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218:, although it does not involve repetition, unlike the usual meaning of rote learning. The machine is programmed to keep a history of calculations and compare new input against its history of inputs and outputs, retrieving the stored output if present. This pattern requires that the machine can be modeled as a
125:, etc. By definition, rote learning eschews comprehension, so by itself it is an ineffective tool in mastering any complex subject at an advanced level. For instance, one illustration of rote learning can be observed in preparing quickly for exams, a technique which may be colloquially referred to as "
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that use the formula rather than through rote repetition of the formula. Newer standards often recommend that students derive formulas themselves to achieve the best understanding. Nothing is faster than rote learning if a formula must be learned quickly for an imminent test and rote methods can be
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maintain that students must first develop computational skills before they can understand concepts of mathematics. These people would argue that time is better spent practicing skills rather than in investigations inventing alternatives, or justifying more than one correct answer or method. In this
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because one who engages in rote learning may give the wrong impression of having understood what they have written or said. It is strongly discouraged by many new curriculum standards. For example, science and mathematics standards in the United States specifically emphasize the importance of deep
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More than ever, mathematics must include the mastery of concepts instead of mere memorization and the following of procedures. More than ever, school mathematics must include an understanding of how to use technology to arrive meaningfully at solutions to problems instead of endless attention to
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helpful for committing an understood fact to memory. However, students who learn with understanding are able to transfer their knowledge to tasks requiring problem-solving with greater success than those who learn only by rote.
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200:. Learning abstract concepts of mathematics is perceived to depend on a solid base of knowledge of the tools of the subject. Thus, these people believe that rote learning is an important part of the learning process.
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179:, and replacing content with process-based skills. In math and science, rote methods are often used, for example to memorize formulas. There is greater understanding if students commit a formula to memory through
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Hilgard, Ernest R.; Irvine; Whipple (October 1953). "Rote memorization, understanding, and transfer: an extension of Katona's card-trick experiments".
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of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include
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681:. Artificial Intelligence, 2009. JCAI '09. International Joint Conference on. pp. 272–274.
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device are traditional tools for memorizing course material and are examples of rote learning.
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Helping Your Teen-Age
Student: What Parents Can Do to Improve Reading and Study Skills
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have criticized the new
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answers is insufficient and, in fact, is considered to be dependent on strong
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81:. Examples of school topics where rote learning is frequently used include
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Rote learning is also used to describe a simple learning pattern used in
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A Study and
Application on Machine Learning of Artificial Intelligence
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Preliminary Report, National
Mathematics Advisory Panel, January, 2007
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Understanding the
Revised NCTM Standards: Arithmetic is Still Missing!
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Rote learning is sometimes disparaged with the derogative terms
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Rote learning is widely used in the mastery of foundational
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763:Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
609:"Principles and Standards for School Mathematics"
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187:On the other side, those who disagree with the
19:"By heart" redirects here. For other uses, see
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776:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective
607:National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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699:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
49:. The method rests on the premise that the
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160:National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
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677:Ming Xue; Changjun Zhu (25 April 2009).
579:"Why rote memory doesn't help you learn"
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491:{\displaystyle \ y_{1},y_{2},...,y_{p}}
423:{\displaystyle \ x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}}
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567:. London: Grant Richards. p. 5.
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3213:Central African Republic
1901:The Seven Sins of Memory
1846:Intermediate-term memory
1651:Indirect tests of memory
1628:Recovered-memory therapy
1578:Misattribution of memory
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189:inquiry-based philosophy
73:Versus critical thinking
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3878:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1588:Source-monitoring error
1163:Traditional mathematics
949:Outcome-based education
761:Ebbinghaus, H. (1913).
727:Preston, Ralph (1959).
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1995:George Armitage Miller
1955:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
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939:Inquiry-based learning
565:The Curse of Education
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171:However, advocates of
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3233:Republic of the Congo
2158:Philosophy portal
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740:Cohn, Marvin (1979).
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173:traditional education
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563:Gorst, H.E. (1901).
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1925:Richard C. Atkinson
1742:Effects of exercise
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1500:Interference theory
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1148:Standard algorithms
204:In computer science
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1945:Hermann Ebbinghaus
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1965:Marcia K. Johnson
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1672:Collective memory
1573:Memory conformity
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643:10.1037/h0062072
626:
620:
619:
617:
615:
604:
598:
593:
587:
586:
575:
569:
568:
560:
497:
495:
494:
489:
487:
486:
462:
461:
449:
448:
437:
429:
427:
426:
421:
419:
418:
394:
393:
381:
380:
369:
361:
359:
358:
353:
351:
350:
326:
325:
313:
312:
301:
293:
291:
290:
285:
283:
282:
258:
257:
245:
244:
233:
216:machine learning
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4881:
4879:
4862:
4856:
4839:
4837:
4827:
4754:
4743:
4666:
4660:
4643:
4637:
4618:Solomon Islands
4556:
4545:
4439:
4437:
4430:
4304:
4293:
4277:
4235:
4229:
4215:Northern Cyprus
4197:
4191:
4112:North Macedonia
3933:
3920:
3892:
3860:
3851:
3832:Northern Cyprus
3818:
3811:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3517:
3504:
3495:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3161:
3148:
3133:
3132:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3058:
3046:
3027:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2987:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2930:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2852:
2835:
2789:
2708:Active learning
2703:Teaching method
2678:Learning theory
2619:
2585:Autodidacticism
2580:Adult education
2566:
2507:Performing arts
2388:
2295:Teacher quality
2285:Standards-based
2241:
2213:
2202:
2197:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2126:
2107:Dominic O'Brien
2085:
2054:
2035:Susumu Tonegawa
2015:Daniel Schacter
1990:Eleanor Maguire
1980:Geoffrey Loftus
1935:Stephen J. Ceci
1930:Robert A. Bjork
1906:
1825:state-dependent
1799:
1771:
1703:
1684:Cultural memory
1660:
1656:Memory disorder
1632:
1592:
1534:
1425:
1335:
1310:
1255:
1212:
1207:
1177:
1172:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1074:
1048:
1045:
1044:Standards-based
1037:
984:
975:Achievement gap
963:
904:Active learning
892:
863:Constance Kamii
831:
826:
796:
791:
790:
773:
769:
760:
756:
739:
735:
726:
722:
715:"Rote Learning"
713:
712:
708:
695:cite conference
692:
691:
675:
671:
662:
658:
627:
623:
613:
611:
605:
601:
594:
590:
577:
576:
572:
561:
557:
552:
544:Oswego Movement
540:
520:
482:
478:
457:
453:
444:
440:
435:
432:
431:
414:
410:
389:
385:
376:
372:
367:
364:
363:
346:
342:
321:
317:
308:
304:
299:
296:
295:
278:
274:
253:
249:
240:
236:
231:
228:
227:
212:
206:
156:recall of facts
75:
67:active learning
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4957:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Norfolk Island
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:American Samoa
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4644:of New Zealand
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Sint Eustatius
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Cayman Islands
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4289:European Union
4285:
4283:
4282:Other entities
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4236:other entities
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4187:United Kingdom
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Czech Republic
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3853:
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3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
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3813:
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3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
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3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3520:
3507:
3498:
3484:Canary Islands
3480:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2928:Primary school
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Cognitive load
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Evidence-based
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2246:By perspective
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Paul R. McHugh
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Ivan Izquierdo
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Hindsight bias
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Memory erasure
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:post-traumatic
1460:
1455:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Personal-event
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1331:Working memory
1328:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:Motor learning
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:Basic concepts
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1168:Whole language
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:Guided reading
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Decodable text
1109:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
971:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Constructivism
916:
914:Cognitive load
911:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:Caleb Gattegno
855:
850:
845:
843:Benjamin Bloom
839:
837:
833:
832:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
795:
794:External links
792:
789:
788:
767:
754:
733:
720:
706:
669:
656:
637:(4): 288–292.
621:
599:
588:
570:
554:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
536:
519:
516:
500:
499:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
349:
345:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
205:
202:
117:in law, basic
91:periodic table
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4956:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4851:French Guiana
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:New Caledonia
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Easter Island
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4426:United States
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Faroe Islands
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:South Ossetia
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4185:
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4138:
4135:
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4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
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4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Liechtenstein
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
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4033:
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4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
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3978:
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3968:
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3876:
3874:
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3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:South Ossetia
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
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3770:
3768:
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3728:
3725:
3723:
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3700:
3698:
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3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
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3648:
3645:
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3640:
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3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
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3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Guinea-Bissau
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:Undergraduate
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3003:Middle school
3001:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Project-based
2766:
2764:
2763:Problem-based
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Demonstration
2721:
2719:
2718:Contemplative
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Homeschooling
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Environmental
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:Instructional
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Psychometrics
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2081:Clive Wearing
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Endel Tulving
2043:
2041:
2040:Anne Treisman
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Brenda Milner
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:James McGaugh
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Sigmund Freud
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:retrospective
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Muscle memory
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:Art of memory
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Memory biases
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Confabulation
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:Memory errors
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:post-hypnotic
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Rote learning
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Hyperthymesia
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Active recall
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Consolidation
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Rote learning
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:William Spady
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Rheta DeVries
851:
849:
848:Jerome Bruner
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
830:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
800:
785:
784:0-13-010850-2
781:
777:
771:
764:
758:
751:
747:
743:
737:
730:
724:
716:
710:
702:
696:
688:
684:
680:
673:
667:
666:
660:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
610:
603:
597:
592:
584:
580:
574:
566:
559:
555:
545:
542:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
415:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
362:) → store ((
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
225:
224:
223:
221:
220:pure function
217:
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
168:
163:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:regurgitation
138:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Rote learning
33:
28:
22:
4939:Memorization
4878:
4834:Dependencies
4665:Dependencies
4651:Cook Islands
4531:Sint Maarten
4511:Saint Martin
4225:Transnistria
3857:Dependencies
3787:Turkmenistan
3752:Saudi Arabia
3523:Saint Helena
3494:
3398:South Africa
3388:Sierra Leone
3193:Burkina Faso
3085:Postgraduate
2901:Kindergarten
2753:Personalized
2733:Experiential
2693:Teacher look
2402:Agricultural
2258:Anthropology
2112:Ben Pridmore
2030:Larry Squire
1940:Susan Clancy
1899:
1783:Memory sport
1708:Other topics
1598:False memory
1553:Cryptomnesia
1530:Weapon focus
1490:Decay theory
1410:
1251:Neuroanatomy
1210:Human memory
1142:
1103:Standardized
888:Lev Vygotsky
775:
770:
762:
757:
741:
736:
728:
723:
709:
678:
672:
664:
659:
634:
630:
624:
612:. Retrieved
602:
591:
582:
573:
564:
558:
521:
501:
213:
186:
170:
165:
150:
146:
140:
133:
131:
76:
43:memorization
38:
37:
4908:WikiProject
4598:New Zealand
4501:Puerto Rico
4411:Saint Lucia
4361:El Salvador
4263:Isle of Man
4198:recognition
4172:Switzerland
4107:Netherlands
3916:Asia portal
3817:States with
3737:Philippines
3677:South Korea
3672:North Korea
3567:Afghanistan
3450:recognition
3403:South Sudan
3293:Ivory Coast
3009:High school
2806:Definitions
2683:Lesson plan
2572:Alternative
2477:Mathematics
2447:Engineering
1970:Eric Kandel
1918:Researchers
1890:Prospective
1841:Free recall
1795:Shas Pollak
1448:anterograde
1364:Declarative
883:Marc Tucker
873:Jean Piaget
836:Individuals
583:Better Help
210:Memoization
113:, cases or
103:mathematics
4923:Categories
4496:Montserrat
4491:Martinique
4486:Guadeloupe
4341:Costa Rica
4142:San Marino
4102:Montenegro
4082:Luxembourg
4062:Kazakhstan
3965:Azerbaijan
3797:Uzbekistan
3772:Tajikistan
3687:Kyrgyzstan
3667:Kazakhstan
3587:Bangladesh
3577:Azerbaijan
3505:(Portugal)
3463:Somaliland
3383:Seychelles
3348:Mozambique
3333:Mauritania
3318:Madagascar
3273:The Gambia
3208:Cape Verde
3061:Continuing
3051:Vocational
2656:Curriculum
2590:Democratic
2562:Vocational
2552:Technology
2512:Philosophy
2394:By subject
2372:Technology
2352:Psychology
2337:Philosophy
2327:Leadership
2268:Evaluation
2263:Assessment
2005:Lynn Nadel
1883:intertrial
1868:Metamemory
1856:flashbacks
1776:In society
1473:retrograde
1435:Forgetting
1406:Procedural
1316:Short-term
1286:Eyewitness
1105:curriculum
1046:assessment
1008:Goals 2000
744:, Dutton,
550:References
208:See also:
194:estimating
47:repetition
4823:Venezuela
4768:Argentina
4568:Australia
4481:Greenland
4396:Nicaragua
4371:Guatemala
4253:Gibraltar
4077:Lithuania
3883:Hong Kong
3837:Palestine
3762:Sri Lanka
3757:Singapore
3637:Indonesia
3338:Mauritius
2894:Preschool
2794:Wikimedia
2532:Religious
2457:Euthenics
2442:Economics
2422:Chemistry
2412:Bilingual
2367:Sociology
2322:Inclusion
2302:Economics
2200:Education
1757:Nutrition
1665:In groups
1478:selective
1453:childhood
1381:Flashbulb
1341:Long-term
1241:Attention
934:Inclusion
524:flashcard
181:exercises
95:chemistry
79:knowledge
4944:Pedagogy
4898:Category
4813:Suriname
4803:Paraguay
4788:Colombia
4583:Kiribati
4446:Anguilla
4381:Honduras
4351:Dominica
4326:Barbados
4273:Svalbard
4258:Guernsey
4205:Abkhazia
4157:Slovenia
4152:Slovakia
4127:Portugal
3985:Bulgaria
3906:Category
3827:Abkhazia
3777:Thailand
3732:Pakistan
3712:Mongolia
3707:Maldives
3702:Malaysia
3602:Cambodia
3529: /
3525: /
3518:(France)
3512: /
3490: /
3486: /
3438:Zimbabwe
3413:Tanzania
3263:Ethiopia
3258:Eswatini
3238:Djibouti
3203:Cameroon
3188:Botswana
2778:Socratic
2738:Feedback
2624:Concepts
2517:Physical
2487:Military
2467:Language
2417:Business
2357:Research
2347:Politics
2332:Pedagogy
2227:Glossary
2212:Overview
2059:Patients
1730:mnemonic
1725:chunking
1391:Implicit
1374:Semantic
1369:Episodic
1359:Explicit
1224:Encoding
897:Theories
651:13109128
538:See also
532:mnemonic
162:stated:
147:cramming
127:cramming
119:formulae
115:statutes
111:medicine
21:By Heart
4818:Uruguay
4793:Ecuador
4773:Bolivia
4734:Tokelau
4633:Vanuatu
4476:Curaçao
4461:Bonaire
4456:Bermuda
4386:Jamaica
4366:Grenada
4321:Bahamas
4182:Ukraine
4132:Romania
4092:Moldova
4050:Ireland
4045:Iceland
4040:Hungary
4030:Germany
4025:Georgia
4015:Finland
4010:Estonia
4005:Denmark
3990:Croatia
3975:Belgium
3970:Belarus
3960:Austria
3955:Armenia
3950:Andorra
3945:Albania
3802:Vietnam
3717:Myanmar
3697:Lebanon
3627:Georgia
3582:Bahrain
3572:Armenia
3514:RĂ©union
3510:Mayotte
3501:Madeira
3496:(Spain)
3492:Melilla
3423:Tunisia
3393:Somalia
3378:Senegal
3363:Nigeria
3353:Namibia
3343:Morocco
3308:Liberia
3303:Lesotho
3253:Eritrea
3223:Comoros
3198:Burundi
3173:Algeria
3081:→
3056:Further
3011:→
3006:→
2988:→
2952:→
2947:→
2931:→
2904:→
2897:→
2743:Passive
2666:Studies
2547:Teacher
2537:Science
2527:Reading
2522:Physics
2497:Nursing
2482:Medical
2317:History
2237:Outline
2219:General
1878:Priming
1804:Related
1747:Emotion
1443:Amnesia
1281:Eidetic
1268:Sensory
1229:Storage
1138:Phonics
1133:Lecture
528:outline
508:IBM 701
151:mugging
137:fashion
123:science
121:in any
107:anatomy
87:reading
83:phonics
4798:Guyana
4778:Brazil
4709:Hawaii
4628:Tuvalu
4401:Panama
4391:Mexico
4336:Canada
4331:Belize
4268:Jersey
4210:Kosovo
4177:Turkey
4167:Sweden
4147:Serbia
4137:Russia
4122:Poland
4117:Norway
4097:Monaco
4067:Latvia
4035:Greece
4020:France
3995:Cyprus
3847:Taiwan
3782:Turkey
3747:Russia
3682:Kuwait
3662:Jordan
3652:Israel
3612:Cyprus
3597:Brunei
3592:Bhutan
3533:
3516:
3503:
3433:Zambia
3428:Uganda
3368:Rwanda
3323:Malawi
3283:Guinea
3178:Angola
3128:Portal
3088:
3047:
2950:Junior
2945:Infant
2850:Stages
2826:Quotes
2811:Images
2671:Theory
2661:Hidden
2557:Values
2462:Health
2437:Design
2362:Rights
2342:Policy
1911:People
1896:memory
1827:memory
1767:Trauma
1306:Visual
1296:Iconic
1291:Haptic
1276:Echoic
1234:Recall
1123:Grades
968:Values
782:
748:
649:
530:, and
504:Samuel
438:
370:
302:
234:
192:view,
135:parrot
89:, the
51:recall
4783:Chile
4623:Tonga
4613:Samoa
4603:Palau
4593:Nauru
4451:Aruba
4376:Haiti
4243:Ă…land
4162:Spain
4087:Malta
4057:Italy
3888:Macau
3807:Yemen
3767:Syria
3742:Qatar
3722:Nepal
3657:Japan
3632:India
3622:Egypt
3607:China
3488:Ceuta
3408:Sudan
3358:Niger
3313:Libya
3298:Kenya
3278:Ghana
3268:Gabon
3243:Egypt
3183:Benin
2831:Texts
2801:Books
2502:Peace
2492:Music
2472:Legal
2432:Death
2232:Index
2090:Other
1762:Sleep
1715:Aging
1260:Types
614:6 May
294:) → (
149:, or
41:is a
4808:Peru
4704:Guam
4656:Niue
4578:Fiji
4521:Saba
4346:Cuba
3727:Oman
3692:Laos
3647:Iraq
3642:Iran
3418:Togo
3328:Mali
3218:Chad
2821:News
1892:and
1823:and
780:ISBN
746:ISBN
701:link
647:PMID
616:2011
522:The
65:and
32:Anki
4836:and
3859:and
2542:Sex
2407:Art
683:doi
639:doi
430:),(
129:".
109:in
101:in
93:in
85:in
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2076:NA
2071:KC
2066:HM
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693:{{
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480:y
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328:,
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