456:
420:
161:
281:
263:
825:
130:
489:
rugose corals. Rugose corals will also always have a columella, an axial rod which supports the septa running up the center of the corallite. It is present in rugose corals because they were mainly solitary and so required the extra support. Tabulate corals have no columella because they were always colonial and relied on the support of neighboring corallites.
488:
in a transverse section of the coral. Rugose corals always display bilateral symmetry whereas tabulate and scleractinian corals show radial symmetry. Initially there are only four major septa; later minor septa are added in the four resulting spaces. The complex arrangement of septa is diagnostic of
483:
skeleton. The corallites are usually large relative to different types of coral. Rugose corals will sometimes have dissepiments, which are curved plates connected to septa and tabulae. The symmetry can be distinguished by the orientation of
415:
corals possessed stinging cells to capture prey. They also had tentacles to help them catch prey. Technically they were carnivores, but prey-size was so small they are often referred to as microcarnivores.
528:
428:
252:
368:, wall. Some solitary rugosans reached nearly a meter (3 ft 3 in) in length. However, some species of rugose corals could form large colonies (e.g.,
344:
1398:
1061:
350:
240:
460:
356:
234:
927:
286:
424:
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1411:
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731:
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938:
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1036:
1001:
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1021:
439:
1437:
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1127:
1091:
933:
921:
899:
586:"Endobiotic Rugosan Symbionts in Stromatoporoids from the Sheinwoodian (Silurian) of Baltica"
272:
1403:
455:
1385:
1372:
1273:
1211:
1016:
724:
656:
597:
645:"Earliest known rugosan-stromatoporoid symbiosis from the Llandovery of Estonia (Baltica)"
8:
1191:
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620:
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155:
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991:
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625:
465:
948:
399:, living on the sea floor or in a reef-framework. Some symbiotic rugose corals were
374:). When radiating septa were present, they were usually in multiples of four, hence
1363:
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31:
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107:
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52:
1288:
480:
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Rugose corals always show tabulae, horizontal plates that divide the
411:
period. Although there is no direct proof, it is inferred that these
400:
172:
112:
1319:
1342:
976:
824:
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67:
35:
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330:
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117:
92:
56:
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879:
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because of a unique horn-shaped chamber with a wrinkled, or
473:
884:
643:
Vinn, O; Wilson, M.A.; Toom, U.; Mõtus, M.-A. (2015).
636:
30:
For the rose also sometimes just called "Rugosa", see
583:
384:, colonial polyps generally with sixfold symmetry.
681:
649:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1470:
551:
692:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–71.
577:
391:that is often fossilized. Like modern corals (
928:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
725:
687:
34:. For the synonym of a genus of insects, see
529:"order Stauriida Verrill 1865 (horn coral)"
739:
732:
718:
688:Ulrich, Ulrich; Hillmer, G. (2 Jun 1983).
128:
619:
609:
454:
418:
279:
261:
14:
1471:
1007:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
387:Rugose corals have a skeleton made of
1324:
1323:
1159:Environmental issues with coral reefs
713:
499:
24:
25:
1505:
395:), rugose corals were invariably
1202:International Coral Reef Society
1042:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
823:
565:. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences
515:World Register of Marine Species
159:
60:
1133:Stony coral tissue loss disease
584:Vinn, O; Mõtus, M.-A. (2014).
521:
220:Milne Edwards & Haime 1850
13:
1:
1062:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
492:
450:
325:that were abundant in Middle
1489:Ordovician first appearances
669:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.023
611:10.1371/journal.pone.0090197
7:
1087:Southeast Asian coral reefs
464:(Nicholson, 1875) from the
360:) are often referred to as
10:
1510:
1047:New Caledonia barrier reef
290:, a rugose coral from the
29:
1332:
1261:
1229:
1182:
1151:
1110:
947:
939:Spur and groove formation
870:
832:
821:
751:
336:Solitary rugosans (e.g.,
230:
225:
156:Scientific classification
154:
136:
127:
45:
1002:East African coral coast
294:of Erie County, New York
461:Streptelasma divaricans
27:Extinct order of corals
1169:Coral reef restoration
476:
447:
440:Georgian Bay Formation
378:in contrast to modern
295:
277:
137:Solitary rugose coral
1484:Lopingian extinctions
1438:Paleobiology Database
1164:Coral reef protection
1128:Skeletal eroding band
934:Catlin Seaview Survey
922:Census of Coral Reefs
900:mesophotic coral reef
458:
422:
283:
273:Kunstformen der Natur
266:"Tetracorallia" from
265:
140:Grewingkia canadensis
1274:Aquaculture of coral
1057:Non-tropical regions
690:Fossil Invertebrates
563:www.encyclopedia.com
407:, especially in the
1192:Coral Reef Alliance
1082:Solomon Archipelago
987:Belize Barrier Reef
962:African coral reefs
661:2015PPP...431....1V
602:2014PLoSO...990197V
539:on 13 December 2021
1138:White band disease
1123:Black band disease
1092:Tuvalu Archipelago
1072:Raja Ampat Islands
1012:Great Barrier Reef
477:
448:
302:, also called the
296:
287:Stereolasma rectum
278:
1466:
1465:
1425:Open Tree of Life
1326:Taxon identifiers
1317:
1316:
1225:
1224:
1143:White pox disease
992:Coral Sea Islands
466:Liberty Formation
314:, are an extinct
284:Cross-section of
260:
259:
221:
16:(Redirected from
1501:
1494:Anthozoan orders
1459:
1458:
1446:
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1407:
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1367:
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1353:
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1351:
1321:
1320:
1304:Deep-water coral
1279:Coral dermatitis
1180:
1179:
895:Deep-water coral
827:
734:
727:
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685:
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572:
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555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
535:. Archived from
525:
519:
518:
503:
430:Cyathophylloides
405:Stromatoporoidea
318:of solitary and
253:Streptelasmatina
219:
214:
164:
163:
143:in three views;
132:
122:
59:
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
21:
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1346:
1341:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1299:Coralline algae
1269:Artificial reef
1257:
1230:Symbiotic algae
1221:
1178:
1174:Reef resilience
1147:
1118:Coral bleaching
1106:
972:Andros, Bahamas
943:
917:Coral reef fish
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828:
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345:Lophophyllidium
292:Middle Devonian
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1284:Precious coral
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1111:Coral diseases
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1097:Virgin Islands
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997:Coral Triangle
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472:) of southern
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434:from the late
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1237:Zooxanthellae
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:Project AWARE
1205:
1203:
1200:
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1184:Organizations
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1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
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1052:Ningaloo Reef
1050:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
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1023:
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958:
957:List of reefs
955:
954:
952:
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949:Coral regions
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699:9780521270281
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612:
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599:
596:(2): e90197.
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431:
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421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
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385:
383:
382:
377:
376:Tetracorallia
373:
372:
371:Lithostrotion
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:Neozaphrentis
347:
346:
341:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:rugose corals
305:
304:Tetracorallia
301:
293:
289:
288:
282:
275:
274:
269:
268:Ernst Haeckel
264:
254:
250:
248:
244:
242:
241:Cystiphyllina
238:
236:
232:
231:
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84:
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69:
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58:
54:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1333:
1250:Symbiodinium
1248:
1241:
1152:Conservation
1067:Pulley Ridge
926:
834:Octocorallia
808:
753:Hexacorallia
689:
683:
672:. Retrieved
652:
648:
638:
593:
589:
579:
567:. Retrieved
562:
553:
541:. Retrieved
537:the original
532:
523:
510:
501:
478:
459:
429:
393:Scleractinia
386:
381:Hexacorallia
379:
375:
369:
361:
357:Streptelasma
355:
349:
343:
337:
335:
311:
307:
303:
299:
297:
285:
271:
235:Columnariina
215:
203:Hexacorallia
139:
40:
18:Rugose coral
1358:Wikispecies
1243:Amphidinium
1032:Lakshadweep
967:Amazon Reef
872:Coral reefs
745:coral reefs
569:20 February
543:17 December
533:Fossilworks
362:horn corals
312:horn corals
32:Rosa rugosa
1473:Categories
1309:Fire coral
1294:Coral sand
1217:Reef Check
1197:Green Fins
912:Microatoll
852:Organ pipe
776:Hermatypic
674:2015-06-18
493:References
470:Ordovician
451:Morphology
436:Ordovician
413:Palaeozoic
401:endobionts
327:Ordovician
226:Suborders
209:Subclass:
145:Ordovician
53:Ordovician
1289:Coral rag
1212:Reef Ball
982:Baa Atoll
481:corallite
247:Stauriida
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
1343:Wikidata
1037:Maldives
1027:Kiribati
977:Apo Reef
907:Fringing
862:Sea pens
857:Sea fans
815:Tabulate
801:Staghorn
771:Elegance
630:24587277
590:PLOS ONE
559:"Rugosa"
507:"Rugosa"
446:, Canada
425:stauriid
409:Silurian
329:to Late
320:colonial
193:Cnidaria
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
36:Rugosana
1430:5287598
1391:2552239
1349:Q133091
1077:Red Sea
1022:Jamaica
796:Elkhorn
781:Chalice
657:Bibcode
655:: 1–5.
621:3934990
598:Bibcode
517:. 2015.
468:(Upper
444:Ontario
397:benthic
389:calcite
339:Caninia
331:Permian
199:Class:
149:Indiana
57:Permian
1479:Rugosa
1456:380373
1443:112597
1378:Rugosa
1364:Rugosa
1334:Rugosa
1102:Yabiji
842:Bamboo
809:Rugose
786:Pillar
741:Corals
696:
628:
618:
427:coral
366:rugose
333:seas.
323:corals
300:Rugosa
276:, 1904
216:Rugosa
46:Rugosa
1451:WoRMS
1417:53854
1404:10557
1399:IRMNG
1262:Other
1017:India
890:Coral
880:Atoll
791:Table
766:Brain
761:Black
511:WoRMS
486:septa
316:order
310:, or
1412:ITIS
847:Blue
743:and
694:ISBN
626:PMID
571:2017
545:2021
474:Ohio
423:The
298:The
63:PreꞒ
1386:EoL
1373:ADW
885:Cay
665:doi
653:431
616:PMC
606:doi
432:sp.
403:of
270:'s
1475::
1453::
1440::
1427::
1414::
1401::
1388::
1375::
1360::
1345::
663:.
651:.
647:.
624:.
614:.
604:.
592:.
588:.
561:.
531:.
513:.
509:.
442:,
438:,
354:,
348:,
342:,
306:,
147:,
113:Pg
813:†
807:†
733:e
726:t
719:v
702:.
677:.
667::
659::
632:.
608::
600::
594:9
573:.
547:.
251:†
245:†
239:†
233:†
213:†
118:N
108:K
103:J
98:T
93:P
88:C
83:D
78:S
73:O
68:Ꞓ
55:–
38:.
20:)
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