436:, who was keen to support the British and also to find a use for his officers, for 400 Polish officers and Sikorski so agreed. All told, 273 Polish officers served in the British West African forces during the war. They were commissioned on Emergency Commissions between the ranks of Second Lieutenant and Captain. The Polish officers were poorly prepared for the posting and many of them did not have an adequate level of English. Following the fall of Poland, and subsequently of France, a large of number of the surviving Polish military had evacuated to England. While the Polish Air Force was incorporated into the
78:
404:
412:
of the RWAFF. Normally, the officers were
British ones who had volunteered to temporarily serve in Africa and then return to their old unit. However, there was a reluctance in the Second World War as many had volunteered just for the duration of the war and saw the important fighting as closer to home. Other potential sources of white officers,
629:, she awarded the Nigeria Regiment the honour of the title: the "Queen's Own Nigeria Regiment". During the Second World War, the war-service of some of the support corps of the RWAFF had similarly received Royal recognition, to become: the Royal West African Artillery (RWAA), and the Royal West African Engineers (RWAE).
411:
In peacetime the Royal West
African Frontier Force (RWAFF) had numbered five battalions of infantry, but during the war increased to several dozen plus ancillaries. Each RWAFF infantry battalion included over 80 white Europeans. In total, white officers and non-commissioned officers constituted 14.6%
424:
to begin drafting officers for service in Africa, although many commanders saw this as an opportunity to rid themselves of their worst officers. Efforts to allow black officers to serve were slow to develop, with only the
Territorial Battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment permitting black officers by
179:, who arrived in Nigeria in 1898. The following year, an interdepartmental committee recommended the amalgamation of all existing British colonial military forces in West Africa under the designation of the West African Field Force. Rivalry between Britain and France for control of the trade on the
389:
Between 1919 and 1939 the RWAFF reverted to its peacetime role of an all regular multi-battalion force, recruited from diverse regions and with a commitment to serve in any of the
British West African colonial territories. Organisation and roles were influenced by those of the British Indian Army
696:
730:. Artillery units wore blue jackets with yellow braid and engineers red with blue braid. African sergeants and warrant officers were distinguished by yellow braiding on the front of their jackets. The badge on the fez was a palm tree. For field dress, khaki shirt, shorts, jersey and
634:
Despite the approach of independence, the military authorities were slow in commissioning
African officers. For example, at the time of the Queen's visit, the 1st Battalion of the Nigeria Regiment had only two African officers, both lieutenants, Kur Mohammed (later assassinated with
647:, writing in 1953, did, however report meeting "two or three smart young Negro officers of the West African Frontier Force" in Lagos. Gunther noted that all were former aides-de-camp and that he did not meet non-white ADCs in any of the other African colonies that he visited.
144:
and similar tension around
Nigeria allowed them to create a much more substantial military force. By July 1897, the War Office had successfully completed the reorganisation of the Egyptian army and thought a similar process would be wise in West Africa. The
745:) for review order and field dress. A green and black hackle was worn on the bush hats. For evening functions, a white mess uniform with rolled collar was worn with cummerbunds in blue for artillery and battalion colours for infantry officers.
242:
of engineers. The infantry battalions at that time had an establishment of 1,200 men, the artillery batteries had 175 men and there were 46 engineers. There were 217 British officers, non-commissioned officers and specialists.
160:
The decision to raise this force was taken in 1897 because of
British concern at French colonial expansion in territories bordering on Northern Nigeria. The first troops were from that area and thought of by the British as
1467:
1533:
1528:
1401:
626:
1358:
282:
during 1914β16, in difficult terrain against stubborn resistance, made the WAFF a valuable reinforcement to the
British Empire forces operating against the German
622:, with a field battery of artillery and a field company of engineers), the Gold Coast Regiment, and the Sierra Leone Regiment (including a company in Gambia).
407:
Polish
Officers of the Gambia Regiment during WW II--from the left: Lt. Adam Grzywacz, Lt. WeisΕaw BuΕkowski, Captain Jan Ε»eleΕΊnik, Major Stanislaw Lisiecki.
1437:
1498:
150:
1447:
606:
In 1947, the RWAFF reverted to
Colonial Office control. After the war, the RWAFF comprised the Nigeria Regiment (five battalions, stationed at
1396:
1351:
1330:
432:
was informed on a visit to West Africa in May 1941 that it was necessary to find a large number of officers for the RWAFF. Churchill asked
1477:
368:
1523:
373:
1275:
Healy, Michael S. (1999). "'The Polish White Infusion': Polish Officers in Britain's Royal West African Frontier Force, 1941β1945".
537:
3rd Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
534:
2nd Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
531:
1st Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
505:
3rd Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
502:
2nd Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
499:
1st Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
175:
in a very multi-tribal force, especially in Nigeria. The task of raising the new locally recruited force was entrusted to Colonel
1538:
1462:
1344:
294:
in 1916, and was soon joined by four battalions of the Nigeria Regiment. All remained active in this theatre of war until 1918.
157:
that it was possible at no additional cost to create a "homogeneous Imperial force available for any emergency" in West Africa.
1472:
1442:
1513:
1391:
940:
687:
moved towards independence. The former RWAFF units formed the basis of the new national armies of their respective states.
1503:
955:
378:
1518:
935:
930:
918:
176:
1314:
1179:
906:
990:
912:
1367:
1000:
900:
894:
1457:
1242:
The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939β45, Volume II, Rhodesiana Reprint Library β Silver Series, Volume 11
1508:
630:
287:
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796:
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465:
461:
109:
844:
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was considering the creation of a military force from the West African colonies prior to 1897, but the
950:
255:
203:
675:
in the newly independent nation. The RWAFF was finally disbanded in 1960 as the British colonies of
141:
1223:, Nashville, Battery Press, with Imperial War Museum, London, 1990 (reprint of 1941 publication).
1119:
Major R.M. Barnes, page 276, "Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd 1971
1049:
Major R.M. Barnes, page=276, "Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd 1971
492:
Twenty-eight battalions, including training battalions, were raised during the Second World War.
433:
239:
1200:
The Empire's Smallest Regiment: The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958
1026:
636:
578:
1st Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment β served in Burma with 6 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
209:
991:
Politics and Society in Nigeria's Middlebelt: Borgu and the Emergence of a Political Identity
752:
independence by a high-collared dark green tunic, peaked cap and light coloured trousers. In
651:
was at that time the only African who had advanced to the rank of major. He became the first
648:
520:
8th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
517:
7th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
511:
5th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
353:
1149:
77:
564:
12th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
558:
10th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
1129:
748:
Because of its identification with colonial rule, this uniform was replaced shortly after
555:
9th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
549:
7th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
546:
6th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
543:
5th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
540:
4th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 6 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
8:
1452:
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1381:
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40:
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3rd Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Freetown
440:, surviving members of the Polish Army (who were primarily officers) were garrisoned in
1286:
1263:
1174:, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London, 1930; Naval & Military Press, Uckfield, 2004:
1134:
867:
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756:(formerly the Gold Coast), a scarlet and blue British style dress uniform was adopted.
592:
1st Battalion Gambia Regiment β served in Burma with 6 W.A. Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
473:
291:
215:
643:(commissioned in 1953 as the 23rd West African military officer). The American writer
523:
9th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Takoradi
1310:
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996:
765:
429:
398:
343:
231:
187:, and the stationing of the Frontier Force at Yashikera and elsewhere in the region.
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363:
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279:
244:
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British officers wore khaki serge or drill uniforms with tropical helmets (later
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336:
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2nd Battalion Gambia Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Gambia
861:
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782:
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481:
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332:
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50:
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The West African Frontier Force first saw action during the occupation of the
1492:
945:
425:
1939, and only two officers being commissioned at all by the end of the war.
171:
335:
were awarded separately to the constituent regiments of the WAFF during the
1103:
680:
644:
417:
283:
162:
113:
764:
From 1901 to 1938, the WAFF (and later the RWAFF) was administered by an
302:
By the end of the First World War, regimental strengths were as follows:
248:
180:
93:
1290:
1267:
711:
of the RWAFF throughout its history was a distinctive one. It comprised
444:
in the unlikely event Polish soldiers for them to command would appear.
1221:
Military Operations East Africa, Volume 1, August 1914 β September 1916
1027:"West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
742:
735:
727:
453:
421:
200:
Northern Nigeria Regiment β 3 battalions infantry (including 1 mounted)
137:
1386:
671:
and the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the RWAFF to form the
235:
223:
567:
13th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β Coast Defence battalion for Lagos.
460:(GOC West Africa), the RWAFF served as a cadre for the formation of
81:
Troops of the Nigeria Regiment RWAFF on active service in Burma 1944
611:
477:
441:
413:
271:
227:
1244:, Bulawayo, Books of Rhodesia, 1976 (reprint of 1947 publication).
399:
Situation in the beginning and officer shortfall, Polish influence
247:
detachments were subsequently raised. The standard weapon was the
1254:
Ekoko, Edho (1979). "The West African Frontier Force Revisited".
897:
749:
695:
676:
275:
267:
105:
731:
723:
684:
619:
607:
420:, failed to make up the shortfall. It became necessary for the
348:
258:(quick-firing, man-portable pack howitzers) for the artillery.
117:
183:
led to the occupation of areas by the French, for instance at
753:
712:
668:
615:
1307:
West African Soldiers in Britain's Colonial Army (1860-1960)
452:
In 1939, the RWAFF was transferred from Colonial Office to
184:
703:
of the Gold Coast Regiment WAFF in full dress uniform 1918
206:β 2 battalions infantry and 2 batteries mountain artillery
1366:
393:
1228:
Imperial Sunset: Frontier Soldiering in the 20th Century
818:
Colonel on the Staff R. D. F. Oldman CMG DSO β 1924β1926
197:β 1 battalion infantry and 1 battery mountain artillery
120:. In 1928, it received royal recognition, becoming the
1235:
The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939β45, Volume I
514:
6th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β Training battalion
290:. One battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment arrived in
1534:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1960
1214:
The History of the Royal West African Frontier Force
1186:
The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign
222:
By 1908, the WAFF in Northern Nigeria comprised two
1237:, Salisbury, Government of Southern Rhodesia, 1947.
552:
8th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β Training battalion
874:General Sir Lashmer Gordon Whistler, GCB, KBE, DSO
658:
508:4th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β sent to Gambia
1529:Military units and formations established in 1900
1490:
868:Brigadier Charles Roger Alan Swynnerton, CB, DSO
815:Colonel A. H. W. Haywood CMG CBE DSO β 1920β1923
286:(colonial troops) in East Africa led by General
885:The RWAFF received royal patronage through its
830:Brigadier C. C. Norman CMG CBE DSO β 1932β1936
261:
1352:
1212:Hayward, Col. A. & Clarke, Brig. F.A.S.,
768:. From 1945, the force was administered by a
316:The Royal Sierra Leone Regiment β 1 battalion
1256:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
1230:, London, Macdonald Futura Publishers, 1981.
487:
326:
297:
18:British colonial military force (1900β1960)
1499:Royal West African Frontier Force officers
1359:
1345:
862:General Sir George James Giffard, GCB, DSO
627:Queen Elizabeth II visited Nigeria in 1956
190:On formation in 1900, the WAFF comprised:
1304:
961:
456:control. Under the leadership of General
1193:With the Nigerians in German East Africa
1148:
1128:
1012:
1010:
1008:
821:Colonel S. S. Butler CMG DSO β 1926β1930
694:
468:. Both divisions saw service during the
402:
76:
1463:Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council
1216:, Aldershot, UK, Gale and Polden, 1964.
982:
726:style jackets edged in yellow, and red
1491:
1195:, London, Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1919.
855:
394:Second World War (1939β1945) and after
306:The Gold Coast Regiment β 5 battalions
1368:Military history topics of The Gambia
1340:
1274:
1253:
1005:
775:
165:" - to the end of colonial rule, the
941:East African Campaign (World War II)
880:
655:of the army of independent Nigeria.
1309:. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer.
1248:Military Report on Northern Nigeria
956:West African campaign (World War I)
581:2nd Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment
13:
1298:
936:2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
931:1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
384:
14:
1550:
1478:2017 ECOWAS military intervention
1407:Royal West African Frontier Force
1324:
1031:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
995:Africa World Press, pp. 131-134.
122:Royal West African Frontier Force
24:Royal West African Frontier Force
1524:Military history of Sierra Leone
1156:. 8 October 1926. p. 6440.
1142:
1122:
1113:
1097:
1088:
663:In 1957, the British colony of
659:RWAFF disbanded at independence
570:14th Battalion Nigeria Regiment
561:11th Battalion Nigeria Regiment
447:
86:The West African Frontier Force
1539:Military history of the Gambia
1392:1850β1856 Soninke-Marabout War
1305:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2022).
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
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973:
254:carbine, and the force had 30
1:
1138:. 1 January 1924. p. 52.
759:
1202:. Double Dagger Books, 2022.
1188:, London, John Murray, 1920.
1184:Clifford, Sir Hugh Charles,
1172:The Great War in West Africa
843:β 1938β1945 (role filled by
278:). The experience gained in
7:
1514:Military history of Nigeria
1422:81st (West Africa) Division
1402:1866 Capture of Tubabkolong
1110:, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1955
924:
797:Percival Spearman Wilkinson
690:
601:
466:82nd (West Africa) Division
462:81st (West Africa) Division
262:First World War (1914β1918)
10:
1555:
1504:British colonial regiments
1209:, London, Mayflower, 1969.
845:General Officer Commanding
673:Ghana Regiment of Infantry
653:General Officer Commanding
256:QF 2.95 inch mountain guns
147:Secretary of State for War
131:
1519:Military history of Ghana
1430:
1374:
1191:Downes, Capt. Walter D.,
1094:Hayward & Clark 1964.
988:Adekunle, Julius. (2004)
951:Hugh Trenchard in Nigeria
667:obtained independence as
488:RWAFF strength, 1939-1945
327:Battle honours, 1914β1918
204:Southern Nigeria Regiment
64:
56:
46:
36:
28:
23:
1473:2014 coup d'etat attempt
1468:2006 coup d'etat attempt
1443:1981 coup d'Γ©tat attempt
298:WAFF strength, 1914β1918
274:and part of present-day
142:Benin Expedition of 1897
100:in 1900 to garrison the
96:, formed by the British
92:) was a multi-battalion
734:were worn with a round
288:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
962:References and sources
704:
637:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
575:Sierra Leone Regiment
408:
210:Sierra Leone Battalion
82:
1397:1860β1861 Baddibu War
722:, sleeveless scarlet
698:
649:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
406:
390:during the same era.
151:Marquess of Lansdowne
102:West African colonies
80:
496:Gold Coast Regiment
364:Cameroons, 1914β1916
1509:British West Africa
1453:Gambia Armed Forces
1417:No. 95 Squadron RAF
1387:1830β1831 Barra War
1331:RWAFF regiments.org
1250:, War Office (1908)
856:Colonels Commandant
849:West Africa Command
837:GCB DSO β 1936β1938
799:KCMG CB β 1909β1913
743:bush or slouch hats
379:East Africa 1916β18
320:The Gambia Regiment
195:Gold Coast Regiment
41:British West Africa
1438:Gambia Field Force
1154:The London Gazette
1135:The London Gazette
1085:Healy, pp. 278β279
919:Queen Elizabeth II
795:Major-General Sir
781:Brigadier-General
776:Inspectors General
770:Colonel Commandant
705:
474:Italian Somaliland
434:WΕadysΕaw Sikorski
409:
292:German East Africa
216:The Gambia Company
83:
1486:
1485:
1431:Post-independence
1278:The Polish Review
1240:MacDonald, J.F.,
1233:MacDonald, J.F.,
887:Colonels-in-Chief
881:Colonels-in-Chief
804:Charles M. Dobell
766:Inspector General
528:Nigeria Regiment
430:Winston Churchill
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1316:9781648250255
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1222:
1219:Hordern, C.,
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1201:
1197:
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1187:
1183:
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1180:1-84574-115-3
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1173:
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1155:
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1137:
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1131:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1108:Inside Africa
1105:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1076:Healy, p. 284
1073:
1067:Healy, p. 281
1064:
1055:
1046:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1016:Gorges (1930)
1013:
1011:
1009:
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998:
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992:
985:
976:
972:
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965:
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946:Emmanuel Cole
944:
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939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
920:
916:
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904:
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901:King George V
899:
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829:
826:
823:
820:
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811:
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805:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:G. V. Kemball
780:
779:
773:
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767:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
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697:
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670:
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632:
631:
628:
623:
621:
618:, and two in
617:
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583:
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362:
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322:β 2 companies
321:
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281:
280:this campaign
277:
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212:β 1 battalion
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172:lingua franca
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74:Military unit
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63:
59:
55:
52:
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42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
16:
1406:
1382:James Island
1306:
1282:
1276:
1262:(1): 47β63.
1259:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1205:Hanley, G.,
1199:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1165:Bibliography
1153:
1144:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1107:
1104:John Gunther
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1021:
989:
984:
979:Ekoko, p. 48
975:
884:
840:
833:General Sir
824:
809:
763:
747:
740:
706:
681:Sierra Leone
662:
645:John Gunther
633:
624:
605:
491:
451:
448:World War II
427:
418:South Africa
410:
388:
330:
301:
284:Schutztruppe
265:
221:
189:
170:
159:
135:
125:
121:
114:Sierra Leone
89:
85:
84:
15:
1150:"No. 33209"
1130:"No. 32894"
1106:, page 734
911:1936 FM HM
905:1936 FM HM
876:β 1958β1960
870:β 1954β1958
864:β 1945β1954
827:β 1930β1932
812:β 1914β1920
728:cummerbunds
707:The parade
218:β 1 company
181:River Niger
94:field force
1493:Categories
1226:Lunt, J.,
1036:2020-05-29
1001:1592210961
967:References
760:Commanders
736:kilmarnock
685:The Gambia
454:War Office
422:War Office
224:battalions
138:War Office
110:Gold Coast
47:Allegiance
699:Sergeant
478:Abyssinia
236:artillery
232:batteries
32:1900β1960
1291:25779137
1268:41971313
925:See also
917:1953 HM
750:Nigerian
691:Uniforms
612:Abeokuta
602:Post war
442:Scotland
414:Rhodesia
369:Behobeho
272:Cameroon
238:and one
228:infantry
68:200,000+
732:puttees
709:uniform
677:Nigeria
374:Nyangao
276:Nigeria
240:company
132:Origins
106:Nigeria
37:Country
1313:
1289:
1266:
1178:
999:
841:Vacant
825:Vacant
810:Vacant
724:zouave
718:, red
639:) and
620:Kaduna
608:Ibadan
480:, and
344:Kamina
230:, two
169:was a
163:Hausas
149:, the
118:Gambia
57:Branch
29:Active
1287:JSTOR
1264:JSTOR
893:1928
754:Ghana
738:cap.
720:fezes
716:drill
713:khaki
669:Ghana
625:When
616:Enugu
482:Burma
359:Banyo
354:Garua
349:Duala
270:(now
126:RWAFF
1311:ISBN
1176:ISBN
997:ISBN
683:and
464:and
416:and
309:The
249:.303
185:Illo
136:The
116:and
90:WAFF
65:Size
60:Army
234:of
226:of
128:).
104:of
1495::
1283:44
1281:.
1260:10
1258:.
1152:.
1132:.
1029:.
1007:^
898:HM
895:FM
889::
847:,
772:.
679:,
614:,
610:,
484:.
476:,
339::
112:,
108:,
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1333:β
1319:.
1293:.
1270:.
1039:.
993:.
851:)
161:"
124:(
88:(
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