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103:("pray and work"). Compared to other precepts, the Rule provides a moderate path between individual zeal and formulaic institutionalism; because of this middle ground, it has been widely popular. Benedict's concerns were his views of the needs of monks in a community environment: namely, to establish due order, to foster an understanding of the relational nature of human beings, and to provide a spiritual father to support and strengthen the individual's
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communities and contemplative lifestyles. Perceived disadvantages comprise geographical isolation from important activities in adjacent communities. Other perceived losses include inefficiency and lack of mobility in the service of others, and insufficient appeal to potential members. These different emphases emerged within the framework of the Rule in the course of history and are to some extent present within the
272:, which Benedict seems to have radically excised, expanded, revised and corrected in the light of his own considerable experience and insight. Saint Benedict's work expounded upon preconceived ideas that were present in the religious community only making minor changes more in line with the time period relevant to his system.
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was written as a guide for individual, autonomous communities, and all
Benedictine Houses (and the Congregations in which they have grouped themselves) still remain self-governing. Advantages seen in retaining this unique Benedictine emphasis on autonomy include cultivating models of tightly bonded
451:
Chapter 7 divides humility into twelve steps forming rungs in a ladder that leads to heaven:(1) Fear God; (2) Subordinate one's will to the will of God; (3) Be obedient to one's superior; (4) Be patient amid hardships; (5) Confess one's sins; (6) Accept the meanest of tasks, and hold oneself as a
595:
Chapter 55 says clothing is to be adequate and suited to the climate and locality, at the discretion of the abbot. It must be as plain and cheap as is consistent with due economy. Each monk is to have a change of clothes to allow for washing, and when travelling is to have clothes of better
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at 3 am. Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting; and monks were expected to memorise everything. These services could be very long, sometimes lasting till dawn, but usually consisted of a chant, three antiphons, three
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as father and all the monks as brothers. Priesthood was not initially an important part of
Benedictine monasticism – monks used the services of their local priest. Because of this, almost all the Rule is applicable to communities of women under the authority of an
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Chapter 4 lists 73 "tools for good work", "tools of the spiritual craft" for the "workshop" that is "the enclosure of the monastery and the stability in the community". These are essentially the duties of every
Christian and are mainly Scriptural either in letter or in
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332:, Christ the Lord" (Prol. 3). He proposes to establish a "school for the Lord's service" (Prol. 45) in which the "way to salvation" (Prol. 48) shall be taught, so that by persevering in the monastery till death his disciples may "through patience share in the
452:"worthless workman"; (7) Consider oneself "inferior to all"; (8) Follow examples set by superiors; (9) Do not speak until spoken to; (10) Do not readily laugh; (11) Speak simply and modestly; and (12) Express one's inward humility through bodily posture.
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Chapter 22 regulates the dormitory. Each monk is to have a separate bed and is to sleep in his habit, so as to be ready to rise without delay for the Divine Office at night; a candle (Latin "candela") shall burn in the dormitory throughout the
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Chapter 2 describes the necessary qualifications of an abbot, forbids the abbot to make distinctions between persons in the monastery except for particular merit, and warns him that he will be answerable for the salvation of the souls in his
589:. Guests are to be met with due courtesy by the abbot or his deputy; during their stay they are to be under the special protection of an appointed monk; they are not to associate with the rest of the community except by special permission.
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who are affiliated with them in prayer, having made a formal private promise (usually renewed annually) to follow the Rule of St
Benedict in their private life as closely as their individual circumstances and prior commitments permit.
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are to be used for whatever may be wanted at meals, so that no voice interrupts the reading. The reader eats with the servers after the rest have finished, but he is allowed a little food beforehand in order to lessen the fatigue of
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had
Benedict's Rule copied and distributed to encourage monks throughout western Europe to follow it as a standard. Beyond its religious influences, the Rule of St Benedict was one of the most important written works to shape
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Chapter 30 directs that a wayward brother who has left the monastery must be received again, if he promises to make amends; but if he leaves again, and again, after his third departure all return is finally
808:
have seen cycles of flourish and decline. Several reform movements sought more intense devotion to both the letter and spirit of the Rule of St
Benedict, at least as they understood it. Examples include the
574:
Chapters 50 & 51 contain rules for monks working in the fields or travelling. They are directed to join in spirit, as far as possible, with their brothers in the monastery at the regular hours of
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676:
Chapter 73 is an epilogue; it declares that the Rule is not offered as an ideal of perfection, but merely as a means towards godliness, intended chiefly for beginners in the spiritual life.
491:(refusal to obey authority), disobedience, pride, and other grave faults: first, private admonition; next, public reproof; then separation from the brothers at meals and elsewhere; and finally
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psalms, and three lessons, along with celebrations of any local saints' days. Afterwards the monks would retire for a few hours of sleep and then rise at 6am to wash and attend the office of
564:
Chapter 48 emphasizes the importance of daily manual labour appropriate to the ability of the monk. The duration of labour varies with the season but is never less than five hours a day.
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Chapter 60 regulates the position of priests who join the community. They are to set an example of humility, and can only exercise their priestly functions by permission of the abbot.
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that he gave up his studies there, at age fourteen, and chose the life of an ascetic monk in the pursuit of personal holiness, living as a hermit in a cave near the rugged region of
796:
In recent years discussions have occasionally been held concerning the applicability of the principles and spirit of the Rule of Saint
Benedict to the secular working environment.
605:
Chapter 58 lays down rules for the admission of new members, which is not to be made too easy. The postulant first spends a short time as a guest; then he is admitted to the
533:
Chapters 39 & 40 regulate the quantity and quality of the food. Two meals a day are allowed, with two cooked dishes at each. Each monk is allowed a pound of bread and a
245:. In time, setting an example with his zeal, he began to attract disciples. After considerable initial struggles with his first community at Subiaco, he eventually founded the
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where his vocation is severely tested; during this time he is always free to leave. If after twelve months' probation he perseveres, he may promise before the whole community
730:
Rule ch. 57.9). In later centuries, intellectual work and teaching took the place of farming, crafts, or other forms of manual labour for many – if not most –
522:
Chapters 36 & 37 address care of the sick, the old, and the young. They are to have certain dispensations from the strict Rule, chiefly in the matter of food.
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due to the reforming influence that his rules had on the then-current
Catholic hierarchy. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that Benedict intended to found a
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Chapter 5 prescribes prompt, ungrudging, and absolute obedience to the superior in all things lawful, "unhesitating obedience" being called the first step (Latin
602:
Chapter 57 enjoins humility on the craftsmen of the monastery, and if their work is for sale, it shall be rather below than above the current trade price.
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to receive instructions for the day and to attend to any judicial business. Then came private Mass or spiritual reading or work until 9am when the office of
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Chapter 63 lays down that precedence in the community shall be determined by the date of admission, merit of life, or the appointment of the abbot.
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715:. This appeal to multiple groups would later make the Rule of Saint Benedict an integral set of guidelines for the development of the Christian faith.
256:
In chapter 73, Saint
Benedict commends the Rule of Saint Basil and alludes to further authorities. He was probably aware of the Rule written by
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Chapter 20 directs that prayer be made with heartfelt compunction rather than many words. It should be prolonged only under the inspiration of
199:
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Although not stated explicitly in the rule, the motto Ora et labora is widely considered to be a shortform capturing the spirit of the rule.
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Chapter 38 prescribes reading aloud during meals, which duty is to be performed by those who can do so with edification to the rest.
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Chapter 59 describes the ceremony of indenturing young boys into the monastery and arranges certain financial arrangements for this.
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or deputy superior, but warns that he is to be entirely subject to the abbot and may be admonished, deposed, or expelled for misconduct.
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at 9pm, and retiring to bed, before beginning the cycle again. In modern times, this timetable is often changed to accommodate any
613:– "stability, conversion of manners, and obedience". With this vow he binds himself for life to the monastery of his profession.
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Kleymann, Birgit; Malloch, Hedley (2010). "The rule of Saint
Benedict and corporate management: Employing the whole person".
206:
Within a generation, both solitary as well as communal monasticism became very popular and spread outside of Egypt, first to
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17:
399:, living by twos and threes together or even alone, with no experience, rule and superior, and thus a law unto themselves.
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Chapter 71 encourages the brothers to be obedient not only to the abbot and his officials, but also to one another.
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Traditionally, the daily life of the Benedictine revolved around the eight canonical hours. The monastic timetable, or
655:
Chapter 68 orders that all cheerfully try to do whatever is commanded, however apparently impossible it may seem.
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and the midday meal. After a brief period of communal recreation, the monk could retire to rest until the office of
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382:, who, after long successful training in a monastery, are now coping single-handedly, with only God for their help.
1416:
1507:
316:
1089:"Understanding Decline and Renewal in the History of Life under Saint Benedict's Rule: Observations from Canada"
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Chapter 61 provides for the reception of foreign monks as guests, and for their admission to the community.
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Chapter 8–19 regulate the Divine Office, the Godly work to which "nothing is to be preferred", namely the eight
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Chapters 31 & 32 order the appointment of officials to take charge of the goods of the monastery.
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Chapter 3 ordains the calling of the brothers to council upon all affairs of importance to the community.
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Chapter 42 enjoins the reading of an edifying book in the evening, and orders strict silence after
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at 3pm. This was followed by farming and housekeeping work until after twilight, the evening prayer of
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841:, embodying the ideas of a written constitution and the rule of law. It also incorporated a degree of
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90:
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An Introduction to the Rule by Jerome Theisen, former Abbot Primate of the Benedictine Confederation
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108:
649:, and recommends that each monastery be self-contained and avoid intercourse with the outer world.
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448:), i.e. the state or quality of being reserved or reticent in conversation, in the use of speech.
231:
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135:
463:, etc., to be recited in winter and summer, on Sundays, weekdays, Holy Days, and at other times.
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Saint Benedict's Rule organises the monastic day into regular periods of communal and private
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Chapters 43–46 define penalties for minor faults, such as coming late to prayer or meals.
324:: the renunciation of one's own will and arming oneself "with the strong and noble weapons of
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1250: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Chapter 64 orders that the abbot be elected by his monks, and that he be chosen for his
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of anything without the leave of the abbot, who is, however, bound to supply all necessities.
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In the West in about the year 500, Benedict became so upset by the immorality of society in
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effort and the spiritual growth that is required for the fulfillment of the human vocation,
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541:) of wine. The flesh of four-footed animals is prohibited except for the sick and the weak.
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passionibus Christi per patientiam participemur, ut et regno eius mereamur esse consortes
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Chapter 62 deals with the ordination of priests from within the monastic community.
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Chapter 54 forbids the monks to receive letters or gifts without the abbot's leave.
183:(286–346) formed the first Christian monastic communities under what became known as an
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Saint Benedict delivering his rule to the monks of his order, Monastery of St. Gilles,
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Chapter 41 prescribes the hours of the meals, which vary with the time of year.
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268:. Benedict's greatest debt, however, may be to the anonymous document known as the
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for 15 centuries, and thus St. Benedict is sometimes regarded as the founder of
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https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/5d0e482b-2222-455a-b75e-d8ca73e93c6b/
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Online scanned images of complete late 10th or early 11th century copy of the
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745:(today also called the Office of Readings), followed by the morning office of
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Chapter 47 requires the abbot to call the brothers to the "work of God" (
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Chapter 35 arranges for the service in the kitchen by all monks in turn.
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codified the precepts for these eastern monasteries in his Ascetic Rule, or
1044:"OSB. About the Rule of Saint Benedict by Abbot Primate Jerome Theisen OSB"
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outside the monastic enclosure (e.g. the running of a school or parish).
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Kardong, T. (2001). Saint Benedict and the Twelfth-Century Reformation.
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Chapter 72 briefly exhorts the monks to zeal and fraternal charity.
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The Old English Rule of Saint Benedict: with Related Old English Texts
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372:, those "in a monastery, where they serve under a rule and an abbot".
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The spirit of Saint Benedict's Rule is summed up in the motto of the
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Chapters 23–29 specify a graduated scale of punishments for
260:(or attributed to him), and his Rule also shows influence by the
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Chapter 19 emphasizes the reverence owed to the omnipresent God.
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The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe
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Chapter 34 prescribes a just distribution of such things.
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The Venerable Bede, the Rule of St Benedict, and Social Class
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Chapter 69 forbids the monks from defending one another.
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741:, would begin at midnight with the service, or "office", of
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stabilitate sua et conversatione morum suorum et oboedientia
1322:(Richardton, ND 58652). Volume 23, Number 4 (October 1995)"
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361:
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that may deserve also to share in his Kingdom" (Prol. 50,
238:
79:
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Chapter 49 recommends some voluntary self-denial for
253:
in 529, where he wrote his Rule near the end of his life.
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was said, and then High Mass. At noon came the office of
599:
Chapter 56 directs the abbot to eat with the guests.
1423:
in Latin (Corpus Christi College Oxford University UK)]
1375:
The Rule of Peace: St. Benedict and the European Future
1360:. Jarrow Lecture 1976; Jarrow: Rector of Jarrow, 1976.
722:, sleep, spiritual reading, and manual labour –
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Chapter 67 instructs monks how to behave on a journey.
1377:. Still River, Mass.: St. Bede's Publications. 2002.
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Saint Benedict's model for the monastic life was the
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Saint Benedict writing the rules. Painting (1926) by
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During the more than 1500 years of their existence,
661:Chapter 70 prohibits them from beating (Latin
459:. Detailed arrangements are made for the number of
1278:Educational principles in the Rule of St. Benedict
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1348:Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages
596:quality. Old clothes are to be given to the poor.
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561:) in choir, and to appoint chanters and readers.
1318:"Work Is Prayer: Not! by Terrence Kardong from
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476:Chapter 21 regulates the appointment of a
314:opens with a hortatory preface, drawing on the
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130:in the modern sense, and it was not until the
1064:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Rule of St. Benedict"
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953:Vogüé, Adalbert de; Neufville, Jean (1972).
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1280:. Collegeville, Minn., St. John's Abbey .
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1488:Organisation of Catholic religious orders
785:Many Benedictine Houses have a number of
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442:Chapter 6 recommends taciturnity (Latin
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821:(a reform of the Cistercians), and the
726:, "that in all God may be glorified" (
694:(Pray and Work). This 1862 painting by
287:in the 10th century and is used by the
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1460:
582:be used for purposes of devotion only.
1266:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1005:participating institution membership
698:depicts monks at work in the fields.
1397:St. Benedict’s Rule for Monasteries
294:today. It was also translated into
230:, which is still used today in the
38:, from the eighth century (Oxford,
24:
1256:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1126:De admonitio ad filium spiritualem
578:Chapter 52 commands that the
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1519:
1413:, translated by Boniface Verheyen
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774:at 6pm, then the night prayer of
667:) or excommunicating one another.
147:and the Cistercian Orders of the
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1405:, translated by Leonard J. Doyle
1292:Journal of Global Responsibility
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360:Chapter 1 defines four kinds of
1498:History of Catholic monasticism
1410:The Holy Rule of Saint Benedict
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724:ut in omnibus glorificetur Deus
681:Outline of the Benedictine life
317:Admonitio ad filium spiritualem
27:Book of precepts written in 516
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264:of Hippo and the writings of
134:that mention was made of an "
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42:, MS. Hatton 48, fols. 6v–7r)
1128:: A New English Translation"
1093:Cistercian Studies Quarterly
571:, with the abbot's sanction.
509:Chapter 33 forbids the
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1473:6th-century Christian texts
1448:public domain audiobook at
1320:Assumption Abbey Newsletter
1109:See Jacob Riyeff (trans.),
1018:Chambers, Mortimer (1974).
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645:Chapter 66 appoints a
585:Chapter 53 deals with
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171:. Under the inspiration of
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1304:10.1108/20412561011079362
1113:(Liturgical Press, 2017).
992:Oxford English Dictionary
145:Benedictine Confederation
91:Benedictine Confederation
1483:Benedictine spirituality
955:La Règle de Saint Benoît
754:. They then gathered in
1478:Order of Saint Benedict
1446:Regula Sancti Benedicti
1087:Zuidema, Jason (2012).
997:Oxford University Press
957:. Les Éditions du Cerf.
900:Rule of Saint Augustine
635:, zeal, and discretion.
328:" under the banner of "
232:Eastern Orthodox Church
173:Saint Anthony the Great
136:Order of Saint Benedict
58:Regula Sancti Benedicti
34:The oldest copy of the
1508:Benedictine literature
1453:(in Latin and English)
1434:Rule of Saint Benedict
1122:James Francis LePree,
1022:. Knopf. p. 188.
1020:The Western Experience
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925:Rule of Saint Albert
829:Secular significance
352:have the same root,
279:was translated into
262:Rule of St Augustine
78:(c. AD 480–550) for
18:Rule of St. Benedict
1371:Christopher Derrick
995:(Online ed.).
935:Customary (liturgy)
905:Rule of Saint Basil
696:John Rogers Herbert
497:corporal punishment
187:, from the Aramaic
124:Western monasticism
1354:Henry Mayr-Harting
920:Rule of the Master
878:Catholicism portal
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169:Benedict of Nursia
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1468:6th-century books
1402:Project Gutenberg
1383:978-0-932506-01-6
1068:www.newadvent.org
1003:(Subscription or
537:(about a quarter
334:passion of Christ
289:Armenian Catholic
285:Nerses of Lampron
224:Basil of Caesarea
153:Strict Observance
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587:hospitality
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296:Old English
175:(251–356),
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1493:Asceticism
1462:Categories
1327:2010-07-07
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941:References
930:Latin Rule
780:apostolate
403:Gyrovagues
397:Sarabaites
376:Anchorites
349:patientiam
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819:Trappists
790:(secular)
607:novitiate
499:instead).
489:contumacy
370:Cenobites
326:obedience
300:Æthelwold
258:Pachomius
247:monastery
208:Palestine
191:(father).
1450:LibriVox
1436:in Latin
864:See also
776:Compline
739:Horarium
575:prayers.
559:Opus Dei
549:Compline
530:reading.
306:Overview
281:Armenian
228:Ascetica
222:. Saint
210:and the
165:Egyptian
151:and the
62:precepts
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788:Oblates
772:Vespers
756:Chapter
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633:charity
580:oratory
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430:spirit.
380:hermits
243:Subiaco
177:ascetic
159:Origins
138:". His
109:theosis
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415:Nimes
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84:abbot
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54:Latin
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1379:ISBN
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764:Sext
569:Lent
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312:Rule
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