189:
2184:
in 1709 was a turning point that was followed by the conquest of
2169:
2114:
2051:
1989:
1939:
1884:
1866:
1858:
1849:
1787:
1723:
1588:
1560:
1454:
1439:
1377:
1337:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1179:
1174:
1102:
830:
794:
654:
293:
281:
276:
4985:
Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival. SM Deen, p. 38.
4205:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. William Spencer, p. 51.
4077:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern
5341:
3582:
3458:
3418:
3378:
3270:
3235:
3101:
2996:
2778:
2768:
2630:
2620:
2555:
2540:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2373:
2321:
2286:
2242:
2126:
2042:
2012:
2008:
1979:
1719:
1704:
1689:
1234:
1107:
1027:
866:
841:
810:
790:
755:
748:
705:
542:
482:
385:
366:
161:
151:
59:
4688:
RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed page 185-6.
4569:
Safavid Persia: the history and politics of an Islamic society
1627:
669:, having been the nation's first demographic change since the
575:
3388:
2806:
2595:
2550:
2510:
2505:
2490:
2425:
2420:
2345:
2294:
2250:
2185:
2005:
1967:
1943:
1919:
1795:
1770:
1700:
1672:
1424:
1239:
1229:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1134:
1112:
1072:
822:
729:
713:
677:
395:
371:
4627:
4625:
4023:
The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule
2156:
Despite the heavy decline of the Safavid state, it was when
5325:
Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire
3553:
2896:
2515:
2341:
2317:
opposition within Persia because the people simply adapted.
2290:
2066:
Shiism did not become fully established until the reign of
1975:
1900:
1862:
1715:
1144:
837:
774:
763:
642:
4422:
4420:
2332:. The whole pattern of Shiism as built on the idea of the
1782:
Shiite centers of the Arabic speaking lands, largely from
5268:
4786:
4622:
4596:
Distant relations: Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years
4534:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1
3938:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
2670:
1269:
4494:
2039:
on the Safavid coinage, but his attempt came to nought.
4679:
Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, 2005, p. 170.
4417:
4217:
A new introduction to Islam, By Daniel W. Brown, pg.191
4098:
Iran: a short history: from Islamization to the present
4011:
Iran: religion, politics, and society: collected essays
3577:
The current borders between Iran, on the one hand, and
1899:. After declaring Shiism the official form of Islam in
1895:. The Safavids even expelled the family of Gilani from
4792:
4143:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world
2205:, marching west to besiege and capture their capital,
2104:
1949:
5301:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
4768:
4381:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 20.
4328:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
4121:
A new introduction to Islam. Daniel W Brown, p. 191.
3842:
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600, by
3775:
3773:
3771:
3747:
What Every American Should Know about the Middle East
3659:
1763:
4079:. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 360.
1776:
1918:, central and southern Iraq, including Baghdad and
1695:He destroyed Sunni mosques. This was even noted by
4575:(illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 161.
3963:
3768:
2026:The Shah hoped to weaken the public appeal of the
1758:
4241:
4239:
2303:Nader had the leading cleric in Persia strangled.
2281:He implemented the following anti-Shia policies:
2221:Nader Shah's portrait from the collection of the
1722:) as usurpers, from all mosques, disbanded Sunni
5557:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4131:Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World
3914:Islam, continuity and change in the modern world
3743:
3544:Historical outcome of Ismail's conversion policy
2300:, to add to the other four Sunni schools of law.
5203:
4670:. Graham E. Fuller, Rend Rahim Francke, p. 76.
4255:
4253:
4251:
4213:
4211:
3961:
3917:. Internet Archive. Syracuse University Press.
3907:
3607:Middle-East in the early 21st century, e.g. in
2209:, thus effectively ending the Safavid dynasty.
16:Historical event in Islamic and Iranian history
4236:
5357:
4988:
4944:Georgetown University Press, 8 jan. 2014 p 52
4434:
4432:
4410:The Middle East and Islamic world reader, By
4278:
4276:
3524:
1997:), which rose during the early Safavid rule.
1650:
598:
5257:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,
4954:
4952:
4950:
4743:
4734:
4523:The history of Iraq, By Courtney Hunt, pg.48
4248:
4208:
4196:. Elton L Daniel, 'Alī Akbar Mahdī, p. 185.
3995:Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution
1840:After conquering Tabriz in Iran, along with
4291:
5364:
5350:
5208:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 120.
4725:
4429:
4273:
3783:The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security
3666:, Cambridge University Press, p. 40,
3531:
3517:
1824:
1673:Methods of forced conversion to Shia Islam
1657:
1643:
869:— to the west and north-east respectively.
680:remains dominant among the populations of
605:
591:
4947:
4608:Safavid Iran: rebirth of a Persian empire
2073:
1927:expelled the Safavids from most of Iraq.
5435:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
5231:
4798:
4565:
4546:Gulf States, By Michael Gallagher, pg.17
4227:The Middle East and Islamic world reader
3880:
3052:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
2216:
2088:
2041:
1905:
739:
735:
5581:Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
5322:
5293:
5255:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629
5097:"AZERBAIJAN: A HOT-SPOT GETTING HOTTER"
4774:
3857:"The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split"
3806:
3603:, to combat their common Ottoman enemy.
5558:
5265:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
4697:
4374:
4321:
4292:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (2015).
4182:Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict
3779:
2241:Most of his troops were Sunni Afghan,
5345:
4668:The Arab Shi'a: The Forgotten Muslims
4566:Melville, Charles Peter, ed. (1996).
4295:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
2172:Afghans) to start a rebellion in the
1942:, they once more again massacred the
880:within Iran among its Sunni subjects.
848:
5392:List of mothers of the Safavid shahs
4490:Safavids and the rise of Shi'a Islam
3827:
641:) heavily persecuted Sunni Muslims,
5253:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,
4698:Savory, Roger (24 September 2007).
4348:
4046:. Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, p. 170.
2105:Emergence of a clerical aristocracy
1950:Significant figures of the campaign
1934:returned in 1624 under the rule of
691:
13:
5323:Abisaab, Rula (26 February 2004).
5316:
4112:'Emrānī, David Yeroushalmi, p. 20.
3970:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
2201:defeated the Safavids in the 1722
1764:Massacre of Iranian Sunni scholars
14:
5612:
1777:Immigration of Arab Shia scholars
617:Following their rise to power in
5591:Anti-Sunni attacks and incidents
5371:
5197:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5089:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5049:
4133:. NK Singh, A Samiuddin, p. 90.
3500:
2365:
2136:
1626:
574:
43:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4979:
4970:
4961:
4932:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4857:
4845:
4836:
4824:
4813:
4804:
4752:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4559:
4550:
4539:
4527:
4516:
4507:
4483:
4474:
4463:
4452:
4441:
4404:
4395:
4368:
4342:
4315:
4285:
4262:
4220:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4082:
4070:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3988:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3901:
3874:
3720:, Könemann, 2004, p. 501,
3695:, Routledge, 2017, p. 92,
3062:Shiism in Persia after Safavids
2436:Prophet Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh
1759:Fate of Sunni and Shia scholars
4044:The failure of political Islam
3849:
3836:
3800:
3780:Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004).
3737:
3708:
3683:
3660:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017),
3653:
3057:Shia in Persia before Safavids
2791:Crucial figures and influences
1982:(including the banning of the
1325:Other related sects and groups
1:
5272:The Cambridge History of Iran
3647:
3627:Nader Shah's religious policy
2212:
1829:
720:(Islamic schools) within the
4536:, By Ezel Kural Shaw, pg.95]
4375:Alagha, Joseph Elie (2006).
3813:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
2289:and instead founded a mixed
1954:
1614:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
1353:Bektashism and folk religion
698:Arab conquest and conversion
696:Iran's population after the
406:Bektashism and folk religion
7:
5402:Safavid dynasty family tree
4194:Culture and customs of Iran
4145:. Francis Robinson, p. 72.
4025:. Audrey L Altstadt, p. 5.
3966:A New Introduction to Islam
3952:. Daniel W. Brown, p. 191.
3950:A new introduction to Islam
3717:Islam: Art and Architecture
3615:
10:
5617:
5277:Cambridge University Press
5275:. Vol. 7. Cambridge:
5225:
4610:. Andrew J Newman, p. 118.
4298:. I.B.Tauris. p. 20.
4184:. William Spencer, p. 51.
3611:, Lebanon, Iraq and Yemen.
2852:Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani
2298:Islamic school of theology
2149:, and new imperial rival,
2061:
2046:Shah Abbas I entertaining
1970:and the ritual cursing of
1876:
1833:
1609:List of Twelver Shia books
5528:Ottoman–Safavid relations
5520:
5469:
5443:
5417:
5379:
4854:. A Reza Arasteh, p. 11.
4058:. Mehran Kamrava, p. 29.
4013:. Nikki R Keddie, p. 91.
3940:. Steven R. Ward, p. 43.
3807:Lombard, Maurice (2004).
3744:Melissa L. Rossi (2008),
3601:Habsburg–Persian alliance
3142:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
2285:Nader abandoned Orthodox
1505:Other hadith collections
1485:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
671:Muslim conquest of Persia
621:in the 16th century, the
5477:Military of Safavid Iran
5204:Donald Holbrook (2014).
4908:"The Army of Nader Shah"
4100:. Monika Gronke, p. 91.
3962:Daniel W. Brown (2009).
3881:Subtelny, Maria (2007).
3786:. Taylor & Francis.
3368:Other influential groups
3147:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
1925:Suleiman the Magnificent
913:The Fourteen Infallibles
700:was mostly Sunni of the
625:initiated a campaign of
553:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
5596:Shia Islam and politics
5327:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4852:Man and society in Iran
4701:Iran Under the Safavids
4325:Iran Under the Safavids
3810:The Golden Age of Islam
2223:Smithsonian Institution
1964:Makhdum Sharifi Shirazi
1872:
1855:peoples of the Caucasus
1825:Conversions beyond Iran
1539:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
1509:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
862:, and, for a time, the
821:region and the city of
5586:Persecution by Muslims
5487:Persian–Portuguese War
4414:, Stuart Schaar, pg.42
4322:Savory, Roger (2007).
4233:, Stuart Schaar, pg.42
2797:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
2226:
2101:
2098:Muhammad Baqir Majlesi
2080:Muhammad Baqir Majlisi
2078:Under the guidance of
2074:Mohammad Baqir Majlesi
2058:
2023:group was played out.
1911:
782:
488:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
75:Succession to Muhammad
5507:Georgian-Safavid Wars
5418:Ideology and religion
4502:Encyclopedia of Islam
4355:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3137:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
3132:Persecution of Alevis
2902:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
2220:
2195:1721 sack of Shamakhi
2092:
2045:
1909:
1743:(or alternatively, 9
1633:Shia Islam portal
1068:Imamate of the Family
743:
736:Conquests of Ismail I
581:Shia Islam portal
207:Verse of purification
54:Beliefs and practices
5601:Shia–Sunni relations
5521:Other related topics
5482:Ottoman–Persian Wars
5430:Ideology of Safavids
3997:. Nikki R. Keddie,
2942:Shah Nimatullah Wali
2922:Safi-ad-din Ardabili
2862:Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
2372:Part of a series on
2229:During the reign of
2141:During the reign of
2054:. Ceiling fresco at
1524:Reality of Certainty
1200:Mourning of Muharram
1078:Mourning of Muharram
874:Ottoman-Persian Wars
793:in Iran, as well as
673:in the 7th century.
503:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
182:Mourning of Muharram
112:Mourning of Muharram
5576:Islam in Azerbaijan
5502:Mughal–Persian Wars
5295:Matthee, Rudolph P.
4500:Juan Eduardo Campo,
4412:Marvin E. Gettleman
4231:Marvin E. Gettleman
3637:Islam in Azerbaijan
3182:Auspicious Incident
3162:Battle of Chaldiran
2178:George XI of Kartli
1836:Islam in Azerbaijan
1205:Arba'een Pilgrimage
518:Ruqayya bint Husayn
425:Extinct Shi'a sects
145:Days of remembrance
132:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
127:The Four Companions
5497:Persian–Uzbek wars
4787:Fisher et al. 1991
3663:Psycho-nationalism
3424:Yazidis in Armenia
3222:Gazi Quarter riots
3177:Kuyucu Murad Pasha
2882:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
2867:Abdul-Qadir Gilani
2812:Salman the Persian
2227:
2203:Battle of Gulnabad
2102:
2059:
2048:Vali Muhammad Khan
1912:
1893:Abdul-Qadir Gilani
1747:) celebrating the
1468:Hadith collections
849:Religious policies
809:, today a part of
785:From 1500 to 1502
783:
768:Commander-in-chief
338:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
265:Branches and sects
212:Two weighty things
5553:
5552:
5492:Russo-Persian War
5470:Military and wars
5461:School of Isfahan
5334:978-1-86064-970-7
5233:Axworthy, Michael
3924:978-0-8156-2639-8
3894:978-90-04-16031-6
3820:978-1-55876-322-7
3622:Shia–Sunni divide
3541:
3540:
3346:Arabati Baba Teḱe
3192:Koçgiri Rebellion
3152:Şahkulu Rebellion
3122:Celali rebellions
3092:Abbasid Caliphate
3067:Umayyad Caliphate
3007:Arabati Baba Teḱe
2892:Haji Bektash Veli
2827:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
2641:Düşkünlük Meydanı
2526:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
2431:Haqq–Muhammad–Ali
2068:Abbas I of Persia
1936:Abbas I of Persia
1811:Abbas I of Persia
1667:
1666:
1563:and jurisprudence
1170:Nahy ani l-Munkar
1010:
1009:
758:, the founder of
627:forced conversion
615:
614:
548:Fatimah bint Asad
513:Fatima bint Hasan
242:Battle of Karbala
5608:
5533:Gunpowder Empire
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5312:
5290:
5250:
5220:
5219:
5201:
5195:
5189:James Reston Jr.
5182:
5176:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5099:. Archived from
5093:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4986:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4945:
4938:Steven R. Ward.
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4913:. Archived from
4912:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:Michael Axworthy
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4427:
4424:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4246:
4243:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3777:
3766:
3765:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3657:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3507:Islam portal
3505:
3504:
3503:
3197:Dersim Rebellion
3097:Babak Khorramdin
3027:Börklüce Mustafa
3022:Sheikh Bedreddin
3012:Pir Sultan Abdal
2957:Ali Mirza Safavi
2937:Imadaddin Nasimi
2932:Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā
2842:Mansur Al-Hallaj
2822:Jābir ibn Hayyān
2664:The Twelve Imams
2486:Wahdat al-mawjud
2406:
2398:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
1938:and reconquered
1914:Likewise, under
1703:who follow (the
1659:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1630:
1534:Mafatih al-Jinan
1519:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
1490:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
1093:Wilayat al-Faqih
918:
917:
888:
887:
692:Pre-Safavid Iran
607:
600:
593:
579:
578:
558:Ruqayya bint Ali
533:Fatima bint Musa
47:
38:
32:
31:
21:
20:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5516:
5512:Defensive walls
5465:
5439:
5413:
5397:Safavid dynasty
5375:
5370:
5335:
5319:
5317:Further reading
5309:
5287:
5247:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5202:
5198:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5103:on 1 March 2020
5095:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4948:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4920:on 3 March 2016
4917:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4349:Abisaab, Rula.
4347:
4343:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3909:John Obert Voll
3906:
3902:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3778:
3769:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3618:
3562:
3546:
3537:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3351:Javad Nurbakhsh
3241:
3227:
3226:
3172:Abaza rebellion
3047:
3037:
3036:
3002:Demir Baba Teke
2967:Nur-Ali Khalifa
2872:Ahmed ar-Rifa'i
2832:Bayazid Bastami
2817:Uwais al-Qarani
2792:
2784:
2783:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2481:Wahdat al-wujud
2446:Islamic prophet
2416:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2371:
2362:
2215:
2174:Kandahar region
2139:
2131:Iskandar Munshi
2107:
2076:
2064:
2002:Peace of Amasya
1986:, known as the
1957:
1952:
1881:
1875:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1779:
1766:
1761:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1579:The Infallibles
1564:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1529:Nahj al-Balagha
1501:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1193:Other practices
1186:
1185:
1184:
1165:Amr bi-l maʿrūf
1129:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1022:
1012:
1011:
915:
904:Twelver Shi'ism
851:
801:, and parts of
760:Safavid dynasty
738:
694:
667:Iranian history
663:Islamic history
623:Safavid dynasty
611:
573:
568:
567:
498:Zaynab bint Ali
478:
470:
469:
440:
430:
429:
343:Sulaymani Bohra
267:
257:
256:
227:Fatimah's house
202:
192:
191:
147:
137:
136:
55:
34:
33:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5614:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:978-0691118550
5307:
5291:
5286:978-0521200950
5285:
5266:
5263:978-1595845672
5251:
5246:978-0857721938
5245:
5239:. I.B.Tauris.
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5196:
5177:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5123:
5114:
5088:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4946:
4931:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4856:
4844:
4835:
4823:
4812:
4803:
4791:
4789:, p. 316.
4779:
4767:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4710:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4621:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4581:
4558:
4549:
4538:
4526:
4515:
4506:
4493:
4482:
4473:
4462:
4451:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4403:
4394:
4388:978-9053569108
4387:
4367:
4341:
4335:978-0521042512
4334:
4314:
4305:978-1780769905
4304:
4284:
4272:
4261:
4247:
4235:
4219:
4207:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4081:
4069:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3987:
3980:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3923:
3900:
3893:
3873:
3848:
3835:
3826:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3767:
3756:
3736:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3682:
3672:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Zoroastrianism
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Jelali revolts
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Khalwati order
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:Sivas Massacre
3214:
3212:Çorum Massacre
3209:
3207:Maraş Massacre
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Kaygusuz Abdal
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Ibn al-Rawandi
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2354:
2353:
2337:
2330:Jafar al-Sadiq
2325:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2257:and Christian
2214:
2211:
2168:(chief of the
2166:Mir Wais Hotak
2138:
2135:
2106:
2103:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2060:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1883:Ismail seized
1874:
1871:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1800:Eastern Arabia
1778:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1745:Rabi' al-awwal
1737:
1734:
1727:
1708:
1707:of) Muhammad…"
1693:
1686:
1679:Twelver Shiism
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:Related topics
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:Bihar al-Anwar
1511:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:The Four Books
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
942:
941:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
916:
911:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:
886:
885:
881:
870:
860:Ottoman Empire
850:
847:
807:North Caucasus
779:Safavid Empire
737:
734:
722:Ottoman Empire
710:Ottoman Empire
693:
690:
651:Ottoman Empire
633:would replace
613:
612:
610:
609:
602:
595:
587:
584:
583:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:Sayyida Nafisa
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
538:Hakimah Khātūn
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
398:
393:
383:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:Hebtiahs Bohra
330:
329:
328:
303:
302:
301:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5613:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Islam in Iran
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5409:Grand viziers
5407:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:Safavid shahs
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5217:
5215:9781623566678
5211:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5057:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4916:
4909:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4848:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4807:
4801:, p. 42.
4800:
4799:Axworthy 2010
4795:
4788:
4783:
4777:, p. 27.
4776:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4713:
4711:9780521042512
4707:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4582:9781860640230
4578:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4553:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4356:
4352:
4351:"JABAL ʿĀMEL"
4345:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4214:
4212:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3981:9781405158077
3977:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3844:Halil Inalcik
3839:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3793:9780203641675
3789:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3757:9780452289598
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3727:9783833111785
3723:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3702:9781317159780
3698:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3673:9781108423076
3669:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3642:Islam in Iraq
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Islam in Iran
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Chepni people
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Mevlevi Order
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Kaykhusraw II
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Ishaq al-Turk
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:Alevi history
3041:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Shaykh Haydar
2950:
2948:
2947:Shaykh Junayd
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Yusuf Hamdani
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Nasir Khusraw
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2320:In 1736 from
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Sultan Husayn
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:Ottoman Turks
2144:
2143:Sultan Husayn
2137:Sultan Husayn
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2057:
2056:Chehel Sotoun
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1947:
1946:inhabitants.
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1879:Islam in Iraq
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:Southern Iraq
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Mount Lebanon
1789:
1786:(of Southern
1785:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Dhu al-Hijjah
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Kitab al-Kafi
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Seghatoleslam
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:Other beliefs
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:Judgement Day
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
908:
905:
902:
901:
898:
894:
890:
889:
882:
879:
875:
871:
868:
865:
864:Central Asian
861:
856:
855:
854:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:Shah Ismail I
742:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Twelver Shias
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
588:
586:
585:
582:
577:
572:
571:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
474:
473:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
434:
433:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:Dawoodi Bohra
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
196:
195:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Eid al-Ghadir
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
140:
133:
130:
128:
125:
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120:
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115:
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110:
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63:
61:
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57:
51:
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42:
41:
37:
29:
23:
22:
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5566:Safavid Iran
5434:
5373:Safavid Iran
5324:
5298:
5271:
5254:
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5199:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5171:
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5101:the original
5091:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
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5006:
4981:
4972:
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4915:the original
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4859:
4847:
4838:
4826:
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4806:
4794:
4782:
4775:Matthee 2005
4770:
4759:
4754:
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4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4700:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
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4354:
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4317:
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4030:
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3990:
3965:
3957:
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3913:
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3883:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3860:
3851:
3838:
3829:
3809:
3802:
3782:
3761:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3662:
3655:
3547:
3404:Baháʼí Faith
3356:Galibi Order
3341:Ni'matullāhī
3316:Babai Revolt
3261:Akbari Sufis
3251:Qalandariyya
3112:Babai revolt
3051:
3032:Torlak Kemal
2982:Balım Sultan
2907:Zahed Gilani
2441:Muhammad-Ali
2402:
2370:
2355:
2280:
2228:
2164:that caused
2155:
2140:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2093:Portrait of
2077:
2065:
2025:
1999:
1987:
1984:tabarrā'iyān
1983:
1958:
1929:
1913:
1882:
1839:
1809:
1780:
1767:
1676:
1668:
1450:Hojatoleslam
1388:Ni'matullāhī
1363:Qalandariyya
1210:Intercession
1098:Usul al-fiqh
1083:Intercession
939:Twelve Imams
878:fifth-column
852:
784:
695:
675:
616:
508:Umm al-Banin
237:Second Fitna
117:Intercession
107:Judgment Day
18:
5107:17 December
4924:17 December
3866:14 February
3750:, Penguin,
3579:Afghanistan
3489:Panentheism
3474:Manichaeism
3394:Khurramites
3246:Malamatiyya
2912:Sari Saltik
2249:, Khorasan
2162:Afghanistan
2033:Astarabadis
1995:Ahl al-Bayt
1897:Mesopotamia
1844:, southern
1821:doctrine).
1819:Hidden imam
1749:Umar Kushan
1559:Sources of
1495:Al-Istibsar
1403:Scholarship
1358:Malamatiyya
1336:Sufism and
1223:Holy cities
1088:Occultation
1038:Prophethood
635:Sunni Islam
438:Ahl al-Kisa
353:Qutbi Bohra
348:Alavi Bohra
326:Progressive
252:Persecution
232:First Fitna
187:Omar Koshan
172:Eid al-Adha
167:Eid al-Fitr
70:Prophethood
5560:Categories
3648:References
3558:Azerbaijan
3444:Nabataeans
3439:Gnosticism
3374:Isma'ilism
3276:Naqshbandi
3202:Seyid Riza
3127:Bayezid II
3117:Baba Ishak
3082:Al-Muqanna
3072:Abu Muslim
3017:Kul Nesîmî
2977:Otman Baba
2917:Yunus Emre
2738:Leadership
2651:Müsahiplik
2616:Hıdırellez
2576:Psychology
2571:Philosophy
2536:Four Doors
2389:Kaysanites
2247:Caucasians
2231:Nader Shah
2213:Nader Shah
2084:Persianize
1988:tabaqa-yi
1889:Abū Ḥanīfa
1877:See also:
1842:Azerbaijan
1834:See also:
1830:Azerbaijan
1784:Jabal Amil
1731:Bayezid II
1697:Tomé Pires
1373:Bektashism
1028:Monotheism
1020:Principles
897:Shia Islam
884:territory.
799:Azerbaijan
789:conquered
766:, and the
686:Azerbaijan
659:Ismaʿilism
647:Christians
631:Shia Islam
493:Umm Salama
477:Holy women
65:Holy Books
60:Monotheism
36:Shia Islam
5456:Miniature
5425:Safaviyya
4870:, p. 171.
3887:. BRILL.
3846:, pg.167.
3763:majority.
3592:Safavids.
3479:Shamanism
3469:Mandaeism
3464:Zurvanism
3449:Zoroaster
3414:Yarsanism
3306:Bayramiye
3296:Qizilbash
3291:Safaviyya
3286:Zahediyeh
3256:Qadiriyya
3187:Mahmud II
2887:Ahi Evren
2877:Ibn Arabi
2721:al-Askari
2686:al-Abidin
2589:Practices
2566:Cosmology
2385:Hurufiyya
2381:Batiniyya
2263:Armenians
2259:Georgians
2245:Turkmen,
2235:Madh'habs
2123:mujtahids
2115:dervishes
2021:Qizilbash
2017:Qizilbash
1990:tabarrā'i
1960:Ismail II
1955:Ismail II
1930:When the
1916:Tahmasp I
1815:Madrasahs
1584:Consensus
1430:Ayatollah
1348:Safaviyya
1343:Qizilbash
1265:Kadhimiya
1255:Jerusalem
1127:Practices
998:al-Askari
963:al-Sajjad
772:Qizilbash
753:Safaviyya
732:in Iran.
718:Madrasahs
528:Shahrbanu
413:Qizilbash
5297:(2005).
5235:(2010).
4717:7 August
4001:, p. 11.
3911:(1994).
3616:See also
3484:Tengrism
3434:Ishikism
3384:Alawites
3321:Hurufism
3234:Related
2987:Gül Baba
2962:Ismail I
2726:al-Mahdi
2701:al-Kazim
2696:al-Sadiq
2691:al-Baqir
2378:Ismāʿīli
2314:Imam Ali
2269:Shiites.
2255:Baluchis
2182:Kandahar
2125:and the
2037:12 imams
1972:Abu Bakr
1932:Safavids
1910:Iraq Map
1846:Dagestan
1724:Tariqahs
1712:Abu Bakr
1544:Al-Amali
1368:Hurufism
1332:Alawites
1003:al-Mahdi
978:al-Kazim
973:al-Sadiq
968:al-Baqir
924:Muhammad
893:a series
891:Part of
834:Abu Bakr
827:Fatimids
819:Khorasan
803:Dagestan
787:Ismail I
726:Muhammad
445:Muhammad
401:Bektashi
377:Satpanth
311:Musta'li
306:Isma'ili
217:Mubahala
157:Arba'een
28:a series
26:Part of
5444:Culture
5380:Dynasty
5226:Sources
5191:, p.359
4764:page 29
4504:, p.625
3861:NPR.org
3596:Empire.
3429:Sabians
3409:Yazdanī
3326:Nuqtavi
3311:Jelveti
3239:Ṭarīqah
3167:Selim I
3157:Şahkulu
3077:Sunpadh
2802:Fatimah
2749:Murshid
2716:al-Naqi
2711:al-Taqi
2706:ar-Rida
2646:Fasting
2606:Taqiyya
2601:Zeyārat
2521:Keramat
2476:Marifat
2466:Tariqat
2461:Buyruks
2415:Beliefs
2405:Alevism
2396:Shī‘ism
2393:Twelver
2350:Karbala
2334:Imamate
2207:Isfahan
2190:Ghilzai
2188:by the
2170:Ghilzai
2127:seyyeds
2119:futuvva
2095:Allamah
2062:Abbas I
2052:Bukhara
2013:Sayyids
2009:Caliphs
1940:Baghdad
1885:Baghdad
1867:Bahrain
1859:Shirvan
1850:Armenia
1788:Lebanon
1575:Hadiths
1561:ijtihad
1455:Ijtihad
1440:Allamah
1432: (
1417: (
1338:Alevism
1312:Shaykhi
1300:Akhbari
1290:Ja'fari
1260:Samarra
1250:Mashhad
1245:Karbala
1180:Tabarri
1175:Tawalli
1103:Ijtihad
1043:Imamate
1033:Justice
993:al-Naqi
988:al-Taqi
983:ar-Rida
929:Fatimah
831:caliphs
815:Persian
795:Armenia
777:of the
770:of the
751:of the
702:Shafi'i
655:Zaydism
316:Tayyibi
287:Shaykhi
277:Akhbari
272:Ja'fari
200:History
90:Twelver
85:Ismaili
80:Imamate
5538:Abbasi
5331:
5305:
5283:
5261:
5243:
5212:
4708:
4579:
4385:
4360:15 May
4332:
4302:
3978:
3974:–236.
3921:
3891:
3817:
3790:
3754:
3724:
3699:
3670:
3583:Turkey
3459:Mazdak
3419:Yazidi
3399:Bábism
3379:Nizari
3271:Uwaisi
3266:Rifa'i
3236:Muslim
3102:Maziar
2997:Alians
2992:Fuzûlî
2779:Cemevi
2769:Dergah
2759:Rehber
2681:Husayn
2631:Mawlid
2621:Nowruz
2611:Ashura
2561:Poetry
2556:Yaqeen
2551:Sulook
2541:Manzil
2531:Lataif
2471:Haqiqa
2374:Nizari
2363:
2322:Qazvin
2287:Shiism
2243:Steppe
2199:Mahmud
2151:Russia
1980:Uthman
1848:, and
1720:Uthman
1718:, and
1705:Sunnah
1690:Shiite
1589:Reason
1570:Qur'an
1415:Marja'
1383:Galibi
1378:Rifa`i
1283:Groups
1235:Medina
1108:Taqlid
1073:Angels
958:Husayn
867:Uzbeks
842:Uthman
811:Russia
791:Tabriz
775:Armies
756:Tariqa
749:Sheikh
747:, the
706:Hanafi
543:Narjis
483:Fatima
465:Husayn
455:Fatima
418:Ishiki
386:Ghulat
367:Nizari
360:Hafizi
299:Houthi
247:Origin
162:Mawlid
152:Ashura
122:Clergy
102:Angels
5543:Abazi
4918:(PDF)
4911:(PDF)
4573:(PDF)
4229:, By
3609:Syria
3564:door.
3389:Druze
2927:Nāimī
2807:Khidr
2764:Babas
2676:Hasan
2636:Music
2596:Zakat
2511:Kashf
2506:Ihsan
2491:Baqaa
2456:Batin
2451:Zahir
2426:Quran
2421:Allah
2346:Najaf
2342:Waqfs
2295:Sunni
2251:Kurds
2186:Herat
2028:Amili
2006:Sunni
1968:Aisha
1944:Sunni
1920:Basra
1796:Syria
1771:Herat
1701:Moors
1425:Hawza
1307:Alevi
1295:Usuli
1240:Najaf
1230:Mecca
1160:Jihad
1155:Khums
1150:Zakat
1135:Salat
1113:Irfan
953:Hasan
823:Herat
730:Ulama
714:Ulama
678:Islam
523:Rubab
460:Hasan
396:Alevi
391:Alawi
372:Khoja
294:Zaydi
282:Usuli
222:Khumm
95:Zaydi
5329:ISBN
5303:ISBN
5281:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5241:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5109:2014
4926:2014
4719:2014
4706:ISBN
4577:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4362:2016
4330:ISBN
4300:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3919:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3868:2021
3815:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3581:and
3556:and
3554:Iran
2897:Rumi
2744:Dede
2626:Saya
2516:Nafs
2496:Fana
2391:and
2348:and
2291:Shia
2261:and
2253:and
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1978:and
1976:Umar
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