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591:) is rejected. Where an agent would traditionally be described as believing an impossibility until its impossibility was disclosed, Marcus proposes that under those circumstances the agent should say that she only claimed to believe an impossibility. In much the same way, when a mathematician discovers that one of his
577:
Marcus defines a consistent set of moral principles as one in which there is some "possible world" in which they are all obeyable. That they may conflict in the actual world is not a mark of inconsistency. As in the case of necessity of identity, there was a resistance to this interpretation of moral
595:
is false, and since if it is mathematically false it is impossible, he would say he only claimed that the conjecture was true. Odd as this proposal is, it is analogous to the widely accepted principle about knowing: if we claim to know P, and P turns out false, we do not say we used to know it, we
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It is proposed that believing is a relationship of an agent to a possible state of affairs under specified internal and external circumstances. Assenting to a quoted sentence (the disquotation account of belief) is only one behavioral marker of believing. Betting behavior is another. The wholly
562:
Marcus prefers an interpretation where the domain of the interpretation comprises individual entities in the actual world. She also suggests that for some uses an alternative substitutional semantics is warranted. She provides arguments against possibilia. See "Dispensing with
Possibilia"
423:
in QML. In her earliest published work, the publication of the first axiomatic study of modal logic with quantifiers, Marcus published under her maiden name Ruth C. Barcan. It features these three articles: "A Functional
Calculus of First Order Based on Strict Implication",
610:
is concerned with properties which Marcus defines in the context of a modal framework. One proposal is that a property is essential if something has it, not everything has it, if something has it then it has it necessarily, and it is not wholly individuating
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311:, in a 2008 celebration of Marcus' long career, states that many of her "main ideas are not just original, and clever, and beautiful, and fascinating, and influential, and way ahead of their time, but actually – I believe –
430:(JSL, 1946), "The Deduction Theorem in a Functional Calculus of First Order Based on Strict Implication" (JSL, 1946), and "The Identity of Individuals in a Strict Functional Calculus of Second Order", (JSL, 1947).
1276:
See "A Proposed
Solution to a Puzzle About Belief" (Foundations of Analytic Philosophy in Midwest Studies, 1981) and "Rationality and Believing the Impossible" (The Journal of Philosophy, 1983 and elsewhere).
468:), these "tags" are used to refer to an object, which is the bearer of the name. The meaning of the name is regarded as exhausted by this referential function. This view contrasts for example with
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635:
is proposed for some uses where "the truth conditions for quantified formuli are given purely in terms of truth with no appeal to domains of interpretation". This has come to be called "
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One of the ideas in them that resonates most with current philosophy of language is that of proper names as mere tags, without descriptive content. This is not Kripke's idea of names as
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and others, that proper names are directly referential, in the sense that they contribute only their bearer to the propositions expressed by sentences in which they occur.
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is committed to essentialist truths. Marcus argues informally that there are interpretations of some modal systems in which all essentialist claims are false.
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444:(New York, 1951). Here Lewis recognizes Barcan Marcus as the first logician to extend propositional logic as a higher order intensional logic.
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639:". Marcus shows that the claim that such a semantics leads to contradictions is false. Such a semantics may be of interest for mathematics,
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1078:"Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog: Timothy Williamson's Tribute to Ruth Barcan Marcus on the Occasion of Her Receipt of the Lauener Prize"
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299:. She developed the first formal systems of quantified modal logic and in so doing introduced the schema or principle known as the
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303:. (She would also introduce the now standard "box" operator for necessity in the process.) Marcus, who originally published as
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to first and second order; the papers of 1946 and 1947, were a major accomplishment in the development of 20th century logic.
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from 1950 until 1953 and, again, in 1959. She served as assistant, and then as associate, professor at the newly founded
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conflict. Her argument counts against a widely received view that systems of moral rules are inevitably inconsistent.
480:'s cluster description theory of names which prevailed at the time. This view of proper names (presented in 1962 with
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in 1946 and informally argued for it in 1961, thereafter thus rejecting the possibility of contingent identity. See
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Amongst other professional offices held during her career, Marcus served as chair of the board of officers for the
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according to which proper names are what Marcus termed mere "tags" ("Modalities and
Intensional Languages" (
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Lewis gives Marcus special recognition in his "Notes on the Logic of
Intension", originally printed in
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Timothy
Williamson's Tribute to Ruth Barcan Marcus on the Occasion of Her Receipt of the Lauener Prize
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are rigid designators but still have descriptive content. Rather, it is the idea, later developed by
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563:(Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 1975–76); "Possibilia and Possible Worlds" (
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from 1970 until 1973, when she was appointed as the Reuben Post
Halleck Professor of Philosophy at
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The first systems of quantified modal logic, which extended some propositional modal systems of
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a natural kind property. It is otherwise claimed by Quine and others that modal logic or
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Lauener Prize, Lauener
Foundation for Analytical Philosophy, 2007–08.
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Modality, Morality and Belief: Essays in Honor of Ruth Barcan Marcus
695:, 1993. Paperback; 1995 (contains many of Marcus's important papers)
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Proceedings and
Addresses of the American Philosophical Association
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Structure, Method, and
Meaning: Essays in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer
376:, in 1992. She continued to teach, during winter semesters, at the
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498:. However, in a recent laudatio to Ruth Barcan Marcus, Professor
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Jewish Women's Archive: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
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Jewish Women's Archive: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
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a 'philosophical autobiography' (available to download as a
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Marcus, Ruth Barcan (1962). "Interpreting quantification".
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958:"Ruth Barcan Marcus, Philosopher and Logician, Dies at 90"
1225:, Leiter Reports: A Philosophical Blog, October 14, 2008.
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Clare Hall, Cambridge University, visiting fellow (1988)
683:, VII, eds. R. Barcan Marcus et al., North Holland, 1986
526:
has also argued against Professor Smith's claim in the
1427:"Ruth Barcan Marcus, Philosopher-Logician, Dies at 90"
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John Dewey Lecture and later published in the annual
1340:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 190–196.
267:
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244:
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1556:, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
1237:"No plagiarism here: The originality of Saul Kripke"
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Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
238:
1528:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
255:
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347:, obtaining her M.A. in 1942 and her PhD in 1946.
323:Ruth Barcan (as she was known before marrying the
279:; 2 August 1921 – 19 February 2012) was an
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1127:"Marcus, Ruth Barcan (1921—) | Encyclopedia.com"
626:
822:, Presidente 1989–92, President Honoraire 1992–
917:The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
318:
1544:Publications by and about Ruth Barcan Marcus
1500:"In Memoriam: Ruth Barcan Marcus, 1921–2012"
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680:Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science
1027:"In Memoriam: Ruth Barcan Marcus 1921–2012"
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752:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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587:language-centered account of belief (e.g.
327:Jules Alexander Marcus in 1942) graduated
29:
1610:21st-century American non-fiction writers
1585:20th-century American non-fiction writers
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460:, 1961) and elsewhere). According to her
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1685:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
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997:"Marcus, Ruth Barcan | Encyclopedia.com"
535:
1353:, University of Illinois Chicago, 1995.
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484:as commentator) has been identified by
387:(1976–83) and as president of both the
1715:University of Illinois Chicago faculty
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1261:See "Moral Dilemmas and Consistency",
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488:with the theory of reference given in
343:. She then went to graduate school at
1099:
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820:Institut International de Philosophie
804:Permanent Member of the Common Room,
766:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
596:say we were mistaken in so claiming.
393:Institut International de Philosophie
1700:American philosophers of mathematics
1605:20th-century American mathematicians
1183:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1158:American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia
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633:Tarskian (model theoretic) semantics
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1590:20th-century American women writers
1554:Ruth Barcan Marcus Papers (MS 1993)
1546:in the catalogue Helveticat of the
1378:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
952:
890:Referential Opacity and Modal Logic
864:2007, for service to the profession
780:Fellow, Humanities Institute (1983)
623:later formally proved this result.
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350:Marcus was a visiting professor at
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1730:Philosophers from New York (state)
1660:Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
1620:21st-century American philosophers
1595:20th-century American philosophers
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862:American Philosophical Association
757:Rockefeller Foundation Residency (
715:Published as Ruth Barcan Marcus -
474:description theory of proper names
385:American Philosophical Association
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1454:"In memoriam: Ruth Barcan Marcus"
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1650:Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
1338:Modalities: Philosophical Essays
688:Modalities: Philosophical Essays
452:Marcus proposed the view in the
378:University of California, Irvine
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1680:Northwestern University faculty
1625:21st-century American essayists
1600:20th-century American essayists
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370:until retiring, as a professor
1695:American philosophers of logic
1505:The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic
1485:) delivered at Yale as a 2010
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842:University of Illinois Chicago
705:Published as Ruth C. Barcan -
389:Association for Symbolic Logic
360:University of Illinois Chicago
1:
1630:American philosophy academics
1536:, then Ruth Barcan, c. 1940 (
1508:, Vol. 19, Nr. 1, March 2013.
1470:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1440:"Woman, Fighter, Philosopher"
867:Dewey Lecture, APA, Dec 2009.
627:Substitutional quantification
566:Grazer Philosophische Studien
405:
1025:Williamson, Timothy (2013).
522:The philosopher of language
7:
1640:American women philosophers
1190:: Routledge, 1998), p. 164.
1080:. leiterreports.typepad.com
742:National Science Foundation
546:Marcus formally proved the
319:Academic career and service
291:best known for her work in
10:
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1735:21st-century American Jews
1675:New York University alumni
1517:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1401:Cambridge University Press
1034:Bulletin of Symbolic Logic
925:10.5040/9781350052444-0636
826:National Humanities Center
539:
391:(1983–86) and then of the
165:Strict Functional Calculus
1665:Jewish American academics
1478:"A Philosopher's Calling"
1316:10.1080/00201746208601353
1264:The Journal of Philosophy
828:, Mellon Fellow (1992–93)
748:Center for Advanced Study
659:Books (written or edited)
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552:Journal of Symbolic Logic
529:Times Literary Supplement
427:Journal of Symbolic Logic
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1534:Photo portrait of Marcus
1287:The Philosophical Review
1211:Harvard University Press
832:Doctor of Humane Letters
653:
1725:Yale University faculty
778:University of Edinburgh
774:Fellow, Stanford (1979)
724:Awards and recognitions
693:Oxford University Press
482:Willard Van Orman Quine
466:direct reference theory
364:Northwestern University
352:Northwestern University
149:Northwestern University
117:Contemporary philosophy
1720:Yale University alumni
1548:Swiss National Library
665:The Logical Enterprise
554:, (1947) 12: pp 12–15
520:
454:philosophy of language
411:Quantified modal logic
73:New Haven, Connecticut
1645:Analytic philosophers
1575:People from the Bronx
1387:Sinnott-Armstrong, W.
637:truth-value semantics
548:necessity of identity
542:Necessity of identity
536:Necessity of identity
512:definite descriptions
504:
435:Clarence Irving Lewis
415:The widely discussed
335:in 1941, majoring in
277:Ruth Charlotte Barcan
211:necessity of identity
1461:, February 21, 2012.
1419:, February 27, 2009.
1369:"Ruth Barcan Marcus"
1202:Naming and Necessity
1131:www.encyclopedia.com
1116:, February 27, 2009.
1108:"Ruth Barcan Marcus"
1001:www.encyclopedia.com
872:References and notes
810:Cambridge University
495:Naming and Necessity
419:is introduced as an
356:Roosevelt University
16:American philosopher
1670:Jewish philosophers
1538:source, permissions
1047:10.2178/bsl.1901070
462:tag theory of names
333:New York University
297:philosophical logic
215:tag theory of names
92:New York University
1710:Philosophy writers
1466:Ruth Barcan Marcus
1448:The New York Times
1432:The New York Times
1367:Roberta Ballarin.
1351:"Honorary Degrees"
1188:Abingdon-on-Thames
962:The New York Times
919:. Thoemmes. 2005.
848:Wilbur Cross Medal
744:Fellow (1963–1964)
631:An alternative to
500:Timothy Williamson
309:Timothy Williamson
227:Ruth Barcan Marcus
127:Western philosophy
23:Ruth Barcan Marcus
1450:, April 26, 2012.
1435:, March 13, 2012.
885:Dagfinn Føllesdal
799:Collège de France
788:Oxford University
736:Guggenheim Fellow
508:rigid designators
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