445:
409:
150:
270:
252:
814:
119:
478:
rugose corals. Rugose corals will also always have a columella, an axial rod which supports the septa running up the center of the corallite. It is present in rugose corals because they were mainly solitary and so required the extra support. Tabulate corals have no columella because they were always colonial and relied on the support of neighboring corallites.
477:
in a transverse section of the coral. Rugose corals always display bilateral symmetry whereas tabulate and scleractinian corals show radial symmetry. Initially there are only four major septa; later minor septa are added in the four resulting spaces. The complex arrangement of septa is diagnostic of
472:
skeleton. The corallites are usually large relative to different types of coral. Rugose corals will sometimes have dissepiments, which are curved plates connected to septa and tabulae. The symmetry can be distinguished by the orientation of
404:
corals possessed stinging cells to capture prey. They also had tentacles to help them catch prey. Technically they were carnivores, but prey-size was so small they are often referred to as microcarnivores.
517:
417:
241:
357:, wall. Some solitary rugosans reached nearly a meter (3 ft 3 in) in length. However, some species of rugose corals could form large colonies (e.g.,
333:
1387:
1050:
339:
229:
449:
345:
223:
916:
275:
413:
235:
547:
1400:
995:
1477:
1147:
1405:
1070:
1085:
686:
1439:
1190:
1030:
720:
503:
1121:
1472:
525:
1045:
970:
1075:
1035:
1482:
1444:
1162:
927:
495:
1172:
1025:
990:
149:
1015:
1431:
1314:
1157:
1010:
428:
1426:
1418:
1152:
1116:
1080:
922:
910:
888:
575:"Endobiotic Rugosan Symbionts in Stromatoporoids from the Sheinwoodian (Silurian) of Baltica"
261:
1392:
444:
1374:
1361:
1262:
1200:
1005:
713:
645:
586:
634:"Earliest known rugosan-stromatoporoid symbiosis from the Llandovery of Estonia (Baltica)"
8:
1180:
975:
950:
649:
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408:
1126:
1111:
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1000:
609:
574:
144:
1413:
1131:
980:
682:
633:
614:
454:
937:
388:, living on the sea floor or in a reef-framework. Some symbiotic rugose corals were
363:). When radiating septa were present, they were usually in multiples of four, hence
1352:
1292:
1267:
883:
840:
764:
653:
604:
594:
393:
308:
1467:
1287:
1257:
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327:
304:
1366:
1272:
1040:
985:
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354:
1461:
1337:
1225:
945:
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359:
256:
76:
269:
1238:
1055:
830:
822:
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741:
618:
381:
369:
191:
1346:
1231:
1020:
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769:
754:
749:
698:
51:
20:
1297:
1282:
1205:
1195:
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845:
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631:
458:
424:
401:
315:
251:
133:
127:
96:
61:
41:
1277:
469:
468:
Rugose corals always show tabulae, horizontal plates that divide the
400:
period. Although there is no direct proof, it is inferred that these
389:
161:
101:
1308:
1331:
965:
813:
803:
779:
397:
280:
181:
118:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
24:
1065:
850:
432:
385:
377:
319:
137:
106:
81:
45:
1379:
1090:
171:
868:
729:
311:
353:
because of a unique horn-shaped chamber with a wrinkled, or
462:
873:
632:
Vinn, O; Wilson, M.A.; Toom, U.; Mõtus, M.-A. (2015).
625:
19:
For the rose also sometimes just called "Rugosa", see
572:
373:, colonial polyps generally with sixfold symmetry.
670:
638:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1459:
540:
681:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–71.
566:
380:that is often fossilized. Like modern corals (
917:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
714:
676:
23:. For the synonym of a genus of insects, see
518:"order Stauriida Verrill 1865 (horn coral)"
728:
721:
707:
677:Ulrich, Ulrich; Hillmer, G. (2 Jun 1983).
117:
608:
598:
443:
407:
268:
250:
1460:
996:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
376:Rugose corals have a skeleton made of
1313:
1312:
1148:Environmental issues with coral reefs
702:
488:
13:
14:
1494:
384:), rugose corals were invariably
1191:International Coral Reef Society
1031:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
812:
554:. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences
504:World Register of Marine Species
148:
49:
1122:Stony coral tissue loss disease
573:Vinn, O; Mõtus, M.-A. (2014).
510:
209:Milne Edwards & Haime 1850
1:
1051:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
481:
439:
314:that were abundant in Middle
1478:Ordovician first appearances
658:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.023
600:10.1371/journal.pone.0090197
7:
1076:Southeast Asian coral reefs
453:(Nicholson, 1875) from the
349:) are often referred to as
10:
1499:
1036:New Caledonia barrier reef
279:, a rugose coral from the
18:
1321:
1250:
1218:
1171:
1140:
1099:
936:
928:Spur and groove formation
859:
821:
810:
740:
325:Solitary rugosans (e.g.,
219:
214:
145:Scientific classification
143:
125:
116:
34:
991:East African coral coast
283:of Erie County, New York
450:Streptelasma divaricans
16:Extinct order of corals
1158:Coral reef restoration
465:
436:
429:Georgian Bay Formation
367:in contrast to modern
284:
266:
126:Solitary rugose coral
1473:Lopingian extinctions
1427:Paleobiology Database
1153:Coral reef protection
1117:Skeletal eroding band
923:Catlin Seaview Survey
911:Census of Coral Reefs
889:mesophotic coral reef
447:
411:
272:
262:Kunstformen der Natur
255:"Tetracorallia" from
254:
129:Grewingkia canadensis
1263:Aquaculture of coral
1046:Non-tropical regions
679:Fossil Invertebrates
552:www.encyclopedia.com
396:, especially in the
1181:Coral Reef Alliance
1071:Solomon Archipelago
976:Belize Barrier Reef
951:African coral reefs
650:2015PPP...431....1V
591:2014PLoSO...990197V
528:on 13 December 2021
1127:White band disease
1112:Black band disease
1081:Tuvalu Archipelago
1061:Raja Ampat Islands
1001:Great Barrier Reef
466:
437:
291:, also called the
285:
276:Stereolasma rectum
267:
1455:
1454:
1414:Open Tree of Life
1315:Taxon identifiers
1306:
1305:
1214:
1213:
1132:White pox disease
981:Coral Sea Islands
455:Liberty Formation
303:, are an extinct
273:Cross-section of
249:
248:
210:
1490:
1483:Anthozoan orders
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1310:
1309:
1293:Deep-water coral
1268:Coral dermatitis
1169:
1168:
884:Deep-water coral
816:
723:
716:
709:
700:
699:
693:
692:
674:
668:
667:
665:
664:
629:
623:
622:
612:
602:
570:
564:
563:
561:
559:
544:
538:
537:
535:
533:
524:. Archived from
514:
508:
507:
492:
419:Cyathophylloides
394:Stromatoporoidea
307:of solitary and
242:Streptelasmatina
208:
203:
153:
152:
132:in three views;
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
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1489:
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1456:
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1373:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1288:Coralline algae
1258:Artificial reef
1246:
1219:Symbiotic algae
1210:
1167:
1163:Reef resilience
1136:
1107:Coral bleaching
1095:
961:Andros, Bahamas
932:
906:Coral reef fish
855:
817:
808:
736:
727:
697:
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689:
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660:
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571:
567:
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555:
546:
545:
541:
531:
529:
516:
515:
511:
494:
493:
489:
484:
442:
334:Lophophyllidium
281:Middle Devonian
207:
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147:
112:
110:
109:
104:
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94:
89:
84:
79:
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69:
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54:
40:
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36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1496:
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1475:
1470:
1453:
1452:
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1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:Precious coral
1270:
1265:
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1245:
1244:
1243:
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1235:
1222:
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1142:
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1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
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1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1100:Coral diseases
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:Virgin Islands
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
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1013:
1008:
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993:
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986:Coral Triangle
983:
978:
973:
968:
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953:
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718:
711:
703:
695:
694:
687:
669:
624:
565:
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509:
486:
485:
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461:) of southern
441:
438:
423:from the late
247:
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226:
217:
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212:
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169:
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141:
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123:
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114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
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70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1495:
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1471:
1469:
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1463:
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1255:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
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1228:
1227:
1226:Zooxanthellae
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Project AWARE
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1173:Organizations
1170:
1164:
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1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Ningaloo Reef
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
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974:
972:
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964:
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959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:List of reefs
944:
943:
941:
939:
938:Coral regions
935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:
914:
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815:
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801:
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781:
778:
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773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
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748:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
701:
690:
688:9780521270281
684:
680:
673:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
620:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
585:(2): e90197.
584:
580:
576:
569:
553:
549:
543:
527:
523:
519:
513:
505:
501:
497:
491:
487:
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446:
434:
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426:
422:
420:
415:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
371:
366:
365:Tetracorallia
362:
361:
360:Lithostrotion
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
341:
340:Neozaphrentis
336:
335:
330:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:rugose corals
294:
293:Tetracorallia
290:
282:
278:
277:
271:
264:
263:
258:
257:Ernst Haeckel
253:
243:
239:
237:
233:
231:
230:Cystiphyllina
227:
225:
221:
220:
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213:
206:
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83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1322:
1239:Symbiodinium
1237:
1230:
1141:Conservation
1056:Pulley Ridge
915:
823:Octocorallia
797:
742:Hexacorallia
678:
672:
661:. Retrieved
641:
637:
627:
582:
578:
568:
556:. Retrieved
551:
542:
530:. Retrieved
526:the original
521:
512:
499:
490:
467:
448:
418:
382:Scleractinia
375:
370:Hexacorallia
368:
364:
358:
350:
346:Streptelasma
344:
338:
332:
326:
324:
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
274:
260:
224:Columnariina
204:
192:Hexacorallia
128:
29:
1347:Wikispecies
1232:Amphidinium
1021:Lakshadweep
956:Amazon Reef
861:Coral reefs
734:coral reefs
558:20 February
532:17 December
522:Fossilworks
351:horn corals
301:horn corals
21:Rosa rugosa
1462:Categories
1298:Fire coral
1283:Coral sand
1206:Reef Check
1186:Green Fins
901:Microatoll
841:Organ pipe
765:Hermatypic
663:2015-06-18
482:References
459:Ordovician
440:Morphology
425:Ordovician
402:Palaeozoic
390:endobionts
316:Ordovician
215:Suborders
198:Subclass:
134:Ordovician
42:Ordovician
1278:Coral rag
1201:Reef Ball
971:Baa Atoll
470:corallite
236:Stauriida
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
1332:Wikidata
1026:Maldives
1016:Kiribati
966:Apo Reef
896:Fringing
851:Sea pens
846:Sea fans
804:Tabulate
790:Staghorn
760:Elegance
619:24587277
579:PLOS ONE
548:"Rugosa"
496:"Rugosa"
435:, Canada
414:stauriid
398:Silurian
318:to Late
309:colonial
182:Cnidaria
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
25:Rugosana
1419:5287598
1380:2552239
1338:Q133091
1066:Red Sea
1011:Jamaica
785:Elkhorn
770:Chalice
646:Bibcode
644:: 1–5.
610:3934990
587:Bibcode
506:. 2015.
457:(Upper
433:Ontario
386:benthic
378:calcite
328:Caninia
320:Permian
188:Class:
138:Indiana
46:Permian
1468:Rugosa
1445:380373
1432:112597
1367:Rugosa
1353:Rugosa
1323:Rugosa
1091:Yabiji
831:Bamboo
798:Rugose
775:Pillar
730:Corals
685:
617:
607:
416:coral
355:rugose
322:seas.
312:corals
289:Rugosa
265:, 1904
205:Rugosa
35:Rugosa
1440:WoRMS
1406:53854
1393:10557
1388:IRMNG
1251:Other
1006:India
879:Coral
869:Atoll
780:Table
755:Brain
750:Black
500:WoRMS
475:septa
305:order
299:, or
1401:ITIS
836:Blue
732:and
683:ISBN
615:PMID
560:2017
534:2021
463:Ohio
412:The
287:The
52:PreꞒ
1375:EoL
1362:ADW
874:Cay
654:doi
642:431
605:PMC
595:doi
421:sp.
392:of
259:'s
1464::
1442::
1429::
1416::
1403::
1390::
1377::
1364::
1349::
1334::
652:.
640:.
636:.
613:.
603:.
593:.
581:.
577:.
550:.
520:.
502:.
498:.
431:,
427:,
343:,
337:,
331:,
295:,
136:,
102:Pg
802:†
796:†
722:e
715:t
708:v
691:.
666:.
656::
648::
621:.
597::
589::
583:9
562:.
536:.
240:†
234:†
228:†
222:†
202:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
44:–
27:.
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