44:
31:
635:
441:-induced DNA cross-links were repaired; that is, MR occurred. Hall suggested that the virions with cross-linked DNA were repaired by recombinational repair. Michod et al. reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages.
267:
in humans was a particularly controversial area of research, fuelled by the historical contamination of some batches of polio vaccine with SV40 in the 1950s and 1960s. "Persuasive evidence now indicates that SV40 is causing infections in humans today and represents an emerging pathogen." However "It
436:
and allowed to undergo multiple infection of host cells. Hall studied MR when SV 40 virions were exposed to the DNA crosslinking agent 4, 5', 8-trimethylpsoralen. Under conditions in which only a single virus particle entered each host cell, approximately one DNA cross-link was lethal to the virus
302:
Some vaccines made in the US between 1955 and 1961 were found to be contaminated with SV40, from the growth medium and from the original seed strain. Population level studies did not show extensive evidence of increase in cancer incidence as a result of exposure, though SV40 has been extensively
432:(MR). MR is the process by which two or more virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Yamamato and Shimojo observed MR when SV40 virions were irradiated with
554:
The molecular mechanisms by which the virus reproduces and alters cell function were previously unknown, and research into SV40 vastly increased biologists' understanding of gene expression and the regulation of cell growth.
240:
vaccine batches in the 1950s and 1960s, SV40 came under suspicion as a possible cancer risk, but no subsequent increased cancer rate was observed, making such a risk unlikely. Nevertheless SV40 has become a
941:
Kroczynska, Barbara; Cutrone, Rochelle; Bocchetta, Maurizio; Yang, Haining; Elmishad, Amira G.; Vacek, Pamela; Ramos-Nino, Maria; Mossman, Brooke T.; Pass, Harvey I.; Carbone, Michele (19 September 2006).
1195:
Toscano, Miguel G.; van der Velden, Jeroen; van der Werf, Sybrand; Odijk, Machteld; Roque, Ana; Camacho-Garcia, Rafael J.; Herrera-Gomez, Irene G.; Mancini, Irene; de Haan, Peter (15 September 2017).
481:, binding the last three initiates late expression. The function of the 72 base-pair repeats is to enhance the amount of stable RNA and increase the rate of synthesis. This is done by binding (
1868:
Fiers, W; Contreras, R; Haegemann, G; Rogiers, R; Van De Voorde, A; Van
Heuverswyn, H; Van Herreweghe, J; Volckaert, G; Ysebaert, M (May 1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA".
412:. All of the proteins, besides the 5% of large T, return to the nucleus because assembly of the viral particle happens there. A putative late protein VP4 has been reported to act as a
1790:
Eddy, B. E.; Borman, G. S.; Grubbs, G. E.; Young, R. D. (May 1962). "Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40".
2574:
396:
and 95% returns to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus the large T antigen binds three viral DNA sites, I, II and III. Binding of sites I and II autoregulates early
340:
332:
1580:
Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Shimojo, H (August 1971). "Multiplicity reactivation of human adenovirus type 12 and simian virus 40 irradiated by ultraviolet light".
140:
1997:
3073:
404:. Early transcription gives two spliced RNAs that are both 19s. Late transcription gives both a longer 16s, which synthesizes the major viral
2588:
1001:
Pershouse, Mark A.; Heivly, Shane; Girtsman, Teri (January 2006). "The Role of SV40 in
Malignant Mesothelioma and Other Human Malignancies".
2254:
2085:
648:
532:
477:
interacts with the 21 base-pair repeats, it binds either the first or the last three GC boxes. Binding the first three initiates early
619:
activists, where its presence in contaminated vaccine is accused of being a cause of a cancer "epidemic" and of being responsible for
2125:
1146:
Mueller, C.; Strayer, M. S.; Sirninger, J.; Braag, S.; Branco, F.; Louboutin, J.-P.; Flotte, T. R.; Strayer, D. S. (February 2010).
772:
722:
Banerji, J; Rusconi, S; Schaffner, W (December 1981). "Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences".
1197:"Generation of a Vero-Based Packaging Cell Line to Produce SV40 Gene Delivery Vectors for Use in Clinical Gene Therapy Studies"
1990:
2218:
2275:
3111:
3106:
2594:
2120:
2077:
944:"Crocidolite asbestos and SV40 are cocarcinogens in human mesothelial cells and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters"
469:
and are the site that determines the direction of transcription. Also, the 72 base-pair repeats are transcriptional
2580:
2509:
1983:
1708:"A model for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen"
1663:
Michod, Richard E.; Bernstein, Harris; Nedelcu, Aurora M. (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
567:
in 1960 when they found that between 10 and 30% of polio vaccines in the US were contaminated with SV40. In 1962,
544:
373:
297:
1070:
Hilleman MR (1998). "Discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines".
2179:
2165:
1379:
Raghava, Smita; Giorda, Kristina M.; Romano, Fabian B.; Heuck, Alejandro P.; Hebert, Daniel N. (30 June 2011).
2540:
1099:"Thirty-five year mortality following receipt of SV40- contaminated polio vaccine during the neonatal period"
515:
361:
with a closed circular double-stranded DNA genome of 5.2 kb. The virion adheres to cell surface receptors of
154:
43:
2617:
2384:
2378:
2289:
2283:
2173:
1097:
Carroll-Pankhurst, C; Engels, EA; Strickler, HD; Goedert, JJ; Wagner, J; Mortimer EA Jr. (November 2001).
2747:
2673:
2667:
2340:
281:
2804:
2411:
486:
429:
400:. Binding to site II takes place in each cell cycle. Binding site I initiates DNA replication at the
1957:
3101:
3005:
2513:
2425:
2330:
2160:
2133:
2105:
2038:
1951:
1929:
1148:"In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of gutless recombinant SV40-derived CFTR vectors"
474:
397:
303:
studied. A thirty-five year follow-up did not find excess numbers of cancers associated with SV40.
1620:
Hall, J. D. (1982). "Repair of psoralen-induced crosslinks in cells multiply infected with SV40".
1381:"The SV40 Late Protein VP4 Is a Viroporin that Forms Pores to Disrupt Membranes for Viral Release"
1330:"A wolf in sheep's clothing: SV40 co-opts host genome maintenance proteins to replicate viral DNA"
3121:
2309:
1052:
462:
230:
1975:
3078:
3028:
2703:
2681:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2503:
2441:
2335:
2296:
2099:
776:
653:
328:
2688:
2269:
2139:
2110:
528:
401:
221:
in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 has been widely studied as a
2952:
2784:
2419:
2248:
1947:
1877:
1834:
1672:
1010:
955:
540:
336:
38:
437:
and could not be repaired. In contrast, when multiple viral genomes infected a host cell,
8:
2370:
2091:
600:
470:
450:
355:
1961:
1881:
1838:
1676:
1481:"Does the Evidence Support the Existence of the Simian Polyomavirus SV40 Vp4 Viroporin?"
1014:
959:
2764:
2759:
2473:
2229:
1901:
1772:
1724:
1707:
1645:
1554:
1529:
1505:
1480:
1456:
1431:
1407:
1380:
1356:
1329:
1305:
1280:
1221:
1196:
1172:
1147:
1123:
1098:
1034:
978:
943:
918:
893:
874:
747:
699:
674:
268:
appears unlikely that SV40 infection alone is sufficient to cause human malignancy..."
243:
175:
1096:
861:
826:
509:
populations in the wild, where it rarely causes disease. However, in monkeys that are
2937:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2545:
2450:
2154:
2032:
1893:
1850:
1807:
1803:
1764:
1729:
1688:
1637:
1597:
1593:
1559:
1510:
1461:
1412:
1361:
1310:
1261:
1226:
1177:
1128:
1079:
1026:
983:
923:
866:
848:
807:
739:
735:
704:
482:
381:
1776:
1038:
878:
790:
Poulin, D. L.; Decaprio, J. A. (2006). "Is There a Role for SV40 in Human Cancer?".
751:
2912:
2622:
2302:
2234:
2115:
2046:
1905:
1885:
1842:
1799:
1756:
1719:
1680:
1649:
1629:
1589:
1549:
1541:
1500:
1492:
1451:
1443:
1402:
1392:
1351:
1341:
1300:
1292:
1253:
1216:
1208:
1167:
1159:
1118:
1110:
1018:
973:
963:
913:
905:
856:
838:
799:
731:
694:
686:
616:
588:
564:
510:
393:
248:
2876:
1244:
Vera, Maria; Fortes, Puri (May 2004). "Simian Virus-40 as a Gene
Therapy Vector".
843:
3010:
2836:
2741:
2661:
2650:
2521:
2485:
2405:
2191:
2052:
1747:
Sweet, B. H.; Hilleman, M. R. (November 1960). "The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40".
1684:
1397:
1346:
592:
583:
in hamsters inoculated with monkeys cells infected with SV40. The complete viral
548:
490:
478:
226:
104:
1966:
1296:
690:
3116:
2072:
1760:
1257:
1212:
640:
502:
409:
392:
result from this. The large T antigen has two functions: 5% goes to the plasma
352:
312:
222:
128:
116:
1022:
539:, SV40 causes a variety of tumors, generally sarcomas. In rats, the oncogenic
3095:
3051:
2067:
2062:
2010:
1545:
1496:
852:
803:
773:"Another antivaccine zombie meme: polio vaccine and SV40 and cancer, oh, my!"
385:
316:
277:
92:
968:
2928:
2778:
2456:
2317:
1846:
1825:
Reddy, V. B.; Weissman, S. M. (May 1978). "The genome of simian virus 40".
1811:
1768:
1692:
1563:
1514:
1465:
1416:
1365:
1314:
1265:
1230:
1181:
1132:
1114:
1030:
987:
927:
870:
811:
768:
708:
596:
568:
377:
366:
324:
320:
285:
202:
80:
68:
1733:
1641:
1601:
1083:
1053:"Studies Find No Evidence That Simian Virus 40 Is Related To Human Cancer"
743:
2968:
2917:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2881:
2855:
2825:
2727:
2566:
2478:
2461:
2396:
2057:
1897:
1854:
1530:"In Support of Simian Polyomavirus 40 VP4 as a Later Expressed Viroporin"
894:"Simian virus 40 transformation, malignant mesothelioma and brain tumors"
433:
362:
1447:
1163:
2818:
2602:
2359:
1633:
580:
2997:
1970:
1194:
909:
251:
activists, who have blamed it for multiple ills, including cancer and
3060:
2863:
2844:
2811:
2799:
2793:
2772:
2718:
2646:
2532:
2494:
2263:
2242:
2148:
2026:
2018:
2006:
1889:
572:
458:
417:
413:
264:
214:
3022:
3065:
3045:
2961:
2608:
2350:
2206:
620:
524:
520:
454:
438:
370:
252:
408:
protein VP1; and the smaller 19s, which gives VP2 and VP3 through
225:
eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic
2714:
2005:
604:
576:
536:
506:
389:
1749:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
827:"Emergent Human Pathogen Simian Virus 40 and Its Role in Cancer"
2323:
1059:(Press release). NIH/National Cancer Institute. 25 August 2004.
584:
466:
405:
206:
30:
1867:
1706:
Eibl, R. H.; Kleihues, P; Jat, P. S.; Wiestler, O. D. (1994).
1479:
Henriksen, Stian; Rinaldo, Christine
Hanssen (29 April 2020).
940:
2974:
2733:
2365:
358:
237:
218:
210:
55:
1145:
634:
420:; however the presence and role of VP4 have been disputed.
319:
companies seek to utilize modified SV40 based vectors as a
416:
facilitiating release of viral particles and resulting in
384:
acts to promote early gene expression. This results in an
2200:
527:
polyomaviruses, producing kidney disease and sometimes a
388:
that is spliced into two segments. The small and large T
1378:
1281:"SV40 DNA replication: from the A gene to a nanomachine"
675:"SV40 DNA replication: From the A gene to a nanomachine"
1705:
1000:
721:
1662:
1789:
1201:
Molecular
Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development
2987:
1528:
Daniels, Robert; Hebert, Daniel N. (29 April 2020).
1430:
DeCaprio, James A.; Garcea, Robert L. (April 2013).
891:
630:
892:Qi F, Carbone M, Yang H, Gaudino G (October 2011).
465:start site. The 21 base-pair repeats contain six
271:
3093:
1478:
825:Vilchez, Regis A.; Butel, Janet S. (July 2004).
1579:
948:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1472:
1429:
789:
543:was used to establish a brain tumor model for
291:
1991:
1824:
1746:
1527:
1423:
276:It has been suggested that SV40 may act as a
1521:
1372:
1063:
824:
423:
369:VP1. Penetration into the cell is through a
1575:
1573:
1327:
1278:
1069:
1045:
672:
563:SV40 was first identified by Ben Sweet and
2255:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1998:
1984:
1927:"Simian Virus 40 (SV40) - 1955 – 1963" in
1243:
1090:
649:Mason-Pfizer monkey virus packaging signal
533:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
29:
2126:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1950:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1723:
1553:
1504:
1455:
1406:
1396:
1355:
1345:
1304:
1220:
1171:
1122:
977:
967:
917:
860:
842:
767:
698:
1570:
615:SV40 has become a totemic subject among
489:to give a primary transcript that is 3'
1615:
1613:
1611:
501:SV40 is dormant and is asymptomatic in
213:. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a
3094:
1432:"A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses"
610:
453:for SV40 contains three elements. The
3027:
3026:
1979:
763:
761:
673:Fanning, E; Zhao, K (February 2009).
513:—due to, for example, infection with
1619:
1608:
2276:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
505:. The virus has been found in many
13:
758:
183:simian vacuolating virus 40, SV40
14:
3133:
2595:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2121:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1916:
1712:The American Journal of Pathology
1665:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
535:. In other species, particularly
2581:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1622:Molecular & General Genetics
633:
496:
444:
258:
42:
1861:
1818:
1783:
1740:
1699:
1656:
1321:
1272:
1237:
1188:
1139:
545:primitive neuroectodermal tumor
519:—SV40 acts much like the human
306:
298:Vaccine contamination with SV40
263:The hypothesis that SV40 might
2180:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2166:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
994:
934:
885:
818:
783:
715:
666:
335:assisted produced vectors the
272:p53 damage and carcinogenicity
1:
1328:Sowd, GA; Fanning, E (2012).
844:10.1128/CMR.17.3.495-508.2004
831:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
659:
516:simian immunodeficiency virus
155:Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1
2385:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2290:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1930:"Historical Safety Concerns"
1804:10.1016/0042-6822(62)90082-x
1685:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1594:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90355-2
1398:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002116
1347:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002994
1279:Fanning, E; Zhao, K (2009).
792:Journal of Clinical Oncology
736:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-X
457:is located approximately 20
7:
2748:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2668:Human parainfluenza viruses
2341:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1436:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1297:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.038
691:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.038
626:
346:
292:Polio vaccine contamination
236:Following contamination of
195:simian vacuolating virus 40
10:
3138:
1921:
1761:10.3181/00379727-105-26128
1258:10.1089/104454904323090903
1213:10.1016/j.omtm.2017.06.007
558:
295:
3035:
2991:
2951:
2927:
2835:
2758:
2713:
2702:
2531:
2493:
2472:
2440:
2412:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2395:
2349:
2228:
2217:
2190:
2017:
1023:10.1080/08958370600835377
595:(US) in 1978 and also by
487:AP-1 transcription factor
430:multiplicity reactivation
424:Multiplicity reactivation
181:
174:
37:
28:
23:
3112:Infraspecific virus taxa
3107:History of biotechnology
2514:Infectious mononucleosis
2331:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2161:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2106:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2039:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1952:Medical Subject Headings
1941:
1546:10.1128/mSphere.00187-20
1497:10.1128/mSphere.00019-20
804:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7101
2310:Encephalitis lethargica
2011:viral systemic diseases
969:10.1073/pnas.0604544103
193:is an abbreviation for
2682:Human orthopneumovirus
2336:Herpesviral meningitis
2297:Arbovirus encephalitis
1962:NCBI Taxonomy database
1847:10.1126/science.205947
1115:10.1054/bjoc.2001.2065
777:Science-Based Medicine
654:SV40 Cancer Foundation
329:helper dependent virus
217:that sometimes causes
205:that is found in both
2140:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1936:. CDC. 30 March 2022.
1003:Inhalation Toxicology
898:Expert Rev Respir Med
529:demyelinating disease
402:origin of replication
2785:Adenovirus infection
2249:Human polyomavirus 2
2078:Oropharyngeal cancer
1971:NCBI Genome database
1246:DNA and Cell Biology
771:(9 September 2013).
599:and his team at the
541:SV40 large T antigen
351:SV40 consists of an
341:SV40 small T antigen
337:SV40 large T antigen
282:crocidolite asbestos
39:Virus classification
2371:Post-polio syndrome
2007:Infectious diseases
1882:1978Natur.273..113F
1839:1978Sci...200..494R
1677:2008InfGE...8..267M
1448:10.1038/nrmicro2992
1164:10.1038/gt.2009.137
1015:2006InhTx..18..995P
960:2006PNAS..10314128K
954:(38): 14128–14133.
611:Culture and society
601:University of Ghent
571:described the SV40
428:SV40 is capable of
333:packaging cell line
2504:Epstein–Barr virus
2474:Respiratory system
2111:Burkitt's lymphoma
1634:10.1007/bf00333007
575:function inducing
461:upstream from the
3089:
3088:
3029:Taxon identifiers
3020:
3019:
2985:
2984:
2947:
2946:
2698:
2697:
2629:Influenza virus A
2546:Human coronavirus
2436:
2435:
2426:Herpes of the eye
1833:(4341): 494–502.
910:10.1586/ers.11.51
587:was sequenced by
382:RNA polymerase II
188:
187:
3129:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3024:
3023:
2989:
2988:
2711:
2710:
2706:digestive system
2623:Orthomyxoviridae
2589:SARS coronavirus
2575:MERS coronavirus
2491:
2490:
2303:Orthomyxoviridae
2226:
2225:
2192:Immune disorders
2116:Hodgkin lymphoma
2092:Kaposi's sarcoma
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1937:
1910:
1909:
1890:10.1038/273113a0
1876:(5658): 113–20.
1865:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1540:(2): e00187-20.
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1491:(2): e00019-20.
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1340:(11): e1002994.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1009:(12): 995–1000.
998:
992:
991:
981:
971:
938:
932:
931:
921:
889:
883:
882:
864:
846:
822:
816:
815:
787:
781:
780:
765:
756:
755:
719:
713:
712:
702:
670:
643:
638:
637:
617:anti-vaccination
565:Maurice Hilleman
311:Due to its high
249:anti-vaccination
142:Betapolyomavirus
47:
46:
33:
24:Simian virus 40
21:
20:
16:Species of virus
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3102:Model organisms
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3037:Simian virus 40
3031:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3000:
2986:
2981:
2943:
2923:
2831:
2805:Gastroenteritis
2763:
2760:Gastroenteritis
2754:
2742:Cytomegalovirus
2705:
2694:
2662:Paramyxoviridae
2651:Avian influenza
2527:
2522:Cytomegalovirus
2486:viral pneumonia
2484:
2481:nasopharyngitis
2480:
2477:
2468:
2432:
2406:Cytomegalovirus
2391:
2345:
2233:
2220:
2213:
2186:
2053:Cervical cancer
2013:
2004:
1948:Simian+virus+40
1944:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1866:
1862:
1823:
1819:
1788:
1784:
1745:
1741:
1704:
1700:
1661:
1657:
1618:
1609:
1578:
1571:
1526:
1522:
1477:
1473:
1428:
1424:
1391:(6): e1002116.
1377:
1373:
1326:
1322:
1277:
1273:
1242:
1238:
1193:
1189:
1144:
1140:
1095:
1091:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1046:
999:
995:
939:
935:
890:
886:
823:
819:
798:(26): 4356–65.
788:
784:
766:
759:
720:
716:
671:
667:
662:
639:
632:
629:
613:
593:Yale University
561:
549:medulloblastoma
511:immunodeficient
499:
493:and 5' capped.
463:transcriptional
447:
426:
380:, the cellular
349:
309:
300:
294:
274:
261:
227:DNA replication
199:simian virus 40
170:
168:Simian virus 40
158:
106:Papovaviricetes
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3122:Polyomaviridae
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:Classification
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2446:
2444:
2442:Cardiovascular
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2223:
2221:nervous system
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:Vaginal cancer
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1934:Vaccine Safety
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:External links
1915:
1912:
1911:
1860:
1817:
1782:
1755:(2): 420–427.
1739:
1698:
1655:
1607:
1569:
1520:
1471:
1442:(4): 264–276.
1422:
1385:PLOS Pathogens
1371:
1334:PLOS Pathogens
1320:
1291:(2): 352–359.
1271:
1252:(5): 271–282.
1236:
1187:
1158:(2): 227–237.
1138:
1089:
1072:Dev Biol Stand
1062:
1044:
993:
933:
884:
837:(3): 495–508.
817:
782:
757:
730:(2): 299–308.
714:
685:(2): 352–359.
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
651:
645:
644:
641:Viruses portal
628:
625:
612:
609:
560:
557:
503:rhesus monkeys
498:
495:
491:polyadenylated
446:
443:
425:
422:
410:leaky scanning
365:by the virion
348:
345:
313:tissue tropism
308:
305:
296:Main article:
293:
290:
273:
270:
260:
257:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
130:Polyomaviridae
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
102:
98:
97:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3134:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:Parainfluenza
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:EBV infection
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Poliomyelitis
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Vulvar cancer
2066:
2064:
2063:Penile cancer
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:entry in the
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:entry in the
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:(3): 556–64.
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:(3): 267–85.
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:(2): 529–31.
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(9): 1295–7.
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1057:Science Daily
1054:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
989:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
904:(5): 683–97.
903:
899:
895:
888:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
778:
774:
770:
764:
762:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
665:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
636:
631:
624:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
497:Other animals
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:Transcription
442:
440:
435:
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:RNA synthesis
395:
394:cell membrane
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:. Inside the
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
344:
343:are removed.
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:biotechnology
314:
304:
299:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:co-carcinogen
269:
266:
259:Human disease
256:
254:
250:
246:
245:
244:cause célèbre
239:
234:
232:
231:transcription
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:Sepolyvirales
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:Cossaviricota
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3036:
3004:
2967:
2960:
2936:
2929:Pancreatitis
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2798:
2777:
2740:
2726:
2687:
2680:
2666:
2660:
2627:
2621:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2544:
2520:
2502:
2457:Pericarditis
2449:
2418:
2404:
2377:
2358:
2316:
2301:
2282:
2268:
2247:
2230:Encephalitis
2199:
2172:
2153:
2132:
2098:
2084:
2045:
2031:
1933:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1628:(1): 135–8.
1625:
1621:
1585:
1581:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1155:
1152:Gene Therapy
1151:
1141:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1006:
1002:
996:
951:
947:
936:
901:
897:
887:
834:
830:
820:
795:
791:
785:
727:
723:
717:
682:
678:
668:
614:
569:Bernice Eddy
562:
553:
514:
500:
483:dimerization
448:
427:
378:cell nucleus
367:glycoprotein
350:
325:gene therapy
321:viral vector
310:
307:Gene therapy
301:
286:mesothelioma
275:
265:cause cancer
262:
242:
235:
203:polyomavirus
198:
194:
190:
189:
182:
167:
153:
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
82:Shotokuvirae
81:
70:Monodnaviria
69:
62:
52:(unranked):
18:
2826:Coronavirus
2567:Common cold
2479:acute viral
2462:Myocarditis
2306:(probable)
2058:Anal cancer
1207:: 124–134.
1103:Br J Cancer
581:ependymomas
531:similar to
485:) with the
475:SP1 protein
473:. When the
363:MHC class I
356:icosahedral
353:unenveloped
327:. In these
3096:Categories
2953:Urogenital
2819:Astrovirus
2779:Adenovirus
2603:SARS-CoV-2
2360:Poliovirus
2235:meningitis
1078:: 183–90.
900:(Review).
660:References
479:expression
459:base-pairs
449:The early
2864:RNA virus
2845:DNA virus
2837:Hepatitis
2812:Norovirus
2800:Rotavirus
2794:RNA virus
2773:DNA virus
2719:Esophagus
2647:Influenza
2533:RNA virus
2495:DNA virus
2264:RNA virus
2243:DNA virus
2149:RNA virus
2027:DNA virus
2019:Oncovirus
1798:: 65–75.
853:0893-8512
769:Gorski DH
573:oncogenic
471:enhancers
418:cytolysis
414:viroporin
284:to cause
215:DNA virus
149:Species:
77:Kingdom:
3079:11460799
3046:Wikidata
2962:BK virus
2765:diarrhea
2609:COVID-19
2351:Myelitis
1812:13889129
1792:Virology
1777:38744505
1769:13774265
1693:18295550
1582:Virology
1564:32188752
1515:32188744
1466:23474680
1417:21738474
1366:23144614
1315:19101707
1285:Virology
1266:15169607
1231:28791314
1182:19890354
1133:11720463
1039:30590705
1031:16920674
988:16966607
928:21955238
879:10372679
871:15258090
812:16963733
752:54234674
709:19101707
679:Virology
627:See also
621:HIV/AIDS
589:Weissman
537:hamsters
467:GC boxes
455:TATA box
451:promoter
439:psoralen
434:UV light
390:antigens
371:caveolin
347:Virology
253:HIV/AIDS
176:Synonyms
125:Family:
89:Phylum:
3052:Q734305
3011:D027601
2715:Pharynx
2219:Central
1922:CDC FAQ
1906:1634424
1878:Bibcode
1835:Bibcode
1827:Science
1734:8129041
1725:1887088
1673:Bibcode
1650:5843939
1642:6294477
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1357:3493471
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1011:Bibcode
979:1599923
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137:Genus:
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280:with
238:polio
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3006:MeSH
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2561:OC43
2557:HKU1
2553:NL63
2549:229E
2207:AIDS
2086:KSHV
1967:SV40
1958:SV40
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867:PMID
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724:Cell
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339:and
323:for
247:for
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2100:EBV
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2033:HBV
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