758:. In it he described a "logic of self-extermination" and its consequences for humanity at present, presenting a "logic of life" requiring a "leap in consciousness" and a withdrawal from the industrial "mega-machine". It was important to implement a "rescue policy", before the worsening environmental crisis leads to an emergency government. Bahro called for long-term goals, the elimination of short-term tactics and government decentralization. He advocated an "invisible church", which would provide the necessary spiritual dimension. As a conservative on the left, he noted common ground with
25:
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747:) overpowered the left with "nationalist mythology in disguise; therefore, resistance to capitalist development" could not begin. Bahro's "popular uprising" could occur this time without violence, but it was important that the Greens "are not lost" in the system. Bahro also called for the conquest of the right-left divide; to escape its minority position, the Greens should also "penetrate the territory of the
95:
809:(German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands – Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, abbreviated SED-PDS). Bahro's request to address the conference as a guest speaker found only a slight majority (54%), and he was granted only 30 minutes, not the requested 45 minutes. Bahro was annoyed at this and had to improvise. After reading out the names of all the people who had helped him with his book,
821:. He went on to present his vision of a "socio-ecological" restructuring of the GDR. His radical environmental ideas, which were hardly known in the GDR at that time, were far removed from the problems that interested the delegates, and his polemical introduction provoked fierce resentment. Bahro concluded that he no longer had anything in common with this party.
828:. Instead of the usual discussion of the ecological crisis, he wanted this institute to address the issue holistically and, above all, study the deeper social and cultural causes of the crisis and develop practical alternatives. Bahro thus set up his own school of social science that is not to be confused with others that also go by the name of social ecology.
927:. Bahro was convinced that his illness was the consequence of traumatic experiences such as the suicide of his wife and resisted conventional therapy, instead trying various alternative methods of diagnosis and therapy and temporarily moving into a monastery. Only after his condition deteriorated dramatically, he agreed to another course of
394:. In 1973, Gundula filed for divorce; both spouses said later this was as a precautionary measure to protect the children against government reprisals. However, in 1974 Gundula informed state security about the secret book project and handed over a copy of the manuscript; after that, Bahro was under
665:
Another new motif in Bahro's thinking was religion. While in custody he had studied the Bible, and when he moved to the west he noticed unhappiness in spite of material prosperity. He interpreted this as a lack of introspection and transcendence, rejecting the traditionally materialistic outlook of
518:
In the third part, he developed solutions, including a call for a new revolution which would transform not only the social circumstances but the people. Its intention is to overcome the subaltern mentality, the "form of existence and way of thinking of ordinary people." He demanded the abolition of
362:
specialist. Seeing conditions in the factories soon brought him to the conclusion that the East German economy was in a crisis and the primary reason for this was that workers had little voice in the workplace. He expressed this view in a
December 1967 letter to the Chairman of the State Council,
692:
In 1982, Bahro adopted a more radical position due to the contemporary economic crisis. He advocated a restructuring of society in economic, environmental and social-policy terms, which should be linked to a broad retreat from the world market and a move away from capitalist industry. Bahro also
831:
On 16 June 1990, again represented by Gysi, Bahro was rehabilitated by the
Supreme Court of the GDR. On 15 September, shortly before the end of the GDR, the Minister of Education and Science appointed him associate professor of social ecology at Humboldt University. From the winter semester
704:
Bahro's Dare
Commune was an alternative community during the early days of the Greens. He believed that the transformation of society must begin on a small scale, requiring a change in the people themselves and a rediscovery of spirituality. Bahro was influenced by the Congregation of the
743:: At that time, there had also been a broad movement in society which was dissatisfied with prevailing conditions and wanted change. What mattered now was to prevent the errors and political disasters of the past. In the Weimar Republic, the "brown" pole of the political spectrum (the
716:, where he was received as a guest of the state. He saw this as his most important trip, to a state he admired with a system "to satisfy all the basic requirements of security". As part of a lecture tour of the United States in summer 1983, Bahro enjoyed several weeks at
641:
On 11 October 1979, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, Bahro was granted amnesty. On 17 October he was deported with his former wife, their two children and his partner Ursula Beneke to the
Federal Republic of Germany, in accordance with his July request.
797:
to fight against the feared "sellout of the GDR," its absorption by the
Federal Republic. He wanted to work to ensure that the regime could keep its autonomy and maintain what he thought was its greatest political achievement: the primacy of politics over economics.
853:
922:
In
September 1993, Bahro's wife Beatrice committed suicide following a marital dispute. He was so devastated that he had to cancel a semester of lectures. In the spring of 1994, he also became physically ill, and in the autumn of that year he was diagnosed with
215:, and, after his capture, detained as a Polish prisoner. As the Eastern Front approached, the family was evacuated and Bahro was separated from his mother and siblings during the flight (the rest of Bahro's family, with the exception of his father, died of
844:) of the university was consistently full, and this also resulted in increased sales of his book on which the lectures were based. However, the Institute remained a temporary arrangement that could only exist thanks to financial support from the
781:, which featured discussion of his ideas and meditation. He met Beatrice Ingermann, who had been conducting a similar project since 1983 that was also a community in the Eifel. Bahro joined her group; they married in 1988, and had a daughter.
599:
To write and publish a book was, in itself, legal in the GDR; however, Bahro was accused of working for the West German intelligence service (from whom he was thought to have obtained his information). On 30 June 1978, Bahro was convicted
805:, whose chairman had, a week ago, been his former legal counsel, Gysi. The main item on the agenda was whether the party should continue or be dissolved. What was finally decided was that the party should continue under a new name:
484:. Bahro concludes that in the Soviet Union (and, consequently, also in countries such as the GDR) not the theoretically expected socialism but a form of proto-socialism had emerged. For the reason, he posits that at the time of the
318:. In 1959 Bahro married Gundula Lambke, a Russian language teacher. The couple had two daughters (one of whom died at birth) and a son, in addition to Gundula's daughter. In 1960 Bahro was appointed to the party leadership of the
631:
346:. During Bahro's tenure with the FDJ he was hampered by conflict with the increasingly restrictive policies of the SED, which made him a target of criticism. Due to the unauthorized publication of an article by
615:
The verdict immediately sparked violent protests and expressions of solidarity in the West. The
Committee for the Release of Rudolf Bahro organized an international conference, held 16 to 19 November 1978 in
840:). The lectures, to which he frequently invited guest speakers, were aimed at students in all years and also attracted an audience from outside the university. In the first years, the main lecture hall (
379:, who made it clear that his solidarity with the "counter-revolution" was no longer tolerated. This led Bahro to develop his ideas systematically, and to publish them. His decision was reinforced by the
219:
soon afterwards). Bahro lived with an aunt in
Austria and Hesse, spending several months in each location and eventually reuniting with his father, who was managing a widow's farm in RieĂźen (now part of
383:
on 21 August. This was, as Bahro later said, "the blackest day" of his life and the reason for his final break with the SED. He decided not to make the break publicly, to protect his book project.
413:
had fallen into Stasi hands, which prompted him to finish his work quickly. Intermediaries arranged a contract with Europäische
Verlagsanstalt, a West German publisher. Swiss musicologist
592:
and other celebrities. In the GDR, however, Bahro's recognition was suppressed and he was told nothing of the reaction to his book and subsequent arrest. About half of the copies of
235:(FDJ), Bahro reluctantly joined in 1950. This was, as he later commented, the only time he did something against his will under pressure. In 1952 he applied for membership in the
751:". Bahro's Hamburg speech ended with the allegation that Joschka Fischer's supporters had a lust for power, a situation that could lead to civil war and subsequent dictatorship.
858:
872:
dictatorship". Bahro indignantly denied this but soon found himself confronted with more accusations of this nature. The accusations were based on quotations from his book
934:
After a year's break due to illness, in summer 1996 Bahro resumed teaching, but only to a limited extent. He gave his last lecture in July 1997. After that, he caught
666:
socialism. The goal of human emancipation was represented (in different ways) by Karl Marx and Jesus Christ. In this context, Bahro referred to early
Christianity and
1446:
845:
430:
739:), and believed in renewal rather than reform. In his December 1984 "Hamburg speech", Bahro made a comparison with the political and social situation in the
552:, Bahro's book was "the most important contribution to Marxist theory and practice that has appeared in recent decades"; a similar view was expressed by the
832:
1990/1991, Bahro regularly held lectures on issues of the environmental crisis, where he further developed the theories that he had put forward in his book
434:
and earlier Marxist works. He was unable to cite Wittfogel because of the latter's anticommunism. Wittfogel also influenced Bahro's later ecological work.
409:
was unhindered, but Bahro was convinced that he would be unable to disseminate his book to the GDR citizenry. In December 1976 he learned that one of his
1062:
1426:
563:
was critical, classifying Bahro as detached from Leninism with too little respect for human rights and calling his suggestions "totally unrealistic".
199:
Bahro was the eldest of three children of Max Bahro, a livestock-industry consultant, and Irmgard Bahro (née Conrad). Until 1945, the family lived in
596:
which Bahro had posted shortly before his arrest in the GDR were intercepted by the authorities. His influence of East German students was limited.
838:
Avoiding social and ecological disaster: the politics of world transformation: an inquiry into the foundations of spiritual and ecological politics
848:. It was not until 1995 that the institute was integrated into the university as a working group of the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture.
271:
1158:
326:("Our University") newspaper and served as editor-in-chief. The same year saw the publication of his first book, a collection of poems entitled
334:). Beginning in 1962, Bahro worked as a consultant for the Corporate Executive Committee of the Union of Science (one of the divisions of the
315:
931:. In May 1995, on his sickbed, he married his girlfriend and companion Marina Lehnert, who had been caring for his daughter for some time.
851:
In 1990, there were accusations that Bahro was striving for "eco-dictatorship". This accusation was made particularly aggressively by the
770:, Bahro hoped for a "prince of environmental change" and suggested the establishment of a consensus-oriented body similar to the British
908:
1022:
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currents in the new party since compromise was a necessity. A 1980 book formulated elements of a new policy: the relationship between
1436:
493:
915:. There, the socio-ecological research begun at the Humboldt University is also being continued, mainly by Bahro's former associate
620:
and attended by over 2,000 participants. The depth of solidarity is illustrated by an appeal to the State Council of the GDR in the
544:
In early September, the book went on sale. The first edition was sold out before delivery, and was translated into other languages.
386:
In 1972 Bahro began part-time work on his dissertation on development conditions of high-school and technical-college groups in the
1406:
1077:
The Germany article gives "Kipper Paul Bauch" as the name of the piece, but this name doesn't make sense, and it doesn't appear in
801:
On 16 December 1989, Bahro had the opportunity of speaking to the assembled delegates of the extraordinary party conference of the
465:
did not lead to the theoretically expected situation, but instead continued on the capitalist path with only superficial changes. "
895:, and he planned similar experiments with new sustainable living and economic systems in the former GDR. A conversation with the
806:
390:(state-owned enterprises of the GDR). At the same time, he secretly wrote a thematically broader manuscript which later became
380:
1143:
122:
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239:(SED), which he joined in 1954. Bahro was regarded as intelligent, and graduated from high school with honors. He attended
1431:
626:
of 11 May 1979, organized by Bahro Committee in 12 countries and signed by a number of celebrities. Bahro was awarded the
537:
and an interview with Bahro, during which he admitted writing the book. The next day, Bahro was arrested and taken to the
515:. He detailed how this society worked, and argues that this provided the rationale for the observed economic stagnation.
538:
417:
smuggled the finished manuscript into West Berlin, and copies of the manuscript reached individuals in the GDR by mail.
405:, which was evaluated favorably by three reviewers. The Stasi intervened, engineering two opposing reviews. His work on
774:. The book met a mostly negative response, and Bahro's references to a prince and an invisible church were criticized.
732:
335:
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These analyses were accompanied by a broad wave of publicly expressed solidarity with Bahro, climaxing in a letter by
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68:
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39:
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who, since his death, has been recognised as a philosopher, political figure and author. Bahro was a leader of the
1361:
735:(the SPD) or remain in opposition. Bahro strongly favored the latter option (which placed him in opposition to
375:
began; Bahro took a lively interest, supported the movement. In May 1968 he was interviewed by a member of the
187:, but became disenchanted with its political organization, left the party and explored spiritual approaches to
473:
of the working masses continue on a new level." The book analyzes the reasons for this, and offers solutions.
1386:
825:
754:
During the summer of 1985 Bahro left the Greens and focused on his new book, which was published in 1987 as
1441:
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1416:
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of treason and betraying state secrets, and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. Evidence indicates a
489:
470:
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and openly criticized the restricted-information policy of the GDR leadership. As a result of his views,
259:
and the relationship of the German working class and its party to the national question of our people".
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1391:
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184:
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In West Germany Bahro soon joined the nascent Green party, making a commitment to unite socialist and
1401:
924:
608:, with a predetermined verdict; an appeal to the Supreme Court of the GDR filed by defense attorney
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1223:
627:
359:
358:
From 1967 to 1977 Bahro worked for a number of companies in the rubber and plastics industry as an
319:
33:
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for the first time in March 1983, the question arose whether they would join a coalition with the
207:
and then in neighboring Gerlachsheim, where Bahro attended the village school. Towards the end of
1376:
1294:
1119:[That's gonna hit the heart of the party. An SED functionary criticises GDR socialism.].
942:
1193:
721:
559:. To Lawrence Krader, Bahro was the "conscience of the revolution, the strength of the truth".
541:
prison. That evening, West German television stations ARD and ZDF broadcast Bahro's interview.
50:
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1371:
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1351:
1346:
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368:
1117:"Das trifft den Parteiapparat ins Herz. Ein SED-Funktionär kritisiert den DDR-Sozialismus"
8:
1065:
698:
667:
240:
1050:
492:. Nevertheless, the path chosen by Lenin was correct. Bahro regards Stalin's subsequent
228:
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1028:
485:
256:
1116:
1139:
1136:
Failure of American and Soviet Cultural Imperialism in German Universities, 1945-1990
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635:
589:
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462:
414:
376:
339:
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232:
824:
In the spring of 1990, he began setting up an "Institute for Social Ecology" at the
1318:
1270:
1095:(in German) (Paperback ed.). Berlin: Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 177f.
1058:
813:, he criticized the previous speaker, Minister President and Deputy Party Chairman
567:
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1306:
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983:
Avoiding Social & Ecological Disaster: The Politics of World Transformation
884:, she accused him of turning to esoteric, authoritarian and nationalist ideas.
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778:
771:
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605:
519:
the division of labor; all should participate in science, art and menial work.
508:
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In addition to his activities in Berlin, until 1991 Bahro also active in the
818:
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204:
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sparked debate in the West European left about the nature of socialism. For
243:
in Berlin from 1954 to 1959 and studied philosophy. Among his teachers were
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Association for the Advancement of Psychological Knowledge of Human Nature
227:
From 1950 to 1954, Bahro attended high school in FĂĽrstenberg (now part of
1234:
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713:
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864:, a right-wing organization founded in Zurich which, in a work entitled
903:, in the summer of 1991 led to the socio-ecological futurology project
869:
674:
553:
367:, proposing a transfer of workplace responsibility to the workers with
303:
282:
with great interest, expressed his solidarity with the insurgents in a
244:
221:
212:
941:
Rudolf Bahro died in Berlin on 5 December 1997 and was buried at the
935:
790:
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477:
231:). Since it was assumed that all high-school students would join the
662:, Bahro now felt that classical Marxism was no longer appropriate.
488:
the Soviet Union was far from the stage of development presumed in
410:
1049:
This could refer to any of the three villages Ober Gerlachsheim (
912:
655:
420:
Later in West Germany, Bahro said that the theoretical bases for
216:
807:
Socialist Unity Party of Germany – Party of Democratic Socialism
146:
94:
1313:
1289:
1200:
Answer to this criticism and general analysis of Bahro's ideas
476:
The first part is a historical analysis of the development of
1159:
GĂĽnter Minnerup, "Bahro Sentenced to 8 Years in Secret Trial"
287:
1001:
744:
338:) in Berlin; in 1965 he was appointed deputy chief of the
175:(18 November 1935 – 5 December 1997) was a dissident from
1023:"Rudolf Bahro Is Dead at 62; Dissident in Both Germanys"
777:
In 1986, Bahro held "learning workshops" at his home in
634:
and made a member of the Swedish and Danish chapters of
784:
431:
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power
274:" in February 1956 changed his views. He followed the
1242:
948:
1021:
461:The introduction begins with the premise that the
1447:People convicted of treason against East Germany
1338:
503:In the second part, Bahro analyzes the existing
451:The non-capitalist path to an industrial society
401:In 1975 Bahro submitted his dissertation at the
314:) and encouraged the area's farmers to join the
1090:
350:, Bahro was dismissed as deputy chief in 1967.
302:, the SED sent Bahro to Sachsendorf (a part of
247:(who later became the philosopher of the SED),
1093:Rudolf Bahro : Glaube an das Veränderbare
632:International League for Human Rights (Berlin)
673:At the beginning of 1980, Bahro studied with
658:and socialism. Breaking from his position in
876:. In 1992, a former party colleague of his,
580:on 1 February 1978 which was also signed by
527:On 22 August 1977, the West German magazine
507:, which he believes was incorrectly called "
496:as a necessary development, justifying the
194:
93:
1427:People from the Province of Lower Silesia
1133:
1091:Herzberg, Guntolf; Seifert, Kurt (2005).
868:, claimed that Bahro's real goal was an "
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:
32:This article includes a list of general
16:German politician and writer (1935–1997)
1194:Criticism of Bahro's claimed ecofascism
1020:Andrews, Edmund L. (11 December 1997).
1019:
1339:
1165:, Vol.2 No.3, July-August 1978, p. 19.
817:, as well as Karl Marx, Gorbachev and
381:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
612:was summarily rejected as unfounded.
353:
880:joined the debate when, in her book
785:In Berlin after the fall of the Wall
709:and the mystical experience of God.
457:Strategy for a communist alternative
403:Technical University Leuna-Merseburg
262:Until 1956, Bahro was an admirer of
18:
994:"Rapallo? Why Not? Reply to Gorz".
793:, at the end of 1989 Bahro went to
645:
13:
766:. Inspired by Mikhail Gorbachev's
733:Social Democratic Party of Germany
727:After the Green Party entered the
437:
336:Free German Trade Union Federation
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1458:
1171:
955:The Alternative In Eastern Europe
949:Publications available in English
681:. His thesis appeared as a book,
511:" when in reality it was still a
1437:Deutscher Memorial Prize winners
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1198:James Hart & Ullrich Melle,
938:and the cancer broke out again.
803:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
306:). He edited a local newspaper,
300:government licensing examination
23:
1407:German male non-fiction writers
1182:A Commentary on Rudolf Bahro’s
255:. The topic of his thesis was "
211:Max Bahro was drafted into the
1163:Labour Focus on Eastern Europe
1152:
1127:
1109:
1084:
1071:
1043:
1013:
683:A Plea for Creative Initiative
1:
1007:
891:a non-profit organization in
826:Humboldt University of Berlin
447:is divided into three parts:
293:
130:(now ĹšwieradĂłw-ZdrĂłj, Poland)
1123:(in German). 22 August 1977.
1000:51 (Spring 1982). New York:
897:Minister-President of Saxony
316:LPG agricultural cooperative
290:spied on him for two years.
7:
1134:Tsvetkova, Natalia (2013).
1057:), or Nieder Gerlachsheim (
978:Building The Green Movement
866:The Fascism of the New Left
522:
340:Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ)
203:: first in the spa town of
10:
1463:
712:In 1981 Bahro visited the
533:published an extract from
1231:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1138:. Boston, Leiden: Brill.
836:(published in English as
685:. In 1983, he earned his
652:values-based conservatism
494:massive industrialization
371:. A few weeks later, the
162:
154:
135:
104:
92:
85:
1432:People from Lubań County
1397:German environmentalists
1224:Deutscher Memorial Prize
1053:), Mittel Gerlachsheim (
957:, New Left Books/Verso,
791:rapid decline of the GDR
628:Carl von Ossietzky Medal
490:Marx's theory of history
360:organization development
320:University of Greifswald
195:Early life and education
1382:German anti-capitalists
1357:East German journalists
943:Dorotheenstadt cemetery
846:Schweisfurth Foundation
693:became involved in the
539:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen
322:, where he founded the
270:; Khrushchev's leaked "
166:Philosopher, politician
53:more precise citations.
1362:East German dissidents
968:Socialism and Survival
925:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
762:politician and critic
722:Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
689:in social philosophy.
989:Selected publications
679:University of Hanover
623:Frankfurter Rundschau
426:Karl August Wittfogel
237:Socialist Unity Party
123:Free State of Prussia
1387:German anti-fascists
454:Anatomy of socialism
369:grassroots democracy
280:Hungarian Revolution
1442:Anti-Stalinist left
1367:East German writers
882:Feuer in die Herzen
699:nuclear-free Europe
668:liberation theology
471:subaltern mentality
241:Humboldt University
1417:German politicians
1055:Grabiszyce Ĺšrednie
1029:The New York Times
907:in the village of
842:auditorium maximum
756:Logic of Salvation
486:October Revolution
463:Communist movement
354:Evolution of ideas
342:student magazine,
328:In dieser Richtung
324:Unsere Universität
298:After passing the
257:Johannes R. Becher
1422:German socialists
1392:German communists
1241:
1240:
1232:Succeeded by
1216:S. S. Prawer
1145:978-90-04-25024-6
973:From Red To Green
874:Logik der Rettung
834:Logik der Rettung
636:PEN International
590:Mikis Theodorakis
415:Harry Goldschmidt
377:Central Committee
332:In This Direction
288:national security
233:Free German Youth
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1402:German feminists
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594:The Alternative
588:, Carol Stern,
550:Herbert Marcuse
546:The Alternative
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530:Der Spiegel
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