1028:
2921:
3103:
2392:
2372:
2486:
467:
69:
44:
8563:
7298:
7286:
3117:
3044:. The various smaller mRNAs are transcripts from the last third of the virus genome which follows the reading frames ORF1a and ORF1b. These mRNAs are translated into the four structural proteins (S, E, M, and N) that will become part of the progeny virus particles and also eight other accessory proteins (orf3 to orf9b) which assist the virus.
6362:
The SARS-CoV can hijack two cellular proteolytic systems to ensure the adequate processing of its S protein. Cleavage of SARS-S can be facilitated by cathepsin L, a pH-dependent endo-/lysosomal host cell protease, upon uptake of virions into target cell endosomes (25). Alternatively, the type II
2912:. "Direct cleavage of IRF3 by NSP3 could explain the blunted Type-I IFN response seen during SARS-CoV-2 infections while NSP5 mediated cleavage of NLRP12 and TAB1 point to a molecular mechanism for enhanced production of IL-6 and inflammatory response observed in COVID-19 patients."
2406:
spherical particles with bulbous surface projections that form a corona around the particles in electron micrographs. The size of the virus particles is in the 80â90 nm range. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells.
6787:
Finally, these results, combined with those from previous work (33, 44), suggest that CoVs encode at least three proteins involved in fidelity (nsp12-RdRp, nsp14-ExoN, and nsp10), supporting the assembly of a multiprotein replicase-fidelity complex, as described previously
3934:
Betacoronaviruses-b ancestors, meaning SARSr-CoVs ancestors, could have been historically hosted by the common ancestor of the
Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae and could have later evolved independently in the lineages leading towards Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae
3363:"Ecoepidemiology and complete genome comparison of different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related Rhinolophus bat coronavirus in China reveal bats as a reservoir for acute, self-limiting infection that allows recombination events"
6363:
transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) TMPRSS2 and HAT can activate SARS-S, presumably by cleavage of SARS-S at or close to the cell surface, and activation of SARS-S by TMPRSS2 allows for cathepsin L-independent cellular entry (26,â28).
1041:
showed that the evolutionary branch composed of Bat coronavirus BtKY72 and BM48-31 was the base group of SARSârelated CoVs evolutionary tree, which separated from other SARSârelated CoVs earlier than SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
539:. SARSr-CoV is similar to other coronaviruses in that its genome expression starts with translation by the host cell's ribosomes of its initial two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), 1a and 1b, both of which produce
3846:
Furthermore, subsequent phylogenetic analysis using both complete genome sequence and proteomic approaches, it was concluded that SARSr-CoV is probably an early split-off from the
Betacoronavirus lineage ; See Figure
3859:
3622:
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus
6415:
S is activated and cleaved into the S1 and S2 subunits by other host proteases, such as transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and TMPRSS11D, which enables cell surface non-endosomal virus entry at the plasma
995:
The functions of several of the viral proteins are known. ORFs 1a and 1b encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein, and later ORFs 2, 4, 5, and 9a encode, respectively, the four major structural proteins:
2885:, which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as
3014:
of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The coronaviruses require the increased fidelity and processivity during RNA synthesis because of the relatively large genome size in comparison to other RNA viruses.
3056:
are present in a host cell, they may interact with each other to form recombinant genomes that can be transmitted to progeny viruses. Recombination likely occurs during genome replication when the
6922:
Stanhope MJ, Brown JR, Amrine-Madsen H. Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for a recombinant history of SARS-CoV. Infect Genet Evol. 2004 Mar;4(1):15-9. PMID 15019585
2499:
The attachment of the SARS-related coronavirus to the host cell is mediated by the spike protein and its receptor. The spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) recognizes and attaches to the
3087:. There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid. Progeny viruses are released from the host cell by
7290:
6712:"SARS-CoV-2 proteases cleave IRF3 and critical modulators of inflammatory pathways (NLRP12 and TAB1): implications for disease presentation across species and the search for reservoir hosts"
3010:
function to the complex which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks. Similarly, proteins nsp7 and nsp8 form a hexadecameric sliding clamp as part of the complex which greatly increases the
1717:
6913:
Zhang XW, Yap YL, Danchin A. Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Arch Virol. 2005 Jan;150(1):1-20. Epub 2004 Oct 11. PMID 15480857
11134:
8648:
3644:
4043:
The SARS-CoV genome is ~29.7 kb long and contains 14 open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by 5âČ and 3âČ-untranslated regions of 265 and 342 nucleotides, respectively (Figure 1).
2900:
The two SARS-CoV-2 proteases (PLpro and 3CLpro) also interfere with the immune system response to the viral infection by cleaving three immune system proteins. PLpro cleaves
3026:
molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense
5940:
Different SARS-CoV strains isolated from several hosts vary in their binding affinities for human ACE2 and consequently in their infectivity of human cells76,78 (Fig. 6b)
3037:
of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.
5548:
Temmam S, Vongphayloth K, Baquero E, Munier S, Bonomi M, Regnault B, et al. (April 2022). "Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells".
6324:"TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein"
3867:
458:. Both of these strains descended from a single ancestor but made the cross-species jump into humans separately. SARS-CoV-2 is not a direct descendant of SARS-CoV-1.
5721:
Virions acquired an envelope by budding into the cisternae and formed mostly spherical, sometimes pleomorphic, particles that averaged 78 nm in diameter (Figure 1A).
10897:
9403:
429:
5888:
Nevertheless, the interaction between S protein and receptor remains the principal, if not sole, determinant of coronavirus host species range and tissue tropism.
4852:"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination"
3480:
Most notably, horseshoe bats were found to be the reservoir of SARS-like CoVs, while palm civet cats are considered to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoVs .
2562:
of the spike protein triggers the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane by inducing conformational changes which are not fully understood.
4800:"Identification of diverse alphacoronaviruses and genomic characterization of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus from bats in China"
3173:
are sometimes used interchangeably, especially prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV-2. This may cause confusion when some publications refer to SARS-CoV-1 as
8774:
8643:
8066:
7515:
9838:
8826:
7302:
4969:"Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus"
10653:
6257:
Starr, Tyler N.; Zepeda, Samantha K.; Walls, Alexandra C.; Greaney, Allison J.; Alkhovsky, Sergey; Veesler, David; Bloom, Jesse D. (1 March 2022).
5773:
Particle diameters ranged from 50 to 150 nm, excluding the spikes, with mean particle diameters of 82 to 94 nm; Also See Figure 1 for double shell.
4592:
3666:
446:
over a long period of time. Only recently have strains of SARS-related coronavirus been observed to have evolved into having been able to make the
5280:
Lam TT, Jia N, Zhang YW, Shum MH, Jiang JF, Zhu HC, et al. (July 2020). "Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in
Malayan pangolins".
4850:
Lau, Susanna K. P.; Feng, Yun; Chen, Honglin; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Yang, Wei-Hong; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Zhang, Yu-Zhen; Huang, Yi; et al. (2015).
1027:
439:. SARSr-CoV was determined to be an early split-off from the betacoronaviruses based on a set of conserved domains that it shares with the group.
11182:
8617:
8172:
7803:
2348:
1787:
455:
451:
305:
293:
212:
207:
5331:
Xiao K, Zhai J, Feng Y, Zhou N, Zhang X, Zou JJ, et al. (July 2020). "Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from
Malayan pangolins".
442:
Bats serve as the main host reservoir species for the SARS-related coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. The virus has coevolved in the
8557:
4655:
Xu, L; Zhang, F; Yang, W; Jiang, T; Lu, G; He, B; Li, X; Hu, T; Chen, G; Feng, Y; Zhang, Y; Fan, Q; Feng, J; Zhang, H; Tu, C (February 2016).
2503:(ACE2) receptor. Following attachment, the virus can enter the host cell by two different paths. The path the virus takes depends on the host
11195:
10907:
9417:
3227:
7258:
Enjuanes L, Sola I, ZĂșñiga S, AlmazĂĄn F (2008). "Coronavirus
Replication and Interaction with Host". In Mettenleiter TC, Sobrino F (eds.).
7188:"Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome"
6935:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6857:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6803:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6656:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6484:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6148:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
5952:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
4109:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
4058:
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.).
6749:"Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens"
10282:
7694:
9083:
8914:
8189:
2376:
2253:
6540:"Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein"
3413:
8954:
3636:
11169:
7335:
7308:
7127:"Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage"
5444:"A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein"
5233:"A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein"
4440:"Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage"
4003:"Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage"
2870:
at the end of open reading frame ORF1a. The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b.
2469:
type conformation. The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host.
1359:
489:
332:
9919:
7373:
3033:
The other important function of the replicase-transcriptase complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the
2999:
of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.
8566:
3018:
One of the main functions of the replicase-transcriptase complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the
9831:
8819:
7267:
7248:
6952:
6874:
6820:
6673:
6501:
6165:
6129:
5969:
4126:
4075:
2402:
The morphology of the SARS-related coronavirus is characteristic of the coronavirus family as a whole. The viruses are large
682:
3060:
switches from one template to another (copy choice recombination). Human SARS-CoV appears to have had a complex history of
10156:
9047:
7701:
4494:"On the Origin of SARS-CoV-2: Did Cell Culture Experiments Lead to Increased Virulence of the Progenitor Virus for Humans?"
379:
4545:"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding"
10271:
9104:
7908:
6207:"Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research"
11223:
10146:
9423:
8949:
8906:
8719:
8092:
8085:
6614:
5863:
5812:
5070:"Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses"
301:
11200:
10658:
10498:
10031:
10026:
9824:
9409:
9338:
8812:
8417:
8129:
7636:
3261:"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2"
2953:
2867:
2458:
1009:
918:
51:
5735:"Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy"
7738:
7731:
2500:
517:
336:
19:
This article is about a species of coronavirus comprising multiple strains. For the strain that causes SARS, see
10433:
9008:
8994:
8597:
8194:
8136:
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3258:
3130:
2430:(S) proteins are anchored. The spike proteins provide the virus with its bulbous surface projections, known as
2236:
1677:
513:
217:
7317:
10690:
10330:
9929:
9369:
7629:
7345:
316:. There are hundreds of other strains of SARSr-CoV, which are only known to infect non-human mammal species:
9446:
1016:, many with no known homologues. The different functions of the accessory proteins are not well understood.
10981:
10976:
10584:
9213:
9207:
9118:
9112:
9002:
8713:
8293:
8122:
7903:
4389:"The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus accessory proteins in virus pathogenesis"
4162:"The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus accessory proteins in virus pathogenesis"
3057:
2988:
2933:
2886:
2765:
2704:
2423:
2419:
1005:
1001:
793:
770:
10611:
10606:
10594:
10136:
10019:
9576:
9502:
9496:
9169:
8638:
8438:
7366:
4773:
XingâYi Ge; Ben Hu; ZhengâLi Shi (2015). "BAT CORONAVIRUSES". In Lin-Fa Wang; Christopher Cowled (eds.).
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68:
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2972:
674:
447:
3310:
Kohen, Jon; Kupferschmidth, Kai (28 February 2020). "Strategies shift as coronavirus pandemic looms".
2920:
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10178:
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9240:
8077:
3084:
2427:
2380:
1591:
1563:
1402:
1365:
1334:
997:
721:
660:
595:
371:
7143:
5120:
Wacharapluesadee S, Tan CW, Maneeorn P, Duengkae P, Zhu F, Joyjinda Y, et al. (February 2021).
10845:
10723:
10518:
10043:
9342:
9254:
9159:
8989:
8962:
8934:
8867:
8410:
8001:
5122:"Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia"
4216:"Differential stepwise evolution of SARS coronavirus functional proteins in different host species"
2511:
650:
313:
5599:
Sonnevend, Julia (December 2020). Alexander, Jeffrey C.; Jacobs, Ronald N.; Smith, Philip (eds.).
5181:"Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan"
4606:
Kim, Yongkwan; Son, Kidong; Kim, Young-Sik; Lee, Sook-Young; Jheong, Weonhwa; Oem, Jae-Ku (2019).
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10668:
10663:
10568:
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10349:
10325:
10267:
10077:
9961:
9138:
8431:
7082:
Marra MA, Jones SJ, Astell CR, Holt RA, Brooks-Wilson A, Butterfield YS, et al. (May 2003).
6538:
Rao, S; Hoskins, I; Tonn, T; Garcia, PD; Ozadam, H; Sarinay Cenik, E; Cenik, C (September 2021).
4967:
Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Bo; Wang, Mei-Niang; Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Wei; et al. (2016).
3019:
2996:
2738:
2403:
1013:
8804:
3894:"SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory"
3892:
Gouilh MA, Puechmaille SJ, Gonzalez JP, Teeling E, Kittayapong P, Manuguerra JC (October 2011).
3198:
1879:
A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses is:
1287:
A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and related coronaviruses is:
11187:
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9934:
9909:
9895:
9874:
9532:
9510:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9332:
9270:
9164:
9125:
8928:
8660:
8330:
8182:
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7980:
7965:
7796:
7359:
7138:
3007:
2945:
2802:
2133:
1034:
of SARS-CoV-2 and closely related betacoronaviruses (left) and their geographic context (right)
6711:
5681:
Goldsmith CS, Tatti KM, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Lee WW, et al. (February 2004).
3259:
Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (March 2020).
10786:
10695:
10673:
10337:
10246:
10014:
9816:
9517:
9098:
8968:
8939:
8730:
8337:
7508:
7125:
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4798:
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4608:"Complete genome analysis of a SARS-like bat coronavirus identified in the Republic of Korea"
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4438:
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4001:
Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dobbe JC, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon LL, et al. (August 2003).
3080:
3076:
3061:
2844:
2840:
2629:
2596:
2533:
2258:
2160:
2138:
1339:
1038:
528:
8562:
5385:
Delaune D, Hul V, Karlsson EA, Hassanin A, Ou TP, Baidaliuk A, et al. (November 2021).
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10838:
10833:
10212:
9781:
9613:
9248:
9077:
8653:
8575:
7199:
7095:
7052:
7041:"Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome"
7039:
Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, et al. (May 2003).
6270:
5557:
5504:
5398:
5340:
5289:
5133:
4923:
4912:"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor"
4720:
4657:"Detection and characterization of diverse alpha- and betacoronaviruses from bats in China"
4227:
3510:
3499:"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor"
3319:
2859:
2602:
2078:
1950:
1909:
1528:
321:
289:
63:
3860:"Coronaviridae - Figures - Positive Sense RNA Viruses - Positive Sense RNA Viruses (2011)"
8:
10759:
10628:
10423:
9199:
8920:
6428:
Li Z, Tomlinson AC, Wong AH, Zhou D, Desforges M, Talbot PJ, et al. (October 2019).
6060:
Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF, Connelly S, et al. (April 2011).
3006:
which provides extra fidelity to the replication process. The exoribonuclease provides a
2949:
2823:
2742:
2726:
2231:
2073:
1723:
1683:
1652:
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1012:(N). The later ORFs also encode for eight unique proteins (orf3a to orf9b), known as the
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7326:
7203:
7099:
7056:
6274:
5561:
5508:
5402:
5344:
5293:
5137:
4927:
4724:
4333:
Redondo, Natalia; ZaldĂvar-LĂłpez, Sara; Garrido, Juan J.; Montoya, Maria (7 July 2021).
4231:
3514:
3323:
2477:
SARS-related coronavirus follows the replication strategy typical of all coronaviruses.
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9593:
9588:
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8590:
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7898:
7893:
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7187:
7174:
7161:
7126:
7022:
6995:
6963:
6885:
6831:
6773:
6748:
6729:
6684:
6625:
6588:
6564:
6539:
6512:
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6429:
6401:
6376:
6348:
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6299:
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6231:
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6061:
6034:
6007:
5980:
5926:
5901:
5874:
5823:
5786:
5759:
5734:
5733:
Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, Quispe JD, Orca G, Kuhn P, et al. (August 2006).
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5682:
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5623:
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5525:
5492:
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5419:
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5232:
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5180:
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Murakami S, Kitamura T, Suzuki J, Sato R, Aoi T, Fujii M, et al. (December 2020).
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3608:
3581:
3531:
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3439:
3389:
3362:
3343:
3287:
3260:
3083:. The viral structural proteins S, E and M move along the secretory pathway into the
2987:
replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the
2263:
497:
433:
234:
7152:
7012:
6605:
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Heurich A, Hofmann-Winkler H, Gierer S, Liepold T, Jahn O, Pöhlmann S (January 2014).
5855:
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Forms hexadecameric complex with nsp7; processivity clamp for RdRp (nsp12); acts as a
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5985:
5965:
5931:
5879:
5859:
5828:
5808:
5764:
5712:
5663:
5645:
5585:
5573:
5530:
5473:
5424:
5368:
5356:
5317:
5305:
5262:
5210:
5161:
5099:
5047:
4998:
4949:
4889:
4871:
4829:
4744:
4736:
4686:
4637:
4574:
4525:
4471:
4420:
4366:
4312:
4294:
4255:
4193:
4142:
4122:
4091:
4071:
4034:
3978:
3925:
3837:
3783:
3729:
3613:
3536:
3471:
3394:
3347:
3335:
3292:
2882:
2874:
2863:
2790:
2674:
2526:
2492:
1031:
395:
309:
7178:
6222:
6024:
11148:
10779:
10764:
10394:
10205:
10200:
9741:
9451:
9131:
9063:
8944:
8875:
8357:
8240:
7455:
7217:
7207:
7156:
7148:
7103:
7060:
7017:
7007:
6958:
6940:
6880:
6862:
6826:
6808:
6768:
6760:
6719:
6679:
6661:
6620:
6600:
6559:
6551:
6507:
6489:
6451:
6441:
6396:
6388:
6343:
6335:
6294:
6278:
6226:
6218:
6171:
6153:
6117:
6081:
6073:
6029:
6019:
5975:
5957:
5921:
5913:
5869:
5851:
5818:
5798:
5754:
5746:
5702:
5694:
5653:
5627:
5565:
5520:
5512:
5463:
5455:
5414:
5406:
5348:
5297:
5252:
5244:
5200:
5192:
5151:
5141:
5089:
5081:
5037:
5029:
4988:
4980:
4939:
4931:
4879:
4863:
4819:
4811:
4778:
4756:
4728:
4676:
4668:
4627:
4619:
4564:
4556:
4515:
4505:
4461:
4451:
4410:
4400:
4356:
4346:
4302:
4290:
4286:
4245:
4235:
4214:
Tang X, Li G, Vasilakis N, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Zhong Y, Wang LF, Zhang S (March 2009).
4183:
4173:
4132:
4114:
4081:
4063:
4024:
4014:
3968:
3960:
3915:
3905:
3827:
3817:
3773:
3763:
3719:
3709:
3603:
3593:
3526:
3518:
3461:
3451:
3384:
3374:
3327:
3282:
3272:
2812:
2657:
2525:. The receptor-attached spike protein is then activated by the host's pH-dependent
1914:
425:
383:
285:
281:
9705:
3497:
Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. (November 2013).
10856:
10486:
10479:
10474:
10277:
10188:
10068:
10063:
9665:
9570:
9490:
9479:
9350:
9314:
9234:
9020:
8881:
8764:
7993:
7929:
7426:
7414:
7339:
7321:
3910:
3331:
3108:
3034:
3003:
2992:
2984:
2941:
2937:
2894:
2794:
2746:
2555:
1498:
505:
443:
413:
408:
341:
165:
129:
7351:
6944:
6866:
6812:
6747:
Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR (August 2016).
6665:
6493:
6157:
5961:
4118:
4067:
3102:
2648:
pp1ab and blocks host's innate immune response; other domains unknown functions
2485:
2383:
that adorn the outer surface, which impart the look of a corona surrounding the
2371:
10683:
10371:
10342:
8901:
7192:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6282:
5632:
5569:
5493:"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin"
5410:
5146:
5085:
5033:
4623:
3146:
3122:
3041:
3023:
2968:
2798:
2780:
2626:
2439:
2411:
2391:
2379:(CDC), reveals ultrastructural morphology exhibited by coronaviruses; note the
2016:
1975:
1945:
1769:
1763:
1596:
1568:
1374:
1370:
501:
466:
328:
10738:
6724:
6121:
6077:
5917:
5850:. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 66. Academic Press. pp. 193â292.
5516:
5459:
5352:
5301:
5248:
4783:
4672:
4351:
3277:
11217:
11119:
11030:
10940:
10888:
10809:
10791:
10713:
10633:
10509:
10491:
10403:
10193:
9850:
8896:
8891:
8839:
8696:
8676:
8583:
8251:
7615:
7531:
7402:
7384:
6994:
Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, Guan Y, Yam LY, Lim W, et al. (April 2003).
6290:
5649:
5641:
4875:
4740:
4298:
3027:
2663:
2592:
2537:
2415:
2202:
2165:
1019:
SARS coronaviruses have been genetically engineered in several laboratories.
969:
885:
843:
636:
524:
153:
105:
7212:
7108:
7083:
7065:
7040:
5491:
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020).
4732:
3947:
Cui J, Han N, Streicker D, Li G, Tang X, Shi Z, et al. (October 2007).
11044:
10870:
10644:
10459:
10378:
10312:
10301:
10258:
10093:
10086:
10081:
10036:
10001:
9944:
9886:
9757:
9607:
9285:
9146:
8759:
8724:
8691:
8681:
8454:
8396:
8152:
8045:
7782:
7754:
7680:
7652:
7559:
7408:
7231:
7170:
7117:
7074:
7031:
6972:
6894:
6840:
6782:
6693:
6634:
6573:
6555:
6521:
6465:
6410:
6357:
6308:
6240:
6185:
6095:
6062:"A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology"
6043:
5989:
5935:
5883:
5768:
5716:
5698:
5667:
5577:
5534:
5477:
5428:
5360:
5309:
5266:
5214:
5196:
5165:
5103:
5051:
5002:
4953:
4893:
4833:
4748:
4690:
4641:
4578:
4529:
4475:
4424:
4370:
4316:
4259:
4240:
4197:
4146:
4095:
4038:
3982:
3964:
3929:
3841:
3787:
3733:
3617:
3540:
3475:
3398:
3339:
3296:
3011:
2961:
2890:
2700:
2529:
2447:
117:
6430:"The human coronavirus HCoV-229E S-protein structure and receptor binding"
5832:
4510:
4335:"SARS-CoV-2 Accessory Proteins in Viral Pathogenesis: Knowns and Unknowns"
3361:
Lau SK, Li KS, Huang Y, Shek CT, Tse H, Wang M, et al. (March 2010).
2517:
The first path the SARS coronavirus can take to enter the host cell is by
382:
for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic towards
370:
The SARS-related coronavirus was one of several viruses identified by the
11128:
10875:
10865:
10769:
10750:
10577:
10572:
10468:
10447:
10232:
10166:
10123:
10053:
9975:
9899:
9854:
9797:
9746:
9734:
9729:
9722:
9710:
9684:
9654:
9556:
9395:
9307:
9290:
9225:
8886:
8754:
8495:
8368:
8279:
8108:
8017:
7940:
7875:
7847:
7819:
7717:
7587:
7494:
7466:
7420:
6939:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
6861:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
6807:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
6764:
6660:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
6488:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
6339:
6152:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
5956:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
5750:
5619:
4984:
4867:
4815:
4113:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
4062:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1â23.
3379:
3065:
2929:
2645:
2544:
2518:
2489:
2443:
2435:
1343:
975:
Novel gene in SARS-CoV-2, of unknown function; may not be protein-coding
953:
937:
912:
898:
878:
862:
830:
812:
787:
764:
750:
734:
694:
622:
614:
589:
569:
540:
536:
509:
485:
421:
141:
11174:
6446:
6392:
4935:
3522:
2461:(N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded (~30
11062:
10992:
10962:
10912:
10796:
10678:
10559:
10414:
10292:
10223:
10105:
9954:
9647:
9431:
9188:
8786:
8686:
8309:
8219:
8177:
4542:
3414:"SARS-like virus in bats shows potential to infect humans, study finds"
3136:
3088:
2613:
2559:
2279:
1856:
1646:
715:
317:
43:
24:
20:
6996:"Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome"
3949:"Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts"
3714:
3456:
2983:
A number of the nonstructural replication proteins coalesce to form a
2847:
two-thirds of the genome, which corresponds to the open reading frame
2507:
available to cleave and activate the receptor-attached spike protein.
320:
of many strains of SARSr-CoV; several strains have been identified in
11071:
9863:
9692:
9673:
9640:
9628:
9622:
9601:
9547:
9475:
9361:
9323:
9092:
9071:
8977:
8855:
8847:
8835:
8737:
7396:
6205:
Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S (December 2013).
5068:
Zhou H, Ji J, Chen X, Bi Y, Li J, Wang Q, et al. (August 2021).
4405:
4178:
3822:
3768:
3598:
2957:
2925:
2836:
2552:
2462:
1455:
1451:
740:
Unknown; first identified in SARS-CoV-2 but also present in SARS-CoV
705:
668:
664:
656:
632:
391:
93:
55:
11090:
7314:
6259:"ACE2 binding is an ancestral and evolvable trait of sarbecoviruses"
5442:
Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, Li J, Song H, Liu Y, et al. (June 2020).
5231:
Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, Li J, Song H, Liu Y, et al. (June 2020).
4708:
3040:
The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the
2558:
at the cell surface. In the SARS coronavirus, the activation of the
959:
Also known as ORF14; function unknown and may not be protein-coding
11113:
9847:
9790:
9437:
9179:
9035:
8781:
8199:
7297:
6321:
5119:
4332:
2976:
2776:
2696:
2637:
2522:
2504:
2431:
2128:
2011:
1959:
1955:
985:
701:
628:
532:
493:
478:
474:
387:
375:
839:
646:
496:, which is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The virus has 14
11161:
11001:
10950:
10928:
9543:
8834:
2965:
2716:
2548:
2510:
The attachment of sarbecoviruses to ACE2 has been shown to be an
1904:
1727:
1688:
1657:
1537:
1533:
1407:
1328:
981:
6008:"The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein--forms and functions"
4909:
4775:
Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases
3891:
339:(ACE2) receptor. The SARSr-CoV species is a member of the genus
11039:
10818:
10547:
10536:
9152:
8214:
8209:
8204:
7346:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home
7285:
5547:
4273:
Narayanan, Krishna; Huang, Cheng; Makino, Shinji (April 2008).
3554:
3141:
3053:
2905:
2878:
2641:
2633:
2454:
2396:
2384:
2226:
2194:
2169:
2155:
1731:
1692:
1661:
1600:
1572:
1502:
1487:
564:
470:
436:
222:
9846:
6845:
See section: Corona Life Cycle â Replication and Transcription
5387:"A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia"
2547:
cleavage of the receptor-attached spike protein by the host's
280:) is a species of virus consisting of many known strains. Two
9803:
9562:
9194:
6006:
Chang CK, Hou MH, Chang CF, Hsiao CD, Huang TH (March 2014).
4543:
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H; et al. (2020).
2852:
2848:
2543:
Alternatively, the virus can enter the host cell directly by
2532:. Activation of the receptor-attached spike protein causes a
1411:
964:
948:
932:
893:
873:
857:
825:
745:
729:
709:
689:
609:
80:
8605:
4772:
3116:
523:
The 5' methylated cap and 3' polyadenylated tail allows the
10110:
8769:
8606:
7186:
Yount B, Roberts RS, Lindesmith L, Baric RS (August 2006).
7185:
7124:
5680:
4777:(First ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127â155.
4437:
4000:
2909:
2901:
2855:, into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.
2827:
2536:, and the subsequent fusion of the viral envelope with the
2466:
807:
640:
6977:
See section: Coronavirus Life Cycle â Assembly and Release
6190:
See section: Coronavirus Life Cycle â Attachment and Entry
5384:
5178:
4910:
Xing-Yi Ge; Jia-Lu Li; Xing-Lou Yang; et al. (2013).
9029:
7257:
6204:
5732:
1900:
678:
7084:"The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus"
6746:
6377:"Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options"
6375:
Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY (May 2016).
4709:"Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses"
3637:"After Ebola, a Blueprint Emerges to Jump-Start R&D"
7309:
WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus
6256:
6059:
5616:
The COVID Crisis and Cultural Sociology: Alone Together
5683:"Ultrastructural characterization of SARS coronavirus"
2434:. The spike protein's interaction with its complement
500:
which overlap in some cases. The genome has the usual
11135:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
11105:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
7291:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
5016:
Ben, Hu; Hua, Guo; Peng, Zhou; Zheng-Li, Shi (2020).
3864:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3559:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3232:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3207:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3201:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
3068:
that were hosted in several different animal groups.
270:
Severe acute respiratory syndromeârelated coronavirus
8067:
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
7081:
7038:
6537:
4272:
4213:
3098:
1887:
SARS‑CoV‑2 related coronavirus
1295:
SARS‑CoV‑1 related coronavirus
7516:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013
6427:
3309:
904:Enhances cellular DNA synthesis, also known as X5.
450:from bats to humans, as in the case of the strains
6005:
5902:"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses"
5015:
4153:
3806:"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis"
3752:"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis"
3582:"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis"
406:SARS-related coronavirus is a member of the genus
7381:
6993:
6374:
5601:"A virus as an icon: the 2020 pandemic in images"
3946:
2839:, where the viral genome is released. The genome
11215:
5330:
4654:
3804:Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010).
3750:Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010).
3580:Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010).
2915:
16:Species of coronavirus causing SARS and COVID-19
7804:NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b
6740:
6709:
5324:
5279:
5273:
4386:
4159:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3803:
3749:
3696:Wong AC, Li X, Lau SK, Woo PC (February 2019).
3579:
3438:Wong AC, Li X, Lau SK, Woo PC (February 2019).
2514:feature, present in many species of the taxon.
988:proteins unless they are specific to SARS-CoV-2
848:Upregulate chemokines such as IL-8 and RANTES;
306:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
294:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
5490:
4966:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4382:
4380:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3360:
2858:The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a
2835:After fusion the nucleocapsid passes into the
2457:, which is formed from multiple copies of the
756:Novel gene in SARS-CoV-2, of unknown function
9832:
8820:
8591:
8507:
7367:
7241:Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology
6421:
4905:
4903:
4797:
820:Inhibits Type I IFN production and signaling
324:, which were likely ancestors of SARS-CoV-1.
254:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
6909:
6907:
5441:
5230:
5067:
5018:"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19"
4960:
4791:
4605:
4599:
4591:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4536:
4326:
4053:
4051:
3989:
3940:
3695:
3437:
2040:Pangolin SARSr-CoV-GD, 90.1% to SARS-CoV-2,
620:Interacts with S, E, M structural proteins;
575:Replicase/transcriptase polyprotein (pp1ab)
374:(WHO) in 2016 as a likely cause of a future
54:of SARS-related coronaviruses emerging from
10283:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
7695:Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
6934:
6856:
6802:
6655:
6483:
6147:
5951:
5784:
5115:
5113:
4840:
4768:
4766:
4377:
4108:
4057:
3485:
23:. For the strain that causes COVID-19, see
9839:
9825:
9084:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
8827:
8813:
8598:
8584:
8516:
7374:
7360:
4900:
3698:"Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses"
3440:"Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses"
2741:; forms heterodimer with both; stimulates
2377:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1588:Bat SL-CoV YNLF_34C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1,
1560:Bat SL-CoV YNLF_31C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1,
333:positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
42:
8955:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
7666:Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011
7221:
7211:
7160:
7142:
7107:
7064:
7021:
7011:
6962:
6904:
6884:
6830:
6772:
6723:
6698:See section: Replicase Protein Expression
6683:
6624:
6604:
6563:
6511:
6455:
6445:
6400:
6347:
6298:
6230:
6175:
6114:Molecular Biology of the SARS-Coronavirus
6085:
6033:
6023:
5979:
5925:
5873:
5822:
5802:
5758:
5706:
5657:
5631:
5598:
5524:
5467:
5418:
5380:
5378:
5256:
5204:
5155:
5145:
5093:
5063:
5061:
5041:
4992:
4943:
4883:
4823:
4782:
4702:
4700:
4680:
4631:
4568:
4519:
4509:
4465:
4455:
4414:
4404:
4360:
4350:
4306:
4249:
4239:
4207:
4187:
4177:
4136:
4085:
4048:
4028:
4018:
3972:
3919:
3909:
3831:
3821:
3777:
3767:
3723:
3713:
3607:
3597:
3530:
3465:
3455:
3411:
3388:
3378:
3286:
3276:
490:positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
8607:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
7332:(free content: no registration required)
7243:(1st ed.). Caister Academic Press.
6589:"The molecular biology of coronaviruses"
5899:
5787:"The molecular biology of coronaviruses"
5778:
5541:
5226:
5224:
5110:
4763:
4387:McBride R, Fielding BC (November 2012).
4160:McBride R, Fielding BC (November 2012).
2919:
2484:
2390:
2370:
1026:
852:Induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
796:(M) protein, virus assembly and budding
773:(E) protein, virus assembly and budding
465:
394:. This prediction came to pass with the
6586:
5845:
5172:
3071:
2991:(RdRp). It is directly involved in the
2480:
1525:Bat SARS-CoV/Rp3, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-1,
1399:Bat SARS CoV Rf1, 87.8% to SARS-CoV-1,
296:(SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the cause of
11216:
8649:List of medical professionals who died
7443:
5848:The molecular biology of coronaviruses
5608:American Journal of Cultural Sociology
5484:
5435:
5375:
5058:
5009:
4697:
3547:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3191:
420:(subgroup B). Sarbecoviruses, unlike
11095:
11094:
10654:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
9820:
8808:
8579:
8492:
7442:
7355:
7238:
6930:
6928:
6798:
6796:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6200:
6198:
6143:
6141:
5221:
4491:
4275:"SARS coronavirus Accessory Proteins"
3647:from the original on 20 December 2016
2948:(dark blue), ExoN cofactor (yellow),
2565:
1874:
1282:
836:Inhibits cellular protein synthesis;
598:(S) protein, virus binding and entry
345:and the only species of the subgenus
7702:Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398
2094:Bat RshSTT200, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-2,
2071:Bat RshSTT182, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-2,
10157:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
9105:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
8031:Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013
7909:Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
6111:
3573:
3245:
2873:The polyproteins contain their own
2453:Inside the envelope, there is the
2014:SARSr-CoV-GX, 85.3% to SARS-CoV-2,
335:enter host cells by binding to the
13:
6986:
6925:
6793:
6644:
6472:
6195:
6138:
5900:Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL (March 2019).
4706:
3303:
3137:Bat SARS-like coronavirus RsSHC014
2826:(2-O-MT); protects viral RNA from
378:in a new plan developed after the
14:
11235:
9424:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
8950:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
8720:Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto
8644:Outbreak among healthcare workers
8093:Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
8086:Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
7278:
7260:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology
3898:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
3634:
1443:BtCoV HKU3, 87.9% to SARS-CoV-1,
921:(N) protein, viral RNA packaging
850:Upregulates JNK, p38 MAP kinase;
838:Induces inflammatory response by
818:Enhances cellular DNA synthesis;
401:
302:severe acute respiratory syndrome
227:Numerous other bat-hosted strains
10147:Western equine encephalomyelitis
10137:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
9410:Middle East respiratory syndrome
8561:
8418:Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21
8130:Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
7768:Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
7637:Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8
7336:McGill University SARS Resources
7296:
7284:
3641:Scientific American Blog Network
3115:
3101:
3047:
2685:Transmembrane scaffold protein;
1022:
67:
52:Transmission electron micrograph
10272:CrimeanâCongo hemorrhagic fever
8493:
7739:Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
7732:Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
6916:
6850:
6710:Mehdi Moustaqil (5 June 2020).
6703:
6580:
6531:
6368:
6315:
6250:
6223:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.028
6105:
6053:
6025:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.009
5999:
5945:
5893:
5839:
5726:
5674:
5592:
4648:
4485:
4431:
4266:
4102:
3885:
3852:
3797:
3743:
3689:
3659:
3628:
3412:Branswell H (9 November 2015).
2501:angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
2044:, smuggled from Southeast Asia
2020:, smuggled from Southeast Asia
1225:SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus
1164:SARS-CoV-1 related coronavirus
337:angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
10434:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
9009:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
8995:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
8195:Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
8137:Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
7974:China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
7861:Suncus murinus coronavirus X74
6381:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
5994:See section: Virion Structure.
4291:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.009
3555:"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release"
3431:
3405:
3354:
3220:
3159:
3131:Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
3085:Golgi intermediate compartment
2575:nonstructural proteins (nsps)
2521:and uptake of the virus in an
2438:is central in determining the
492:. Its genome is about 30
432:(PLpro) instead of two in the
218:Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
1:
10691:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
9930:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
8468:Night heron coronavirus HKU19
7833:Sorex araneus coronavirus T14
7630:Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
7153:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9
7013:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2
6606:10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3
6587:Masters PS (1 January 2006).
6066:Journal of Structural Biology
5856:10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3
5846:Masters PS (1 January 2006).
5804:10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60286-9
4561:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
4457:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9
4020:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9
3184:
2916:Replication and transcription
2472:
2465:) RNA genome in a continuous
2366:
10585:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
9214:Tropical spastic paraparesis
9119:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
8714:Plague City: SARS in Toronto
8294:Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
8123:Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
7904:Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018
7342: (archived 1 March 2005)
7131:Journal of Molecular Biology
5906:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
5687:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5185:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4444:Journal of Molecular Biology
4007:Journal of Molecular Biology
3953:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3911:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.021
3332:10.1126/science.367.6481.962
3091:through secretory vesicles.
2989:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
2928:-transcriptase complex of a
2887:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
2766:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
2662:allows proper structure for
2375:Illustration created at the
1773:, market in Guangdong, China
7:
10607:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
10595:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
9577:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
9497:Human parainfluenza viruses
9170:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
8439:White-eye coronavirus HKU16
6945:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6867:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6813:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6666:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6599:. Academic Press: 193â292.
6494:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6158:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
5962:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
5785:Lai MM, Cavanagh D (1997).
5022:Nature Reviews Microbiology
4119:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
4068:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
3094:
2979:to unwind RNA (downstream).
2866:(UUUAAAC) and a downstream
516:and 342 nucleotides in the
308:(SARS-CoV-2), the cause of
10:
11242:
10619:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
10499:Sandfly fever Naples virus
7573:Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus
7315:The SARS virus genetic map
7262:. Caister Academic Press.
6593:Advances in Virus Research
6283:10.1038/s41586-022-04464-z
5791:Advances in Virus Research
5633:10.1057/s41290-020-00118-7
5570:10.1038/s41586-022-04532-4
5411:10.1038/s41467-021-26809-4
5147:10.1038/s41467-021-21240-1
5086:10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.008
5034:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
4624:10.1007/s11262-019-01668-w
2843:, and the cell's ribosome
2677:cleaves polyprotein pp1ab
2395:Illustration of SARSr-CoV
884:Induces apoptosis through
718:production and signaling;
318:bats are a major reservoir
265:Betacoronavirus pandemicum
192:Betacoronavirus pandemicum
36:Betacoronavirus pandemicum
18:
11103:
11060:
11028:
11019:
10990:
10960:
10938:
10927:
10886:
10854:
10807:
10748:
10737:
10711:
10642:
10557:
10546:
10535:
10507:
10457:
10446:
10412:
10392:
10310:
10287:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
10256:
10245:
10221:
10121:
9999:
9884:
9873:
9862:
9780:
9756:
9664:
9587:
9542:
9531:
9360:
9322:
9301:
9269:
9241:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
9224:
9178:
9057:
9046:
9019:
8846:
8747:
8705:
8669:
8631:
8613:
8554:
8525:
8503:
8488:
8463:
8452:
8405:
8394:
8377:
8366:
8355:
8318:
8307:
8288:
8277:
8260:
8249:
8238:
8161:
8150:
8117:
8106:
8078:MERS coronavirus EMC/2012
8054:
8043:
8026:
8015:
7949:
7938:
7927:
7884:
7873:
7856:
7845:
7828:
7817:
7791:
7780:
7763:
7752:
7726:
7715:
7689:
7678:
7661:
7650:
7624:
7613:
7596:
7585:
7568:
7557:
7540:
7529:
7503:
7492:
7475:
7464:
7453:
7438:
7392:
7330:special on the SARS virus
6725:10.1101/2020.06.05.135699
6122:10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5
6078:10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021
5918:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
5517:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
5460:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023
5353:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x
5302:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0
5249:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023
4784:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5
4673:10.1007/s12250-016-3727-3
4352:10.3389/fimmu.2021.708264
3671:World Health Organization
3278:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
2595:degradation, blocks host
2572:
2346:
2277:
2250:
2223:
2216:
2191:
2152:
2125:
2118:
2098:, Steung Treng, Cambodia
2092:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2038:
2031:
2009:
2002:
1972:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1897:
1890:
1854:
1785:
1761:
1754:
1715:
1675:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1592:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1586:
1564:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1558:
1551:
1523:
1516:
1485:
1478:
1441:
1434:
1403:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1397:
1366:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1357:
1335:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1103:
1096:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
979:
548:
525:positive-sense RNA genome
461:
372:World Health Organization
284:of the virus have caused
240:
233:
204:
199:
62:
50:
41:
34:
11224:SARS-related coronavirus
10903:SARS-related coronavirus
10866:Henipavirus encephalitis
10724:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
10569:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
10350:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
10322:Arbovirus encephalitides
10298:Arbovirus encephalitides
10268:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
10233:Banna virus encephalitis
10133:Arbovirus encephalitides
10078:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
10044:Saint Louis encephalitis
10011:Arbovirus encephalitides
9962:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
9896:Arbovirus encephalitides
9343:Infectious mononucleosis
9160:Chandipura vesiculovirus
8990:Hepatocellular carcinoma
8935:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
8868:Hepatocellular carcinoma
8411:Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
8382:Wigeon coronavirus HKU20
8167:SARS-related coronavirus
8002:Myodes coronavirus 2JL14
7348:(archived 12 April 2016)
7311:(archived 23 April 2003)
7303:SARS-related coronavirus
4220:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3199:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
3152:
2904:and 3CLpro cleaves both
2664:double membrane vesicles
2573:Function of coronavirus
2512:evolutionarily conserved
249:SARS-related coronavirus
11007:Yaba monkey tumor virus
10364:Kyasanur Forest disease
10326:Tick-borne encephalitis
10027:Australian encephalitis
9920:California encephalitis
9139:Encephalitis lethargica
8840:viral systemic diseases
8639:2002â2004 SARS outbreak
8432:Munia coronavirus HKU13
7480:Bat coronavirus CDPHE15
7213:10.1073/pnas.0605438103
7109:10.1126/science.1085953
7066:10.1126/science.1085952
4733:10.1126/science.1118391
4339:Frontiers in Immunology
3002:The protein nsp14 is a
2860:-1 ribosomal frameshift
2841:acts as a messenger RNA
2256:, 96.8% to SARS-CoV-2,
2229:, 96.1% to SARS-CoV-2,
2197:, 94.4% to SARS-CoV-2,
2158:, 93.3% to SARS-CoV-2,
2131:, 91.5% to SARS-CoV-2,
1766:, 99.8% to SARS-CoV-1,
1720:, 96.0% to SARS-CoV-1,
1680:, 95.6% to SARS-CoV-1,
1649:, 95.4% to SARS-CoV-1,
1490:, 90.9% to SARS-CoV-1,
1362:, 86.4% to SARS-CoV-1,
1331:, 86.3% to SARS-CoV-1,
473:organization and viral
10354:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
9935:La Crosse encephalitis
9511:Human orthopneumovirus
9165:Herpesviral meningitis
9126:Arbovirus encephalitis
8661:SARS conspiracy theory
8331:Avian coronavirus 9203
8265:Goose coronavirus CB17
8073:London1_novel CoV/2012
8060:Hedgehog coronavirus 1
7981:Human coronavirus HKU1
7966:Human coronavirus OC43
7797:Human coronavirus NL63
7545:Human coronavirus 229E
7320:18 August 2006 at the
6556:10.1261/rna.078661.120
5699:10.3201/eid1002.030913
5197:10.3201/eid2612.203386
4241:10.1186/1471-2148-9-52
3965:10.3201/eid1310.070448
3228:"Taxon Details | ICTV"
3142:Bat coronavirus RaTG13
2980:
2975:(green/orange), and a
2824:2âČ-O-Methyltransferase
2797:(ExoN); N7 MTase adds
2603:innate immune response
2496:
2399:
2388:
2134:Rhinolophus acuminatus
1035:
984:identifiers shown for
720:Induces apoptosis and
579:nonstructural proteins
549:Function of SARSr-CoV
506:3âČ polyadenylated tail
481:
430:papain-like proteinase
298:the 2002â2004 outbreak
223:Bat coronavirus RaTG13
10787:Marburg virus disease
10338:Powassan encephalitis
10015:Japanese encephalitis
8969:Merkel-cell carcinoma
8530:Microhyla letovirus 1
8338:Duck coronavirus 2714
7509:Bat coronavirus HKU10
7239:Thiel V, ed. (2007).
6718:: 2020.06.05.135699.
5391:Nature Communications
5126:Nature Communications
5080:(17): 4380â4391.e14.
4511:10.21873/invivo.12384
4492:Kaina, Bernd (2021).
3081:endoplasmic reticulum
3004:3'-5' exoribonuclease
2923:
2795:3âČ-5âČ exoribonuclease
2630:transmembrane protein
2534:conformational change
2488:
2394:
2374:
2259:Rhinolophus malayanus
2161:Rhinolophus malayanus
1982:, Zhoushan, Zhejiang
1978:, 88% to SARS-CoV-2,
1948:, 88% to SARS-CoV-2,
1907:, 81% to SARS-CoV-2,
1039:Phylogenetic analysis
1030:
469:
322:Himalayan palm civets
10213:Semliki Forest virus
9614:Adenovirus infection
9078:Human polyomavirus 2
8907:Oropharyngeal cancer
8654:Air China Flight 112
7293:at Wikimedia Commons
6765:10.1128/JVI.00080-16
6340:10.1128/JVI.02202-13
6112:Lal SK, ed. (2010).
5751:10.1128/JVI.00645-06
5454:(11): 2196â2203.e3.
5243:(11): 2196â2203.e3.
4985:10.1128/JVI.02582-15
4868:10.1128/JVI.01048-15
4816:10.1128/JVI.00631-14
3380:10.1128/JVI.02219-09
3072:Assembly and release
2791:N7 Methyltransferase
2481:Attachment and entry
2351:, 79% to SARS-CoV-2
2199:Rhinolophus pusillus
1980:Rhinolophus pusillus
1951:Rhinolophus pusillus
1910:Rhinolophus cornutus
1859:, 79% to SARS-CoV-1
1529:Rhinolophus pearsoni
290:respiratory diseases
64:Virus classification
58:cultured in the lab
10760:Ebola virus disease
10424:Colorado tick fever
10179:O'nyong'nyong fever
9200:Post-polio syndrome
8836:Infectious diseases
7204:2006PNAS..10312546Y
7100:2003Sci...300.1399M
7057:2003Sci...300.1394R
6753:Journal of Virology
6447:10.7554/eLife.51230
6393:10.1038/nrd.2015.37
6328:Journal of Virology
6275:2022Natur.603..913S
5739:Journal of Virology
5562:2022Natur.604..330T
5509:2020Natur.579..270Z
5403:2021NatCo..12.6563D
5345:2020Natur.583..286X
5294:2020Natur.583..282L
5138:2021NatCo..12..972W
4973:Journal of Virology
4936:10.1038/nature12711
4928:2013Natur.503..535G
4862:(20): 10532â10547.
4856:Journal of Virology
4725:2005Sci...310..676L
4232:2009BMCEE...9...52T
3677:on 20 December 2016
3667:"LIST OF PATHOGENS"
3523:10.1038/nature12711
3515:2013Natur.503..535G
3367:Journal of Virology
3324:2020Sci...367..962C
3265:Nature Microbiology
3079:occurs inside the
3022:of negative-sense
2954:secondary structure
2727:RNA-binding protein
2699:complex with nsp8;
2232:Rhinolophus affinis
2096:Rhinolophus shameli
2074:Rhinolophus shameli
1724:Rhinolophus sinicus
1684:Rhinolophus sinicus
1653:Rhinolophus sinicus
1494:Rhinolophus affinis
1447:Rhinolophus sinicus
531:by the host cell's
498:open reading frames
10972:Simian foamy virus
9333:EpsteinâBarr virus
9303:Respiratory system
8940:Burkitt's lymphoma
8706:In popular culture
7988:Murine coronavirus
7961:Bovine coronavirus
7899:Canine coronavirus
7894:Feline coronavirus
7889:Alphacoronavirus 1
7601:Mink coronavirus 1
7446:Orthocoronavirinae
7094:(5624): 1399â404.
6211:Antiviral Research
6012:Antiviral Research
5624:Palgrave Macmillan
4555:(10224): 565â574.
3935:betacoronaviruses.
3064:between ancestral
3052:When two SARS-CoV
2981:
2701:processivity clamp
2566:Genome translation
2497:
2436:host cell receptor
2400:
2389:
1875:SARS-CoV-2 related
1283:SARS-CoV-1 related
1036:
1014:accessory proteins
943:Induces apoptosis
925:structural protein
800:structural protein
777:structural protein
602:structural protein
482:
448:cross-species jump
444:bat host reservoir
434:open reading frame
426:alphacoronaviruses
11211:
11210:
11097:Taxon identifiers
11088:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11015:
11014:
10923:
10922:
10733:
10732:
10531:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10442:
10441:
10241:
10240:
9986:Rift Valley fever
9814:
9813:
9776:
9775:
9527:
9526:
9458:Influenza virus A
9375:Human coronavirus
9265:
9264:
9255:Herpes of the eye
8802:
8801:
8573:
8572:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8448:
8447:
8425:Coronavirus HKU15
8390:
8389:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8324:Avian coronavirus
8303:
8302:
8273:
8272:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8146:
8145:
8102:
8101:
8039:
8038:
8011:
8010:
7955:Betacoronavirus 1
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7869:
7868:
7841:
7840:
7813:
7812:
7776:
7775:
7748:
7747:
7711:
7710:
7674:
7673:
7646:
7645:
7609:
7608:
7581:
7580:
7553:
7552:
7525:
7524:
7488:
7487:
7394:Higher taxonomy:
7289:Media related to
7269:978-1-904455-22-6
7250:978-1-904455-16-5
7006:(9366): 1319â25.
6954:978-1-4939-2438-7
6876:978-1-4939-2438-7
6822:978-1-4939-2438-7
6675:978-1-4939-2438-7
6503:978-1-4939-2438-7
6269:(7903): 913â918.
6167:978-1-4939-2438-7
6131:978-3-642-03682-8
5971:978-1-4939-2438-7
5556:(7905): 330â336.
5503:(7798): 270â273.
5339:(7815): 286â289.
5288:(7815): 282â285.
5191:(12): 3025â3029.
4719:(5748): 676â679.
4661:Virologica Sinica
4128:978-1-4939-2438-7
4077:978-1-4939-2438-7
3715:10.3390/v11020174
3457:10.3390/v11020174
3318:(6481): 962â963.
2958:RNA sliding clamp
2864:slippery sequence
2833:
2832:
2803:proofreads genome
2781:5âČ triphosphatase
2757:Unknown function
2749:(nsp14) activity
2687:unknown function
2632:; interacts with
2618:unknown function
2527:cysteine protease
2467:beads-on-a-string
2360:
2359:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2180:
2179:
2107:
2106:
1991:
1990:
1868:
1867:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1774:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1664:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1575:
1540:
1505:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1346:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1084:
1032:Phylogenetic tree
993:
992:
722:cell cycle arrest
661:cell cycle arrest
502:5âČ methylated cap
488:is an enveloped,
484:The SARS-related
396:COVID-19 pandemic
272:, abbreviated as
261:
260:
11231:
11204:
11203:
11191:
11190:
11178:
11177:
11165:
11164:
11152:
11151:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11124:
11123:
11122:
11092:
11091:
11026:
11025:
10936:
10935:
10746:
10745:
10555:
10554:
10544:
10543:
10519:Chandipura virus
10455:
10454:
10395:Orthomyxoviridae
10254:
10253:
10201:Ross River fever
9966:Bunyamwera fever
9882:
9881:
9871:
9870:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9818:
9817:
9540:
9539:
9535:digestive system
9452:Orthomyxoviridae
9418:SARS coronavirus
9404:MERS coronavirus
9320:
9319:
9132:Orthomyxoviridae
9055:
9054:
9021:Immune disorders
8945:Hodgkin lymphoma
8921:Kaposi's sarcoma
8829:
8822:
8815:
8806:
8805:
8748:Related articles
8600:
8593:
8586:
8577:
8576:
8565:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8513:
8505:
8504:
8490:
8489:
8461:
8460:
8403:
8402:
8375:
8374:
8364:
8363:
8358:Deltacoronavirus
8316:
8315:
8286:
8285:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8246:
8241:Gammacoronavirus
8159:
8158:
8115:
8114:
8052:
8051:
8024:
8023:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7882:
7881:
7854:
7853:
7826:
7825:
7789:
7788:
7761:
7760:
7724:
7723:
7687:
7686:
7659:
7658:
7622:
7621:
7594:
7593:
7566:
7565:
7538:
7537:
7501:
7500:
7473:
7472:
7462:
7461:
7456:Alphacoronavirus
7440:
7439:
7382:Taxonomy of the
7376:
7369:
7362:
7353:
7352:
7301:Data related to
7300:
7288:
7273:
7254:
7235:
7225:
7215:
7198:(33): 12546â51.
7182:
7164:
7146:
7121:
7111:
7078:
7068:
7051:(5624): 1394â9.
7035:
7025:
7015:
6980:
6979:
6966:
6932:
6923:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6902:
6901:
6888:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6834:
6800:
6791:
6790:
6776:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6687:
6653:
6642:
6641:
6628:
6608:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6550:(9): 1025â1045.
6535:
6529:
6528:
6515:
6481:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6404:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6302:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6234:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6179:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6089:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6037:
6027:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5983:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5877:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5806:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5762:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5710:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5635:
5605:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4582:
4572:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4504:(3): 1313â1326.
4489:
4483:
4482:
4469:
4459:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4406:10.3390/v4112902
4384:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4354:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4310:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4191:
4181:
4179:10.3390/v4112902
4157:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4032:
4022:
3998:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3923:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3856:
3850:
3849:
3835:
3825:
3823:10.3390/v2081803
3801:
3795:
3794:
3781:
3771:
3769:10.3390/v2081803
3747:
3741:
3740:
3727:
3717:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3673:. Archived from
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3601:
3599:10.3390/v2081803
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3195:
3178:
3163:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3105:
2813:Endoribonuclease
2737:nsp16 and nsp14
2658:scaffold protein
2570:
2569:
2556:serine proteases
2219:
2218:
2121:
2120:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2034:
2033:
2005:
2004:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1721:
1681:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1589:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1400:
1363:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1105:Bat CoV BM48-31
1099:
1098:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1045:
972:
956:
940:
915:
901:
881:
865:
833:
815:
790:
767:
753:
737:
697:
617:
592:
572:
551:genome proteins
546:
545:
508:. There are 265
428:, have only one
416:of the subgenus
384:diagnostic tests
244:SARS coronavirus
72:
71:
46:
32:
31:
11241:
11240:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11199:
11194:
11186:
11181:
11173:
11168:
11160:
11155:
11147:
11142:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11099:
11089:
11076:
11056:
11021:
11011:
10986:
10956:
10930:
10919:
10882:
10857:Paramyxoviridae
10850:
10803:
10740:
10729:
10707:
10638:
10549:
10538:
10523:
10503:
10487:Pappataci fever
10480:Oropouche virus
10475:Oropouche fever
10449:
10438:
10408:
10388:
10306:
10278:Heartland virus
10248:
10237:
10217:
10189:Pogosta disease
10117:
10064:West Nile fever
9995:
9876:
9865:
9858:
9845:
9815:
9810:
9772:
9752:
9660:
9634:Gastroenteritis
9592:
9589:Gastroenteritis
9583:
9571:Cytomegalovirus
9534:
9523:
9491:Paramyxoviridae
9480:Avian influenza
9356:
9351:Cytomegalovirus
9315:viral pneumonia
9313:
9310:nasopharyngitis
9309:
9306:
9297:
9261:
9235:Cytomegalovirus
9220:
9174:
9062:
9049:
9042:
9015:
8882:Cervical cancer
8842:
8833:
8803:
8798:
8765:Health in China
8743:
8701:
8665:
8627:
8609:
8604:
8574:
8569:
8534:
8499:
8472:
8444:
8386:
8343:
8299:
8269:
8226:
8142:
8098:
8035:
8007:
7994:Rat coronavirus
7930:Betacoronavirus
7915:
7865:
7837:
7809:
7772:
7744:
7707:
7670:
7642:
7605:
7577:
7549:
7521:
7484:
7449:
7434:
7427:Cornidovirineae
7415:Pisoniviricetes
7388:
7380:
7340:Wayback Machine
7322:Wayback Machine
7281:
7276:
7270:
7251:
7144:10.1.1.319.7007
7137:(5): 991â1004.
6989:
6987:Further reading
6984:
6983:
6955:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6905:
6877:
6855:
6851:
6823:
6801:
6794:
6759:(16): 7415â28.
6745:
6741:
6708:
6704:
6676:
6654:
6645:
6617:
6585:
6581:
6536:
6532:
6504:
6482:
6473:
6426:
6422:
6373:
6369:
6334:(2): 1293â307.
6320:
6316:
6255:
6251:
6203:
6196:
6168:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6110:
6106:
6058:
6054:
6004:
6000:
5972:
5950:
5946:
5898:
5894:
5866:
5844:
5840:
5815:
5783:
5779:
5745:(16): 7918â28.
5731:
5727:
5679:
5675:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5546:
5542:
5489:
5485:
5448:Current Biology
5440:
5436:
5383:
5376:
5329:
5325:
5278:
5274:
5237:Current Biology
5229:
5222:
5177:
5173:
5118:
5111:
5066:
5059:
5014:
5010:
4965:
4961:
4922:(7477): 535â8.
4908:
4901:
4848:
4841:
4810:(12): 7070â82.
4796:
4792:
4771:
4764:
4707:Li, W. (2005).
4705:
4698:
4653:
4649:
4604:
4600:
4584:
4583:
4541:
4537:
4490:
4486:
4450:(5): 991â1004.
4436:
4432:
4399:(11): 2902â23.
4385:
4378:
4331:
4327:
4271:
4267:
4212:
4208:
4172:(11): 2902â23.
4158:
4154:
4129:
4107:
4103:
4078:
4056:
4049:
4013:(5): 991â1004.
3999:
3990:
3959:(10): 1526â32.
3945:
3941:
3904:(7): 1690â702.
3890:
3886:
3873:
3871:
3870:on 3 April 2020
3858:
3857:
3853:
3802:
3798:
3748:
3744:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3629:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3509:(7477): 535â8.
3495:
3486:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3406:
3359:
3355:
3308:
3304:
3257:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3121:
3114:
3109:COVID-19 portal
3107:
3100:
3097:
3077:RNA translation
3074:
3050:
3042:progeny viruses
2918:
2895:exoribonuclease
2686:
2661:
2644:domain cleaves
2617:
2600:
2574:
2568:
2560:C-terminal part
2483:
2475:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2181:
2108:
1992:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1744:
1705:
1613:
1468:
1424:
1387:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1124:
1115:
1086:
1076:Bat CoV BtKY72
1050:SARSr‑CoV
1025:
968:
967:
952:
951:
936:
935:
922:
911:
910:
897:
896:
877:
876:
861:
860:
851:
849:
847:
837:
829:
828:
819:
811:
810:
797:
786:
785:
774:
763:
762:
749:
748:
733:
732:
719:
713:
693:
692:
672:
654:
644:
626:
621:
613:
612:
599:
588:
587:
576:
568:
567:
550:
527:to be directly
464:
409:Betacoronavirus
404:
342:Betacoronavirus
268:(also known as
195:
167:Betacoronavirus
131:Pisoniviricetes
66:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11239:
11238:
11227:
11226:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11205:
11192:
11179:
11166:
11153:
11140:
11125:
11109:
11107:
11101:
11100:
11086:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11054:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11036:
11034:
11023:
11017:
11016:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11009:
11004:
10998:
10996:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10968:
10966:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10946:
10944:
10933:
10925:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10900:
10894:
10892:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10873:
10862:
10860:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10848:
10843:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10815:
10813:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10756:
10754:
10743:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10719:
10717:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10698:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10650:
10648:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10565:
10563:
10552:
10541:
10533:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10472:
10465:
10463:
10452:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10420:
10418:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10400:
10398:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10318:
10316:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10295:
10290:
10280:
10275:
10264:
10262:
10251:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10229:
10227:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10215:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10129:
10127:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10024:
10023:
10022:
10007:
10005:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9983:
9982:
9981:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9892:
9890:
9879:
9868:
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9851:viral diseases
9844:
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9288:
9275:
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9271:Cardiovascular
9267:
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9050:nervous system
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8902:Vaginal cancer
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8632:General topics
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7305:at Wikispecies
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7279:External links
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6100:See Figure 10.
6052:
6048:See Figure 4c.
5998:
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5912:(3): 181â192.
5892:
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4285:(1): 113â121.
4279:Virus Research
4265:
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4047:
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3816:(8): 1804â20.
3796:
3762:(8): 1804â20.
3742:
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3627:
3592:(8): 1804â20.
3572:
3561:. October 2018
3546:
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3373:(6): 2808â19.
3353:
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3271:(4): 536â544.
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3147:Civet SARS-CoV
3144:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3123:Viruses portal
3112:
3096:
3093:
3073:
3070:
3058:RNA polymerase
3049:
3046:
3024:subgenomic RNA
2956:(light blue),
2917:
2914:
2868:RNA pseudoknot
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2591:Promotes host
2589:
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2577:
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2538:endosomal wall
2482:
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2474:
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2450:of the virus.
2440:tissue tropism
2414:consists of a
2412:viral envelope
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2091:
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2068:
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2056:
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2042:Manis javanica
2037:
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2017:Manis javanica
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1770:Paguma larvata
1764:Civet SARS-CoV
1760:
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791:
781:
780:
768:
758:
757:
754:
742:
741:
738:
726:
725:
698:
686:
685:
683:p38 MAP kinase
618:
606:
605:
593:
583:
582:
573:
561:
560:
557:
553:
552:
463:
460:
412:(group 2) and
403:
402:Classification
400:
380:Ebola epidemic
259:
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11031:Rhabdoviridae
11027:
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10941:Herpesviridae
10937:
10934:
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10909:
10906:
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10899:
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10889:Coronaviridae
10885:
10877:
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10810:Rhabdoviridae
10806:
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10747:
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10714:Herpesviridae
10710:
10702:
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10680:
10677:
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10545:
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10520:
10517:
10516:
10514:
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10511:
10510:Rhabdoviridae
10506:
10500:
10497:
10493:
10492:Toscana virus
10490:
10489:
10488:
10485:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10470:
10467:
10466:
10464:
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10432:
10427:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10411:
10405:
10404:Bourbon virus
10402:
10401:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10391:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10377:
10373:
10370:
10367:
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10348:
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10332:
10329:
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10309:
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10299:
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10294:
10291:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10244:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10214:
10211:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10194:Sindbis virus
10192:
10191:
10190:
10187:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10177:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10165:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10155:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10120:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10065:
10062:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10047:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9989:
9988:
9987:
9984:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9948:
9947:
9946:
9943:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9908:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9861:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9842:
9837:
9835:
9830:
9828:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9769:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9748:
9744:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9707:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9590:
9586:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9530:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9503:Parainfluenza
9501:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9339:EBV infection
9337:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9311:
9304:
9300:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9195:Poliomyelitis
9193:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9045:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8897:Vulvar cancer
8895:
8893:
8892:Penile cancer
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8697:Jiang Yanyong
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8677:Zhong Nanshan
8675:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8601:
8596:
8594:
8589:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8553:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8252:Brangacovirus
8248:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7616:Minunacovirus
7612:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7532:Duvinacovirus
7528:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7432:Coronaviridae
7429:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7404:
7403:Orthornavirae
7399:
7398:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7385:Coronaviridae
7377:
7372:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6937:Coronaviruses
6931:
6929:
6919:
6910:
6908:
6900:
6899:See Figure 1.
6896:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6859:Coronaviruses
6853:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6805:Coronaviruses
6799:
6797:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6658:Coronaviruses
6652:
6650:
6648:
6640:
6639:See Figure 8.
6636:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6616:9780120398690
6612:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6486:Coronaviruses
6480:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6387:(5): 327â47.
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6245:See Figure 2.
6242:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6217:(3): 605â14.
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6150:Coronaviruses
6144:
6142:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5954:Coronaviruses
5948:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5865:9780120398690
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5814:9780120398485
5810:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:(6): 3253â6.
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4480:See Figure 1.
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:Coronaviruses
4105:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4060:Coronaviruses
4054:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3880:See Figure 2.
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3792:See Figure 1.
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3738:See Figure 1.
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:(SL-CoV-WIV1)
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3066:coronaviruses
3063:
3062:recombination
3059:
3055:
3048:Recombination
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2997:transcription
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:multi-protein
2978:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:Model of the
2922:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:hexadecameric
2694:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2448:species range
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:lipid bilayer
2413:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Xishuangbanna
2200:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1023:Phylogenetics
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
978:
974:
971:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
934:
931:
930:
926:
920:
917:
914:
908:
907:
903:
900:
895:
892:
891:
887:
883:
880:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
859:
856:
855:
845:
844:IL-8 promotor
841:
835:
832:
827:
824:
823:
817:
814:
809:
806:
805:
801:
795:
792:
789:
783:
782:
778:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
755:
752:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
731:
728:
727:
723:
717:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
691:
688:
687:
684:
680:
676:
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
648:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
619:
616:
611:
608:
607:
603:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
580:
574:
571:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:embecoviruses
419:
415:
411:
410:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
239:
236:
232:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:Coronaviridae
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:Orthornavirae
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
11104:
11061:
11052:Mokola virus
11029:
10991:
10963:Retroviridae
10961:
10949:
10939:
10902:
10887:
10855:
10808:
10749:
10722:
10712:
10645:Bunyavirales
10643:
10560:Arenaviridae
10558:
10508:
10460:Bunyavirales
10458:
10413:
10393:
10379:Langat virus
10313:Flaviviridae
10311:
10302:Bhanja virus
10259:Bunyavirales
10257:
10222:
10122:
10094:Yellow fever
10082:Dengue fever
10002:Flaviviridae
10000:
9945:Tahyna virus
9910:Bwamba Fever
9887:Bunyavirales
9885:
9796:
9789:
9765:
9758:Pancreatitis
9740:
9728:
9716:
9704:
9697:
9678:
9653:
9646:
9639:
9627:
9606:
9569:
9555:
9516:
9509:
9495:
9489:
9456:
9450:
9430:
9416:
9402:
9373:
9349:
9331:
9286:Pericarditis
9278:
9247:
9233:
9206:
9187:
9145:
9130:
9111:
9097:
9076:
9059:Encephalitis
9028:
9001:
8982:
8961:
8927:
8913:
8874:
8860:
8760:Global alert
8736:
8729:
8725:1:99 Concert
8712:
8692:Carlo Urbani
8682:Ab Osterhaus
8622:
8529:
8517:
8508:
8494:
8467:
8455:Herdecovirus
8453:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8397:Buldecovirus
8395:
8381:
8367:
8356:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8308:
8292:
8278:
8264:
8250:
8239:
8166:
8165:
8153:Sarbecovirus
8151:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8107:
8091:
8084:
8065:
8058:
8046:Merbecovirus
8044:
8030:
8016:
8000:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7953:
7939:
7928:
7888:
7874:
7860:
7846:
7832:
7818:
7802:
7795:
7783:Setracovirus
7781:
7767:
7755:Rhinacovirus
7753:
7737:
7730:
7716:
7700:
7693:
7681:Nyctacovirus
7679:
7665:
7653:Myotacovirus
7651:
7635:
7628:
7614:
7600:
7586:
7572:
7560:Luchacovirus
7558:
7544:
7530:
7514:
7507:
7493:
7479:
7465:
7454:
7444:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7409:Pisuviricota
7407:
7401:
7395:
7383:
7327:
7259:
7240:
7195:
7191:
7134:
7130:
7091:
7087:
7048:
7044:
7003:
6999:
6976:
6936:
6918:
6898:
6858:
6852:
6844:
6804:
6786:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6715:
6705:
6697:
6657:
6638:
6596:
6592:
6582:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6526:See Table 2.
6525:
6485:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6414:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6361:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6244:
6214:
6210:
6189:
6149:
6113:
6107:
6099:
6072:(1): 11â22.
6069:
6065:
6055:
6047:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5993:
5953:
5947:
5939:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5887:
5847:
5841:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5772:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5720:
5693:(2): 320â6.
5690:
5686:
5676:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5594:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5394:
5390:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5240:
5236:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5129:
5125:
5077:
5073:
5025:
5021:
5011:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4919:
4915:
4859:
4855:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4774:
4716:
4712:
4667:(1): 69â77.
4664:
4660:
4650:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4587:cite journal
4552:
4548:
4538:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4479:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4396:
4392:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4321:See Table 1.
4320:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4202:See Table 1.
4201:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4110:
4104:
4059:
4042:
4010:
4006:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3933:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3879:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3863:
3854:
3845:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3791:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3737:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:the original
3670:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3623:polyprotein.
3621:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3558:
3549:
3506:
3502:
3479:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3417:
3407:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3268:
3264:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3200:
3193:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3075:
3051:
3039:
3032:
3017:
3012:processivity
3008:proofreading
3001:
2982:
2962:processivity
2946:proofreading
2899:
2891:RNA helicase
2872:
2862:caused by a
2857:
2834:
2777:RNA helicase
2745:(nsp16) and
2640:expression;
2542:
2516:
2509:
2498:
2476:
2459:nucleocapsid
2455:nucleocapsid
2452:
2409:
2401:
2362:
2347:
2278:
2257:
2251:
2230:
2224:
2198:
2192:
2159:
2153:
2139:Chachoengsao
2132:
2126:
2095:
2093:
2079:Steung Treng
2072:
2070:
2041:
2039:
2015:
2010:
1979:
1973:
1949:
1943:
1908:
1898:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1855:
1786:
1768:
1762:
1722:
1716:
1682:
1676:
1651:
1645:
1590:
1587:
1562:
1559:
1527:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1445:
1442:
1401:
1398:
1364:
1358:
1340:North Jeolla
1333:
1327:
1294:
1286:
1224:
1163:
1104:
1075:
1049:
1037:
1018:
1010:nucleocapsid
994:
980:
924:
919:Nucleocapsid
886:mitochondria
799:
776:
700:Upregulates
645:Upregulates
627:Upregulates
601:
578:
541:polyproteins
522:
483:
441:
418:Sarbecovirus
417:
407:
405:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:Sarbecovirus
347:
346:
340:
326:
310:the pandemic
304:(SARS), and
277:
273:
269:
264:
263:
262:
253:
248:
243:
191:
190:
179:Sarbecovirus
178:
177:
166:
154:
142:
130:
119:Pisuviricota
118:
106:
94:
87:
77:(unranked):
35:
29:
11129:Wikispecies
10751:Filoviridae
10573:Lassa fever
10469:Adria virus
10167:Chikungunya
10124:Togaviridae
10054:Usutu virus
9976:Ngari virus
9900:Batai virus
9655:Coronavirus
9396:Common cold
9308:acute viral
9291:Myocarditis
9135:(probable)
8887:Anal cancer
8755:Coronavirus
8567:Wikispecies
8518:Milecovirus
8496:Letovirinae
8369:Andecovirus
8280:Cegacovirus
8109:Nobecovirus
8018:Hibecovirus
7941:Embecovirus
7876:Tegacovirus
7848:Sunacovirus
7820:Soracovirus
7718:Pedacovirus
7588:Minacovirus
7495:Decacovirus
7467:Colacovirus
7421:Nidovirales
5626:: 451â461.
5620:Basingstoke
5397:(1): 6563.
4612:Virus Genes
3681:13 December
3651:13 December
3423:20 February
2993:replication
2938:replication
2930:coronavirus
2646:polyprotein
2636:; promotes
2597:translation
2545:proteolytic
2530:cathepsin L
2519:endocytosis
2493:replication
2490:Coronavirus
2444:infectivity
2404:pleomorphic
2141:, Thailand
2081:, Cambodia
1344:South Korea
623:Ion channel
537:viral entry
510:nucleotides
486:coronavirus
292:in humans:
143:Nidovirales
11063:Poxviridae
10993:Poxviridae
10913:SARS-CoV-2
10415:Reoviridae
10293:Tete virus
10224:Reoviridae
10106:Zika fever
9955:Tete virus
9853:(A80âB34,
9782:Urogenital
9648:Astrovirus
9608:Adenovirus
9432:SARS-CoV-2
9189:Poliovirus
9064:meningitis
8787:SARS-CoV-2
8687:Joanna Tse
8618:SARS-CoV-1
8310:Igacovirus
8220:SHC014-CoV
8178:SARS-CoV-2
8173:SARS-CoV-1
5132:(1): 972.
4345:: 708264.
3708:(2): 174.
3635:Kieny MP.
3565:13 January
3450:(2): 174.
3212:27 January
3185:References
3165:The terms
3089:exocytosis
2845:translates
2627:Multidoman
2616:proteins;
2614:prohibitin
2473:Life cycle
2418:where the
2367:Morphology
2349:SARS-CoV-1
2280:SARS-CoV-2
1857:SARS-CoV-2
1788:SARS-CoV-1
1647:SHC014-CoV
970:A0A663DJA2
716:Type I IFN
706:chemokines
633:chemokines
625:activity;
529:translated
456:SARS-CoV-2
452:SARS-CoV-1
288:of severe
213:SARS-CoV-2
208:SARS-CoV-1
174:Subgenus:
56:host cells
25:SARS-CoV-2
21:SARS-CoV-1
11072:Monkeypox
9864:Arthropod
9693:RNA virus
9674:DNA virus
9666:Hepatitis
9641:Norovirus
9629:Rotavirus
9623:RNA virus
9602:DNA virus
9548:Esophagus
9476:Influenza
9362:RNA virus
9324:DNA virus
9093:RNA virus
9072:DNA virus
8978:RNA virus
8856:DNA virus
8848:Oncovirus
8738:SARS Wars
8731:Contagion
8623:SARSr-CoV
7397:Riboviria
7139:CiteSeerX
6734:219604020
6416:membrane.
6291:1476-4687
6018:: 39â50.
5797:: 1â100.
5650:2049-7113
5642:2049-7121
5586:246902858
5369:256822274
5318:214683303
4876:0022-538X
4741:0036-8075
4299:0168-1702
4226:(1): 52.
3418:Stat News
3348:211556915
3167:SARSr-CoV
3035:synthesis
3020:synthesis
2952:to avoid
2926:replicase
2875:proteases
2837:cytoplasm
2815:(NendoU)
2634:N protein
2612:Binds to
2583:Function
2553:TMPRSS11D
2432:peplomers
2264:Vientiane
2239:, Yunnan
2205:, Yunnan
1456:Guangdong
1452:Hong Kong
1008:(M), and
840:NF-kappaB
714:Inhibits
702:cytokines
665:Caspase 8
657:apoptosis
629:cytokines
559:Function
414:monotypic
392:medicines
329:enveloped
286:outbreaks
274:SARSr-CoV
186:Species:
102:Kingdom:
95:Riboviria
11218:Category
11188:11460764
11175:10069196
11162:11621416
11114:Wikidata
11020:Multiple
10908:SARS-CoV
10898:MERS-CoV
10087:DENV-1-4
9875:Mosquito
9848:Zoonotic
9791:BK virus
9594:diarrhea
9438:COVID-19
9180:Myelitis
8792:pandemic
8782:COVID-19
8775:MERS-CoV
8556:Source:
8200:RacCS203
8190:BANAL-52
8183:Variants
7318:Archived
7232:16891412
7179:14974326
7171:12927536
7118:12730501
7075:12730500
7032:12711465
6973:25720466
6895:25720466
6841:25720466
6783:27279608
6694:25720466
6635:16877062
6574:34127534
6522:25720466
6466:31650956
6411:26868298
6358:24227843
6309:35114688
6241:24121034
6186:25720466
6096:21130884
6044:24418573
5990:25720466
5936:30531947
5884:16877062
5769:16873249
5717:15030705
5668:33042541
5578:35172323
5535:32015507
5478:32416074
5429:34753934
5361:32380510
5310:32218527
5267:32416074
5215:33219796
5166:33563978
5104:34147139
5052:33024307
5003:26719272
4954:24172901
4894:26269185
4834:24719429
4749:16195424
4691:26847648
4642:31076983
4579:32007145
4530:33910809
4476:12927536
4425:23202509
4371:34305949
4317:18045721
4260:19261195
4198:23202509
4147:25720466
4096:25720466
4039:12927536
3983:18258002
3930:21763784
3842:21994708
3788:21994708
3734:30791586
3645:Archived
3618:21994708
3541:24172901
3476:30791586
3399:20071579
3340:32108093
3297:32123347
3175:SARS-CoV
3171:SARS-CoV
3095:See also
2977:helicase
2897:(ExoN).
2889:(RdRp),
2739:cofactor
2707:(nsp12)
2638:cytokine
2523:endosome
2505:protease
2426:(E) and
2424:envelope
2420:membrane
2254:BANAL-52
2129:RacCS203
2012:Pangolin
1960:Zhejiang
1956:Zhoushan
1946:SL-ZXC21
1917:, Japan
1006:membrane
1002:envelope
986:SARS-CoV
888:pathway
868:Unknown
794:Membrane
771:Envelope
655:Induces
635:such as
533:ribosome
479:SARS-CoV
475:proteins
388:vaccines
376:epidemic
314:COVID-19
278:SARS-CoV
235:Synonyms
200:Strains
150:Family:
114:Phylum:
11120:Q278567
11022:vectors
11002:Tanapox
10951:B virus
10929:Primate
10448:Sandfly
10274:(CCHFV)
9855:042â079
9544:Pharynx
9048:Central
7338:at the
7328:Science
7223:1531645
7200:Bibcode
7162:7159028
7096:Bibcode
7088:Science
7053:Bibcode
7045:Science
7023:7112372
6964:4369385
6886:4369385
6832:4369385
6774:4984655
6716:bioRxiv
6685:4369385
6626:7112330
6565:8370740
6513:4369385
6457:6970540
6402:7097181
6349:3911672
6300:8967715
6271:Bibcode
6232:3889862
6177:4369385
6087:4486061
6035:7113676
5981:4369385
5927:7097006
5875:7112330
5833:9233431
5824:7130985
5760:1563832
5708:3322934
5659:7537773
5558:Bibcode
5526:7095418
5505:Bibcode
5469:7211627
5420:8578604
5399:Bibcode
5341:Bibcode
5290:Bibcode
5258:7211627
5206:7706965
5157:7873279
5134:Bibcode
5095:8188299
5043:7537588
4994:4810638
4945:5389864
4924:Bibcode
4885:4580176
4825:4054348
4804:J Virol
4757:2971923
4721:Bibcode
4713:Science
4682:7090707
4633:7089380
4570:7159086
4521:8193286
4498:In Vivo
4467:7159028
4416:3509677
4393:Viruses
4362:8293742
4308:2720074
4251:2676248
4228:Bibcode
4189:3509677
4166:Viruses
4138:4369385
4087:4369385
4030:7159028
3974:2851503
3921:7106191
3874:6 March
3833:3185738
3810:Viruses
3779:3185738
3756:Viruses
3725:6409556
3702:Viruses
3609:3185738
3586:Viruses
3532:5389864
3511:Bibcode
3467:6409556
3444:Viruses
3390:2826035
3320:Bibcode
3312:Science
3288:7095448
3054:genomes
2973:priming
2966:primase
2940:(red),
2801:, ExoN
2768:(RdRp)
2717:primase
2666:(DMVs)
2601:blocks
2580:Protein
2549:TMPRSS2
2266:, Laos
2237:Mojiang
1976:SL-ZC45
1905:Rc-o319
1728:Kunming
1689:Kunming
1658:Kunming
1538:Guangxi
1534:Nanning
1499:Baoshan
1408:Yichang
1371:Tonghua
1329:16BO133
982:UniProt
673:and by
556:Protein
512:in the
282:strains
162:Genus:
138:Order:
126:Class:
11201:227859
11040:Rabies
10982:HTLV-2
10977:HTLV-1
10931:-borne
10819:Rabies
10741:-borne
10550:-borne
10548:Rodent
10539:-borne
10537:Mammal
10471:(ADRV)
10450:-borne
10249:-borne
9877:-borne
9866:-borne
9208:HTLV-I
9153:Rabies
9003:HTLV-I
8670:People
8215:RpYN06
8210:RmYN02
8205:RaTG13
7266:
7247:
7230:
7220:
7177:
7169:
7159:
7141:
7116:
7073:
7030:
7020:
7000:Lancet
6971:
6961:
6951:
6893:
6883:
6873:
6839:
6829:
6819:
6781:
6771:
6732:
6692:
6682:
6672:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6572:
6562:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6464:
6454:
6409:
6399:
6356:
6346:
6307:
6297:
6289:
6263:Nature
6239:
6229:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6128:
6094:
6084:
6042:
6032:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5934:
5924:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5831:
5821:
5811:
5767:
5757:
5715:
5705:
5666:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5584:
5576:
5550:Nature
5533:
5523:
5497:Nature
5476:
5466:
5427:
5417:
5367:
5359:
5333:Nature
5316:
5308:
5282:Nature
5265:
5255:
5213:
5203:
5164:
5154:
5102:
5092:
5050:
5040:
5001:
4991:
4952:
4942:
4916:Nature
4892:
4882:
4874:
4832:
4822:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4689:
4679:
4640:
4630:
4577:
4567:
4549:Lancet
4528:
4518:
4474:
4464:
4423:
4413:
4369:
4359:
4315:
4305:
4297:
4258:
4248:
4196:
4186:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4037:
4027:
3981:
3971:
3928:
3918:
3840:
3830:
3786:
3776:
3732:
3722:
3616:
3606:
3539:
3529:
3503:Nature
3474:
3464:
3397:
3387:
3346:
3338:
3295:
3285:
3237:30 May
2969:domain
2906:NLRP12
2893:, and
2883:3CLpro
2799:5âČ cap
2743:2-O-MT
2729:(RBP)
2695:Forms
2675:3CLPro
2446:, and
2397:virion
2385:virion
2381:spikes
2252:(Bat)
2227:RaTG13
2225:(Bat)
2195:RpYN06
2193:(Bat)
2170:Yunnan
2166:Mengla
2156:RmYN02
2154:(Bat)
2127:(Bat)
1732:Yunnan
1693:Yunnan
1662:Yunnan
1601:Yunnan
1597:Lufeng
1573:Yunnan
1569:Lufeng
1503:Yunnan
1488:LYRa11
1360:JTMC15
954:Q7TLC7
938:P59636
913:P59595
899:Q80H93
879:Q7TFA0
863:Q7TFA1
831:P59635
813:P59634
788:P59596
765:P59637
751:P0DTG0
735:P0DTG1
710:RUNX1b
695:P59633
681:, and
663:, via
641:RANTES
615:P59632
590:P59594
570:P0C6X7
565:ORF1ab
504:and a
471:Genome
462:Genome
437:ORF1ab
327:These
11183:IRMNG
11149:4X3K4
10780:ZEBOV
10684:THAIV
10172:CHIKV
9804:Mumps
9563:Mumps
9533:Human
8963:MCPyV
7430:>
7424:>
7418:>
7412:>
7406:>
7400:>
7175:S2CID
6788:(38).
6730:S2CID
6434:eLife
5638:eISSN
5604:(PDF)
5582:S2CID
5365:S2CID
5314:S2CID
4753:S2CID
3344:S2CID
3153:Notes
3028:mRNAs
2879:PLpro
2853:ORF1b
2849:ORF1a
2820:nsp16
2809:nsp15
2787:nsp14
2773:nsp13
2762:nsp12
2754:nsp11
2734:nsp10
2642:PLPro
2495:cycle
2428:spike
2422:(M),
1915:Iwate
1718:WIV16
1412:Hubei
1375:Jilin
1004:(E),
1000:(S),
998:spike
965:ORF10
949:ORF9c
933:ORF9b
909:ORF9a
894:ORF8b
874:ORF8a
858:ORF7b
826:ORF7a
746:ORF3d
730:ORF3c
690:ORF3b
647:NF-ÎșB
610:ORF3a
596:Spike
518:3'UTR
514:5'UTR
365:virus
88:Realm
81:Virus
11196:NCBI
11170:GBIF
11045:RABV
10846:CHPV
10834:DUVV
10829:MOKV
10824:ABLV
10797:RAVV
10792:MARV
10775:TAFV
10770:SUDV
10765:BDBV
10696:ANDV
10679:AMRV
10674:SEOV
10669:PUUV
10664:HTNV
10659:DOBV
10634:CHPV
10629:LUJV
10623:MACV
10612:SABV
10600:JUNV
10589:GTOV
10578:LASV
10428:CTFV
10383:LGTV
10372:AHFV
10368:KFDV
10358:OHFV
10343:POWV
10331:TBEV
10247:Tick
10183:ONNV
10161:VEEV
10151:WEEV
10141:EEEV
10111:ZIKV
10058:USUV
10048:SLEV
10037:KUNV
10032:MVEV
9990:RVFV
9980:NRIV
9970:BUNV
9949:TAHV
9939:LACV
9914:BWAV
9904:BATV
9518:hMPV
9390:OC43
9386:HKU1
9382:NL63
9378:229E
9036:AIDS
8915:KSHV
8770:MERS
8558:ICTV
7264:ISBN
7245:ISBN
7228:PMID
7167:PMID
7114:PMID
7071:PMID
7028:PMID
6969:PMID
6949:ISBN
6891:PMID
6871:ISBN
6837:PMID
6817:ISBN
6779:PMID
6690:PMID
6670:ISBN
6631:PMID
6611:ISBN
6570:PMID
6518:PMID
6498:ISBN
6462:PMID
6407:PMID
6354:PMID
6305:PMID
6287:ISSN
6237:PMID
6182:PMID
6162:ISBN
6126:ISBN
6092:PMID
6040:PMID
5986:PMID
5966:ISBN
5932:PMID
5880:PMID
5860:ISBN
5829:PMID
5809:ISBN
5765:PMID
5713:PMID
5664:PMID
5646:ISSN
5614:(3:
5574:PMID
5531:PMID
5474:PMID
5425:PMID
5357:PMID
5306:PMID
5263:PMID
5211:PMID
5162:PMID
5100:PMID
5074:Cell
5048:PMID
4999:PMID
4950:PMID
4890:PMID
4872:ISSN
4830:PMID
4745:PMID
4737:ISSN
4687:PMID
4638:PMID
4593:link
4575:PMID
4526:PMID
4472:PMID
4421:PMID
4367:PMID
4313:PMID
4295:ISSN
4256:PMID
4194:PMID
4143:PMID
4123:ISBN
4092:PMID
4072:ISBN
4035:PMID
3979:PMID
3926:PMID
3876:2020
3838:PMID
3784:PMID
3730:PMID
3683:2016
3653:2016
3614:PMID
3567:2019
3537:PMID
3472:PMID
3425:2020
3395:PMID
3336:PMID
3293:PMID
3239:2024
3214:2019
3169:and
2995:and
2971:for
2964:and
2960:for
2950:RBPs
2944:for
2942:ExoN
2936:for
2934:RdRp
2910:TAB1
2908:and
2902:IRF3
2881:and
2851:and
2828:MDA5
2747:ExoN
2723:nsp9
2712:nsp8
2705:RdRp
2703:for
2692:nsp7
2682:nsp6
2671:nsp5
2653:nsp4
2623:nsp3
2609:nsp2
2593:mRNA
2588:nsp1
2410:The
1974:Bat
1944:Bat
1678:WIV1
1454:and
842:and
808:ORF6
784:ORF5
761:ORF4
704:and
667:and
659:and
649:and
639:and
637:IL-8
631:and
586:ORF2
454:and
390:and
363:rona
11157:EoL
11144:CoL
10876:NiV
10871:HeV
10839:LBV
10739:Bat
10701:SNV
10206:RRV
10099:YFV
10069:WNV
10020:JEV
9924:CEV
9798:MuV
9767:CBV
9742:HEV
9730:HDV
9718:HCV
9706:HAV
9699:CBV
9680:HBV
9557:MuV
9488:V,
9280:CBV
9249:HSV
9226:Eye
9113:LCV
9099:MeV
9030:HIV
8984:HCV
8929:EBV
8876:HPV
8862:HBV
8560:ââ
7218:PMC
7208:doi
7196:103
7157:PMC
7149:doi
7135:331
7104:doi
7092:300
7061:doi
7049:300
7018:PMC
7008:doi
7004:361
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