Royal Society - Knowledge

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tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are:

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98 are known as the "Original Fellows". After the expiration of this two-month period, any appointments were to be made by the president, council and existing fellows. Many early fellows were not scientists or particularly eminent intellectuals; it was clear that the early society could not rely on financial assistance from the king, and scientifically trained fellows were few and far between. It was, therefore, necessary to secure the favour of wealthy or important individuals for the society's survival. While the entrance fee of £4 and the subscription rate of one

748:. Because of the laxness of fellows in paying their subscriptions, the society ran into financial difficulty during this time; by 1740, the society had a deficit of £240. This continued into 1741, at which point the treasurer began dealing harshly with fellows who had not paid. The business of the society at this time continued to include the demonstration of experiments and the reading of formal and important scientific papers, along with the demonstration of new scientific devices and queries about scientific matters from both Britain and Europe. 863:

their scientific achievements and that the number of fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937; it is currently 52. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750. From then until 1941, the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500.

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inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But 'tis well known who were the principal men that began and promoted that design, both in this city and in Oxford; and that a long while before Mr Oldenburg came into England. And not only these Philosophic Meetings were before Mr Oldenburg came from Paris; but the Society itself was begun before he came hither; and those who then knew Mr Oldenburg, understood well enough how little he himself knew of philosophic matter.

989: 834: 265: 1339: 8547: 516: 674: 1128:(FRS). The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society, the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows. Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1,450 living members in total. Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees (each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas) which consist of existing fellows. 867:

14 days before the general meeting, with the intent being to ensure the election of competent Officers by making it readily apparent what existing Officers were doing. This was accompanied by a full list of Fellows standing for Council positions, where previously the names had only been announced a couple of days before. As with the other reforms, this helped ensure that Fellows had a chance to vet and properly consider candidates.

431: 8559: 1110: 316:), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800) and they are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society president is 1159:. Foreign members are scientists from non-Commonwealth nations "who are eminent for their scientific discoveries and attainments". Eight are elected each year by the society and also hold their membership for life. Foreign members are permitted to use the post-nominal ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society) and as of August 2020 number about 185. 1398:. The Royal Society spent several million on renovations adapting it to become the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, a venue for residential science seminars. The centre held its first scientific meeting on 1 June 2010 and was formally opened on 21 June 2010. The Centre was permanently closed on 18 June 2020 and the building was sold in 2021. 654:, moved in a council meeting on 30 September 1667 to appoint a committee "for raising contributions among the members of the society, in order to build a college". These plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the "unrealised—perhaps unrealistic"—aspirations of the society. 1042:(barred helmet) on the final design, which is used. This is contrary to the heraldic rules, as a society or corporation normally has an esquire's helmet (closed helmet); it is thought that either the engraver was ignorant of this rule, which was not strictly adhered to until around 1615, or that he used the peer's helmet as a compliment to 1163: 1530:, the society's first secretary. It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences. 292:. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a 1155:. Honorary fellows are people who are ineligible to be elected as fellows but nevertheless have "rendered signal service to the cause of science, or whose election would significantly benefit the Society by their great experience in other walks of life". Six honorary fellows have been elected to date, including 980:(POFMA), with four prominent (criminal) cases within the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. POFMA also lifted any exemptions for internet intermediaries which legally required social media companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter and Baidu to immediately correct cases of misinformation on their platforms." 1173:

The appointment of fellows was first authorised in the second charter, issued on 22 April 1663, which allowed the president and council, in the two months following the signing, to appoint as fellows any individual they saw fit. This saw the appointment of 94 fellows on 20 May and 4 on 22 June; these

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The society's core members are the fellows: scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Fellows are elected for

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makes, then, Mr Oldenburg to have been the instrument, who inspired the English with a desire to imitate the French, in having Philosophical Clubs, or Meetings; and that this was the occasion of founding the Royal Society, and making the French the first. I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather

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On 22 March 1945, the first female Fellows were elected to the Royal Society. This followed a statutory amendment in 1944 that read "Nothing herein contained shall render women ineligible as candidates", and was contained in Chapter 1 of Statute 1. Because of the difficulty of co-ordinating all the

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and other societies there. The Academy moved in 1867, while other societies joined when their facilities were built. The Royal Society moved there in 1873, taking up residence in the East Wing. The top floor was used as accommodation for the Assistant Secretary, while the library was scattered over

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The period did lead to some reform of internal Society statutes, such as in 1823 and 1831. The most important change there was the requirement that the Treasurer publish an annual report, along with a copy of the total income and expenditure of the society. These were to be sent to Fellows at least

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became president in November 1778, he began planning the move. Somerset House, while larger than Crane Court, was not satisfying to the fellows; the room to store the library was too small, the accommodation was insufficient and there was not enough room to store the museum at all. As a result, the

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Some modern research has asserted that the claims of the society's degradation during the 18th century are false. Richard Sorrenson writes that "far from having 'fared ingloriously', the society experienced a period of significant productivity and growth throughout the eighteenth century", pointing

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The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As

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In letters dated 1646 and 1647, Boyle refers to "our invisible college" or "our philosophical college". The society's common theme was to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation. Three dated letters are the basic documentary evidence: Boyle sent them to Isaac Marcombes (Boyle's former

1636:, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the 1377:

Carlton House Terrace underwent a series of renovations between 1999 and November 2003 to improve and standardise the property. New waiting, exhibition and reception rooms were created in the house at No.7, using the Magna Boschi marble found in No.8, and greenish grey Statuario Venato marble was

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a week should have produced £600 a year for the society, many fellows paid neither regularly nor on time. Two-thirds of the fellows in 1663 were non-scientists; this rose to 71.6% in 1800 before dropping to 47.4% in 1860 as the financial security of the society became more certain. In May 1846, a

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Fellows and foreign members are required to sign a book when they join the Royal Society. This book is known as the Charter Book, which has been signed continuously since 1663. All British monarchs have signed the book since then, apart from William and Mary, and Queen Anne. In 2019, the book was

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and approved by her colleagues on the "Science in Emergencies Tasking – COVID" in an October 2020 report entitled "COVID-19 vaccine deployment: Behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies". The SET-C committee favoured legislation from China, Singapore and South Korea, and found that

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of scientific research of £1,000 per year; this was supplemented in the financial year 1876/1877 by a Government Fund of £4,000 per year, with the society acting as the administering body of these funds, distributing grants to scientists. The Government Fund came to an end after a period of five

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established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of

728:, he used his position to appoint an "impartial" committee to decide it, eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee's name. In 1705, the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises. After unsuccessfully applying to 1358:

in 1967. The ground floor and basement are used for ceremonies, social and publicity events, the first floor hosts facilities for Fellows and Officers of the society, and the second and third floors are divided between offices and accommodation for the President, Executive Director and Fellows.

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The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 Fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is

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left the president as one of the few individuals capable of certifying that a particular experiment on an animal was justified. In addition, the president is to act as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor on scientific matters. Yet another task is that of entertaining distinguished

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The society is assisted by a number of full-time paid staff. The original charter provided for "two or more Operators of Experiments, and two or more clerks"; as the number of books in the society's collection grew, it also became necessary to employ a curator. The staff grew as the financial

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The society has a variety of functions and activities. It supports modern science by disbursing over £100 million to fund almost 1,000 research fellowships for both early and late-career scientists, along with innovation, mobility and research capacity grants. Its

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The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the second charter and initially had no limit on how long a president could serve; under current society statute, the term is five years.

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invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president,

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added its power to shape public discourse and proposed "legislation and punishment of those who produced and disseminated false information" about the experimental medical interventions. This was brought to popular notice in January 2020 by a retired justice of the

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wrote that the practice of pure mathematics in Britain was weak, laying the blame at the doorstep of the society, the practice of mixed mathematics was strong and although there were not many eminent members of the society, some did contribute vast amounts –

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in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with

792:, whom Hardwicke helped elect. Under Macclesfield, the circle reached its "zenith", with members such as Lord Willoughby and Birch serving as vice-president and secretary respectively. The circle also influenced goings-on in other learned societies, such as the 7542: 1311:. In 2008, the society opened the Royal Society Enterprise Fund, intended to invest in new scientific companies and be self-sustaining, funded (after an initial set of donations on the 350th anniversary of the society) by the returns from its investments. 6853: 7868: 645:

in 1661 of a "'Philosophical College", with houses, a library and a chapel. The society's ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff, but Hunter maintains an influence from Cowley and Skytte's ideas. Henry Oldenburg and

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had increased thanks to the growing number of Fellows. Therefore, the Library Committee asked the Council to petition Her Majesty's Government to find new facilities, with the advice being to bring all the scientific societies, such as the

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elected in 1772. By this point, the previous Whig "majority" had been reduced to a "faction", with Birch and Willoughby no longer involved, and the circle declined in the same time frame as the political party did in British politics under

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During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for

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used in other areas to standardise the design. An effort was also made to make the layout of the buildings easier, consolidating all the offices on one floor, Fellows' Rooms on another and all the accommodation on a third.

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years, after which the Government Grant was increased to £4,000 a year in total. This grant has now grown to over £47 million, some £37 million of which is to support around 370 fellowships and professorships.

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The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of

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committee recommended limiting the annual intake of members to 15 and insisting on scientific eminence; this was implemented, with the result being that the society now consists exclusively of scientific fellows.

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serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge";

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all come with prize money intended to finance research, and it provides subsidised communications and media skills courses for research scientists. Much of this activity is supported by a grant from the

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position of the society improved, mainly consisting of outsiders, along with a small number of scientists who were required to resign their fellowship on employment. The current executive director is

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to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the society along with their successors.

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to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over

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of the United Kingdom. Since the middle of the 18th century, government problems involving science were irregularly referred to the society, and by 1800 it was done regularly.

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every room and the old caretaker's apartment was converted into offices. One flaw was the lack of space for the office staff, which was then approximately eighty.

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in a letter dated 3 September 1659; he suggested a grander scheme, with apartments for members and a central research institute. Similar schemes were expounded by

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was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society.

8057: 7720: 6831: 4747: 2101: 977: 357: 3609: 9367: 9357: 8550: 8022: 7952: 7081: 6090: 8706: 2565: 1191:, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of council, the president, and the other officers are elected from and by its fellowship. 9179: 9174: 8111: 7888: 7660: 7595: 7472: 6836: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 2853: 2662: 1563: 1509: 1019:

told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be,

9014: 8002: 7873: 7700: 7237: 7021: 6816: 9136: 8376: 8072: 7655: 6781: 6143: 1685: 913:, a ballot on making the change was conducted via the post, with 336 Fellows supporting the change and 37 opposing. Following approval by the Council, 1640:. The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". 9342: 8166: 8161: 8017: 7818: 7705: 3991: 1156: 3965: 3723: 475:, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society. 9377: 8299: 7690: 1623: 1600:

publishing high-quality original research across the entire range of science on the basis of objective peer-review. All the society's journals are

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There had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent "college" for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by "

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for "Take nobody's word for it". It was adopted to signify the fellows' determination to establish facts via experiments and comes from

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and leased by the society; it underwent a major renovation from 2001 to 2004 at the cost of £9.8 million, and was reopened by

858:, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually 844:

The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the

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for new premises, and asking the trustees of Cotton House if they could meet there, the council bought two houses in Crane Court,

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Essays of Natural Experiments Made in the Accademia del Cimento, under the Protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany

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decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were

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elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was also the first woman to serve on the Council of the Royal Society.

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were appearing regularly. During his time as president, Newton arguably abused his authority; in a dispute between himself and

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Miller, David Philip (1998). "The 'Hardwicke Circle': The Whig Supremacy and Its Demise in the 18th-Century Royal Society".

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FRS, President of Royal Society, 1703–1727. Newton was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society, elected in 1672.

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The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures, and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the

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and was most prominent in the 1750s and '60s. The circle had Birch elected secretary and, following the resignation of

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supremacy" as the so-called "Hardwicke Circle" of Whig-leaning scientists held the society's main Offices. Named after

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The society also elects royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Royal fellows are those members of the

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Another view of the founding, held at the time, was that it was due to the influence of French scientists and the

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out that many of the sources critical accounts are based on are in fact written by those with an agenda. While

31: 3962:"The Royal Society sets 75% threshold to 'flip' its research journals to Open Access over the next five years" 3344: 9291: 9281: 9106: 9101: 8032: 7984: 7928: 7170: 7004: 6860: 6848: 6791: 6755: 6251: 6195: 3373: 741: 320:, who took up the post and started his five-year term on 30 November 2020, replacing the previous president, 8694: 9156: 9116: 8304: 8289: 7482: 7447: 7138: 6949: 6870: 6796: 2479:"The Royal Society and the Government Grant: Notes on the Administration of Scientific Research, 1849–1914" 2096: 1736: 1354:

is a Grade I listed building and the current headquarters of the Royal Society, which had moved there from

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in 1657, reports of which were sent back to England by English scientists attending. This view was held by

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On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at

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The Commerce of Letters: Networks and "Invisible Colleges" in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe

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publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005.

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on 30 November 2020. Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. The

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publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while

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has been described as a precursor group to the Royal Society of London, consisting of a number of

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The history of the Royal Society of London: for the improving of natural knowledge. By Tho. Sprat

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societies, under one roof. In August 1866, the government announced their intention to refurbish

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This article is about the national academy of science in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see

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Sorrenson, Richard (1996). "Towards a History of the Royal Society in the Eighteenth Century".

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in 1781 and the library was extended to two rooms, one of which was used for council meetings.

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Hunter, Michael (1984). "A 'College' for the Royal Society: The Abortive Plan of 1667–1668".

1863:

Science Academies in the 21st Century: Can they address the world's challenges in novel ways?

1780: 1731: 1704: 1363: 1351: 1343: 1016: 936: 762: 587: 559: 328: 297: 269: 8810: 8657: 3579:"Milton Keynes wedding venue 'to close permanently' due to impact from coronavirus lockdown" 3395: 680:, leader of the "Hardwicke Circle" that dominated society politics during the 1750s and '60s 9301: 9286: 9251: 9241: 9086: 8944: 8676: 8394: 8294: 7823: 7242: 7225: 7026: 6449: 6441: 4250: 3271: 3180: 2432: 2376: 1790: 1148: 1132: 1122: 618: 595: 8798: 2658:"Dame Mary (Lucy) Cartwright, D.B.E. 17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1947" 1366:

as two blocks of houses, with a space in between them. The building is still owned by the

8: 9266: 9216: 9126: 9076: 8826: 8284: 7036: 6564: 6457: 6433: 1805: 1785: 1760: 1597: 1575: 1516:

The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665,

1327: 1319: 1038:

The helmet of the arms was not specified in the charter, but the engraver sketched out a

1032: 690: 528: 472: 442: 400: 367: 289: 8999: 8830: 4376:

Lyons, H.G. (1939). "The Composition of the Fellowship and the Council of the Society".

4254: 3470: 3425: 3275: 2436: 2380: 1961: 1538:

consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts.

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a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent

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The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by

387: 321: 238: 6724: 4663: 3314: 816:. The property was offered to the society by His Majesty's Government and, as soon as 8849: 8727: 8719: 8329: 6628: 6548: 4633: 4545: 4532: 4476: 4447: 4299: 4266: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4186:

Hall, Marie Boas (1981). "Public Science in Britain: The Role of the Royal Society".

4121: 4086: 3287: 2691: 2639: 2510: 2394: 1748: 1726: 1711: 1583: 1558: 1502: 1426:

Miscellanea curiosa: Being a collection of some of the principal phaenomena in nature

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from 1624/5. The term accrued currency in the exchanges of correspondence within the

363: 8630: 4630:

Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research

4585: 4418: 4178: 3552: 46: 8885: 8843: 8744: 8460: 8087: 7274: 6612: 6516: 6187: 4713:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stephen Pumphrey, Lisa Jardine & Michael Hunter ( 4606: 4573: 4520: 4497: 4464: 4435: 4406: 4385: 4364: 4341: 4316: 4287: 4258: 4197: 4166: 4145: 4107: 4074: 4053: 3279: 2905: 2737: 2671: 2627: 2490: 2454: 2440: 2406: 2384: 1866: 1770: 1629: 1355: 1211: 1065: 1011: 910: 892: 837: 666: 532: 468: 416: 251: 200: 84: 6121: 3667: 1568:

is published twice annually and contains extended obituaries of deceased Fellows.

1420: 662: 312:

of 2020, there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (

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Through Royal Society Publishing, the society publishes the following journals:

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on matters of science. It publishes several reports a year, and serves as the

870:

In 1850 the society accepted the responsibility of administering a government

9316: 8978: 8764: 8670: 8619: 8490: 8389: 8242: 6644: 6636: 6604: 6532: 6481: 6425: 6286: 4549: 2875: 2721: 2692:"Mistress of Girton whose mathematical work formed the basis of chaos theory" 2398: 1391: 1367: 1113: 972: 965: 929: 896: 785: 758: 591: 566:

was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with

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A.C.S. (1938). "Notes on the Foundation and History of the Royal Society".

3291: 2742: 2676: 2657: 2631: 1870: 1637: 1587: 1570: 1474: 1293:

The Royal Society Collections at the University of London History Day, 2019

1278: 1233: 1229: 1001: 993: 871: 856:

Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes

817: 781: 733: 711: 651: 647: 634: 630: 572: 555: 548: 540: 536: 503: 502:, the society's first secretary, had attended the Montmor Academy meeting. 459: 371: 187: 183: 4065:

Bluhm, R.K. (1958). "Remarks on the Royal Society's Finances, 1660–1768".

3931: 3905: 3749: 3693: 3553:"Opening of The Kavli Royal Society Centre for the Advancement of Science" 3527:""Royal Society snaps up a stately hothouse", Times Online, 29 March 2009" 1187:

The society is governed by its council, which is chaired by the society's

9035: 8804: 8776: 8663: 8636: 8480: 8470: 8067: 6473: 6278: 6203: 1612: 1601: 1523: 1338: 1314:

Through its Science Policy Centre, the society acts as an advisor to the

1140: 1025:

an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions

969: 859: 777: 745: 737: 626: 579: 434: 375: 264: 159: 590:. Although meeting at Gresham College, the society temporarily moved to 6695: 6660: 4560:(Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 9–46. 3084:"The Royal Society, the Foreign Secretary, and International Relations" 2502: 2478: 1949: 1764: 1526:

process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was

515: 379: 8643: 4620: 4209: 4157:

Fischer, Stephanie (2005). "Report: The Royal Society Redevelopment".

3665: 1962:"JOC/EFR: The Royal Society, August 2004 retrieved online: 2009-05-14" 4706:

A visualisation of the Royal Society's publications from 1665 to 2005

4689: 3668:"The Origin of the Scientific Journal and the Process of Peer Review" 3631: 2726:"Dame Mary (Lucy) Cartwright, D.B.E. 17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998" 2445: 2420: 2389: 2364: 1084: 788:, the circle helped oversee a smooth transition to the presidency of 673: 3237:"Sir Adrian Smith confirmed as President-Elect of the Royal Society" 4761:

elected fellows, foreign, and honorary members of the Royal Society

4556:

Stark, Ryan. "Language Reform in the Late Seventeenth Century", in

4201: 3340: 1904: 1175: 948: 408: 3369: 951:, the Royal Society under the guidance of both Nobel prize-winner 9031: 2928:"The rights and responsibilities of Fellows of the Royal Society" 1579: 768:

Politically within the society, the mid-18th century featured a "

430: 305: 7974: 1944:, The Library Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jan. 2001), pp. 28–43; 1607:

In May 2021, the society announced plans to transition its four

18:

Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge

8857: 4397:

Lyons, H.G. (1940). "The Officers of the Society (1662–1860)".

2798:"Spreading anti-vaxx myths 'should be made a criminal offence'" 2618:"Admission of Women into the Fellowship of the Royal Society". 1074: 412: 391: 153: 80: 1109: 935:

Due to overcrowding at Burlington House, the society moved to

8897: 8526: 8367:

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers

1070: 617:, dedicated research institutes, rather than the colleges at 4656: 4355:

Lyons, H.G. (November 1939). "One Hundred Years Ago. 1839".

2127:"Prince of Wales opens Royal Society's refurbished building" 1756:, in which many of the founders of the Royal Society appear. 374:. The concept of "invisible college" is mentioned in German 8916:

Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities

4558:

Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England

3694:"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" 2771:"YouTube censorship is a symptom of a corrosive philosophy" 1381: 282:

The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge

231: 40:

The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge

4486:"The Administrative Staff of the Royal Society, 1663–1861" 4426:

Martin, D.C. (1967). "Former Homes of the Royal Society".

643:

Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy

9029: 8758: 8734: 8620:

Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities

4683:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

650:

put forward plans in 1667 and Oldenburg's co-secretary,

586:

in 1684, an Italian book documenting experiments at the

441:

The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and

6754: 4128:

Carré, Meyrick H. "The Formation of the Royal Society"

3724:"Philosophical Transactions A – About the journal" 1046:, a peer and the first President of the Royal Society. 714:

from 1703 until his death in 1727, and editions of the

693:. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by 8058:

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

3906:"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society" 2534: 2532: 1698:, a fictional island full of absurd inventions put by 978:

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act

382:

in England referenced the idea, related in meaning to

358:

Gresham College and the formation of the Royal Society

9353:

Professional associations based in the United Kingdom

3828:"Journal of the Royal Society Interface – About" 1090: 467:" was run under a set of rules still retained by the 463:, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as " 8112:

List of UK government scientific research institutes

4701:

Scholarly Societies Project: Royal Society of London

4307:

Lyons, H.G. (1938). "The Growth of the Fellowship".

2730:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

2663:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

1562:

is the society's journal of the history of science.

1510:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

9373:

Organizations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic

8003:

Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence

6151: 3750:"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B" 3606:"Chicheley Hall sold for £7m to Pyrrho Investments" 3424:. The Royal Society Enterprise Fund. Archived from 2529: 840:, where the society was based between 1873 and 1967 304:and is the oldest continuously existing scientific 9348:Organisations based in London with royal patronage 8073:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council 1827:"The formal title as adopted in the royal charter" 1686:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1169:was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. 1116:was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1884. 796:. After Macclesfield's retirement, the circle had 8018:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology 4564:Summerson, John (1967). "Carlton House Terrace". 3396:"Communication skills and Media training courses" 3262:"The Presidency of the Royal Society of London". 1632:, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of 1446:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 1438:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 765:with 20 years of detailed, meticulous astronomy. 9333:Members of the International Council for Science 9314: 8300:Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine 4669:Complete list of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007 4599:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4566:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4513:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4490:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4428:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4399:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4378:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4357:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4334:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4309:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4280:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4226:Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity 4159:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4138:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4100:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4067:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 4046:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 2620:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 2129:. The Royal Society. 7 July 2004. Archived from 1624:Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society 3603: 1819: 1413:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1342:The current premises of the Royal Society, 6–9 812:In 1780, the society moved again, this time to 717:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 445:, meeting at a variety of locations, including 8117:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology 1865:" Treballs de la SCB. Vol. 63, 2012, pp. 390. 1305:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 327:Since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 9015: 8701:José Simeón Cañas Central American University 8590: 8280:British Society for the Philosophy of Science 7960: 6740: 6137: 4741: 4239:Henderson, L.J. (1941). "The Royal Society". 2720: 9368:Members of the International Science Council 9358:Scientific organizations established in 1660 7976:Science and technology in the United Kingdom 4136:J.D.G.D. (1938). "The Arms of the Society". 3666:Select Committee on Science and Technology. 3448:Science Policy Centre – 2010 and beyond 1556:, publishes themed issue in the same areas. 4096:"The Earliest Fellows of the Royal Society" 3932:"ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE | Open Science" 3802:"Biology Letters – about this journal" 2566:"Parliamentary Grant Delivery Plan 2011–15" 1666:List of female Fellows of the Royal Society 1284: 1182: 1105:List of female Fellows of the Royal Society 1087:who, having retired, is free from control. 1031:". This was approved by Charles, who asked 498:at the time and has some grounding in that 351: 9022: 9008: 8597: 8583: 7967: 7953: 6747: 6733: 6144: 6130: 4748: 4734: 921:were elected as the first female Fellows. 237: 8127:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies 8093:Science and Technology Facilities Council 8013:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 4610: 4563: 4510: 4501: 4345: 4238: 4111: 3090:. Science & Diplomacy. Archived from 2762: 2741: 2675: 2613: 2611: 2444: 2388: 1390:, a Grade I listed building located near 9343:Non-profit organisations based in London 8864:National Autonomous University of Mexico 4483: 4135: 3776:"Proceedings A – about the journal" 3555:. The Royal Society. 15 September 2010. 3494: 3492: 2972: 2846:"Turning a new page in the Charter Book" 2768: 2684: 2204: 2202: 1986: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1419: 1405: 1382:Kavli Royal Society International Centre 1337: 1333: 1288: 1161: 1108: 987: 832: 672: 661: 514: 506:, however, disputed this, writing that: 449:in London. They were influenced by the " 429: 263: 9378:Learned societies of the United Kingdom 8216:National Museum of Science and Industry 8122:Science and Technology Select Committee 4156: 4093: 3463: 2843: 2795: 2476: 2365:"Government Aid to Scientific Research" 2216: 2214: 2029: 2027: 2006:The Royal Society: Concept and Creation 1671:List of presidents of the Royal Society 1441:(mathematics and the physical sciences) 1428:, published by the Royal Society (1705) 1410:Title page of the first edition of the 1247:List of presidents of the Royal Society 437:, who helped to found the Royal Society 14: 9315: 9137:Electrical and electronics engineering 9122:Developmental and reproductive biology 4627: 4592: 4457:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 4454: 4425: 4277: 4043: 3364: 3362: 3111: 3109: 2714: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2608: 1547:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 1489:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 1362:Carlton House Terrace was designed by 27:National academy of sciences of the UK 9003: 8961:Hay Festival of Literature & Arts 8914: 8618: 8578: 8347:The Association for Science Education 7948: 6728: 6125: 4729: 4675:The Royal Society's 350th anniversary 4539: 4396: 4375: 4354: 4327: 4306: 4064: 4020:from the original on 6 September 2015 3533:from the original on 12 November 2023 3489: 3477:from the original on 18 December 2009 3450:. The Royal Society. 2009. p. 3. 3191:from the original on 12 November 2020 3140: 3138: 3081: 2839: 2837: 2789: 2769:Sumption, Jonathan (7 January 2021). 2578:from the original on 11 February 2017 2421:"Government Grants in Aid of Science" 2199: 2121: 2119: 2104:from the original on 28 November 2022 1998: 1925: 1884: 1346:, London (first four properties only) 1309:University Research Fellowships (URF) 1307:, most of which is channelled to the 947:To show support for vaccines against 378:pamphlets in the early 17th century. 268:Entrance to the Royal Society at 6–9 9363:Social history of the United Kingdom 8607:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 8558: 8496:Sites of Special Scientific Interest 8385:Campaign for Science and Engineering 8107:Food and Environment Research Agency 8083:Natural Environment Research Council 8063:Economic and Social Research Council 8053:Arts and Humanities Research Council 4690:The Royal Society Publishing website 4664:List of Fellows of the Royal Society 4185: 3942:from the original on 1 December 2016 3704:from the original on 6 November 2018 3674:from the original on 27 January 2015 3670:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3402:from the original on 3 December 2009 3243:from the original on 24 October 2020 3217:from the original on 27 October 2020 2702:from the original on 6 November 2004 2517:from the original on 3 November 2023 2211: 2145: 2024: 1661:List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1101:List of Fellows of the Royal Society 8957:Guadalajara International Book Fair 6756:International Science Council (ISC) 3882:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3856:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3830:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3804:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3726:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3638:from the original on 23 August 2015 3422:"The Royal Society Enterprise Fund" 3370:"Awards, medals and prize lectures" 3359: 3347:from the original on 9 October 2014 3321:from the original on 1 October 2017 3148:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3119:. The Royal Society. Archived from 3106: 2982:. The Royal Society. Archived from 2956:. The Royal Society. Archived from 2930:. The Royal Society. Archived from 2904:. The Royal Society. Archived from 2796:Knapton, Sarah (10 November 2020). 2777:from the original on 8 January 2021 2646: 1903:. The Royal Society. Archived from 1752:, a series of historical novels by 1717:List of British professional bodies 1121:life and gain the right to use the 962:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 396:The Fortunate Isles and Their Union 24: 8008:Council for Science and Technology 4721:Digitised copy of the Charter Book 4595:"The Origins of the Royal Society" 3964:. The Royal Society. 13 May 2021. 3912:from the original on 18 March 2011 3307: 3135: 2844:Ferlier, Louisiane (8 July 2019). 2834: 2804:from the original on 19 March 2021 2116: 2054:from the original on 14 April 2009 1968:from the original on 11 April 2010 1656:Royal Fellows of the Royal Society 1461:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1454:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 1271: 1091:Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS) 562:approved of the gatherings, and a 419:who at that point was a fellow of 288:and the United Kingdom's national 25: 9389: 9167:Genetics and evolutionary biology 8270:British Mass Spectrometry Society 4648: 3994:from the original on 23 June 2020 3604:Katherine Price (17 March 2021). 3585:from the original on 22 June 2021 3376:from the original on 15 June 2013 3063:from the original on 7 March 2023 2800:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 2773:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 2750:from the original on 8 March 2017 2546:from the original on 12 July 2014 2228:from the original on 2 April 2019 1522:, and in so doing originated the 1300:awards, prize lectures and medals 1083:, where he compares himself to a 1000:The blazon for the shield in the 976:"Singapore, for instance has the 339:which was previously used by the 51: 8609:for Communication and Humanities 8557: 8546: 8545: 8522:Science and technology magazines 4628:Wagner, Wendy Elizabeth (2006). 4006: 3980: 3968:from the original on 3 June 2021 3954: 3924: 3898: 3756:from the original on 10 May 2009 3612:from the original on 18 May 2021 3559:from the original on 18 May 2021 2882:from the original on 19 May 2020 2856:from the original on 7 June 2023 1776:Glossary of areas of mathematics 1535:Proceedings of the Royal Society 794:Society of Antiquaries of London 45: 9171:Cellular and molecular biology 4036: 3936:rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org 3872: 3846: 3820: 3794: 3782:from the original on 3 May 2013 3768: 3742: 3716: 3698:rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org 3686: 3659: 3650: 3624: 3597: 3571: 3545: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3454: 3440: 3414: 3388: 3333: 3298: 3255: 3229: 3203: 3173: 3164: 3075: 3051:"Statutes of the Royal Society" 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2946: 2920: 2894: 2868: 2825: 2816: 2696:Obituaries Electronic Telegraph 2599: 2590: 2558: 2470: 2461: 2413: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2036: 1268:foreign guests and scientists. 1049: 983: 942: 903: 828: 776:, the group's members included 761:, for example, established the 657: 492:Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle 465:Philosophical Society of Oxford 9338:National academies of sciences 9328:1660 establishments in England 4632:. Cambridge University Press. 3854:"Interface Focus – About" 3117:"How is the Society governed?" 2015: 1988:"Tallents, Francis (TLNS636F)" 1980: 1954: 1934: 1919: 1855: 1141:The King of the United Kingdom 809:, falling apart in the 1780s. 32:Royal Society (disambiguation) 13: 1: 8517:Science and technology awards 8033:Government Office for Science 7985:Economy of the United Kingdom 4330:"Two Hundred Years Ago. 1739" 3988:"The Croonian Lecture (1738)" 2375:(348): 185–186. 1 June 1876. 2092:"The Royal Society of London" 1812: 1401: 257:("Take nobody's word for it") 8305:Royal Academy of Engineering 8290:Geological Society of London 8028:Intellectual Property Office 3634:. Royal Society Publishing. 3284:10.1126/science.ns-6.146.442 2224:. University of St Andrews. 2097:National Museum of Australia 1737:Royal Academy of Engineering 1651:Fellows of the Royal Society 1265:Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876 1240: 1157:Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve 763:nutation of the Earth's axis 609:and, to a lesser extent, by 421:Magdalene College, Cambridge 7: 8837:National Geographic Society 8512:Innovations and discoveries 8320:Royal Entomological Society 8275:British Science Association 8043:National Technology Advisor 4695:The Royal Society of London 4132:(Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 564–571. 3211:"Misogallus on the warpath" 2008:(1967), Part II Chapter 3, 1992:A Cambridge Alumni Database 1676:Academy of Medical Sciences 1643: 1126:Fellow of the Royal Society 1097:Fellow of the Royal Society 878:By 1852, the congestion at 314:Fellow of the Royal Society 10: 9394: 9272:Probability and statistics 8695:Fondo de Cultura Económica 8352:Royal Society of Chemistry 8325:Royal Geographical Society 8315:Royal Astronomical Society 8310:Royal Aeronautical Society 8048:UK Research and Innovation 4686:public domain @Archive.org 4328:Lyons, H.G. (April 1939). 4263:10.1126/science.93.2402.27 3632:"Royal Society Publishing" 2656:Hayman, Walter K. (2000). 2354:Lyons (November 1939) p.92 1994:. University of Cambridge. 1708:to mock the Royal Society. 1621: 1617: 1593:Royal Society Open Science 1519:Philosophical Transactions 1482:Royal Society Open Science 1424:Title page to volume I of 1244: 1194: 1094: 847:Philosophical Transactions 519:Mace granted by Charles II 355: 346: 29: 9042: 8921: 8910: 8771:Caro and Cuervo Institute 8739:José Luis López Aranguren 8625: 8614: 8540: 8504: 8453: 8412: 8375: 8253: 8201: 8190: 8135: 7991: 7982: 7774: 7556: 7498: 6762: 6671: 6557:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 6541:Charles Scott Sherrington 6492: 6353: 6262: 6163: 6111:Health and human sciences 6083: 6032: 5901: 5390: 5224: 4983: 4767: 4014:"The Copley Medal (1731)" 3880:"About Notes and Records" 2902:"Criteria for candidates" 2495:10.1017/S0018246X00009638 1928:Collected Essays Vol. III 1255:The current president is 821:museum was handed to the 488:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 245: 226: 216: 206: 194: 177: 165: 151: 129: 92: 76: 58: 44: 8799:Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino 8789:Hans Magnus Enzensberger 8652:Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz 8362:Royal Society of Biology 8265:British Computer Society 8078:Medical Research Council 8038:Chief Scientific Adviser 6832:Bosnia & Herzegovina 6597:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 4228:, Yale University Press 2431:(383): 369. March 1877. 2048:University of St Andrews 1609:hybrid research journals 1285:Functions and activities 1224:Sheila Rowan (physicist) 1183:Structure and governance 1058: 1004:of the Royal Society is 928:became the first female 687:His Majesty's Government 352:Founding and early years 9067:Artificial intelligence 8815:Società Dante Alighieri 8723:magazine by Octavio Paz 8150:British space programme 6418:Benjamin Collins Brodie 6394:Marquess of Northampton 4484:Robinson, H.W. (1946). 2477:MacLeod, R. M. (1971). 2282:Lyons (April 1939) p.40 2273:Lyons (April 1939) p.38 2264:Lyons (April 1939) p.35 2246:Lyons (April 1939) p.34 1926:Yates, Frances (1984). 1877:5 February 2023 at the 1801:Glossary of engineering 1767:named after the society 1722:List of Royal Societies 554:At the second meeting, 64:; 363 years ago 9297:Structural engineering 9237:Mechanical engineering 9210:Western and South Asia 8685:Horacio Sáenz Guerrero 6362:William Hyde Wollaston 4612:10.1098/rsnr.1948.0017 4578:10.1098/rsnr.1967.0003 4540:Sprat, Thomas (1722). 4525:10.1098/rsnr.1996.0003 4503:10.1098/rsnr.1946.0029 4469:10.1098/rsnr.1998.0036 4440:10.1098/rsnr.1967.0002 4411:10.1098/rsnr.1940.0017 4390:10.1098/rsnr.1939.0017 4369:10.1098/rsnr.1939.0016 4347:10.1098/rsnr.1939.0007 4321:10.1098/rsnr.1938.0008 4292:10.1098/rsnr.1984.0011 4224:Hart, Vaughan (2020). 4171:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0077 4150:10.1098/rsnr.1938.0007 4113:10.1098/rsnr.1950.0014 4094:de Beer, E.S. (1950). 4079:10.1098/rsnr.1958.0012 4058:10.1098/rsnr.1938.0006 3656:Wagner (2006) p. 220-1 2743:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0070 2677:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0070 2632:10.1098/rsnr.1946.0006 2483:The Historical Journal 2345:Henderson (1941) p. 31 2300:Sorrenson (1996) p. 31 2291:Sorrenson (1996) p. 29 2160:Henderson (1941) p. 28 2151:Henderson (1941) p. 29 2044:"London Royal Society" 1871:10.2436/20.1501.02.130 1763:, a mountain range in 1429: 1417: 1347: 1294: 1216:Biological Secretary: 1170: 1117: 997: 841: 726:infinitesimal calculus 724:over the invention of 681: 670: 520: 513: 484:Jean-Baptiste du Hamel 438: 273: 9162:Environmental science 9047:Aerospace engineering 8730:in Rwanda and Burundi 8532:National Science Week 8466:East London Tech City 8221:National Space Centre 6466:George Gabriel Stokes 4593:Syfret, R.H. (1948). 4016:. The Royal Society. 3990:. The Royal Society. 3908:. The Royal Society. 3778:. The Royal Society. 3752:. The Royal Society. 3529:. Timesonline.co.uk. 3507:Summerson (1967) p.20 3473:. The Royal Society. 3398:. The Royal Society. 3372:. The Royal Society. 3343:. The Royal Society. 3317:. The Royal Society. 3304:Robinson (1946) p.193 3239:. The Royal Society. 3213:. The Royal Society. 3056:. The Royal Society. 2878:. The Royal Society. 2571:. The Royal Society. 2542:. The Royal Society. 2540:"Parliamentary Grant" 2208:Henderson (1941) p.30 2010:The Invisible College 1796:Glossary of chemistry 1781:Glossary of astronomy 1732:Royal Society of Arts 1449:(biological sciences) 1423: 1409: 1352:Carlton House Terrace 1344:Carlton House Terrace 1341: 1334:Carlton House Terrace 1292: 1279:Dame Julie Maxton DBE 1259:, who took over from 1165: 1112: 1063:The society's motto, 991: 937:Carlton House Terrace 836: 676: 665: 588:Accademia del Cimento 518: 508: 496:Melchisédech Thévenot 433: 356:Further information: 329:Carlton House Terrace 270:Carlton House Terrace 267: 62:28 November 1660 8945:Alma Guillermoprieto 8395:Science Media Centre 8295:Institute of Physics 6450:William Spottiswoode 6442:Joseph Dalton Hooker 6295:Earl of Macclesfield 3270:(146): 442–3. 1885. 3088:sciencediplomacy.org 3004:de Beer (1950) p.172 2986:on 27 September 2010 2831:J.D.G.D. (1938) p.38 2822:J.D.G.D. (1938) p.37 2196:Hunter (1984) p. 179 2187:Hunter (1984) p. 161 2178:Hunter (1984) p. 160 1791:Glossary of calculus 1565:Biographical Memoirs 1350:The premises at 6–9 1222:Physical Secretary: 1133:British royal family 1009:, with the motto of 996:of the Royal Society 800:elected in 1764 and 691:lightning conductors 596:Great Fire of London 529:natural philosophers 443:natural philosophers 368:natural philosophers 141:~225 Foreign Members 114:51.50611°N 0.13222°W 8827:Instituto Cervantes 8795:Ryszard Kapuściński 8713:Emilio García Gómez 8691:Pedro Laín Entralgo 8285:Engineering Council 8023:Building Digital UK 6565:William Henry Bragg 6458:Thomas Henry Huxley 6434:George Biddell Airy 4255:1941Sci....93...27H 3860:on 23 December 2011 3516:Fischer (2005) p.67 3498:Fischer (2005) p.66 3276:1885Sci.....6..442. 3170:Lyons (1940) p. 115 3082:Poliakoff, Martyn. 2724:(1 November 2000). 2605:Martin (1967) p. 18 2596:Martin (1967) p. 17 2437:1877Natur..15..369. 2381:1876Natur..14..185. 2336:Martin (1967) p. 16 2327:Miller (1998) p. 85 2318:Miller (1998) p. 79 2309:Miller (1998) p. 78 2169:Martin (1967) p. 13 2081:Syfret (1948) p. 80 2072:Syfret (1948) p. 79 2033:Syfret (1948) p. 78 2021:Syfret (1948) p. 75 1907:on 5 September 2015 1861:Ellis Rubinstein, " 1806:Glossary of physics 1786:Glossary of biology 1761:Royal Society Range 1598:open access journal 1576:open access journal 1372:the Prince of Wales 1328:Academy of Sciences 1320:European Commission 1228:Foreign Secretary: 1153:The Prince of Wales 1135:, representing the 1033:Garter King of Arms 909:Fellows during the 641:, who wrote in his 558:announced that the 473:English Restoration 423:, and London-based 401:Republic of Letters 290:academy of sciences 110: / 41: 8927:Emilio Lledó Íñigo 8811:Alliance française 8658:José Ferrater Mora 8445:Technology writers 8335:Christmas Lectures 8182:Telecommunications 8167:Nuclear technology 6935:Dominican Republic 6704:Venki Ramakrishnan 6653:Sir Michael Atiyah 6621:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 6573:Henry Hallett Dale 6172:Viscount Brouncker 4544:. Samuel Chapman. 3031:Lyons (1939) p.112 3022:Lyons (1939) p.110 3013:Lyons (1939) p.109 2960:on 7 December 2009 2954:"Honorary Fellows" 2934:on 7 December 2009 2908:on 7 December 2009 2255:Martin (1967) p.14 2222:"Newton biography" 1940:David A. Kronick, 1705:Gulliver's Travels 1691:History of science 1430: 1418: 1348: 1295: 1261:Venki Ramakrishnan 1171: 1149:The Princess Royal 1118: 998: 953:Venki Ramakrishnan 915:Marjory Stephenson 842: 682: 671: 594:in 1666 after the 521: 453:", as promoted by 439: 411:, who was then in 341:Embassy of Germany 322:Venki Ramakrishnan 274: 119:51.50611; -0.13222 39: 9310: 9309: 9292:Scientific naming 9282:Quantum computing 9112:Computer hardware 9107:Clinical research 9102:Civil engineering 8997: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8906: 8905: 8605:Laureates of the 8572: 8571: 8408: 8407: 8330:Royal Institution 7942: 7941: 6722: 6721: 6549:Ernest Rutherford 6180:Joseph Williamson 6119: 6118: 4711:The Royal Society 4697:(a brief history) 3460:Hall (1981) p.629 3185:The Royal Society 3040:Lyons (1938) p.45 2980:"Foreign Members" 2698:. 11 April 1998. 2467:Hall (1981) p.628 1749:The Baroque Cycle 1727:Royal Institution 1712:Learned societies 1559:Notes and Records 1503:Notes and Records 1416:published in 1665 919:Kathleen Lonsdale 850:. The same year, 790:Earl Macclesfield 722:Gottfried Leibniz 695:Benjamin Franklin 545:William Brouncker 364:Invisible College 302:The Royal Society 262: 261: 258: 179:Foreign Secretary 16:(Redirected from 9385: 9117:Computer science 9024: 9017: 9010: 9001: 9000: 8912: 8911: 8886:Shigeru Miyamoto 8831:Instituto Camões 8745:Indro Montanelli 8707:Luis María Anson 8616: 8615: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8576: 8575: 8561: 8560: 8549: 8548: 8461:Burlington House 8199: 8198: 8177:Renewable energy 8088:Research England 7969: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7945: 6837:Republika Srpska 6749: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6632: 6624: 6616: 6613:Patrick Blackett 6608: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6517:Archibald Geikie 6512: 6504: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6298: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6236:Robert Southwell 6231: 6228:Earl of Pembroke 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6188:Christopher Wren 6183: 6175: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6091:By election year 4750: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4717:, 23 March 2006) 4660: 4659: 4657:Official website 4643: 4624: 4614: 4589: 4553: 4536: 4507: 4505: 4480: 4451: 4422: 4393: 4372: 4351: 4349: 4324: 4303: 4274: 4221: 4182: 4153: 4125: 4115: 4090: 4061: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581:. 19 June 2020. 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2615: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2446:10.1038/015369a0 2417: 2411: 2410: 2392: 2390:10.1038/014185a0 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2218: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2004:Margery Purver, 2002: 1996: 1995: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1958: 1952: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1897: 1882: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1843:on 10 April 2016 1842: 1836:. Archived from 1831: 1823: 1771:UK Young Academy 1630:Croonian Lecture 1396:Kavli Foundation 1374:on 7 July 2004. 1356:Burlington House 1212:Jonathan Keating 1145:The Duke of Kent 1137:British monarchy 1066:Nullius in verba 1029:Nullius in verba 1012:nullius in verba 957:Sir Adrian Smith 911:Second World War 893:Burlington House 838:Burlington House 818:Sir Joseph Banks 802:Sir John Pringle 712:Sir Isaac Newton 704:Sir John Pringle 667:Sir Isaac Newton 556:Sir Robert Moray 533:Christopher Wren 469:Bodleian Library 417:Francis Tallents 388:House of Solomon 256: 252:Nullius in verba 241: 236: 233: 201:Jonathan Keating 172:Sir Adrian Smith 125: 124: 122: 121: 120: 115: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 72: 70: 65: 49: 42: 38: 21: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9205:Hebrew toponyms 9200:Arabic toponyms 9038: 9028: 8998: 8989: 8985:Marjane Satrapi 8951:Museo del Prado 8917: 8902: 8892:Annie Leibovitz 8823:Goethe-Institut 8819:British Council 8621: 8610: 8603: 8573: 8568: 8536: 8500: 8449: 8435:Science writers 8430:Nobel laureates 8404: 8371: 8357:Science Council 8257: 8255: 8249: 8238:Golden triangle 8211:Science museums 8203: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8137: 8131: 8100:UK Space Agency 7995: 7993: 7987: 7978: 7973: 7943: 7938: 7776: 7770: 7558: 7552: 7500: 7494: 7436:British Academy 7409:Science Academy 7315:Slovak Republic 7216:North Macedonia 6764: 6758: 6753: 6723: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6581:Robert Robinson 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6525:William Crookes 6523: 6515: 6507: 6501:William Huggins 6499: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6456: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6410:Lord Wrottesley 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6258: 6250: 6244:Charles Montagu 6242: 6234: 6226: 6220:Earl of Carbery 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6159: 6150: 6120: 6115: 6079: 6028: 5897: 5386: 5220: 4979: 4763: 4754: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4249:(2402): 27–32. 4039: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3886:on 19 July 2012 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3608:. The Caterer. 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3428:on 19 June 2010 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2654: 2647: 2626:(1): 39. 1946. 2617: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1939: 1935: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1885: 1879:Wayback Machine 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1754:Neal Stephenson 1743:Society Islands 1681:British Academy 1646: 1626: 1620: 1553:Interface Focus 1541:Biology Letters 1528:Henry Oldenburg 1496:Interface Focus 1468:Biology Letters 1404: 1384: 1336: 1287: 1274: 1272:Permanent staff 1249: 1243: 1218:Linda Partridge 1197: 1185: 1167:Stephen Hawking 1107: 1095:Main articles: 1093: 1061: 1052: 986: 945: 926:Mary Cartwright 906: 852:Charles Babbage 831: 754:Charles Babbage 699:Benjamin Wilson 697:in 1749, while 660: 615:Christianopolis 603:Solomon's House 525:Gresham College 500:Henry Oldenburg 480:Montmor Academy 447:Gresham College 360: 354: 349: 333:listed building 298:King Charles II 286:learned society 255: 230: 219: 209: 197: 180: 168: 156: 147: 144:4 Royal Fellows 132: 118: 116: 112: 109: 104: 101: 99: 97: 96: 87: 68: 66: 63: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9391: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9257:Nanotechnology 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9227:Machine vision 9224: 9219: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9177: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9153: 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8403: 8402: 8400:Wellcome Trust 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8207: 8205: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8172:Pharmaceutical 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 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6927: 6925:Czech Republic 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6696:Sir Paul Nurse 6692: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6661:Sir Aaron Klug 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6386:Duke of Sussex 6382: 6378:Davies Gilbert 6374: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6303:Earl of Morton 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 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5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4650: 4649:External links 4647: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4590: 4561: 4554: 4537: 4508: 4481: 4452: 4423: 4394: 4373: 4352: 4325: 4304: 4275: 4236: 4234:978-1913107079 4222: 4202:10.1086/352847 4196:(4): 627–629. 4183: 4154: 4133: 4126: 4091: 4062: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4005: 3979: 3953: 3923: 3897: 3871: 3845: 3834:on 22 May 2013 3819: 3793: 3767: 3741: 3730:on 3 July 2013 3715: 3685: 3658: 3649: 3623: 3596: 3570: 3544: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3488: 3462: 3453: 3439: 3413: 3387: 3358: 3332: 3306: 3297: 3254: 3228: 3202: 3172: 3163: 3152:on 9 June 2008 3134: 3123:on 9 June 2008 3105: 3094:on 16 May 2019 3074: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2971: 2945: 2919: 2893: 2867: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2788: 2761: 2713: 2683: 2645: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2557: 2528: 2489:(2): 337–348. 2469: 2460: 2412: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2210: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2133:on 20 May 2012 2115: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2035: 2023: 2014: 1997: 1979: 1953: 1933: 1930:. p. 253. 1918: 1883: 1854: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1757: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1700:Jonathan Swift 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1634:William Croone 1622:Main article: 1619: 1616: 1588:cellular level 1514: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1403: 1400: 1388:Chicheley Hall 1383: 1380: 1335: 1332: 1324:United Nations 1286: 1283: 1273: 1270: 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1196: 1193: 1184: 1181: 1092: 1089: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044:Lord Brouncker 985: 982: 944: 941: 905: 902: 880:Somerset House 830: 827: 823:British Museum 814:Somerset House 774:Lord Hardwicke 678:Lord Hardwicke 659: 656: 639:Abraham Cowley 568:Lord Brouncker 425:Samuel Hartlib 353: 350: 348: 345: 337:central London 308:in the world. 260: 259: 247: 243: 242: 228: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 203: 198: 195: 192: 191: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138:~1,600 Fellows 135: 133: 130: 127: 126: 94: 90: 89: 88:United Kingdom 78: 74: 73: 60: 56: 55: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9390: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Royal Society 9321: 9320: 9318: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9002: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8979:Nuccio Ordine 8976: 8974: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8881: 8880:Royal Society 8877: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8766: 8765:Reinhard Mohn 8762: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8750: 8749:Julián Marías 8746: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671:El Espectador 8667: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8565: 8564: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8491:Silicon Gorge 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8476:Science parks 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:EngineeringUK 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342:Royal Society 8340: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8254:Societies and 8252: 8244: 8243:Russell Group 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 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6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6645:George Porter 6642: 6638: 6637:Andrew Huxley 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6605:Howard Florey 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533:J. 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Thomson 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6509:Lord Rayleigh 6506: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6482:Joseph Lister 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426:Edward Sabine 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6402:Earl of Rosse 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287:Martin Folkes 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6157:Royal Society 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 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Andreae 608: 605:" in Bacon's 604: 599: 597: 593: 592:Arundel House 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 569: 565: 564:royal charter 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 517: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 455:Francis Bacon 452: 448: 444: 436: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 404: 402: 398: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Francis Bacon 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 359: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:royal charter 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:Royal Society 271: 266: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 235: 229: 225: 221: 215: 211: 205: 202: 199: 193: 189: 185: 182: 176: 173: 170: 164: 161: 158: 155: 150: 143: 140: 137: 136: 134: 128: 123: 95: 91: 86: 82: 79: 75: 61: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 9141:Engineering 9092:Cell biology 9062:Architecture 8973:Adam Michnik 8939:Les Luthiers 8879: 8848: 8842: 8755:Václav Havel 8718: 8675: 8669: 8642: 8556: 8544: 8486:Silicon Glen 8341: 8256:professional 8228:Universities 8193:governmental 7559:associations 7463:Vatican City 7430: 7325:South Africa 7290:Saudi Arabia 6866:Burkina Faso 6712:Adrian Smith 6672:21st century 6493:20th century 6370:Humphry Davy 6354:19th century 6343:Joseph Banks 6335:John Pringle 6327:James Burrow 6311:James Burrow 6271:Isaac Newton 6263:18th century 6212:Samuel Pepys 6196:John Hoskyns 6164:17th century 6156: 6033:Alphabetical 5902:21st century 5391:20th century 5225:19th century 4984:18th century 4768:17th century 4714: 4682: 4629: 4602: 4598: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4541: 4516: 4512: 4493: 4489: 4460: 4456: 4431: 4427: 4402: 4398: 4381: 4377: 4360: 4356: 4337: 4333: 4312: 4308: 4283: 4279: 4246: 4240: 4225: 4193: 4187: 4162: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4103: 4099: 4070: 4066: 4049: 4045: 4037:Bibliography 4022:. 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After the 460:New Atlantis 458: 440: 407:tutor and a 405: 394: 372:Robert Boyle 361: 331:, a Grade I 326: 318:Adrian Smith 310: 301: 281: 277: 275: 250: 232:royalsociety 188:Alison Noble 184:Mark Walport 131:Membership 77:Headquarters 52:Coat of arms 36: 9262:Ornithology 9247:Meteorology 9232:Mathematics 9222:Ichthyology 9057:Archaeology 9052:Agriculture 9036:engineering 8805:Jean Daniel 8777:Umberto Eco 8664:Grupo Globo 8637:Mario Bunge 8481:Silicon Fen 8471:M4 corridor 8204:and museums 8068:Innovate UK 7369:Switzerland 7364:Switzerland 7253:Philippines 7206:New Zealand 7201:Netherlands 7082:South Korea 7077:North Korea 6945:El Salvador 6589:Lord Adrian 6474:Lord Kelvin 6279:Hans Sloane 6252:Lord Somers 6204:Cyril Wyche 6084:Other lists 4715:In Our Time 4434:(1/2): 12. 3946:14 December 3916:11 December 3890:11 December 3864:24 February 3838:11 December 3812:11 December 3786:11 December 3760:11 December 3734:11 December 3708:14 December 3642:27 December 2232:28 December 2108:28 November 1972:20 February 1847:14 November 1613:open access 1524:peer review 1210:Treasurer: 1204:President: 1123:postnominal 1055:digitised. 970:sociologist 860:James South 798:Lord Morton 778:Daniel Wray 746:Hans Sloane 738:John Hadley 627:John Evelyn 580:Denis Papin 451:new science 435:John Evelyn 376:Rosicrucian 280:, formally 160:Charles III 117: / 93:Coordinates 9317:Categories 9277:Psychiatry 9186:Geography 9157:Entomology 8735:EFE Agency 8680:newspapers 8440:Scientists 8157:Automotive 7994:bodies and 7775:Affiliated 7557:Unions and 7458:Uzbekistan 7379:Tajikistan 7305:Seychelles 7186:Mozambique 7176:Montenegro 7129:Madagascar 7124:Luxembourg 7067:Kazakhstan 6910:Costa Rica 6807:Bangladesh 6802:Azerbaijan 6319:James West 6153:Presidents 4496:(2): 193. 4405:(1): 116. 4384:(2): 108. 4286:(2): 159. 4106:(2): 172. 4024:4 February 3998:7 February 3678:5 December 3481:7 December 3432:7 December 3406:7 December 3380:7 December 3351:28 October 3247:2 December 3221:2 December 3195:2 December 3156:6 December 3127:6 December 2964:5 December 2938:5 December 2912:5 December 2886:29 October 2582:28 October 2550:28 October 2137:7 December 2058:8 December 1813:References 1765:Antarctica 1402:Publishing 1017:Charles II 889:Geological 854:published 807:George III 730:Queen Anne 637:and later 380:Ben Jonson 343:, London. 208:Main organ 105:00°07′56″W 102:51°30′22″N 69:1660-11-28 9132:Economics 9097:Chemistry 9072:Astronomy 8677:El Tiempo 8647:newspaper 8425:Inventors 8420:Engineers 8202:Education 8162:Computers 8145:Aerospace 7996:personnel 7468:Venezuela 7342:Sri Lanka 7310:Singapore 7144:Mauritius 7119:Lithuania 7022:Indonesia 6995:Guatemala 6792:Australia 6782:Argentina 6688:Lord Rees 6629:Lord Todd 4572:(1): 20. 4550:475095951 4533:144386127 4519:(1): 29. 4477:145249420 4463:(1): 73. 4448:145126489 4363:(2): 92. 4340:(1): 34. 4315:(1): 40. 4300:144483080 4218:143667490 4165:(1): 65. 4144:(1): 37. 4122:202574293 4087:144772434 4073:(2): 82. 4052:(1): 32. 3537:17 August 3471:"General" 3325:1 October 3181:"Council" 2876:"History" 2808:7 January 2781:7 January 2736:: 19–35. 2640:202575203 2511:159794593 2399:1476-4687 1901:"Fellows" 1584:molecular 1578:covering 1364:John Nash 1241:President 1236:(jointly) 1189:president 1085:gladiator 1023:; Crest, 939:in 1967. 924:In 1947, 623:Cambridge 196:Treasurer 190:(jointly) 167:President 59:Formation 9302:Virology 9287:Robotics 9252:Mycology 9242:Medicine 9087:Calculus 8853:journals 8728:Missions 8551:Category 8136:Industry 7992:Official 7528:CODESRIA 7483:Zimbabwe 7389:Thailand 7384:Tanzania 7320:Slovenia 7270:Portugal 7238:Pakistan 7171:Mongolia 7139:Malaysia 7000:Honduras 6960:Ethiopia 6955:Eswatini 6905:Colombia 6871:Cameroon 6861:Bulgaria 6844:Botswana 6763:National 6680:Lord May 6106:Original 4586:72906527 4419:71384634 4271:17772875 4179:71782293 4018:Archived 3992:Archived 3966:Archived 3940:Archived 3910:Archived 3780:Archived 3754:Archived 3702:Archived 3672:Archived 3636:Archived 3610:Archived 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