849:
254:
Christian party whose
Christianity was more political than religious, and a prevalent spirit of traditional Roman religious toleration. The atmosphere of the capital, perhaps even of all Italy, was still charged with paganism. The court was far in advance of the people, and the persecuting laws were in large part incapable of execution. Some ecclesiastical historians have fondly imagined that after the sack of
327:. His poem's Latin is unusually clean for the times, and is generally classical, both in vocabulary and construction. Although lacking Claudian's genius, Rutilius also lacks his tendency toward gaudiness and exaggeration; the old-fashioned directness of Rutilius contrasts favorably with the labored complexity of
428:
in
Bologna in 1520). In 1970 Mirella Ferrari announced the discovery of a small fragment of the Bobbio manuscript, reused in the binding of a manuscript of Virgil now in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. The fragment, which had apparently been reused before the discovery of the damaged manuscript by
285:
This appears to be a uniquely authentic expression of the feelings of perhaps a majority of the Roman senate against
Stilicho. He had merely imitated the policy of Theodosius with regard to the barbarians; but even that powerful emperor had met with a passive opposition from the old Roman families.
253:
writes that
Honorius rigorously excluded all dissenters to the Catholic Church from holding any office in the state. But Rutilius paints a different picture of political life. His poem portrays a senate at Rome composed of past office-holders (the majority of whom were certainly still pagans), a
242:
could be assailed by
Rutilius without wounding either pagans or Christians, but he clearly intimates that he hates it chiefly as the evil root from which the rank plant of Christianity had sprung. However the first Christian missionary in Ireland was a relative and personal friend of Rutilius,
221:
is remarkable: the whole poem is intensely Pagan, and is penetrated by the feeling that the world of literature and culture is, and must remain, pagan; that outside of
Paganism lies a realm of barbarism. The poet wears an air of exalted superiority over the religious innovators of his day, and
487:
in 412 AD", probably to be identified with the author and therefore has the weight of evidence. Other variants date from a later time and have no authority: Numantinus, Munatianus. MĂĽller and most editors write the poet's name as "Claudius
Rutilius Namatianus", instead of Rutilius Claudius
688:
549:
290:
believed that
Stilicho called in the Goths to increase his sway and was plotting to make his son emperor. Rutilius' poem, however, holds that it was merely to save himself from impending ruin. Although some Christian historians even asserted that Stilicho (a staunch
196:
It is clear that the sympathies of
Rutilius were with those who, during this period, dissented from, and when they could, opposed the general tendencies of imperial policy. He himself indicates that he was intimately acquainted with the circle of the great orator
346:, "whose glory has ever shone the brighter for disaster, and who will rise once more in her might and confound her barbarian foes". Next, he refers to the destruction of roads and property wrought by the Goths, to the state of the havens at the mouths of the
265:
Perhaps the most interesting lines in the whole poem are those where
Rutilius assails the memory of "dire Stilicho", as he names him. In Rutilius' view, Stilicho, fearing to suffer all that had caused himself to be feared, removed the defences of the
394:, a general in the service of the Austrian commander, Prince Eugene of Savoy, removed it from the monastery in 1706. The three best witnesses to the lost manuscript are a copy in Vienna (identified by the
216:
While making few direct assertions about historical characters or events, Rutilius' poem compels some important conclusions about the politics and religion of the time. The attitude of the writer towards
69:, but that his hostility was not to Christianity as it was practiced by the vast majority of citizens of the Empire, but rather against the total renunciation of public life advocated by the ascetics.
278:, his skinclad minions, in the very sanctuary of the empire: "he plunged an armed foe in the naked vitals of the land, his craft being freer from risk than that of openly inflicted disaster ... May
475:
There is some variation of Namatianus' name in the manuscripts. Rutilius Claudius Namatianus comes from R, while V has Rutilius Claudius Numantianus. According to Keene Namatianus is used in
238:, whom the secular authorities had hardly as yet recognized, and whom, indeed, only a short time before, a Christian emperor had conscripted by the thousands into the ranks of his army.
671:
222:
entertains a buoyant confidence that the future of the ancient gods of Rome will not belie their glorious past. He scorns invective and apology, and does not hesitate to reveal, with
98:, to one of the great governing families of the Gallic provinces. His father, whom he calls Lachanius, had held high offices in Italy and at the imperial court, had been governor of
469:
132:
has been variously dated to 415, 416, or 417, but the publication in 1973 of a fragment of the missing portion of the poem, which contains a reference to the second consulship of
864:
286:
Those who had seen Stilicho surrounded by his Goth bodyguards naturally looked on the Goths who assailed Rome as Stilicho's avengers. Historians of the later empire such as
445:
415:
425:
230:
senators over whom pride in their country had at least as great a power as attachment to their new religion. Only once or twice does Rutilius speak directly of
465:
383:
461:
350:, and the general decay of nearly all the old commercial ports on the coast. Rutilius even exaggerates the desolation of the once important city of
407:
282:
rest from all the torments of the damned, that they may seize on Stilicho; for Nero smote his own mother, but Stilicho the mother of the world!"
144:
Rutilius boasts his career to have been no less distinguished than his father's, and particularly indicates that he had been secretary of state (
226:, a suppressed grief at the indignities put upon the old religion by the new. As a statesman, he is at pains to avoid offending those politic
769:
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, De reditu suo sive Iter Gallicum. Band I: Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung, Wörterverzeichnis. Band II: Kommentar
358:, almost alone of all those visited by Rutilius, is depicted as having retained its prosperity, with villagers celebrating the festival of
869:
726:
Rutilii Claudii Namatiani de reditu suo libri duo. The Home-coming of Rutilius Claudius Namatianus from Rome to Gaul in the Year 416 A.D
57:
during his time) has been a matter of scholarly debate, but in the early 21st century, editors of his work concluded that he had not.
429:
Galbiato in 1493, was written in the 7th or 8th century; it preserves the ends of 39 lines from an otherwise lost portion of book 2.
949:
954:
776:
495:
The latest and fullest edition of Namatianus is by E. Doblhofer. Harold Isbell includes a translation in his anthology,
295:) intended to restore paganism, Rutilius depicts him as its most uncompromising foe, as evidenced by his destruction of the
644:
299:. This alone is sufficient, in the eyes of Rutilius, to account for the disasters that afterwards befell the city, just as
638:
624:
618:
604:
598:
584:
578:
331:. More traditional, Rutilius might have better claim to be called "the last of the Roman poets" rather than Claudian or
801:
50:
of the first and the greater part of the second have been lost. What remains consists of about seven hundred lines.
959:
931:
886:
528:
58:
54:
262:
returned to a position of predominance, but no one who accepts Rutilius' observations can entertain this idea.
964:
918:
136:, confirms the date of 417, which had already been argued independently on other grounds by earlier scholars.
244:
974:
391:
274:
that the provident gods had interposed between the barbarians and the Eternal City, and planted the cruel
911:
509:
303:, a generation or two later, traced the miseries of his own day to the overthrow of the ancient rites of
898:. Text with apparatus, English translation, introduction to Rutilius and the manuscripts, from the 1935
198:
112:
378:
of Rutilius are descendants of a damaged and incomplete ancient manuscript found at the monastery of
66:
437:
706:
899:
889:(in Latin). Translated by J.Wight Duff; Arnold M. Duff. University of Chicago. pp. 753–829
535:(Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 217, citing Étienne Wolff, Serge Lancel, and Joëlle Soler
488:
Namatianus; but if the identification of the poet's father with the Claudius mentioned in the
440:(1731, in his edition of the minor Latin poets, where the poem also appears under the title
449:
95:
8:
483:
210:
146:
47:
724:
477:
271:
181:
176:
rolled back from Italy, only to sweep over Gaul and Spain; the defeats and triumphs of
797:
772:
332:
304:
300:
410:, and a third unknown copyist; a second copy in Rome (identified by the siglum
323:
with great metrical purity and freedom, and betrays many signs of long study in the
979:
969:
433:
403:
354:
in Etruria, whose walls have scarcely changed since his time. The port that served
27:
453:
420:
387:
324:
320:
296:
259:
161:
152:
133:
124:
287:
62:
943:
860:
855:
250:
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16 (1973), pp. 15–30, with an edition of the fragmentary lines on pp. 29–30.
231:
202:
157:
20:
188:'s vast armament; and the fall of seven pretenders to the Western throne.
185:
873:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 942.
818:
375:
343:
227:
173:
557:
887:"Loeb Classical Library: Volume II: Minor Latin Poets: de Reditu suo"
672:"Le scoperte a Bobbio nel 1493: Vicende di codici e fortuna di testi"
339:
156:). His poem was written the tempestuous period between the death of
711:(in Latin), vol. 2, Leiden: Conrad Wishoff & Daniël Gödval
328:
308:
292:
223:
218:
206:
177:
165:
118:
91:
87:
854:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
457:
239:
201:, who scouted Stilicho's compact with the Goths, and who led the
103:
35:
395:
379:
359:
107:
99:
729:. Translated by George Francis Savage-Armstrong. London: Bell.
209:
and Attalus, in the hope of reinstating the gods whom Emperor
689:"Spigolature bobbiesi: Frammenti ignoti di Rutilio Namaziano"
657:
M. D. Reeve, "Rutilius Namatianus", in L. D. Reyndolds, ed.,
550:"Spigolature bobbiesi: Frammenti ignoti di Rutilio Namaziano"
347:
275:
365:
355:
351:
279:
267:
255:
235:
83:
43:
39:
23:
558:"Rutilius Namatianus, St. Augustine, and the Date of the
390:, in 1493. This manuscript has not been seen since comte
659:
Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics
65:, agrees that he "probably" remained unconverted from
796:. Translated by Isbell, Harold. Penguin Books. 1971.
513:
is based on Namatianus's work and premiered in 2004.
164:. During this period he was witness to the career of
771:(in German). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
53:
Whether Rutilius had converted to Christianity (the
307:. (For a sharply different view of Stilicho, see
941:
432:The principal editions since have been those by
110:), vicar of Britain, then imperial treasurer (
884:
817:Claudio Bondi (writer, director) (2003).
766:
859:
338:Rutilius begins his poem with an almost
38:metre, describing a coastal voyage from
46:in 417. The poem was in two books; the
942:
704:
448:(1778, part of a similar collection),
67:Rome's traditional religious practices
722:
492:is correct, they are probably wrong.
464:(1904); also an annotated edition by
452:(1840), and the critical edition by
723:Keene, Charles Haines, ed. (1907).
191:
160:(395), and the fall of the usurper
13:
556:16 (1973), pp. 15–30; A. Cameron,
325:elegiac poetry of the Augustan era
172:emperor of the West; the hosts of
82:Rutilius was a native of southern
14:
991:
878:
128:) in 414. The voyage recorded in
932:Caecina Decius Acinatius Albinus
847:
539:(Belles lettres, 2007), p. xiii.
55:state church of the Roman Empire
810:
786:
767:Doblhofer, Ernst, ed. (1977) .
760:
751:
742:
733:
716:
698:
497:The Last Poets of Imperial Rome
470:George Francis Savage-Armstrong
150:) and governor of the capital (
950:5th-century Gallo-Roman people
693:Italia medioevale e umanistica
681:
676:Italia medioevale e umanistica
664:
651:
631:
611:
591:
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554:Italia medioevale e umanistica
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468:, containing a translation by
234:, and then only to attack the
1:
885:Namatianus, Rutilius (1935).
840:
826:. The Internet Movie Database
661:(Oxford, 1983) , pp. 339–340.
374:The majority of the existing
245:Palladius (bishop of Ireland)
180:; the three sieges and final
955:5th-century writers in Latin
865:Rutilius Claudius Namatianus
392:Claude Alexandre de Bonneval
17:Rutilius Claudius Namatianus
7:
912:Annius Eucharius Epiphanius
794:Last Poets of Imperial Rome
687:Reeve, p. 339; M. Ferrari,
10:
996:
205:to support the pretenders
199:Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
113:comes sacrarum largitionum
77:
928:
916:
908:
446:Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf
416:Ioannes Andreas Crucianus
139:
122:), and governor of Rome (
705:Burman, Pieter (1731),
566:Journal of Roman Studies
516:
460:, 1870), and another by
314:
19:(fl. 5th century) was a
960:5th-century Roman poets
870:Encyclopædia Britannica
678:13 (1970), pp. 139–180.
639:"Book I, lines 561-564"
619:"Book I, lines 467-468"
599:"Book I, lines 421-428"
533:The Last Pagans of Rome
502:
424:of the poem printed by
342:address to the goddess
72:
61:, a leading scholar of
900:Loeb Classical Library
820:De reditu (Il ritorno)
414:) made around 1530 by
184:; the dissipation of
116:), imperial recorder (
94:), and belonged, like
965:Late-Roman-era pagans
708:Poetae Latini minores
568:57 (1967), pp. 31–39.
426:Giovanni Battista Pio
319:Rutilius handles the
26:, best known for his
466:Charles Haines Keene
450:August Wilhelm Zumpt
213:had failed to save.
96:Sidonius Apollinaris
975:Magistri officiorum
484:magister officiorum
386:, the secretary of
147:magister officiorum
579:"Book I, line 157"
490:Codex Theodosianus
481:as the name "of a
478:Codex Theodosianus
402:) made in 1501 by
301:Flavius Merobaudes
938:
937:
929:Succeeded by
778:978-3-8253-2210-6
507:The Italian film
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421:editio princeps
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321:elegiac couplet
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297:Sibylline books
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162:Priscus Attalus
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232:Christianity
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203:Roman senate
195:
182:sack of Rome
169:
158:Theodosius I
151:
145:
143:
129:
123:
117:
111:
81:
59:Alan Cameron
52:
31:
16:
15:
376:manuscripts
366:History of
340:dithyrambic
258:the bishop
186:Heraclianus
90:or perhaps
944:Categories
893:2008-07-26
841:References
830:2008-07-26
645:"Note 114"
456:(Leipzig,
418:; and the
333:Merobaudes
174:Radagaisus
28:Latin poem
625:"Note 97"
605:"Note 87"
585:"Note 27"
560:De Reditu
272:Apennines
228:Christian
902:edition.
739:Page 14.
472:(1906).
436:(1623),
329:Ausonius
309:Claudian
260:Innocent
224:Claudian
219:Paganism
207:Eugenius
170:de facto
166:Stilicho
119:quaestor
92:Poitiers
88:Toulouse
48:exordium
980:Rutilii
970:Claudii
922:of Rome
858::
748:6.27.15
458:Teubner
240:Judaism
104:Etruria
78:Origins
36:elegiac
852:
800:
775:
398:
396:siglum
380:Bobbio
360:Osiris
211:Julian
140:Career
108:Umbria
100:Tuscia
824:(mov)
757:2.4.5
517:Notes
348:Tiber
315:Style
305:Vesta
293:Arian
276:Goths
236:monks
34:, in
926:414
798:ISBN
773:ISBN
503:Film
442:Iter
356:Pisa
352:Cosa
344:Roma
280:Nero
270:and
268:Alps
256:Rome
106:and
84:Gaul
73:Life
44:Gaul
40:Rome
24:poet
867:".
444:),
382:by
311:.)
168:as
42:to
946::
691:,
674:,
564:,
552:,
531:,
499:.
406:,
362:.
335:.
247:.
30:,
896:.
833:.
806:.
783:.
781:.
713:.
647:.
641:.
627:.
621:.
607:.
601:.
587:.
581:.
562:"
412:R
400:V
102:(
86:(
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