498:
723:
379:
707:
40:
450:), a poet was "part of government and the means of strengthening rulership." Besides applauding the suzerain and his domain, a poet was also expected to give advice and moral guidance, which meant that Rudaki was most likely experienced in that field as well. Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, Bal'ami. The latter played an important role in the blooming of Persian literature in the 10th-century. Bal'ami regarded Rudaki as the best amongst Persian and Arab poets.
691:
565:, a collection of Indian fables. Nasr II had ordered Bal'ami to translate the book from Arabic to Persian, and then appointed "interpreters" to read it out loud, so that Rudaki, who was blind, could versify it. Only a few of the verses made by Rudaki have survived. Some of them have been identified in the
572:
Although Rudaki displayed pro-Isma'ili sympathies in his writings, his poetry is fully secular in nature. Islam was firmly established by the 10th-century, however, Persians still remembered their deep-rooted
Zoroastrian history. Rudaki was more prone to evoke ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian notions
551:
as a
Samanid governor from 923 to 963. In it, Rudaki calls Abu Ja'far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and "pride of Iran", thus indicating a sense of continuity in Iranian identity from the Sasanian to the Samanid period. For this poem, Abu Ja'far rewarded Rudaki with 10,000
655:, Rudaki "heralded a new era for Persian letters." The Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki "was the most celebrated Persian poet prior to Ferdowsi." Following his death, Rudaki continued to remain a highly popular figure for around two centuries, until the
3732:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
438:
Rudaki's career at the
Samanid court is regarded as the most important part of his life. The role of a court poet was more than just entertaining others, and was an essential aspect of the Persian court. According to the first Sasanian king
398:
by a prominent musician named Abu'l-Abak
Bakhtiar. In his early years, Rudaki became a popular figure due to his fine voice, skill with poetry and playing the chang. Surviving biographical information connects Rudaki with the Samanid
519:(collection of short poems) of Rudaki consisted of more than 180,000 verses, but most of it has been lost. What little remains of Rudaki's writings, mostly single verses, can be found in Persian dictionaries, particularly the
607:(died 902), most of their work has not survived. In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature", both claims which according to the Iranologist
213:
in the 10th-century. Following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's career deteriorated, eventually being dismissed from the court. He thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown.
577:
style, i.e. ethical teachings, friendly criticism and advice for correct behavior in both private and public. An example of Rudaki's
Zoroastrian roots can be seen in an excerpt where he is talking about his patron:
647:
on a sculpture. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Rudaki started to become a stronger representation of Tajik identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest of the
Persian-speaking world.
632:
in 1958, who together held a conference which was joined by several eminent
Iranian and Tajik academics. It was during this period that Rudaki's burial place in Panjrud was discovered. The Soviet
4594:
323:(died 1242), even says that Rudaki was born blind, but this has been questioned by some modern scholars, due to the expressive picture of nature given by Rudaki in his writings.
706:
569:. Rudaki's surviving poetry is generally easy for literate native Persian readers to understand despite variations in terminology, word forms, and phrase and sentence patterns.
659:, where he became unpopular amongst the highly skilled poets of that time. However, he had not been forgotten, as demonstrated by the attribution of his name to the Pseudo-
690:
420:(died 940). However, according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai, Rudaki had apparently already joined the Samanid court under Nasr II's father and predecessor
1555:
158:, he reportedly composed more than 180,000 verses, yet only a small portion of his work has survived, most notably a small part of his versification of the
3241:
603:
Rudaki is considered to have been the first major poet to write in New
Persian. Albeit he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian, such as
171:
area), the most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at the court of the
Samanids. While biographical information connects him to the Samanid
274:
4847:
1533:
663:, called "one of the notorious literary frauds" by de Blois. Scholars such as the 17th-century Hasan ibn Luft Allah al-Razi and 19th-century
4872:
4842:
3774:
1686:
465:
and was dismissed from the court. Rudaki thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown in 940 or 941.
330:(224–651), poems were commonly carried out as songs used in music. Under the Sasanians, the official, religious and literary language was
309:
4867:
1739:
269:
Little information is available about Rudaki's life, much which has been reconstructed from his poems. He lived during the era of the
722:
431:). Tabatabai states that this is proven in a poem by Rudaki, where he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death of his father
1377:
4887:
4392:
753:
is a form of New Persian spoken in Central Asia. It is the official language of Tajikistan, where it is written in an altered
1655:
1255:
1175:
237:
His full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Adam al-Rudhaki al-Sha'ir al-Samarqandi (
39:
1219:
4862:
4837:
1267:
461:
for him. Rudaki's career started to decline following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937. He soon fell out of favour with the
1354:
1332:
1289:
1241:
497:
1621:
1600:
1579:
1504:
1454:
1433:
1407:
1320:
656:
1483:
1207:
4359:
3767:
2122:
1734:
1679:
544:
1159:
4771:
3703:
3134:
684:
During the 19th-century, Rudaki experienced a resurgence in popularity along with other ancient Khurasani poets.
629:
4065:
2774:
2285:
1794:
644:
640:
305:
4882:
4491:
2882:
1639:
4680:
4496:
4481:
4453:
4284:
3878:
457:, a leading poet and scholar of the Samanid realm. Following Shahid Balkhi's death in 936, Rudaki wrote an
1515:
354:
religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital
4816:
4571:
4501:
4181:
4090:
4085:
3760:
3566:
2585:
2064:
1672:
417:
206:
4206:
1799:
1443:
Hillmann, Michael Craig (2022). "Use of Translations of Classic Persian Poems in the Study of Persian".
4466:
4385:
3985:
3848:
2857:
2663:
1527:
1475:
1199:
677:
4726:
4635:
4506:
4471:
4279:
4135:
3990:
2887:
1814:
1758:
1337:
1228:
335:
4600:
4486:
4040:
3970:
3813:
3803:
3387:
3330:
3271:
2345:
2168:
1185:
4534:
4354:
3980:
3858:
3808:
3652:
3256:
3251:
3236:
3147:
2647:
20:
675:(died after 1088), while the rest were already-known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned in
4539:
4476:
4095:
3995:
3965:
3944:
3919:
3104:
2655:
2572:
2378:
664:
1276:
4892:
4378:
4274:
4050:
3893:
3497:
3325:
3302:
3157:
2904:
2084:
1855:
1774:
1542:
1313:
Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)
4877:
4857:
4852:
4776:
4761:
4130:
4125:
4110:
4105:
4045:
4030:
3883:
3537:
3402:
3382:
3320:
3079:
2749:
2414:
2399:
2329:
2308:
2290:
2235:
2117:
2048:
1931:
1724:
1719:
1708:
8:
4650:
4020:
3868:
3462:
3201:
3119:
2971:
2956:
2872:
2779:
2736:
2580:
2243:
378:
4751:
4670:
4314:
4299:
4025:
3818:
3606:
3591:
3561:
3422:
3266:
3007:
2925:
2812:
2794:
2295:
2196:
1951:
1890:
1845:
1804:
1789:
1695:
1648:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/4: Iran V. Peoples of Iran–Iran IX. Religions of Iran
1232:
395:
285:
210:
168:
64:
4557:
4731:
4721:
4522:
4329:
4304:
4201:
3934:
3672:
3611:
3517:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3363:
3226:
3139:
3099:
3084:
3002:
2997:
2910:
2817:
2769:
2511:
2363:
2300:
2153:
2097:
1926:
1769:
1651:
1617:
1596:
1575:
1500:
1479:
1450:
1429:
1403:
1364:
1316:
1299:
1251:
1203:
1171:
1168:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period
621:(died 1997). The following year, the latter wrote a play focused on Rudaki, entitled
476:
1236:
4756:
4564:
4349:
4344:
4216:
3853:
3784:
3693:
3522:
3512:
3472:
3457:
3437:
3417:
3412:
3345:
3221:
3188:
3124:
3022:
3017:
2852:
2764:
2731:
2519:
2409:
2191:
1834:
613:
359:
238:
226:
128:
342:. However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as
4781:
4766:
4741:
4736:
4655:
4461:
4000:
3708:
3667:
3626:
3532:
3487:
3447:
3246:
3211:
3172:
3167:
3114:
2867:
2842:
2822:
2799:
2789:
2744:
2617:
2548:
2335:
2272:
2181:
2158:
2148:
2092:
2019:
1850:
1643:
1611:
1592:
Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
1590:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1444:
1420:(2019). "Introduction: The Frontiers of the Persianate World (ca. 800–1900)". In
1397:
1381:
1193:
1189:
1163:
754:
604:
561:
535:
245:). The proper transliteration of his name is "Rōdhakī", while "al-Rūdhakī" is an
160:
4716:
4711:
4675:
4528:
4334:
4324:
4231:
4165:
4155:
4080:
4060:
3949:
3677:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3556:
3527:
3492:
3427:
3407:
3397:
3340:
3276:
3231:
3216:
3094:
3059:
3027:
2987:
2966:
2961:
2946:
2877:
2862:
2759:
2604:
2458:
2368:
2227:
2032:
1349:
1345:
1284:
1280:
1224:
750:
672:
637:
618:
573:
instead of Muslim ones. Some of Rudaki's poems were written in the pre-Islamic
515:
472:
331:
270:
68:
4577:
1471:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1195:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
326:
Besides being a poet, Rudaki was also a singer and musician. Since the era of
4831:
4746:
4660:
4629:
4339:
4309:
4236:
3939:
3713:
3698:
3621:
3616:
3601:
3596:
3571:
3432:
3392:
3310:
3162:
3152:
3129:
3109:
3012:
2941:
2892:
2827:
2784:
2556:
2471:
2448:
2443:
2373:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2248:
2163:
2069:
2040:
2003:
1977:
1936:
1824:
1393:
1368:
1341:
1303:
1272:
608:
454:
432:
347:
327:
320:
316:
151:
4685:
4551:
4402:
4241:
4191:
4150:
4115:
3888:
3873:
3631:
3507:
3477:
3315:
3281:
3206:
3196:
3089:
3043:
2900:
2837:
2754:
2609:
2561:
2540:
2503:
2487:
2463:
2438:
2313:
2280:
2107:
2056:
1946:
1829:
1784:
713:
712:
Stamp celebrating the 1100 anniversary of Rudaki's birthday, issued by the
697:
421:
202:
Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, the
189:
146:, singer, and musician who is regarded as the first major poet to write in
628:
The 1100th anniversary of Rudaki's birth was commemorated by Iran and the
243:ابوعبدالله جعفر بن محمد بن حکیم بن عبدالرحمن بن آدم الرودکی الشاعر سمرقندی
4811:
4806:
4786:
4695:
4545:
4319:
4160:
4145:
4140:
4120:
4100:
3838:
3823:
3798:
3742:
3502:
3355:
3335:
3261:
2951:
2847:
2804:
2535:
1809:
633:
469:
351:
339:
246:
147:
110:
188:), he may have already joined the court under the latter's predecessor,
4665:
4645:
4289:
4196:
4070:
4055:
4035:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3975:
3914:
3863:
3828:
3738:
3442:
3350:
3297:
2832:
2267:
2176:
2127:
2112:
2079:
2027:
2011:
1998:
1941:
1819:
1421:
1417:
729:
696:
Stamp celebrating the 1100 anniversary of Rudaki's birthday, issued by
652:
523:
of Asadi Tusi. A few complete poems have also survived, most notably a
510:
502:
440:
296:. Rudaki's blindness is implied by the writings of early poets such as
222:
221:, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in
2201:
4075:
3929:
3843:
3752:
2394:
1920:
1729:
1664:
1650:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 414–432.
1567:
1170:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522.
611:
are not contradictory. Rudaki's life is depicted in the 1957 film of
391:
383:
355:
289:
643:(died 1970) dug out and analyzed Rudaki's remains, which he used to
277:
began to develop and flourish. Of Persian stock, Rudaki was born in
4221:
3924:
3898:
3833:
2479:
2186:
1959:
1916:
301:
155:
45:
4640:
4294:
2992:
2208:
2132:
2074:
1779:
481:
406:
293:
178:
394:
and was skilled in poetry. He was instructed on how to play the
4370:
4211:
4186:
2639:
2419:
2216:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1911:
1426:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
586:
548:
525:
297:
203:
143:
1464:
Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In
346:, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of
4256:
2671:
2404:
2102:
553:
458:
209:(died 940), who played an important role in the blooming of
4251:
4226:
3734:
2453:
2350:
590:
401:
218:
173:
1138:
1136:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
533:) consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous
1087:
1085:
1031:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
957:
955:
942:
940:
855:
853:
530:
390:
By the age of eight, Rudaki had reportedly memorized the
167:
Born in the village of Banoj (located in the present-day
967:
838:
1133:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1043:
1000:
900:
898:
1446:
The Routledge Handbook of Persian Literary Translation
1082:
979:
952:
937:
870:
868:
850:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
1019:
885:
883:
826:
814:
559:
Rudaki's best known work is his versification of the
1109:
1067:
895:
284:, in the village of Banoj (Panjrud), located in the
1496:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV
1121:
915:
913:
865:
793:
770:
501:Rudaki's poetry in a Persian manuscript created in
1331:
1266:
1218:
880:
1428:. University of California Press. pp. 1–72.
1097:
925:
475:considered Rudaki's first successor to have been
4829:
910:
625:, which was the first Tajik biographical drama.
1735:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
1560:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1160:"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period"
362:. During this period, New Persian was known as
1613:Father of Persian Verse: Rudaki and His Poetry
4386:
3768:
1680:
1640:"Iran viii. Persian literature (2) Classical"
1493:Negmatov, N. N. (1998). "The Samanid state".
1399:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
1216:
844:
583:It's a puzzle, describing his grace and will:
338:, the language entered a new phase, known as
1217:Bosworth, C.E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995).
1558:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
4393:
4379:
3775:
3761:
1740:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1687:
1673:
1637:
1532:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1355:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1290:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1242:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
38:
3741:and one of the two official languages of
1609:
1188:(1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In
1091:
994:
973:
961:
820:
453:Rudaki was a close friend to his student
1492:
1442:
1375:
1310:
1264:
1184:
1142:
1061:
1049:
1013:
946:
859:
832:
808:
787:
598:
496:
377:
1516:"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"
1363:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75.
667:both easily recognized that the Pseudo-
358:and the northeastern Iranian region of
4830:
3782:
1694:
1463:
1329:
1157:
1037:
1025:
904:
4848:10th-century Persian-language writers
4374:
3756:
2701:
1872:
1756:
1706:
1668:
1638:Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de (2004).
1588:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1416:
1392:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1076:
931:
889:
874:
249:form. Other transliterations include
4873:9th-century Persian-language writers
1520:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
1513:
1386:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
919:
4843:10th-century Persian-language poets
242:
132:
13:
4868:9th-century Persian-language poets
1631:
1388:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
14:
4904:
1775:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
319:(died after 1070). The historian
164:, a collection of Indian fables.
4400:
2702:
721:
705:
689:
671:was mostly composed of poems by
4595:The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma
3704:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
3135:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
1449:. Routledge. pp. 334–385.
744:
630:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
445:
426:
411:
194:
183:
2775:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1795:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
1595:. Princeton University Press.
641:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
1:
4888:Poets from the Samanid Empire
2883:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
2123:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
1873:
1572:History of Iranian Literature
764:
681:(biographical dictionaries).
545:Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad
505:, dated January/February 1866
278:
264:
136:
57:
4497:The Brahmin and the Mongoose
4482:The Mouse Turned into a Maid
4438:The Moral Philosophy of Doni
1589:Starr, S. Frederick (2015).
7:
4863:9th-century Iranian writers
4838:10th-century Iranian people
4572:One Thousand and One Nights
4434:The Fables of Bidpai/Pilpay
2586:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
1616:. Leiden University Press.
1311:de Blois, Francois (2004).
1265:de Blois, Francois (1971).
728:Stamp of Rudaki, issued by
10:
4909:
4492:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
4467:The Tortoise and the Birds
2664:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
1757:
1610:Tabatabai, Sassan (2010).
1476:Cambridge University Press
1376:Epinette, Michèle (2022).
1330:Bruijn, J.T.P. de (1978).
1200:Cambridge University Press
1151:
645:recreate the latter's face
547:, who ruled the region of
18:
4799:
4727:Edward Backhouse Eastwick
4704:
4622:
4611:
4586:
4515:
4507:The milkmaid and her pail
4472:The Bear and the Gardener
4452:
4410:
4265:
4174:
3958:
3907:
3791:
3730:
3686:
3640:
3546:
3372:
3290:
3181:
3072:
3052:
3036:
2980:
2934:
2918:
2888:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
2725:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2632:
2597:
2528:
2496:
2431:
2424:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
2387:
2260:
2141:
1991:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1815:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
1765:
1752:
1715:
1702:
1543:"Tajik ii. Tajik Persian"
1402:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
845:Bosworth & Crowe 1995
373:
104:
84:
74:
53:
37:
30:
16:Persian poet (858–940/41)
4487:The Deer without a Heart
3303:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
2346:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
2169:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
2065:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1725:Old Persian inscriptions
1574:. Springer Netherlands.
737:
492:
306:Abu Zura'ah al-Mu'ammari
4355:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
4335:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
3653:Houshang Moradi Kermani
3257:Houshang Moradi Kermani
3252:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
3237:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
3148:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2648:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2622:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1707:
1554:Perry, John R. (2011).
1333:"Iran, vii.—Literature"
1298:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1250:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
336:Muslim conquest of Iran
273:(819–999), under which
232:
21:Rudaki (disambiguation)
4681:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
4636:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
4540:Hikayat Panca Tanderan
4477:The Lion and the Mouse
4285:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
4280:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
3966:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
3105:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2656:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
2277:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
2020:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
1158:Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).
665:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
596:
506:
387:
275:New Persian literature
211:New Persian literature
78:940/41 (aged 82 or 83)
4430:The Lights of Canopus
4182:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
4066:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
3894:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3804:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3641:Children's literature
3498:Rasoul Mollagholipour
3388:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
3331:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3326:Alireza Koushk Jalali
3272:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3158:Shahriyar Mandanipour
2400:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
2244:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
2085:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1856:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1839:Anthology of Zadspram
1547:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1514:Paul, Ludwig (2000).
599:Legacy and assessment
580:
500:
418:Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
416:) or with his vizier
381:
207:Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
80:Banoj, Samanid Empire
4883:Iranian blind people
4535:La Fontaine's Fables
4290:Abu Muslim Khorasani
3996:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
3986:Abu Layth Samarqandi
3884:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3859:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
3538:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
3403:Pouran Derakhshandeh
3383:Mohammad Reza Aslani
3321:Amir Reza Koohestani
3080:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2750:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2679:Mahmud Saba Kashani
2415:Fazlallah Astarabadi
2291:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2286:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
2236:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2118:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1932:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1720:Behistun Inscription
1541:Perry, John (2009).
1478:. pp. 595–633.
479:, who composed many
44:Statue of Rudaki in
19:For other uses, see
4651:Jean de La Fontaine
4502:The Fox and the Cat
3463:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
3202:Abolhassan Etessami
3120:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2972:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2957:Khalilullah Khalili
2897:Manouchehr Sheybani
2873:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2780:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2737:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
2379:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
2224:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1810:Shabuhragan of Mani
1202:. pp. 90–135.
1040:, pp. 507–522.
313: 10th-century
4752:Ion Keith-Falconer
4275:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
4156:Tha'labi Nishapuri
3971:Abu Barakat Nasafi
3799:Abu Hatam Isfizari
3607:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
3592:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
3562:Najaf Daryabandari
3423:Behrouz Gharibpour
3267:Shahrnush Parsipur
3242:Aboutorab Khosravi
3144:Aboutorab Khosravi
3008:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2926:Edward Haghverdian
2590:Rasa Salim Tehrani
2309:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
2296:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1952:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1891:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1846:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1805:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1790:Book of Arda Viraf
1696:Persian literature
507:
388:
225:as the "father of
4825:
4824:
4795:
4794:
4772:Silvestre de Sacy
4732:Franklin Edgerton
4722:Hermann Brockhaus
4632:(putative author)
4446:Nandaka-prakarana
4368:
4367:
4330:Khalid ibn Barmak
4305:Ata-Malik Juvayni
4268:political figures
4175:Poets and artists
4031:Fatima Samarqandi
3935:Haji Bektash Veli
3814:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
3750:
3749:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3673:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3612:Hamid Samandarian
3553:Amrollah Abjadian
3518:Fereydoun Rahnema
3483:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
3468:Samuel Khachikian
3453:Ebrahim Hatamikia
3364:Mohammad Yaghoubi
3360:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
3227:Houshang Golshiri
3140:Houshang Golshiri
3100:Mahshid Amirshahi
3085:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
3068:
3067:
3003:Abolqasem Lahouti
2998:Iskandar Khatloni
2911:Fereydoon Moshiri
2858:Mohammad Mokhtari
2818:Forugh Farrokhzad
2770:Manouchehr Atashi
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2625:
2614:
2577:
2573:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
2566:
2553:
2545:
2516:
2512:Muhtasham Kashani
2508:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2364:Nozhat al-Majales
2360:
2318:
2305:
2301:Mahmud Shabistari
2268:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
2253:
2240:
2232:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2173:
2154:Suzani Samarqandi
2098:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
2089:
2061:
2053:
2049:Masud Sa'd Salman
2045:
2037:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1964:
1956:
1927:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1864:
1863:
1800:Cube of Zoroaster
1770:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1748:
1747:
1657:978-0-933273-90-0
1528:cite encyclopedia
1257:978-90-04-09834-3
1177:978-0-933273-93-1
543:was dedicated to
477:Abu-Shakur Balkhi
382:Rudaki's tomb in
118:
117:
4900:
4757:Patrick Olivelle
4620:
4619:
4565:Kathasaritsagara
4442:Tantri Kamandaka
4395:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4360:Shihab al-Nasawi
4345:Tahir ibn Husayn
4217:Farrukhi Sistani
4192:Aruzi Samarqandi
3991:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
3959:Islamic scholars
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3694:Aydin Aghdashloo
3523:Rasul Sadr Ameli
3513:Kambuzia Partovi
3473:Abbas Kiarostami
3458:Abdolreza Kahani
3438:Ebrahim Golestan
3418:Farrokh Ghaffari
3413:Bahman Farmanara
3346:Abbas Nalbandian
3222:Ebrahim Golestan
3189:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
3125:Soudabeh Fazaeli
3023:Mirzo Tursunzoda
3018:Payrav Sulaymoni
2853:Shams Langeroodi
2809:Parviz Eslampour
2765:Aminollah Rezaei
2732:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2623:
2612:
2581:Naw'i Khabushani
2575:
2564:
2551:
2543:
2514:
2506:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2410:Abu Ali Qalandar
2358:
2316:
2303:
2251:
2238:
2230:
2219:
2211:
2199:
2192:Najm al-Din Razi
2171:
2087:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1962:
1954:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1835:Dadestan-i Denig
1754:
1753:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1644:Yarshater, Ehsan
1627:
1606:
1585:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1510:
1489:
1466:Frye, Richard N.
1460:
1439:
1413:
1389:
1382:Yarshater, Ehsan
1372:
1335:
1326:
1307:
1270:
1261:
1233:Heinrichs, W. P.
1222:
1213:
1190:Frye, Richard N.
1181:
1164:Yarshater, Ehsan
1146:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
998:
992:
977:
971:
965:
959:
950:
944:
935:
929:
923:
917:
908:
902:
893:
887:
878:
872:
863:
857:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
791:
785:
758:
748:
725:
709:
693:
449:
447:
430:
428:
415:
413:
334:. Following the
314:
311:
304:(died 1020/25),
283:
280:
244:
227:Tajik literature
198:
196:
187:
185:
142:– 940/41) was a
141:
138:
134:
62:
59:
42:
28:
27:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4791:
4782:Charles Wilkins
4767:Arthur W. Ryder
4742:Johannes Hertel
4737:A. N. D. Haksar
4700:
4671:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
4656:Antoine Galland
4615:
4613:
4607:
4582:
4558:Kalīla wa-Dimna
4511:
4462:The Blue Jackal
4448:
4422:Kalila wa Dimna
4406:
4399:
4369:
4364:
4315:Abu Ali Bal'ami
4300:Ali-Shir Nava'i
4267:
4261:
4202:Attar Nishapuri
4170:
4051:Hakim Nishapuri
3981:Abu Hafs Nasafi
3954:
3903:
3819:Abu Zayd Balkhi
3787:
3781:
3751:
3746:
3718:
3709:Ehsan Yarshater
3682:
3668:Poopak NikTalab
3636:
3627:Ahmad Tafazzoli
3542:
3533:Parviz Shahbazi
3488:Dariush Mehrjui
3448:Abolfazl Jalili
3368:
3286:
3247:Mostafa Mastoor
3212:Simin Daneshvar
3177:
3173:Iraj Pezeshkzad
3168:Mansour Koushan
3115:Simin Daneshvar
3064:
3048:
3032:
2976:
2930:
2914:
2905:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2868:Yadollah Royaee
2843:Siavash Kasraie
2823:Hossein Monzavi
2813:Parvin E'tesami
2800:Hushang Ebtehaj
2790:Simin Behbahani
2745:Qeysar Aminpour
2721:
2704:
2685:
2628:
2618:Neshat Esfahani
2593:
2549:Asir-e Esfahani
2524:
2492:
2427:
2383:
2336:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
2273:Awhadi Maraghai
2256:
2182:Falaki Shirvani
2159:Hassan Ghaznavi
2137:
2133:Mahsati Ganjavi
2093:Uthman Mukhtari
1987:
1895:
1875:
1860:
1851:Drakht-i Asurig
1761:
1744:
1711:
1698:
1693:
1658:
1634:
1632:Further reading
1624:
1603:
1582:
1562:. Brill Online.
1525:
1524:
1507:
1486:
1457:
1436:
1410:
1350:Bosworth, C. E.
1323:
1258:
1225:Bosworth, C. E.
1210:
1178:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1001:
993:
980:
976:, pp. 5–6.
972:
968:
960:
953:
945:
938:
930:
926:
918:
911:
903:
896:
888:
881:
873:
866:
858:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
794:
786:
771:
767:
762:
761:
755:Cyrillic script
749:
745:
740:
733:
726:
717:
710:
701:
694:
605:Abu Hafs Sughdi
601:
595:
589:in wisdom, the
584:
562:Kalila wa-Dimna
536:Tarikh-i Sistan
495:
444:
425:
410:
376:
312:
281:
267:
235:
193:
182:
161:Kalila wa-Dimna
139:
100:
79:
63:
60:
49:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Gustav Bickell
4714:
4712:Theodor Benfey
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4529:Calila e Dimna
4525:
4523:Aesop's Fables
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4426:Calila e Dimna
4414:Tantrakhyayika
4411:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Ibn Khordadbeh
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4266:Historians and
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:Hakim Tirmidhi
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3678:Ramak NikTalab
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Hengameh Mofid
3660:
3658:Babak NikTalab
3655:
3650:
3648:Samad Behrangi
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Saleh Hosseini
3584:
3582:Ramak NikTalab
3579:
3577:Sadegh Hedayat
3574:
3569:
3567:Mohammad Ghazi
3564:
3559:
3557:Jaleh Amouzgar
3554:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Mohammad Sadri
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Reza Mirkarimi
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Bahman Ghobadi
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Asghar Farhadi
3405:
3400:
3398:Hajir Darioush
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Hengameh Mofid
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:Mohsen Yalfani
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:Bahram Sadeghi
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Sadegh Hedayat
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Nader Ebrahimi
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Reza Amirkhani
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3060:Muhammad Iqbal
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3028:Satim Ulugzade
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Sadriddin Ayni
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:Massoud Nawabi
2964:
2962:Youssof Kohzad
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Wasef Bakhtari
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Sohrab Sepehri
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Nosrat Rahmani
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Ahmad NikTalab
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:Hormoz Alipour
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2605:Hatef Esfahani
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2552:(c. 1620–1648)
2546:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2459:Kamal Khujandi
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Khwaju Kermani
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:Nizami Ganjavi
2225:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2033:Qatran Tabrizi
2030:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Book of Jamasp
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:978-9087280925
1622:
1607:
1602:978-0691165851
1601:
1586:
1581:978-9401034814
1580:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1511:
1506:978-9231034671
1505:
1490:
1484:
1461:
1456:978-0367510411
1455:
1440:
1435:978-0520972100
1434:
1414:
1409:978-1784539559
1408:
1394:Foltz, Richard
1390:
1373:
1338:van Donzel, E.
1327:
1322:978-0947593476
1321:
1308:
1262:
1256:
1229:van Donzel, E.
1214:
1208:
1186:Bosworth, C.E.
1182:
1176:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1145:, p. 193.
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 574.
1108:
1096:
1092:Tabatabai 2010
1081:
1079:, p. 227.
1066:
1064:, p. 337.
1054:
1052:, p. 132.
1042:
1030:
1028:, p. 623.
1018:
1016:, p. 192.
999:
995:Tabatabai 2010
978:
974:Tabatabai 2010
966:
962:Tabatabai 2010
951:
936:
924:
909:
907:, p. 596.
894:
879:
877:, p. 144.
864:
862:, p. 191.
849:
837:
825:
821:Tabatabai 2010
813:
792:
768:
766:
763:
760:
759:
742:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
727:
720:
718:
711:
704:
702:
695:
688:
673:Qatran Tabrizi
669:Diwan-i Rudaki
661:Diwan-i Rudaki
638:anthropologist
619:Satim Ulugzade
600:
597:
593:in essence...
581:
494:
491:
485:, notably the
473:Gilbert Lazard
448: 224–242
429: 907–914
414: 914–943
375:
372:
332:Middle Persian
271:Samanid Empire
266:
263:
234:
231:
197: 907–914
186: 914–943
123:(also spelled
116:
115:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
95:
92:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
69:Samanid Empire
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4905:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Joseph Jacobs
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:John of Capua
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:Vishnu Sharma
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:Related works
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Yahya Barmaki
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Nizam al-Mulk
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Nasir Khusraw
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Mulla al-Qari
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Nasir Khusraw
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Hasib Marwazi
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3715:
3714:Ahmad Kasravi
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Ali Latifiyan
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Jafar Shahidi
3620:
3618:
3617:Jalal Sattari
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Mohammad Moin
3600:
3598:
3597:Ahmad Shamlou
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Lili Golestan
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Fereydun Gole
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Bahram Beyzai
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:Saeed Aghighi
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Bahram Beyzai
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:Short stories
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Abbas Maroufi
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Ahmad Mahmoud
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Reza Ghassemi
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Reza Baraheni
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Loiq Sher-Ali
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Nadia Anjuman
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Ahmad Shamlou
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Hushang Irani
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Reza Baraheni
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Kalim Kashani
2555:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:'Orfi Shirazi
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Salman Savaji
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Badr Shirvani
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2356:Homam Tabrizi
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Pur-Baha Jami
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2249:Shams Tabrizi
2247:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Faramarz Nama
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Ahmad Ghazali
2068:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2041:Nizam al-Mulk
2039:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2004:Nasir Khusraw
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Kisai Marvazi
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Shahid Balkhi
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Menog-i Khrad
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
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1619:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1598:
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1587:
1583:
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1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1485:0-521-20093-8
1481:
1477:
1474:. Cambridge:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:. Routledge.
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:Ménage, V. L.
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1209:0-521-20093-8
1205:
1201:
1198:. Cambridge:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1143:de Blois 2004
1139:
1137:
1130:, p. 13.
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:Hillmann 2022
1058:
1051:
1050:Bosworth 1975
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1014:de Blois 2004
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
996:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
975:
970:
963:
958:
956:
949:, p. 98.
948:
947:Negmatov 1998
943:
941:
933:
928:
921:
916:
914:
906:
901:
899:
892:, p. 73.
891:
886:
884:
876:
871:
869:
861:
860:de Blois 2004
856:
854:
846:
841:
835:, p. 97.
834:
833:Negmatov 1998
829:
822:
817:
810:
809:Epinette 2022
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
789:
788:de Blois 1971
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
769:
756:
752:
747:
743:
731:
724:
719:
715:
708:
703:
699:
692:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Mongol period
654:
651:According to
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
634:archaeologist
631:
626:
624:
620:
617:, written by
616:
615:
614:A Poet's Fate
610:
609:Richard Foltz
606:
594:
592:
588:
579:
576:
570:
568:
567:Lughat-i Furs
564:
563:
557:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:Lughat-i Furs
518:
517:
512:
509:According to
504:
499:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Shahid Balkhi
451:
442:
436:
434:
433:Ismail Samani
423:
419:
408:
404:
403:
397:
393:
385:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Sasanian Iran
324:
322:
318:
317:Nasir Khusraw
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:area between
287:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
205:
200:
191:
180:
176:
175:
170:
165:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
130:
126:
122:
112:
109:
108:
107:
103:
96:
93:
90:
89:
87:
83:
77:
73:
70:
66:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
4893:Panchatantra
4777:C. H. Tawney
4762:N. M. Penzer
4690:
4686:Thomas North
4614:translators,
4602:Jungle Tales
4601:
4593:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4552:Jataka tales
4544:
4527:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4418:Panchakhyana
4417:
4413:
4403:Panchatantra
4401:
4246:
4242:Rabia Balkhi
3908:Philosophers
3889:Omar Khayyam
3632:Abbas Zaryab
3508:Jafar Panahi
3478:Majid Majidi
3316:Bahman Forsi
3282:Goli Taraqqi
3207:Javad Mojabi
3197:Sadeq Chubak
3193:Shamim Bahar
3090:Bozorg Alavi
3044:Asad Gulzoda
2901:Nima Yooshij
2838:Bijan Jalali
2755:Aref Qazvini
2703:Contemporary
2640:Mirza Ghalib
2610:Azar Bigdeli
2569:Saba Kashani
2562:Hazin Lāhiji
2541:Saib Tabrizi
2504:Vahshi Bafqi
2488:Baba Faghani
2464:Ahli Shirazi
2439:Ubayd Zakani
2314:Amir Khusrau
2304:(1288–1320s)
2281:Sultan Walad
2108:Banu Goshasp
2057:Omar Khayyam
1947:Rabia Balkhi
1906:
1830:Jamasp Namag
1647:
1612:
1591:
1571:
1559:
1546:
1519:
1495:
1470:
1445:
1425:
1398:
1385:
1360:
1353:
1312:
1295:
1288:
1247:
1246:Volume VIII:
1240:
1194:
1167:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1094:, p. 9.
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
997:, p. 6.
969:
964:, p. 3.
927:
840:
828:
823:, p. 2.
816:
746:
714:Soviet Union
698:Pahlavi Iran
683:
676:
668:
660:
650:
627:
622:
612:
602:
582:
574:
571:
566:
560:
558:
540:
534:
524:
520:
514:
508:
486:
480:
467:
462:
452:
437:
422:Ahmad Samani
400:
389:
386:, Tajikistan
368:parsī-i darī
367:
363:
350:and used in
343:
325:
300:(died 977),
268:
258:
254:
250:
236:
216:
201:
190:Ahmad Samani
172:
166:
159:
124:
120:
119:
48:, Tajikistan
25:
4878:Blind poets
4858:940s deaths
4853:850s births
4812:Frame story
4807:Beast fable
4787:Ramsay Wood
4696:Simeon Seth
4587:Other media
4578:Śukasaptati
4546:Hitopadesha
4320:Gawhar Shad
4166:Zamakhshari
4146:Shaykh Tusi
4061:Ibn Mubarak
3950:Shahrastani
3743:Afghanistan
3547:Translators
3503:Amir Naderi
3373:Screenplays
3356:Pari Saberi
3336:Bijan Mofid
3262:Bijan Najdi
2952:Raziq Faani
2935:Afghanistan
2848:Esmail Khoi
2805:Bijan Elahi
2681:(1813–1893)
2675:(1808–1854)
2667:(1801–1880)
2659:(1800–1871)
2651:(1779–1837)
2643:(1797–1869)
2624:(1798–1857)
2613:(1722–1781)
2576:(1642–1720)
2565:(1692–1766)
2544:(1607–1670)
2536:Taleb Amoli
2515:(1500–1588)
2507:(1523–1583)
2483:(1487–1524)
2475:(1483–1556)
2467:(1454–1535)
2359:(1238–1314)
2317:(1253–1325)
2239:(1149–1209)
2231:(1141–1209)
2220:(1126–1189)
2212:(1120–1190)
2172:(1155–1191)
2088:(1098–1131)
2060:(1048–1131)
2052:(1046–1121)
2044:(1018–1092)
2036:(1009–1072)
2023:(1006–1088)
2015:(1058–1111)
2007:(1004–1088)
1842:Warshtmansr
1522:. New York.
1422:Green, Nile
1418:Green, Nile
1346:Pellat, Ch.
1294:Volume III:
1285:Schacht, J.
1281:Pellat, Ch.
1237:Lecomte, G.
1038:Ashraf 2006
1026:Lazard 1975
905:Lazard 1975
529:(eulogy or
487:Afarin-nama
470:Iranologist
468:The French
352:Zoroastrian
340:New Persian
148:New Persian
111:New Persian
4832:Categories
4666:Kshemendra
4646:Durgasimha
4197:Asadi Tusi
4091:Marghinani
4056:Ibn Hibban
3976:Abu Hanifa
3854:Ibn Hayyan
3829:Ali Qushji
3824:Alfraganus
3792:Scientists
3783:People of
3739:Tajikistan
3443:Ali Hatami
3351:Akbar Radi
3298:Reza Abdoh
3037:Uzbekistan
2981:Tajikistan
2833:Iraj Mirza
2177:Adib Sabir
2113:Borzu-Nama
2080:Manuchehri
2028:Asadi Tusi
2012:Al-Ghazali
1999:Bābā Tāher
1963:(980–1037)
1955:(967–1049)
1820:Bundahishn
1568:Rypka, Jan
1499:. Unesco.
1359:Volume IV:
1220:"Sāmānids"
1128:Green 2019
1116:Rypka 1968
1104:Perry 2009
1077:Starr 2015
932:Perry 2011
890:Foltz 2019
875:Rypka 1968
765:References
730:Tajikistan
653:Nile Green
585:He is the
511:Asadi Tusi
503:Qajar Iran
441:Ardashir I
282: 858
265:Background
247:arabicised
223:Tajikistan
154:under the
152:court poet
140: 858
85:Occupation
61: 858
4151:Taftazani
4136:Sajawandi
3945:Sijistani
3874:Khwarizmi
3687:Essayists
2395:Ibn Yamin
1921:Shahnameh
1874:Classical
1730:Ganjnameh
1556:"Persian"
1369:758278456
1342:Lewis, B.
1304:495469525
1273:Lewis, B.
920:Paul 2000
678:tadhkiras
482:mathnavis
384:Panjakent
356:Ctesiphon
290:Samarqand
4676:Narayana
4616:adapters
4612:Editors,
4222:Ferdowsi
4161:Tirmidhi
4141:Sarakhsi
4121:Qushayri
4096:Maturidi
4041:Ghaznawi
3925:Avicenna
3869:Khojandi
3839:Birjandi
3834:Avicenna
3809:Abu Wafa
3785:Khorasan
3053:Pakistan
2795:Dehkhoda
2480:Ismail I
2330:Golestān
2252:(d.1248)
2149:Iranshah
1960:Avicenna
1917:Ferdowsi
1570:(1968).
1396:(2019).
1378:"Rudaki"
1361:Iran–Kha
1352:(eds.).
1287:(eds.).
1268:"Rūdakī"
1239:(eds.).
435:in 907.
405:(ruler)
360:Khurasan
302:Ferdowsi
255:Rawdhagi
177:(ruler)
156:Samanids
105:Language
97:musician
46:Dushanbe
4641:Borzuya
4454:Stories
4295:Gardizi
4232:Kashifi
4106:Muqatil
4086:Lamishi
4081:Kashifi
4071:Juwayni
4036:Ghazali
4021:Bukhari
4016:Bazdawi
4011:Bayhaqi
4006:Baghavi
3915:Algazel
3864:Khazini
2993:Farzona
2919:Armenia
2209:Khaqani
2128:Mu'izzi
2075:Hujwiri
1942:Bal'ami
1780:Dēnkard
1646:(ed.).
1468:(ed.).
1424:(ed.).
1384:(ed.).
1248:Ned–Sam
1192:(ed.).
1166:(ed.).
1152:Sources
732:in 2008
716:in 1958
700:in 1942
407:Nasr II
294:Bukhara
259:Rudhagi
239:Persian
179:Nasr II
129:Persian
4800:Topics
4705:Modern
4691:Rudaki
4257:Sanā'ī
4247:Rudaki
4212:Daqiqi
4207:Behzad
4187:Anvari
4131:Sabuni
4116:Nasa'i
4111:Muslim
4076:Kasani
4026:Dabusi
4001:Ansari
3930:Farabi
3879:Nasawi
3844:Biruni
3073:Novels
2713:Poetry
2472:Fuzuli
2449:Hatefi
2420:Nasimi
2326:Bustan
2217:Anvari
2202:c.1220
2200:(1142–
1983:Ayyuqi
1973:Asjadi
1968:Unsuri
1912:Daqiqi
1907:Rudaki
1759:Middle
1654:
1620:
1599:
1578:
1503:
1482:
1453:
1432:
1406:
1367:
1348:&
1319:
1302:
1296:H–Iram
1283:&
1254:
1235:&
1206:
1174:
623:Rudaki
587:Avesta
575:andarz
554:dinars
549:Sistan
541:qasida
539:. The
526:qasida
513:, the
392:Qur'an
374:Career
344:pārsīk
315:) and
298:Daqiqi
251:Rudagi
204:vizier
125:Rodaki
121:Rudaki
94:singer
32:Rudaki
4817:Katha
4623:Early
4412:aka:
3920:Amiri
3899:Sijzi
3291:Plays
2672:Qaani
2633:1800s
2598:1700s
2529:1600s
2497:1500s
2432:1400s
2405:Hafez
2388:1300s
2322:Saadi
2261:1200s
2197:Attar
2187:Am'aq
2142:1100s
2103:Sanai
1992:1000s
1642:. In
1380:. In
1336:. In
1271:. In
1223:. In
1162:. In
751:Tajik
738:Notes
516:divan
493:Works
459:elegy
396:chang
286:Rudak
169:Rudak
133:رودکی
65:Banoj
4310:Aufi
4252:Rumi
4227:Jami
4126:Razi
3735:Iran
2726:Iran
2454:Jami
2351:Rumi
1900:900s
1884:800s
1652:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1534:link
1501:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1365:OCLC
1317:ISBN
1300:OCLC
1252:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1172:ISBN
636:and
591:Zand
463:amir
402:amir
364:darī
348:Fars
321:Awfi
292:and
257:and
233:Name
219:Iran
174:amir
150:. A
144:poet
91:Poet
75:Died
54:Born
1709:Old
531:ode
366:or
310:fl.
229:".
217:In
199:).
4834::
4444:—
4440:—
4436:—
4432:—
4428:-
4424:—
4420:—
4416:—
3737:,
2328:/
1545:.
1530:}}
1526:{{
1518:.
1357:.
1344:;
1340:;
1292:.
1279:;
1275:;
1231:;
1227:;
1135:^
1084:^
1069:^
1002:^
981:^
954:^
939:^
912:^
897:^
882:^
867:^
852:^
795:^
772:^
556:.
489:.
446:r.
427:r.
412:r.
370:.
279:c.
261:.
253:,
241::
195:r.
184:r.
137:c.
135:;
131::
127:;
67:,
58:c.
4394:e
4387:t
4380:v
3776:e
3769:t
3762:v
3745:.
2907:)
2903:(
2332:)
2324:(
2204:)
1923:)
1919:(
1688:e
1681:t
1674:v
1660:.
1626:.
1605:.
1584:.
1549:.
1536:)
1509:.
1488:.
1459:.
1438:.
1412:.
1371:.
1325:.
1306:.
1260:.
1244:.
1212:.
1180:.
1106:.
934:.
922:.
847:.
811:.
790:.
757:.
443:(
424:(
409:(
308:(
192:(
181:(
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