624:, and compel appearance by the process of attachment on the goods of the trespasser, according to the forms of the civil law, as ingrafted upon the admiralty practice. And we think it indispensable to the purposes of justice, and the due exercise of the admiralty jurisdiction, that the remedy should be applied, even in cases where the same goods may have been attachable under the process of foreign attachment issuing from the common law Courts. For it will necessarily follow, in all such cases, that a question peculiarly of admiralty cognisance, will be brought to be examined before a tribunal not competent to exercise original admiralty jurisdiction; and that, as a primary, not an incidental question; since the whole proceeding will have for its object to determine whether a maritime trespass has been committed, and then to apply the remedy.
873:. As a consequence, New York banks have hired additional staff, and suffer considerable expenses, to process the attachments. The sheer volume ... leads to many false "hits" of funds subject to attachment, which has allegedly introduced significant uncertainty into the international funds transfer process.
823:
was subject to Rule B. Specifically the Court found that due process was served even though the defendant was unaware of which bank would be targeted, these transfers constituted intangible property under the meaning of Rule B, and that federal law preempted New York state law prohibiting attachment
868:
This Court was recently informed that, currently, leading New York banks receive numerous new attachment orders and over 700 supplemental services of existing orders each day. This is confirmed by the striking surge in maritime attachment requests in this district, which now comprise approximately
839:
As the number of Rule B attachment claims increased, the Second
Circuit narrowed the rule in several ways, such as holding that the Court has discretion to vacate the order of attachment if there is another convenient, available forum where the plaintiff may find the defendant or that a foreign
827:
The effect of this ruling was far reaching. Considering that the
Southern District contains New York City, and more importantly the numerous large financial institutions therein, this allowed the federal courts to attach billions of dollars in EFTs because pieces of electronic information
863:
case, the Court held that EFTs were not in fact property as contemplated by Rule B and furthermore, that the practical effect of the decision on banks was unforeseen and far too detrimental. The Court took notice of a recent decision where the presiding judge noted:
1156:
1546:
896:
While the
Southern District may no longer be such an attractive venue for pursuing pre-judgment attachments in maritime cases (as it was estimated that the volume of civil cases filed there declined by 30% as a result of
746:
of the original vessel owner. Where the underlying claim is subject to foreign law and will be litigated or arbitrated in a foreign proceeding, federal maritime law governs whether Rule B attachment will be applicable.
725:
A shipyard provides repair services in the
Caribbean under a contract which calls for the application of English law. The shipyard allows the vessel to sail prior to full payment, and the debt goes unpaid.
881:
is generally not seen, and furthermore overruling of a
Circuit decision requires a panel of the entire Circuit, but the Court's recognition of their error prompted them to circulate the opinion in a mini-
901:), other developments in New York State law may compensate by making it desirable for pursuing the rights of maritime and non-maritime judgment creditors (but that jurisprudence is still evolving).
656:
claim against the defendant which falls within U.S. admiralty jurisdiction. It does not require the applicant to show that the attachment is necessary to satisfy a potential judgment. Unlike
734:
Under Rule B, however, the shipyard may attach the debtor vessel, a sister vessel, or any other assets of the debtor found in the jurisdiction even if they are in the hands of a third party.
529:
812:
1016:
371:
555:. Under that provision, the court is allowed to attach a defendant's property up to the value of the suit. Although these claims are filed during
1471:
522:
620:
Upon the whole, we are of opinion, that for a maritime trespass, even though it savours of piracy, the person injured may have his action
787:
Parties that have entered into foreign insolvency proceedings may be able to obtain protection from Rule B attachments by applying for a
1142:
663:
The US courts have taken an expansive view as to what constitutes a claim that may fall under maritime jurisdiction, which can include:
758:. The courts have been prepared to enforce this through staying foreign arbitration in London pending such posting, as well as issuing
731:
Under
English law, no maritime lien, as defined by the US courts, exists on the vessel, so the ship is not subject to a Rule C arrest.
1657:
660:
proceedings, the property that can be attached is not restricted to maritime property, and it may be either tangible or intangible.
792:
515:
1342:
1712:
596:. It has its origins in the former British procedure of admiralty attachment, which was still in existence at the time of the
1693:
1646:
1717:
19:
1255:
1446:
1182:
410:
796:
605:
459:
464:
179:
1502:
551:
415:
30:
1574:
1129:
870:
820:
61:
1591:
420:
35:
1037:
840:
corporation may be "found" within the
Southern District simply by registering with the State of New York.
743:
405:
56:
1722:
170:
632:
in 1844 to govern such proceedings, which substantially remained in force until 1966 when the current
1236:
679:
569:
109:
72:
1178:
1479:
1357:
816:
673:
1608:
613:
567:
in nature, as the Court is attaching property to the suit. This has been described as a "remedy
333:
1434:
294:
289:
66:
1688:. contribution by Alan Van Praag (3rd ed.). Informa Law from Routledge. pp. 80–96.
1681:
1636:
1020:
389:
326:
89:
714:
property belonging to the defendant is present or will soon be present in the district; and
691:
470:
138:
77:
1408:
1390:
1310:
1269:
1220:
1039:
The
American Admiralty, Its Jurisdiction and Practice: With Practical Forms and Directions
942:
700:
To secure a writ of maritime attachment pursuant to Rule B, the plaintiff must show that:
8:
1475:
1333:
1197:
788:
597:
321:
226:
200:
102:
1179:"Alter Ego Liability In Supplemental Rule B Admiralty Actions: The Winds are Favorable"
669:
271:
241:
206:
955:
917:
755:
1689:
1642:
1582:
1043:
711:
the defendant "cannot be found within the district" in which the action is commenced;
604:
at the end of the 18th
Century. Maritime attachments were formally recognized by the
455:
316:
311:
281:
1532:
1425:, 613 F.Supp.2d 426, 431-32 n. 7 (S.D.N.Y. February 4, 2009).
276:
266:
165:
132:
828:
representing those dollars had passed fleetingly through the
Southern District.
1570:
1208:
1163:
778:
601:
400:
246:
1609:"A Synopsis of Supplemental Rules B, C and D for Admiralty or Maritime Claims"
771:
the attachment could be "futile" where a superior claim exists in the property
1706:
717:
there is no statutory or general maritime law proscription to the attachment.
685:
649:
425:
1544:
1371:
1047:
721:
The procedure's advantages can be described through the following scenario:
751:
440:
256:
236:
211:
196:
175:
44:
738:
Attachment may extend to a co-defendant or a third party, and can include
1093:
1069:
557:
353:
123:
95:
1216:
Blue Whale Corporation v. Grand China Shipping Development Company, Ltd.
1157:"New York 'Rule B' attachments: Testing the limits of 'maritime claims'"
1059:
1057:
762:
in special circumstances in order to assist in attaining such security.
1280:
593:
501:
445:
216:
885:
filing. None of the Second Circuit justices protested the result and
765:
The procedure may not prove to be effective in several circumstances:
1553:
1251:
Daeshin Shipping Co Ltd v Meridian Bulk Carriers Ltd (The "Wisdom C")
1054:
759:
739:
382:
363:
358:
231:
160:
494:
191:
148:
1682:"3(II): Rule B(1) Attachment – Security for maritime claims in US"
1023:
728:
The ship sails into a US port where the shipowner has no presence.
630:
Rules of Practice in Causes of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction
1469:
450:
221:
580:
procedure for arresting vessels that is available under Rule C.
563:
483:
1545:
Lee A. Armstrong; William J. Hine; Sevan Ogulluk (June 2013).
1505:
Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. v. Jaldhi Overseas PTE Ltd.
1198:"Pre-Judgment Attachments in New York, Maritime and Otherwise"
802:
708:
claim against the defendant which is cognizable in admiralty;
343:
547:
Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims
1679:
1655:
1372:"Armada (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Seeks Chapter 15 Recognition"
1099:
1075:
377:
1635:
Force, Robert; Yiannopoulos, A.N.; Davies, Martin (2008).
994:
1547:"New York taps the brakes on foreign judgment collection"
1143:"Rule B maritime attachment and garnishment under US law"
1575:"Arrest, Attachment and Related Maritime Law Procedures"
972:
970:
968:
938:
Shipping Corp. of India Ltd. v. Jaldhi Overseas Pte Ltd.
1634:
1404:
STX Panocean (UK) Co. v. Glory Wealth Shipping Pte Ltd.
1176:
1063:
889:
was overruled. The Supreme Court declined to hear the
781:(ie, it has no market, even if it is in good condition)
652:
or preferred mortgage lien, but necessitates merely an
588:
Attachment under Rule B is similar to the procedure of
1267:
1195:
1081:
774:
there is a risk that the shipowner may become bankrupt
688:
agreements involving aspects of maritime commerce, and
1686:
Modern Maritime Law: Volume 1: Jurisdiction and Risks
1470:
Lawrence W. Newman; David Zaslowsky (February 2010).
1125:
Western Bulk Carriers (Australia) v. P.S. Intl., Ltd.
1042:. New York: Banks, Gould & Co. pp. 339–348.
982:
965:
819:(EFT) which passes through intermediary banks in the
813:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1422:
Cala Rosa Marine Co. Ltd. v. Sucres et Deneres Group
1327:
Evridiki Navigation, Inc. v. Sanko Steamship Company
1622:(3). Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium: 5–10
1500:
1306:Aqua Stoli Shipping Ltd. v. Gardner Smith Pty Ltd.
1105:
851:In October 2009 the Second Circuit overruled the
754:, counter-security may be posted under FRCP Rule
1704:
1329:, JKB-12-1382 (D.C. MD 2012) is available from:
1656:Jon W. Zinke; Elizabeth Berry (Winter 2009).
1300:
1298:
523:
1641:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Beard Books.
1667:(88). Hong Kong: Institute of Sea Transport
1501:Lizabeth L. Burrell (Fourth Quarter 2009).
1321:
1319:
1177:Aura Gantz; Charles Moure (July 26, 2013).
576:The Rule B procedure is in addition to the
1295:
1237:"U.S. - Developments in Rule B Attachment"
803:Controversy over electronic fund transfers
644:Attachment is not dependent, as is arrest
639:
530:
516:
1658:"Rule B Attachments in the United States"
1472:"The Rise and Fall of Rule B Attachments"
1239:. Steamship Mutual P&I. January 2006.
831:
1447:"White paper on US Maritime Attachments"
1316:
1035:
932:
930:
857:Shipping Corporation of India v. Jaldhi.
1507:: The Second Circuit Cuts Down on Salt"
1374:. South Bay Law Firm. January 16, 2009.
1231:
1229:
1100:Mandaraka-Sheppard & Van Praag 2013
1076:Mandaraka-Sheppard & Van Praag 2013
1705:
1569:
1270:"When Rule B Attachment Will Not Help"
1087:
1000:
988:
976:
843:
1606:
1435:Order list of 2010-03-22, case 09-849
1393: (2nd Cir. November 6, 2002).
1386:Winter Storm Shipping, Limited v. TPI
1196:Thomas H. Belknap, Jr. (March 2014).
1111:
1064:Force, Yiannopoulos & Davies 2008
945: (2nd Cir. October 16, 2009).
927:
1360:. Sheppard Mullin. February 9, 2009.
1268:William R. Bennett III (June 2013).
1226:
1036:Benedict, Erastus Cornelius (1850).
869:one third of all cases filed in the
1411: (2nd Cir. March 19, 2009).
1256:2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22409
1183:University of Pittsburgh Law School
924:Actions: Attachment and Garnishment
13:
1680:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2013).
1563:
1528:Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda Limited
1313: (2nd Cir. July 31, 2006).
606:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1734:
676:that relate to maritime commerce,
1607:J. Ralph White (November 2007).
552:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
31:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1538:
1494:
1463:
1439:
1428:
1414:
1396:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1261:
1243:
1189:
1170:
1149:
1135:
1117:
877:Overruling a case as recent as
694:arising from maritime disputes.
545:are issued under Rule B of the
1512:. Benedict's Maritime Bulletin
1029:
1006:
948:
910:
416:Notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)
1:
1713:United States civil procedure
904:
871:Southern District of New York
821:Southern District of New York
797:United States Bankruptcy Code
777:the vessel may prove to be a
628:The Supreme Court issued the
1592:Tulane University Law School
1358:"Shipping Industry Problems"
809:Winter Storm Shipping v. TPI
600:but fell into disuse in the
36:Doctrines of civil procedure
7:
1718:United States admiralty law
962:Actions: Special Provisions
10:
1739:
1638:Admiralty and Maritime Law
1343:Government Printing Office
1132: (S.D. Ohio 1991).
680:forward freight agreements
583:
171:Case Information Statement
1258: (S.D.N.Y. 2005).
674:non-disclosure agreements
406:As a matter of law (JMOL)
1223: (2d Cir. 2013).
1145:. The Maritime Advocate.
1130:762 F.Supp. 1302
855:decision in the case of
817:electronic fund transfer
648:, on the existence of a
303:Resolution without trial
640:Nature of the procedure
875:
626:
295:Request for production
290:Request for admissions
1535: (N.Y. 2009).
1533:12 N.Y.3d 533
1003:, pp. 1904–1905.
866:
692:settlement agreements
618:
328:Involuntary dismissal
1476:Baker & McKenzie
1409:560 F.3d 127
1391:310 F.3d 263
1311:460 F.3d 434
1221:722 F.3d 488
590:saisie conservatoire
471:Declaratory judgment
139:Forum non conveniens
22:in the United States
943:585 F.3d 58
789:stay of proceedings
598:American Revolution
421:Motion to set aside
322:Voluntary dismissal
227:Indispensable party
201:affirmative defense
1482:on August 19, 2013
750:In the event of a
634:Supplemental Rules
561:actions, they are
543:Rule B attachments
272:Initial conference
257:Pretrial procedure
1723:Judicial remedies
1695:978-0-415-83516-9
1648:978-1-58798-285-9
1583:Tulane Law Review
807:In the 2002 case
540:
539:
1730:
1699:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1579:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:. Archived from
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1033:
1027:
1013:Manro v. Almeida
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
963:
952:
946:
940:
934:
925:
914:
610:Manro v. Almeida
592:available under
532:
525:
518:
329:
317:Summary judgment
312:Default judgment
62:Federal question
16:
15:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1649:
1625:
1623:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1577:
1566:
1564:Further reading
1561:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1175:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:, p. 1935.
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1034:
1030:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
991:, p. 1928.
987:
983:
979:, p. 1934.
975:
966:
953:
949:
936:
935:
928:
915:
911:
907:
849:
837:
805:
642:
614:Justice Johnson
586:
536:
507:
476:
443:
434:
403:
394:
390:Burden of proof
338:
327:
286:
277:Interrogatories
251:
185:
166:Cause of action
163:
133:Change of venue
116:
92:
83:
71:
59:
21:
20:Civil procedure
12:
11:
5:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1632:
1604:
1571:William Tetley
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1537:
1493:
1462:
1438:
1427:
1413:
1395:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1315:
1294:
1260:
1242:
1225:
1209:Blank Rome LLP
1188:
1169:
1166:. August 2008.
1164:Reed Smith LLP
1148:
1134:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1066:, p. 183.
1053:
1028:
1005:
993:
981:
964:
947:
926:
908:
906:
903:
848:
842:
836:
830:
804:
801:
785:
784:
783:
782:
779:white elephant
775:
772:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
698:
697:
696:
695:
689:
683:
677:
641:
638:
636:were adopted.
602:United Kingdom
585:
582:
538:
537:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
490:
487:
486:
480:
479:
478:
477:
475:
474:
468:
462:
456:Attorney's fee
453:
448:
437:
435:
433:
432:
423:
418:
413:
408:
397:
393:
392:
387:
375:
368:
367:
366:
361:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
324:
319:
314:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
263:
260:
259:
253:
252:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
194:
188:
187:
186:
184:
183:
173:
168:
157:
152:
151:
145:
144:
143:
142:
135:
127:
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
115:
114:
106:
99:
86:
84:
82:
81:
75:
69:
64:
57:Subject-matter
53:
48:
47:
41:
40:
39:
38:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:, discussing
1508:
1506:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1213:, discussing
1210:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1102:, p. 82.
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 81.
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
978:
973:
971:
969:
961:
957:
951:
944:
939:
933:
931:
923:
919:
913:
909:
902:
900:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
874:
872:
865:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:Overruled by
841:
835:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:held that an
814:
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
780:
776:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
722:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
701:
693:
690:
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1671:November 29,
1669:. Retrieved
1664:
1637:
1624:. Retrieved
1619:
1615:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
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1540:
1527:
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1514:. Retrieved
1504:
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1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1452:. April 2010
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1287:November 27,
1285:. Retrieved
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1114:, p. 6.
1107:
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853:Winter Storm
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834:Winter Storm
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752:counterclaim
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570:quasi in rem
568:
562:
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546:
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493:
465:English rule
426:
411:Renewed JMOL
381:
370:
242:Intervention
237:Interpleader
212:Counterclaim
176:Class action
137:
110:Quasi in rem
108:
101:
94:
73:Supplemental
45:Jurisdiction
1594:: 1895–1985
1486:February 6,
1088:Tetley 1999
1026: (1825)
1001:Tetley 1999
989:Tetley 1999
977:Tetley 1999
922:In Personam
706:in personam
670:non-compete
654:in personam
622:in personam
612:, in which
608:in 1825 in
558:in personam
429:(new trial)
282:Depositions
96:In personam
1707:Categories
1626:August 16,
1598:August 16,
1516:2012-02-06
1456:2012-02-06
1334:leagle.com
1281:Blank Rome
1181:. Jurist (
1112:White 2007
954:FRCP Rule
916:FRCP Rule
905:References
832:Narrowing
793:Chapter 15
760:gag orders
744:alter egos
740:guarantors
704:he has an
594:French law
502:Certiorari
446:Injunction
334:Settlement
217:Crossclaim
1616:Water Log
1554:Jones Day
1277:Mainbrace
1205:Mainbrace
824:of EFTs.
383:voir dire
364:defendant
359:plaintiff
267:Discovery
232:Impleader
161:Complaint
149:Pleadings
67:Diversity
1573:(1999).
1325:Text of
1048:04554270
893:appeal.
616:stated:
495:Mandamus
401:Judgment
192:Demurrer
182:) )
180:2005 Act
90:Personal
1665:Seaview
883:en banc
859:In the
795:of the
584:History
549:of the
451:Damages
431: )
427:De novo
380: (
354:Parties
222:Joinder
199: (
178: (
78:Removal
1692:
1645:
1531:,
1523:Jaldhi
1407:,
1389:,
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1309:,
1254:,
1219:,
1211:: 4–6.
1128:,
1046:
960:In Rem
941:,
899:Jaldhi
891:Jaldhi
861:Jaldhi
846:Jaldhi
811:, the
791:under
658:in rem
646:in rem
578:in rem
564:in rem
484:Appeal
441:Remedy
372:Pro se
197:Answer
103:In rem
1661:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1283:: 1–3
1273:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1019:
344:Trial
207:Reply
124:Venue
1690:ISBN
1673:2013
1643:ISBN
1628:2014
1600:2014
1525:and
1488:2013
1289:2013
1044:OCLC
1021:U.S.
742:and
672:and
378:Jury
1024:473
573:."
1709::
1684:.
1663:.
1620:27
1618:.
1614:.
1590:.
1588:73
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