882:), and a harness with adjustable shoulder straps and waist belt which lets it be worn on the back. The air cylinder is commonly 4 liter, 6 liter, or 6.8 liter, but other sizes are also available. The endurance of the cylinder can be calculated from the volume, pressure and breathing rate of the user. The formula: volume (in liters) × pressure (in bars) / 40 (litres per minute) - 10 minutes (the 10 minutes is a safety margin, or reserve), so a 6-liter cylinder, of 300 bar, is 6 × 300 / 40 - 10 = 35 minutes working duration. The fitness and level of exertion of the wearer affect breathing rate, and result in variations of the actual usable time of the SCBA.
1028:
467:
994:
967:
1066:, chemical, and nuclear industries. The design emphasis for industrial users depends on the precise application and extends from the bottom end which is cost critical, to the most severe environments where the SCBA is one part of an integrated protective environment which includes gas-tight suits for whole-body protection and ease of decontamination. Industrial users will often be supplied with air via an air line, and only carry compressed air for escape or decontamination purposes.
1137:
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784:
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807:
3106:
2162:
1116:
1076:
1052:(personal alert safety system) or an ADSU (automatic distress signal unit) into their design. These units emit distinctive, high-pitched alarm tones to help locate firefighters in distress by automatically activating if movement is not sensed for a certain length of time (typically between 15 and 30 seconds), also allowing for manual activation should the need arise. In firefighting use, the layout of this breathing set should not interfere with
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61:
2186:
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performance of the SCBA, the marking required, and the information to be provided to the user. Two classes of SCBA are recognised, Type 1 for industrial use and Type 2 for firefighting. Any SCBA conforming to this standard will have been verified to reliably operate and protect the user from -30 °C to +60 °C under a wide range of severe simulated operational conditions.
1128:
523:
865:
reduces it to just above atmospheric pressure via a demand valve when the pressure drops on inhalation. A positive pressure mask has the demand valve set to close when the pressure inside the mask is slightly above the external ambient pressure, so when the mask is removed from the face or leaks around the skirt, the demand valve will free-flow.
495:
1104:
vision and awareness of the surroundings. The weight and harness straps may limit tidal volume, ventilation rate, and oxygen consumption, and heart rate may increase in comparison with the same exercise levels without the equipment. Shoulder harness straps of heavy SCBA can reduce free motion of the thorax which affects breathing.
1149:
533:
1103:
SCBA is intended to be personal protective equipment, but its use is not without cost. The weight of the unit and work of breathing affect the work capacity and agility of the wearer, and the full-face mask, while protecting the face and eyes from heat, smoke, and toxic gases, also reduces peripheral
1047:
For firefighting, the design emphasis is on heat and flame resistance above cost. SCBAs designed for firefighting tend to be expensive because of the exotic materials used to provide the flame resistance, and to a lesser extent, to reduce the weight penalty on the firefighter. In addition, modern
864:
Open-circuit industrial breathing sets are filled with filtered, compressed air. Typical open-circuit systems have two stage regulators. The first stage reduces the pressure from storage pressure of up to more than 300 bar to about 10 bar for supply to the second stage on the mask, which further
1094:
Any SCBA supplied for use in Europe must comply with the requirements of the
Personal Protective Equipment Directive (89/686/EEC). In practice this usually means that the SCBA must comply with the requirements of the European Standard EN 137:2006. This includes detailed requirements for the
515:
505:
1061:
The other major application is for industrial users of various types. Historically, mining was an important area, and in Europe this is still reflected by limitations on use in the construction of SCBAs of metals that can cause sparks. Other important users are
500:
351:
1115:
1087:, NFPA Standard 1981. If an SCBA is labeled as "1981 NFPA compliant", it is designed for firefighting. The current version of the standard was published in 2018. These standards are revised every five years. Similarly, the
821:
does not restrict the gas that can be used (although compressed air is usually chosen), use of compressed oxygen is not allowed due to the system's exposure to outside air. Duration is usually limited to 30-60 minutes.
951:
emblems from respirator labels, as MSHA is no longer involved in respirator approval except for respirators approved for mining. As a result, new SCBAs now have to specify whether the SCBA is "intended for mine use".
842:
NIOSH emphasizes that facepieces between both SCBA types cannot be interchanged, but certain SCBAs can be switched to both 'demand' and 'pressure-demand' operation. However, both modes require different training.
1138:
Announcement of Public
Meeting to Discuss Potential Standards or Guidelines for Respiratory Protective Devices Used to Protect Emergency Response Workers Against Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents
702:
The closed-circuit type, also known as a rebreather, operates by filtering, supplementing, and recirculating exhaled gas. It is used when a longer-duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such as in
665:), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on a framed carrying harness.
1467:
1012:
SCBAs usually come with full-facepieces, but can also come with half-mask or mouthpiece in demand or pressure-demand mode, though use of mouthpieces are limited to escapes only, as of 1987.
1376:
3200:
1463:
CBRN SCBA standard development and publication leading to the first NIOSH-Certified SCBA with CBRN protection offered by the US DHHS/CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL on June 3, 2002 (Archived)
194:
510:
1398:
Louhevaara, V.; Smolander, J.; Tuomi, T.; Korhonen, O.; Jaakkola, J. (1985). "Effects of an SCBA on breathing pattern, gas exchange, and heart rate during exercise".
769:
To reduce pressure buildup from use, a pressure-relief valve with saliva trap is included. Closed-circuit SCBAs are also noticeably smaller than open-circuit ones.
1129:
Safety
Advisory on The Potential for Sudden Failures of Fiberglass-wrapped Composite Aluminum Cylinders Following Exposure to Acidic Chemical Cleaning Agents
1088:
247:
711:, and going through passages too narrow for a big open-circuit air cylinder. Before open-circuit SCBA's were developed, most industrial breathing sets were
3033:
1701:
303:
78:
308:
832:: 2000 psi to the regulator from the main valve, plus a bypass valve in case of failure, with a two-stage regulator reducing pressure to 50-100 psi.
1457:
1091:(NIOSH) has a certification program for SCBA that are intended to be used in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) environments.
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Duration of closed-circuit SCBAs is somewhere between 1-4 hours. A closed-circuit SCBA system is negative-pressure, increasing the risk of leaks.
1713:
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125:
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every 5 years. During extended operations, empty air cylinders can be quickly replaced with fresh ones and then refilled from larger tanks in a
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383:
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104:
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838:: Similar to demand, but with a spring in the diaphragm, which holds the admission valve open, for continuous air flow to the facepiece.
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226:
1079:
Volunteer fire fighter exiting live burn structure wearing NIOSH-certified SCBA, NFPA compliant turn-out gear, and holding a pike pole
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are also closed-circuit SCBAs, working on the same principles, being designed for emergency use in mines, and lasting about one hour.
1462:
111:
932:
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270:
236:
3180:
2314:
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93:
1181:, also known as ADSU (automatic distress signal unit) – Device used to set off an alarm when a firefighter is in distress
668:
A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into one of three categories: open-circuit, closed-circuit, or continuous-flow.
948:
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1084:
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Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, come with hoods, are meant for escapes only, and are operated in continuous flow mode.
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An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500
426:
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Elastomeric masks linked to backpack air tanks: self-contained breathing apparatus, worn by firefighters advancing with a
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1193:, also known as Short Term Air Supply (STAS) – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency
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907:), but they also have the shortest lifespan and must be taken out of service after 15 years. Air cylinders must be
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An open-circuit SCBA does not recirculate air; it instead allows respired air to be exhausted outside. While
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Changes in
Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease
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In the United States and Canada, SCBAs used in firefighting must meet guidelines established by the
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947:. As of 2001, quality assurance of SCBA harnesses is required. Labels have been updated to remove
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with exhaled water and carbon dioxide. A chlorate candle has to be struck to start the device.
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wrapped.) The composite cylinders are the lightest in weight and are therefore preferred by
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Hoods and helmets are limited to continuous flow mode only, and are also used in
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worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is
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Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001
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CBRN SCBA interim user guide and list of approved CBRN SCBA (Archived)
1333:"STANDARD APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF RESPIRATORS"
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situations, regardless of type, are usually limited to 3-10 minutes.
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45:
1169: – List of definitions of terms and jargon used in firefighting
60:
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813:
approval label for an open-circuit, pressure-demand SCBA respirator
346:
1175: – Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants
1054:
ability to carry a rescued person over the firefighter's shoulders
1481:
Study of the physiological effects of wearing breathing apparatus
1397:
157:
2202:
943:
42 CFR 84 replaces the 30 CFR 11 respirator regulation used by
878:, air cylinder, pressure gauge, (sometimes with an integrated
708:
474:
851:
2554:
1157:
944:
892:
825:
There are two types of open-circuit SCBA according to NIOSH:
743:
681:
728:
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means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of
242:
1432:
Essentials of Fire
Fighting and Fire Department Operations
524:
SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents
650:. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a
742:
There are two types of closed-circuit SCBA according to
1162:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
610:(e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called
3201:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1542:
1391:
1187: – Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
1089:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
727:. An example of modern rebreather SCBAs would be the
1584:
511:
NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care
Industry Millions
1228:
1216:
895:, or of a composite construction (usually glass or
85:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1892:
1070:
870:An open-circuit rescue or firefighting SCBA has a
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
654:(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
3172:
1442:NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
1039:There are two major application areas for SCBA:
903:(UK: fire and rescue services previously called
801:
794:For underwater open-circuit breathing sets, see
1735:
27:Breathing gas supply system carried by the user
1974:
1240:
938:
734:
534:Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs
2218:
1515:
559:
2952:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
1315:
1313:
931:Escape only SCBAs, designed for escape from
761:. This involves a chemical reaction between
465:
1124:has original text related to this article:
30:"SCBA" redirects here. For other uses, see
2784:International Association of Fire Fighters
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1179:PASS device (personal alert safety system)
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1043:, and industrial use in confined spaces.
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
1074:
1026:
850:
805:
782:
680:
156:
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1529:
1295:
874:, also called the face-piece, a demand
614:. Some types are also referred to as a
592:immediately dangerous to life or health
516:Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84
14:
3173:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1259:
2206:
2018:
1973:
1891:
1734:
1583:
1541:
1503:
1468:Image of 2-cylinder open-circuit SCBA
1429:
1338:. NIOSH. January 2001. Archived from
1234:
1222:
3117:
2942:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
2173:
1085:National Fire Protection Association
478:Related media at Wikimedia Commons:
413:Related topics involving respirators
94:"Self-contained breathing apparatus"
83:adding citations to reliable sources
54:
2035:Breathing performance of regulators
1758:Continuous positive airway pressure
1473:Rescuer Deaths in Underground Mines
1278:
957:Updated SCBA labels under 42 CFR 84
171:This article is part of a series on
24:
2590:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2290:Firefighter assist and search team
1632:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1567:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1492:Institute of Occupational Medicine
1019:in addition to escape-only SCBAs.
923:
787:SCBA packs carried on a rack in a
773:Self-contained self-rescue devices
616:compressed air breathing apparatus
580:self-contained breathing apparatus
432:Self-contained breathing apparatus
25:
3212:
1925:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1637:Self-contained self-rescue device
1544:High altitude breathing apparatus
1451:
1379:from the original on 6 April 2018
1048:firefighting SCBAs incorporate a
698:Self-contained self-rescue device
676:
318:Diseases mitigated by respirators
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3105:
3104:
2315:Fire department ranks by country
2232:
2184:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2085:Respiratory protective equipment
2070:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1659:Powered air-purifying respirator
1585:Occupational breathing apparatus
1114:
1098:
992:
980:
965:
846:
473:
59:
3153:
2789:International Firefighters' Day
2749:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1361:
1349:
1071:Other regulations and standards
778:
70:needs additional citations for
2300:Special operations firefighter
1894:Underwater breathing apparatus
1821:Respiratory gas humidification
1595:
1325:
1204:
1167:Glossary of firefighting terms
1150:Flashover postmortem and SCBAs
540:Image on left: User seal check
13:
1:
3181:Personal protective equipment
2839:Wildfire emergency management
2406:Hazardous materials apparatus
1422:
688:Savox in a coal mining museum
598:. They are typically used in
1555:Aviation breathing apparatus
1439:Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987).
1007:
630:). Unofficial names include
404:Hierarchy of hazard controls
7:
2814:World Police and Fire Games
2769:Fire protection engineering
2080:Positive pressure breathing
2065:Negative pressure breathing
2019:
1737:Medical breathing apparatus
1107:
939:Differences under 42 CFR 84
802:As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
735:As of 1987, under 30 CFR 11
10:
3217:
3062:Glossary of wildfire terms
2794:List of firefighting films
2242:Personnel and organization
2050:Escape breathing apparatus
1976:User respiratory interface
1714:GB2626 (China), and others
887:Air cylinders are made of
793:
691:
422:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
43:
36:
29:
3100:
3079:
3054:
3011:
2970:
2852:
2831:
2822:
2774:Geography of firefighting
2741:
2613:
2434:
2366:
2323:
2305:Volunteer fire department
2240:
2156:
2112:Closed circuit rebreather
2025:
2014:
1982:
1969:
1900:
1887:
1807:Built-in breathing system
1743:
1730:
1709:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1697:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1689:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1550:
1537:
612:industrial breathing sets
3092:Template:Fire protection
2809:World Firefighters Games
2703:Gaseous fire suppression
1816:Positive airway pressure
1790:Non-invasive ventilation
1494:Research Report TM/94/05
1197:
1022:
671:
376:N95 use during pandemics
44:Not to be confused with
2779:History of firefighting
2127:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2095:Constant flow regulator
1947:Atmospheric diving suit
1863:Partial rebreather mask
1627:Supplied-air respirator
1560:Emergency oxygen system
1490:by RG Love and others.
759:oxygen-generating solid
661:(15,280 to 37,920
646:, terms used mostly in
602:and industry. The term
488:Category:30 CFR Part 11
483:Category:42 CFR Part 84
384:Counterfeit respirators
2917:Firefighting apparatus
2605:Thermal imaging camera
2585:Secure information box
2401:Firefighting apparatus
1679:Elastomeric respirator
1644:Particulate respirator
1148:On Wikimedia Commons:
1080:
1036:
913:cascade storage system
909:hydrostatically tested
860:
814:
796:Scuba set § Types
791:
689:
470:
165:
46:SCUBA (self-contained
2962:Wildland water tender
2544:Hydraulic rescue tool
2310:Women in firefighting
1957:Helium reclaim system
1935:Helicopter escape set
1920:Full-face diving mask
1078:
1030:
975:SCBA respirator label
919:brought to the scene.
854:
809:
786:
684:
469:
285:Respirator regulation
257:Non-government bodies
160:
32:SCBA (disambiguation)
3003:Wildland fire module
2957:Wildland fire engine
2844:Wildfire suppression
2381:Fire command vehicle
2376:Airport crash tender
2275:Retained firefighter
2045:Emergency gas supply
1940:Submarine escape set
1017:air-line respirators
763:potassium superoxide
79:improve this article
50:breathing apparatus)
3186:Breathing apparatus
2862:Aerial firefighting
2718:Stop, drop and roll
2708:Multiple-alarm fire
2575:Portable water tank
2484:Fire proximity suit
2132:Semi-closed circuit
2075:Oxygen concentrator
1843:Non-rebreather mask
1826:Supplemental oxygen
1802:Hyperbaric medicine
1748:Anaesthetic machine
1531:Breathing apparatus
725:Siebe Gorman Salvus
624:breathing apparatus
162:Toronto firefighter
39:Breathing Apparatus
2902:Fire retardant gel
2887:Fire lookout tower
2560:New York roof hook
2411:Light and air unit
2348:Fire lookout tower
2255:Chief fire officer
2090:Pressure regulator
1905:Open-circuit scuba
1666:Chemical cartridge
1486:2014-05-13 at the
1081:
1037:
861:
815:
792:
721:Siebe Gorman Savox
717:Siebe Gorman Proto
690:
471:
437:Chemical cartridge
166:
3168:
3167:
3075:
3074:
3067:List of wildfires
2927:Helicopter bucket
2922:Firefighting foam
2524:Hard suction hose
2469:Fire extinguisher
2459:Fire brigade keys
2200:
2199:
2152:
2151:
2144:Escape respirator
2139:Work of breathing
2122:Oxygen rebreather
2010:
2009:
1965:
1964:
1915:Diving rebreather
1883:
1882:
1836:Reservoir cannula
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1575:
1574:
752:compressed oxygen
576:
575:
520:For firefighters:
461:
197:agencies involved
186:
181:
155:
154:
147:
129:
16:(Redirected from
3208:
3191:Functional masks
3156:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3107:
2829:
2828:
2764:Fire photography
2546:("Jaws of life")
2504:Fireman's switch
2227:
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2188:
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2016:
2015:
1971:
1970:
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1868:Simple face mask
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1302:
1293:
1292:, pp. 59–64
1287:
1276:
1275:, pp. 55–56
1270:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1163:
1118:
1067:
1057:
996:
984:
969:
920:
901:fire departments
883:
866:
568:
561:
554:
477:
459:
189:
184:
180:
177:
168:
167:
150:
143:
139:
136:
130:
128:
87:
63:
55:
21:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3141:
3129:
3096:
3071:
3050:
3007:
2966:
2867:Controlled burn
2854:
2848:
2818:
2759:Fire engine red
2737:
2728:Two-in, two-out
2683:Fireman's carry
2609:
2509:Flame retardant
2430:
2391:Fire motorcycle
2362:
2336:Fire department
2319:
2270:Station officer
2250:Battalion chief
2236:
2231:
2201:
2196:
2148:
2021:
2006:
1986:Breathing mask
1978:
1961:
1896:
1879:
1739:
1718:
1702:ANSI K13.1-1973
1685:
1599:
1586:
1571:
1546:
1533:
1528:
1488:Wayback Machine
1454:
1449:
1434:(5th ed.).
1425:
1420:
1419:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1279:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1073:
1060:
1046:
1025:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
988:
985:
976:
970:
959:
958:
941:
926:
924:Continuous-flow
886:
869:
863:
855:SCBA pack with
849:
836:Pressure-Demand
804:
799:
781:
737:
700:
679:
674:
640:oxygen cylinder
572:
543:
542:
538:
501:42 CFR 84 guide
463:
462:
451:
408:
363:
313:
304:ANSI K13.1-1973
280:
252:
213:Bureau of Mines
187:
183:
178:
164:wearing an SCBA
151:
140:
134:
131:
88:
86:
76:
64:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Fire retardant
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Structure fire
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Door breaching
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:Smoke detector
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Fireman's pole
2496:
2491:
2489:Fire retardant
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:Rescue vehicle
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Full facepiece
1983:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1797:Oxygen therapy
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:Bag valve mask
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:N95 respirator
1641:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1452:External links
1450:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1430:IFSTA (2008).
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1406:(3): 213–216.
1390:
1360:
1356:Bollinger 1987
1348:
1345:on 2003-03-19.
1324:
1320:Bollinger 1987
1309:
1305:Bollinger 1987
1294:
1290:Bollinger 1987
1277:
1273:Bollinger 1987
1258:
1256:, pp. 7–8
1254:Bollinger 1987
1239:
1237:, p. 191.
1227:
1225:, p. 190.
1215:
1211:Bollinger 1987
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1072:
1069:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:Scrubber label
998:
991:
989:
986:
979:
977:
971:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
954:
940:
937:
925:
922:
917:air compressor
872:full-face mask
848:
845:
840:
839:
833:
803:
800:
780:
777:
767:
766:
755:
736:
733:
715:, such as the
678:
677:Closed-circuit
675:
673:
670:
604:self-contained
574:
573:
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
545:
544:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
496:NIOSH TB guide
493:
492:On Wikisource:
490:
485:
464:
458:
457:
456:
453:
452:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
427:Source control
424:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
394:Failure to use
391:
386:
380:
379:
378:
370:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:
355:
354:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
279:
278:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
250:
245:
240:
230:
220:
209:
208:
207:
199:
198:
191:
190:
173:
172:
153:
152:
67:
65:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3213:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Template:Fire
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:United States
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Saint Florian
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:Miscellaneous
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Fire triangle
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Dead man zone
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Heat detector
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Breathing gas
2028:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2001:
2000:orinasal mask
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Diving helmet
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:Nasal cannula
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:Regulated by
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1358:, p. 120
1357:
1352:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1307:, p. 207
1306:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1213:, p. 184
1212:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1105:
1099:Human factors
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1064:petrochemical
1058:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1013:
995:
990:
987:Harness label
983:
978:
974:
968:
963:
962:
953:
950:
946:
936:
934:
929:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:fire brigades
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
867:
858:
853:
847:Common traits
844:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
812:
808:
797:
790:
785:
776:
774:
770:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
740:
732:
730:
726:
722:
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608:breathing gas
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352:Mental health
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299:NIOSH ratings
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188:United States
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96: –
95:
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90:Find sources:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:This article
66:
62:
57:
56:
51:
49:
40:
33:
19:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3019:Ancient Rome
2993:Hotshot crew
2978:Fire lookout
2877:Fire flapper
2668:Fire control
2633:Chimney fire
2589:
2519:Halligan bar
2494:Fire shelter
2479:Fire hydrant
2454:Fire blanket
2449:Escape chair
2426:Water tender
2353:Fire station
2280:Fire marshal
2260:Fire captain
2234:Firefighting
2189:
2177:
2165:
2100:Demand valve
1952:Gas extender
1873:Venturi mask
1763:Resuscitator
1631:
1441:
1431:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1351:
1340:the original
1327:
1322:, p. 65
1230:
1218:
1206:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1102:
1093:
1082:
1059:
1045:
1041:firefighting
1038:
1014:
1011:
942:
930:
927:
897:carbon-fiber
885:
868:
862:
841:
835:
829:
824:
816:
779:Open-circuit
771:
768:
758:
751:
741:
738:
707:and in long
701:
686:Siebe Gorman
667:
656:
648:firefighting
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:) or simply
619:
615:
611:
603:
600:firefighting
596:gas cylinder
583:
579:
577:
472:
431:
337:Tuberculosis
141:
132:
122:
115:
108:
101:
89:
77:Please help
72:verification
69:
47:
3196:Respirators
3012:By location
2998:Smokejumper
2855:and tactics
2733:Ventilation
2673:Fire safety
2658:False alarm
2615:Terminology
2565:PASS device
2539:Hose bridge
2529:Hazmat suit
2464:Fire bucket
2444:Bunker gear
2386:Fire engine
2331:Drill tower
2285:Fire police
2117:Counterlung
2060:Hazmat suit
1858:Oxygen tent
1853:Oxygen mask
1848:Oxygen hood
1773:Pocket mask
1753:Bubble CPAP
1690:Regulations
1670:Facepieces
1477:Literature
1400:J Occup Med
1050:PASS device
915:or from an
880:PASS device
857:PASS device
713:rebreathers
705:mine rescue
442:Elastomeric
179:Respirators
3175:Categories
3044:Washington
3039:California
2907:Fire trail
2853:Equipment
2693:Flash fire
2663:Fire class
2643:Deluge gun
2580:Rotary saw
2550:Kelly tool
2514:Fog nozzle
2358:Hose tower
2324:Facilities
2265:Fire chief
2107:Rebreather
2040:Dead space
1780:Ventilator
1674:Smoke hood
1608:and others
1597:Respirator
1423:References
1235:IFSTA 2008
1223:IFSTA 2008
1191:Smoke hood
1173:Respirator
1122:Wikisource
694:Rebreather
692:See also:
642:or simply
588:respirator
447:Disposable
332:Asbestosis
105:newspapers
48:underwater
3024:Australia
2971:Personnel
2932:Hose pack
2912:Firebreak
2892:Fire rake
2882:Fire hose
2872:Driptorch
2824:Wildfires
2754:Fire camp
2698:Flashover
2628:Barn fire
2623:Backdraft
2474:Fire hose
2436:Equipment
2368:Apparatus
2055:Facepiece
1995:Half mask
1785:Iron lung
1654:Dust mask
1008:Facepiece
889:aluminium
876:regulator
819:30 CFR 11
811:30 CFR 11
789:firetruck
652:scuba set
359:2024 H5N1
327:Silicosis
237:1995/1998
195:Executive
3135:Glossary
3111:Category
3080:See also
2988:Helitack
2983:Handcrew
2713:Rollover
2688:Firewall
2396:Fireboat
2295:Handcrew
2191:Glossary
2167:Category
1620:Canister
1615:Gas mask
1484:Archived
1377:Archived
1108:See also
1033:firehose
757:Uses an
636:air tank
632:air pack
347:COVID-19
135:May 2012
3159:Outline
3123:Commons
3034:History
2947:Pulaski
2832:General
2570:The pig
2179:Commons
2020:General
1930:Snorkel
1412:3981278
973:Part 84
709:tunnels
594:from a
586:) is a
309:OSH Act
235:(until
225:(until
215:(until
205:Summary
119:scholar
2937:McLeod
2799:Muster
1410:
1369:"NFPA"
859:(ADSU)
830:Demand
399:Beards
389:Design
368:Misuse
185:in the
121:
114:
107:
100:
92:
3147:Index
3055:Lists
2653:Draft
2595:Siren
2555:Nomex
2416:Quint
1606:NIOSH
1383:5 May
1343:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
1198:Notes
1185:SCUBA
1158:NIOSH
1023:Usage
945:NIOSH
893:steel
750:Uses
744:NIOSH
723:, or
672:Types
248:NIOSH
126:JSTOR
112:books
2341:list
1408:PMID
1385:2018
1373:NFPA
949:MSHA
933:IDLH
729:SEFA
696:and
644:pack
620:CABA
584:SCBA
342:SARS
276:NFPA
271:AIHA
266:ANSI
243:OSHA
233:MSHA
227:1978
223:MESA
217:1969
98:news
18:SCBA
663:kPa
659:psi
294:N95
81:by
3177::
1404:27
1402:.
1375:.
1371:.
1312:^
1297:^
1280:^
1261:^
1242:^
891:,
746::
731:.
719:,
638:,
634:,
628:BA
578:A
2226:e
2219:t
2212:v
1523:e
1516:t
1509:v
1445:.
1414:.
1387:.
1056:.
1035:.
798:.
754:.
626:(
618:(
582:(
567:e
560:t
553:v
239:)
229:)
219:)
148:)
142:(
137:)
133:(
123:·
116:·
109:·
102:·
75:.
52:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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