828:
170:
111:
46:
215:
204:
193:
182:
123:
161:
142:
100:
635:
698:
754:
740:
726:
684:
670:
642:
656:
712:
839:
On arrival, Cromwell offered the garrison terms, which allowed them to leave without their weapons, and guaranteed the town would remain unharmed. Although acceptable to the civilian leadership, they were rejected by Synnot, who sought to delay as agreed at
Drogheda. The rains had started, and many
1058:
His final letter to
Sinnott on 11 October 1649 reads as follows; "Sir, I have had the patience to peruse your propositions; to which I might have returned an answer with some disdain. But to be short I shall give the soldiers and non-commissioned officers quarter for life and leave to go to their
863:
The artillery breached the castle walls in two places, and
Stafford surrendered when Cromwell's infantry began forming for an assault. He failed to inform Synnot and Butler, who were taken by surprise, allowing Commonwealth troops from the castle to break into the town. In the sack that followed,
859:
The guns opened fire early on 11 October, concentrating on the castle, which was held by a separate garrison, under
Captain Nicholas Stafford. Synnot now accepted the original terms, but when his delegation met with Cromwell, they made new demands. These included guarantees of religious freedom,
780:
on 3 September, and the walls quickly breached. When surrender negotiations broke down, the town was stormed on 11 September, and many of the garrison of 2,600 were killed. Despite being within the then-accepted rules of war, this act was unprecedented for the Wars of the Three
Kingdoms, and
867:
In his report to London, Cromwell suggested this was retribution for the killing of
Protestants earlier in the rebellion, although he regretted the damage prevented him from using Wexford for winter quarters. His personal responsibility is still a matter of debate; historians including
943:
Despite this, the 1649 campaign was far more successful than anticipated, and seriously weakened the
Royalist/Confederate alliance, composed as it was of factions with little in common. Religion generally prevailed over other motivations; in October, Protestant Royalists in
627:
on 27 August, Ormond and his commanders agreed to avoid open battle, but instead strongly hold key ports along the east coast. The garrisons were ordered to delay their opponents as long as possible, relying on hunger and disease to weaken them as winter approached.
847:
While waiting for Deane to land his artillery, Cromwell continued to negotiate with
Synnott, who was reinforced by 1,500 men from Viscount Iveagh's regiment on 5 October. Ormond had planned to relieve Wexford himself, but was diverted to
931:
Detaching so many troops to strengthen the garrison, who were then killed, captured or deserted, left Ormond fewer than 3,000 men, although this later increased to 7,000 by early
November. Cromwell captured New Ross, then moved onto
1022:
If a town refused to surrender when a "practical breach" was made in the fortifications, it was subject to being plundered by the besiegers, and the garrison took their chances. However, executing them in such numbers was highly
883:
in June 1646. Although the killings at
Drogheda and Wexford were on a larger scale, Irish Catholics captured in England and Scotland, or taken at sea, were routinely executed throughout the war, including
936:, before being forced to retreat by sickness and lack of supplies. Between October and November, his army suffered over 1,000 deaths from disease, including senior officers such as Michael Jones and
776:
This policy, while reasonable in itself, failed to take into account the large, modern, artillery train that accompanied Cromwell. These guns were too powerful for Drogheda's fortifications, which
860:
with the garrison retaining their weapons, and the privateers currently in harbour allowed to leave with their goods and ships intact. Cromwell deemed them unacceptable and now lost patience.
956:. In Ulster, Ó Néill's army remained on the sidelines until negotiations with Ormond were completed on 20 October; he died two weeks later, on 6 November. At the start of September, only
815:
to protect its supply lines. Cromwell's force of around 6,000 arrived outside the town on 2 October; two days later, a detachment led by Jones surprised the Royalist garrison of nearby
1042:
1032:
Arthur Magennis, 3rd Viscount Iveagh, (1623-1684), had formerly served with Ó Néill's Ulster Catholic army, but remained loyal to Ormond, and was one of the last to surrender in 1653.
864:
between 1,500 and 2,000 soldiers and civilians died, over 300 of whom drowned escaping across the river. Up to another 3,000 were taken prisoner, for the loss of only 20 attackers.
827:
1059:
several habitations......and as for the inhabitants, I shall engage myself that no violence shall be offered to their goods, and that I shall protect their town from plunder."
879:
The war in Ireland was characterised by brutality on both sides; between 2,000 and 3,000 Scots and Ulster Presbyterians died in the pursuit that followed O'Neill's victory at
278:
1013:
Scots immigrants, who viewed monarchy as divinely ordained; while they had little liking for Charles the man, the execution of a king was considered sacrilegious
271:
876:, and Roger Hainsworth, suggest the assault was launched without his approval, and he was unable to control his troops once the plundering began.
1654:
1745:
800:. His army moved far quicker than Ormond anticipated since their supplies and siege artillery were transported by a naval squadron under
264:
949:
928:. It also eliminated the use of the port by privateers; the Parliamentarians claimed to have captured over 80, plus 100 fishing boats.
1706:
993:
1775:
788:. Sending a detachment against Ó Néill, who was negotiating a return to the Confederacy, Cromwell and his main force advanced on
308:
1594:
634:
1046:
767:
853:
174:
1755:
1575:
1494:
1432:
1362:
960:
was held by those loyal to the government in London; by mid-December, they controlled the entire province, apart from
1760:
1694:
1675:
1629:
498:
996:
whose loyalty to the Crown superseded religion, and English exiles, mainly Protestant, but including Catholics like
565:
363:
1041:
The Staffords were a large and important family in County Wexford; a Captain Nicholas Stafford was elected MP for
525:
430:
37:
592:, whose troops were some of the most effective in the Confederate army, and who now made a separate truce with
1547:
1780:
611:
in June, but was weakened by having to divert resources against Ó Néill. On 2 August, Jones defeated him at
1770:
1462:
997:
852:
when its Protestant Royalist garrison defected. However, he sent Synnott another 600 men, led by Colonel
1765:
1420:
917:
548:
garrison. Many civilians also died, either during the sack, or drowned attempting to escape across the
403:
256:
589:
373:
1750:
897:
801:
493:
353:
329:
219:
45:
937:
893:
593:
585:
533:
503:
448:
383:
316:
208:
127:
20:
1525:
Murphy, Elaine (2011). "Pirates in our channel; the Cromwellian navy in Ireland, 1649 to 1653".
608:
577:
529:
483:
418:
288:
913:
885:
604:
458:
413:
378:
334:
1395:"The Irish Catholic clergy, Stuart sovereignty and the 1650 appeal to the Duke of Lorraine"
388:
368:
358:
8:
889:
869:
796:
attacks on English merchant ships, and provided a link with the exiled Royalist court in
612:
561:
541:
488:
478:
423:
346:
104:
1648:
1534:
1513:
1381:
933:
581:
573:
545:
453:
393:
324:
115:
1690:
1671:
1664:
1625:
1590:
1571:
1490:
1428:
1358:
1167:
985:
892:
in 1647. For various reasons, attitudes had noticeably hardened since the end of the
880:
797:
777:
473:
463:
438:
398:
339:
1442:
1406:
1228:
816:
468:
150:
1355:
Illustrations, Historical and Genealogical: Of King James's Irish Army List (1689)
620:
537:
508:
186:
784:
Cromwell returned to Dublin, while Ormond retreated to the Confederate capital,
1466:
873:
616:
408:
1739:
1721:
1708:
1394:
808:
549:
197:
146:
961:
945:
901:
1538:
1517:
1385:
286:
981:
1411:
1374:
Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society
1010:
989:
841:
793:
781:
Cromwell later admitted it was intended to deter future resistance.
584:
who objected to his killing, and replacement of the monarchy by the
540:
stormed the town after negotiations broke down, killing most of the
1487:
Agents of Atrocity: Leadership, Political Violence and Human Rights
812:
785:
624:
569:
953:
921:
849:
832:
789:
71:
925:
597:
588:. However, their defection caused a split with Ulster Catholic
1504:
MJ (1875). "Cromwell in Ireland. III. Expedition to Wexford".
1084:
957:
1639:
Ohlmeyer, Jane (1998). Ohlmeyer, Jane; Kenyon, John (eds.).
1247:
623:
to land near Dublin unimpeded. At a Council of War held at
1372:
Faul, Denis (2004). "Cromwell in Ireland; the massacres".
1283:
1197:
1295:
1259:
1307:
1271:
1209:
1120:
1072:
1132:
603:
Seeking to secure Ireland as a base for the new king,
1185:
916:
landing in Ireland; the Royalist fleet, commanded by
900:
were often shot, and enlisted men transported to the
1331:
1319:
1149:
1147:
1587:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
1568:
Royalists at War in Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1650
1399:
Revue électronique d'études sur le monde anglophone
1108:
1096:
1663:
811:to garrison Wexford, with his field army based at
792:. This port was an important base for Confederate
1144:
524:took place from 2 to 11 October 1649, during the
1737:
896:in 1646. Royalist officers captured in the 1648
1443:"Letters: Cromwell's negotiations with Wexford"
1229:"Letters: Cromwell's negotiations with Wexford"
615:, a victory that allowed 12,000 mostly veteran
840:of the besiegers were already suffering from
272:
1425:Irish Battles: A Military History of Ireland
1419:
1352:
1289:
1203:
244:1,500 - 2,000 killed (including civilians)
16:Part of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
835:, showing Cromwell's camp to the southwest
279:
265:
44:
1565:
1410:
1078:
1484:
1467:"The influence of Calvinism on politics"
1392:
1277:
1253:
1215:
1102:
912:The loss of Wexford ended any chance of
826:
1461:
1090:
771:Cromwell's 1649 campaign; key locations
1738:
1524:
1138:
19:For the siege of Wexford in 1169, see
1584:
1545:
1337:
1325:
1301:
1265:
1153:
1126:
1114:
260:
1746:Sieges of the Irish Confederate Wars
1371:
1357:(2108 ed.). Franklin Classics.
1313:
1666:Cromwell : an honourable enemy
1165:
580:on 30 January, they were joined by
251:Unknown wounded, or died of disease
13:
1503:
1191:
980:'Royalist' forces contained Irish
807:Ormond despatched 1,000 men under
14:
1792:
819:, giving Deane a secure harbour.
697:
1689:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
1546:Plant, David (9 February 2008).
753:
752:
739:
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213:
202:
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168:
159:
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121:
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98:
1624:. Cork: Cork University Press.
1604:
1221:
1159:
1052:
1035:
1026:
669:
641:
526:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
38:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1776:Massacres committed by England
1016:
1003:
974:
655:
1:
1685:Wheeler, James Scott (1999).
1172:Dictionary of Irish Biography
1066:
1009:Many Ulster Protestants were
555:
1622:Confederate Catholics at War
1548:"The Siege of Wexford, 1649"
907:
711:
431:1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest
62:2 October to 11 October 1649
7:
1421:Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony
948:changed sides, followed by
596:, Commonwealth governor of
10:
1797:
1346:
988:, a small number of Irish
18:
1756:History of County Wexford
1620:Lenihan, Padraig (2001).
1613:Cromwell Our Chief of Men
1589:(2006 ed.). Abacus.
1566:Robertson, Barry (2014).
564:signed a treaty with the
304:
238:
225:
133:
91:
54:
43:
35:
30:
1761:Sieges involving England
1611:Fraser, Antonia (1975).
1393:Finnegan, David (2014).
1047:1689 Jacobite Parliament
967:
898:Second English Civil War
822:
560:On 17 January 1649, the
528:, part of the 1641–1653
1485:Mitchell, Neil (2004).
1427:. The Appletree Press.
1093:, pp. 5–19 passim.
894:First English Civil War
586:Commonwealth of England
317:1641–42 Irish Rebellion
21:Siege of Wexford (1169)
1585:Royle, Trevor (2004).
1489:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1353:D'Alton, John (1844).
836:
578:Execution of Charles I
562:Catholic Confederation
530:Irish Confederate Wars
290:Irish Confederate Wars
134:Commanders and leaders
1615:. Panther, St Albans.
830:
239:Casualties and losses
1781:Massacres in Ireland
1662:Reilly, Tom (1999).
1474:Theology in Scotland
831:Map of 17th-century
768:class=notpageimage|
534:English Commonwealth
128:English Commonwealth
83:Commonwealth victory
1718: /
1687:Cromwell in Ireland
1670:. Brandon: Dingle.
1316:, pp. 297–298.
1304:, pp. 454–455.
1268:, pp. 534–535.
1256:, pp. 150–151.
1194:, pp. 225–226.
1129:, pp. 530–531.
920:, now broke out of
1771:Looting in Ireland
1722:52.3342°N 6.4575°W
1168:"Magennis, Arthur"
1166:Lenihan, Padraig.
952:, and the rest of
837:
582:Ulster Protestants
165:Nicholas Stafford
105:Irish Confederates
50:Wexford waterfront
1766:Conflicts in 1649
1596:978-0-349-11564-1
1506:The Irish Monthly
1412:10.4000/erea.3734
1141:, pp. 20–23.
986:Church of Ireland
934:besiege Waterford
576:. Following the
542:Irish Confederate
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516:
298:
297:Eleven Years' War
255:
254:
87:
86:
1788:
1733:
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1727:52.3342; -6.4575
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1290:Hayes-McCoy 1989
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31:Siege of Wexford
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1751:1649 in Ireland
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1465:(Autumn 2009).
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621:Oliver Cromwell
609:besieged Dublin
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538:Oliver Cromwell
522:Sack of Wexford
518:
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289:
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187:Oliver Cromwell
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1641:The Civil Wars
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1577:978-1409457473
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1496:978-1403962744
1495:
1482:
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1434:978-0862812126
1433:
1417:
1390:
1380:(1): 293–298.
1369:
1364:978-0342516131
1363:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1340:, p. 536.
1330:
1328:, p. 537.
1318:
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 194.
1282:
1280:, p. 151.
1270:
1258:
1246:
1220:
1218:, p. 150.
1208:
1206:, p. 572.
1196:
1184:
1158:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1117:, p. 526.
1107:
1095:
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1081:, p. 122.
1079:Robertson 2014
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617:New Model Army
590:Eoghan Ó Néill
566:Duke of Ormond
557:
554:
515:
514:
512:
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246:3,000 captured
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177:
136:
135:
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118:
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1696:0-7171-2884-9
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1677:0-86322-250-1
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1631:1-85918-244-5
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1449:. 15 May 2015
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230:
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1605:Bibliography
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1555:. Retrieved
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1451:. Retrieved
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1237:. Retrieved
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1204:D'Alton 1844
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1175:. Retrieved
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1091:Macleod 2009
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838:
809:David Synnot
806:
783:
778:was besieged
775:
602:
559:
550:River Slaney
521:
519:
499:2nd Limerick
484:Scarrifholis
443:
439:2nd Drogheda
429:
428:
354:1st Limerick
345:
344:
330:1st Drogheda
315:
314:
294:
198:Henry Ireton
152:
147:David Synnot
92:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
1725: /
1570:. Ashgate.
1552:BCW Project
1512:: 218–228.
1447:Wexford Hub
1233:Wexford Hub
1139:Murphy 2011
994:Clanricarde
962:Enniskillen
902:West Indies
886:Philiphaugh
459:Lisnagarvey
414:Knocknanuss
335:Julianstown
1740:Categories
1710:52°20′03″N
1338:Royle 2004
1326:Royle 2004
1302:Royle 2004
1266:Royle 2004
1154:Plant 2008
1127:Royle 2004
1115:Royle 2004
1067:References
982:Protestant
914:Charles II
870:Tom Reilly
605:Charles II
572:leader in
556:Background
509:2nd Galway
489:Charlemont
389:Portlester
379:Cloghleagh
369:Liscarroll
364:1st Galway
359:Glenmaquin
1713:6°27′27″W
1649:cite book
1643:. Oxford.
1314:Faul 2004
1011:Calvinist
990:Catholics
908:Aftermath
890:Dunaverty
842:dysentery
794:privateer
704:Waterford
613:Rathmines
607:, Ormond
479:Tecroghan
454:Waterford
424:Rathmines
394:Duncannon
325:Portadown
116:Royalists
74:, Ireland
1539:41231661
1518:20501601
1423:(1989).
1386:25746993
817:Rosslare
813:New Ross
786:Kilkenny
760:Rosslare
746:Kilkenny
732:New Ross
690:Drogheda
625:Drogheda
570:Royalist
546:Royalist
464:Kilkenny
374:New Ross
309:Timeline
234:c. 6,000
226:Strength
67:Location
1347:Sources
1192:MJ 1875
1177:16 July
1045:in the
1043:Fethard
1023:unusual
954:Munster
922:Kinsale
881:Benburb
850:Youghal
833:Wexford
790:Wexford
676:Athlone
648:Wexford
574:Ireland
474:Macroom
469:Clonmel
444:Wexford
399:Benburb
347:1642–49
340:Kilrush
153:†
72:Wexford
1693:
1674:
1628:
1593:
1574:
1557:27 May
1537:
1516:
1493:
1453:31 May
1431:
1384:
1361:
1239:31 May
926:Lisbon
798:France
662:Dublin
598:Dublin
449:Arklow
419:Dublin
409:Cashel
384:Clones
149:
80:Result
1535:JSTOR
1533:(4).
1514:JSTOR
1470:(PDF)
1405:(4).
1382:JSTOR
992:like
968:Notes
958:Derry
823:Siege
1691:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1655:link
1626:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1559:2020
1491:ISBN
1480:(2).
1455:2020
1429:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1241:2020
1179:2023
946:Cork
718:Cork
544:and
520:The
59:Date
1478:XVI
1407:doi
1742::
1651:}}
1647:{{
1550:.
1531:19
1529:.
1508:.
1476:.
1472:.
1445:.
1403:11
1401:.
1397:.
1378:20
1376:.
1231:.
1170:.
1146:^
964:.
940:.
904:.
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844:.
804:.
600:.
568:,
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532:.
295:or
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1657:)
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1510:3
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1105:.
1049:.
1000:.
280:e
273:t
266:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
