647:
this mine's impacts has not been achieved. If anything, regulatory agencies and proponents involved appear to be backsliding on their previous and specific commitments. The fundamental administration of national environmental laws is also retrogressing. Increasing levels of surprise, controversy and a sense of unfair treatment and lack of concern for the public interest has resulted in a spate of lawsuits, even as federal and state agencies have issued the requisite permits. There is no community consensus on whether the prospective benefits to the economy would outweigh the known impacts to land and water in both the Santa Cruz and
Cienega watersheds.
449:. Over 11,000 scoping comment submissions were received. The Draft EIS for Rosemont contained approximately 400 reports on topics such as air quality, water resources, soils and reclamation, and biological resources. The public comment period for Rosemont's draft EIS closed on January 31, 2012. The Forest Service Southwestern Regional Office released their Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and draft Record of Decision (ROD) for the Rosemont Copper Project on December 13, 2013. On June 6, 2017, the Coronado National Forest completed their Record of Decision for the Project (ROD).
45:
38:
461:
Director of
Environment for Hudbay Minerals Corporation, that rescinded Rosemont's operating permit. Gen. Hemlinger wrote: "I am writing to inform you that I am suspending your Department of the Army (DA) permit, issued on March 8, 2019, for the Rosemont Copper project (SPL-2008-00816- MB). This suspension is effective immediately."
468:
upheld
District Court Judge Soto’s order blocking the proposed mine on grounds of the 1872 Mining Law. The Ninth Circuit’s decision was not appealed to the Supreme Court. The ruling affects other potential mines in the Ninth Circuit that may seek to dispose of waste on public lands under color
329:
has passed its title to the claimant, making it private land. A contiguous package of 850 unpatented lode mining claims with an aggregate area of approximately 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) surrounds the core of patented claims. An unpatented mine claim is one in which land is essentially leased from
259:
upheld
District Court Judge Soto’s order blocking the proposed mine on grounds of the 1872 Mining Law. The Ninth Circuit’s decision was not appealed to the Supreme Court. The ruling affects other potential mines in the Ninth Circuit that may seek to dispose of waste on public lands under color
646:
The
Rosemont Mine has also faced considerable political opposition. The Pima County (AZ) Board of Supervisors published a memorandum in opposition to the Rosemont Mine on April 16, 2019. In part, the memorandum states: "After nearly a decade of controversy, it is clear that meaningful mitigation of
405:
of the region formed. Compressional tectonics during the
Laramide Orogeny created both low-angle thrust faults and high-angle strike-slip faults. Extensional tectonic activity followed the Laramide Orogeny and was accompanied by voluminous felsic volcanic eruptions. Numerous low-angle normal faults
452:
Rosemont's permits faced legal hurdles. Following his legal examination of the issued permits for the
Rosemont Mine, on July 31, 2019, U.S. District Judge James Soto overturned the U.S. Forest Service's 2017 decision approving the mine and its 2013 final environmental impact statement clearing the
302:
Copper production ceased in 1951. In the decades since, the area continued to be the site of successive exploration efforts. In 1956, the
American Exploration and Mining Company began exploring the Broadtop Butte prospect. Banner Mining Company acquired most of the claims in the area by the late
460:
Following the determination from Judge Soto that
Rosemont's attempt to use Forest Service land for waste disposal was invalid, on August 23, 2019, General D. Peter Hemlinger PE, Division Commander, Northwestern Division, US Army Corps of Engineers wrote a letter to Ms. Katherine Ann Arnold, PE,
612:
or other elements and that the mine will damage regional tourism. EPA has shown that copper mining in
Arizona generates substantial radioactive waste, called TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials), and TENORM from the Rosemont Mine has been cited as a major
638:
The Rosemont Copper project has been endorsed by Arizona Builders' Alliance, Alliance of Construction Trades, Tucson Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors, Tucson Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, Marana Chamber of Commerce, Southern Arizona Contractors Association, Tucson Utility
312:
purchased the property in 1988, renewed exploration of the Peach-Elgin prospect and initiated engineering studies. ASARCO sold the entire property to real estate interests in 2004. Augusta acquired the Rosemont Property in 2005. Hudbay Minerals acquired the property in 2014.
307:
ore body. The company also advanced the Broadtop Butte and Peach-Elgin prospects. The project continued after Amax and Anaconda formed the Anamax partnership and ceased in 1986 when Anamax sold the property to a real estate company during the dissolution of Anaconda.
453:
way for that approval. Specifically, he ruled that the mining company can't put its waste rock and mine tailings on Forest Service land even though it has mining claims on it because it has failed to prove the claims are valid. The
532:
emissions. The Activity Permit Program ensures that individuals are aware of fugitive dust emissions regulations and requires them to provide information regarding the location and types of activities so the department can monitor
1682:
298:
brought forth construction and operation of the Columbia Smelter at Helvetia on the west side of the Santa Rita Mountains and the Rosemont Smelter in the Rosemont Mining District on the east side of the Santa Rita Mountains.
729:
The mine would create a much-needed economic boost to the region, directly employing 400 people for at least 19 years and support 1,700 indirect jobs. Historically, mining jobs are among the highest paying positions in
692:
Construction and operation of the mine will severely impact Arizona Scenic Route 83, a two-lane, winding road that is the only access road for mine construction, equipment transportation, and copper concentrate
681:
communities are largely driven by outdoor recreation and tourism. Even modest impact from the Rosemont Mine could discourage tourism to the region, and destroy more than the number of new jobs the mine would
1878:
588:
is the first step in the hazardous waste management system. Correctly determining whether a waste meets the RCRA definition of hazardous waste is essential to determining how the waste must be managed.
502:(the area between land surface and the water table where the moisture content is less than saturation) in such a manner that there is a reasonable probability that the pollutant will reach an aquifer.
869:
481:
Before the Ninth Circuit ruling invalidated the basis for the use of Forest land, Rosemont Copper had secured the following major permits necessary to begin construction on the proposed mine:
1188:
840:
616:
Proponents argue that the Rosemont mine will provide economic benefits to the region, including jobs and tax revenue, as well as help reduce U.S. dependence on foreign sources of minerals.
255:
clearing the way for that approval. On August 23, 2019, the US Army Corps of Engineers issued a letter to Rosemont Copper Company that immediately suspended its permit. In May 2022, the
1767:
251:
Following legal review of Rosemont's permits, on July 31, 2019, U.S. District Judge James Soto overturned the U.S. Forest Service's 2017 decision approving the mine and its 2013 final
290:
beginning in the late 1880s. By 1907, Southern Arizona led world copper production. Sporadic prospecting reportedly began in the northwestern portion of the Rosemont property, in the
522:
is for any activity that includes the clearing of more than 1-acre of land (0.40 ha) and which is not exempt by this ordinance, shall be required to have a Clearing Permit.
957:
545:
is a right to use non-irrigation withdrawals of groundwater equal to the maximum groundwater withdrawal and use for any one year during the five-year period prior to 1980.
1590:
1652:
737:
The project would support ancillary industries – contractors and vendors providing goods and services to the mine operation during the nearly two decades of operation.
1411:
303:
1950s. Anaconda Mining Company acquired the claims to the property in 1963 and undertook a major exploration campaign that identified the Rosemont deposit as a major
1510:
469:
of the 1872 Mining Law. Hudbay is now seeking partners for a new mine proposal, Copper World, that would be entirely restricted to its privately held property near
1636:
1117:
1550:
1955:
1945:
1834:
85:
597:
The concerns about mining in the northern Santa Rita Mountains revolve around potential risks to the environment, with water being the number one concern.
465:
256:
539:
regulates pollutants to ensure that these emissions do not harm public health or cause significant deterioration in areas that presently have clean air.
1850:
555:(the area between an aquifer and the land surface) in such a manner that there is a reasonable probability that the pollutant will reach an aquifer.
1609:
1096:
Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Rosemont Copper Project: A Proposed Mining Operation, Coronado National Forest, Pima County, Arizona.
1755:
Center for Biological Diversity.org: "Rosemont Mine would destroy El Jefe's home and severely hamstring recovery of jaguars in the United States"
1734:
719:
The EIS found that the project will meet all environmental requirements and meet all environmental standards required by the regulatory agencies.
1794:
1862:
1566:
1940:
1925:
1424:
713:
The mine would import 105% of the water needed for operations and leave a 5% net water gain to the Tucson Active Management Area basin.
248:
Proponents argue that the project will create jobs, generate tax revenue and reduce American dependence on foreign sources of copper.
1466:
457:
has long been interpreted to convey the same mineral rights to such lands by the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management.
1099:
326:
1294:
811:
1578:
1354:
512:. Because storm water runoff can transport pollutants to either a municipal separate storm sewer system or to a water of the
1269:
338:. In addition, a limited number of claims in the northwest portion of the Property are on federal land administered by the
1710:
1721:
1245:
37:
1170:
1008:
1930:
1810:
1754:
812:"Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. United States Fish & Wildlife Serv., 33 F.4th 1202 | Casetext Search + Citator"
439:
1920:
1020:
996:
734:, and experienced workers in the copper industry in the southwest can earn an average of $ 59,000 or more per year.
199:
and has been delayed by legal judgements and suspension of its operating permit by the US Army Corps of Engineers.
1318:
422:
In 2007, Augusta Resource Corporation, Rosemont Copper's parent company, filed a Mine Plan of Operations with the
1950:
620:
386:. Sedimentary deposition ceased for a time during uplift and formation of a widespread unconformity in the early
446:
252:
1047:
325:
lode claims that encompass an area of 1,968 acres (796 ha). A patented mining claim is one for which the
1935:
1032:
1103:
488:
memorializes the Forest Service decision and summarizes the requirements determined during the EIS process.
423:
335:
196:
192:
1143:
1059:
900:
551:
is for a facility that discharges a pollutant either directly to an aquifer or to the land surface or the
674:
Rosemont Mine will consume approximately 6,000 acre-feet of potable water per year for mining operations.
1342:
1221:
600:
In general, opponents argue that open-pit copper mines pollute surrounding air and water supplies with
438:. Rosemont Copper submitted a revised mine plan in July 2007. The official start to Rosemont Copper's
358:
and inferred sulfide mineral resources of 1.1 billion lbs of copper and 35 million lbs of molybdenum.
1624:
339:
223:
632:
435:
411:
393:
Subsequent granitic intrusions and felsic volcanic eruptions dominated the late Mesozoic and early
180:
1668:
1727:
941:
473:, at least until such time as permission can be obtained for disposal of waste on federal lands.
406:
formed during this time. These faults have been particularly important in the Rosemont area. The
402:
304:
1281:
685:
The mine poses a risk to the habitat of the last known living wild jaguar in the United States,
1538:
1898:
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storage method will be used to conserve water and keep pollution from seeping into the ground.
643:, Southeast Arizona Economic Development Group, and Northern Pima County Chamber of Commerce.
1381:
1257:
624:
494:
is needed if you own or operate a facility that discharges a pollutant either directly to an
407:
219:
795:
576:
certifies that discharges associated with the project will meet all water quality standards.
330:
the government for the purpose of extracting minerals. Most of the unpatented claims are on
276:. It straddles two historic mining districts: the Rosemont Mining District and the adjacent
1822:
1366:
1306:
678:
431:
295:
269:
184:
176:
8:
1498:
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619:
Opposition to the project is led by Save the Scenic Santa Ritas (SSSR) and includes the
569:
The Rosemont proposal received the following approvals before the Ninth Circuit ruling:
984:
870:"'Shocking,' 'blockbuster' Rosemont Mine ruling has national implications, experts say"
454:
215:
211:
1625:
The Arizona Contractors Association Supports Rosemont Copper Mine in Southern Arizona
1511:
Rosemont Copper Mine would benefit economy and community but is buried in bureaucracy
1474:
1233:
660:
601:
562:
470:
445:
In March 2008, The Coronado National Forest began their NEPA scoping process for the
291:
277:
1698:
1452:
686:
582:
is a plan for post-mining operations to correct the disturbed land used for mining.
398:
390:, and then resumed with the deposition of continental and shallow marine deposits.
287:
233:
Opponents argue that the mine will pollute surface and subsurface water and damage
207:
202:
The Rosemont Copper Mine site is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of
1395:"Rosemont Copper Project | ADEQ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality"
1168:
659:
such as that proposed by Rosemont pollute the air and nearby water supplies with
656:
640:
427:
273:
203:
172:
153:
1526:
783:
929:
707:
383:
1783:
241:
and endangering populations of vulnerable and unique wildlife, cause regional
1914:
1478:
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529:
513:
509:
410:
eventually produced the large-scale block faulting that produced the present
366:
The regional, local and property geology of the Rosemont deposit consists of
331:
242:
227:
165:
100:
87:
73:
1330:
1083:
716:
The used land will be reclaimed from the beginning of the mine's operations.
508:
is required for any point source discharge of pollutants to a water of the
1811:
Initial Two-Year Water Supply Already Stored for Augusta's Rosemont Copper
914:"Copper Deposits of Part of Helvetia Mining District, Pima County Arizona"
370:
sedimentary and intrusive rocks, which form the regional basement under a
191:. It has undergone a permitting review process under the direction of the
628:
552:
499:
367:
322:
168:
294:, in the mid-1800s. Production from mines on both sides of the northern
1671:, Southeast Arizona Economic Development Group Blog, September 13, 2011
1071:
371:
355:
1680:
1169:
D. Peter Helmlinger, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (August 23, 2019).
1095:
379:
375:
286:
became the focus of mining in the Santa Cruz Valley and elsewhere in
1904:
767:"Home | Rosemont Copper Project Environmental Impact Statement"
1863:
Pima County's other new copper mine: Any problems for Oracle Ridge?
1735:"Rare footage of jaguar in the Santa Rita Mountains outside Tucson"
1189:"Hudbay, Forest Service won't appeal ruling blocking Rosemont Mine"
841:"Hudbay, Forest Service won't appeal ruling blocking Rosemont Mine"
723:
394:
387:
706:
is an essential component of a clean-energy economy. For example,
559:
Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Encroachment Permit
731:
668:
609:
495:
238:
234:
188:
63:
1683:"US Army Corps of Engineers Approval of Rosemont Copper Project"
350:
Rosemont has proven and probable reserves of 5.9 billion lbs of
1879:
Construction industry rallies to support Rosemont mine proposal
1784:
Rosemont Copper avoiding the truth with Arizona Scenic Route 83
1394:
703:
351:
309:
283:
125:
1144:"Biden agenda, lithium mine, tribes, greens collide in Nevada"
766:
1060:
AERMOD Modeling Report to Assess Ambient Air Quality Impacts
565:
to a project when no existing lines could serve the purpose.
1768:"Imperiled wildlife can live with Rosemont, US report says"
664:
605:
639:
Contractors Association, Arizona Contractors Association,
1681:
C.H. Huckelberry, County Administrator (April 16, 2019).
1567:
Construction Trade Group Among Endorsers of Rosemont Mine
1851:
Tucsons News Now voices support for Rosemont Copper Mine
1823:
Supporting the Rosemont Copper Mine in Southern Arizona
1382:
Tucson Electric Power Transmission Line Permits Issued
697:
549:
Type 2.02 and 3.03 General Aquifer Protection Permits
1610:
Chamber Alliance Urges Rosemont Process Move Forward
1357:, Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources
1345:, Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources
272:, approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of
1795:The Environmental Protection Agency Comes-a-Copper
1699:Remaining Permits and Decisions Needed by Rosemont
958:"Hudbay and Augusta Agree to Friendly Acquisition"
710:contain twice as much copper as conventional cars.
321:The core of the Rosemont property consists of 132
1309:, Pima County Department of Environmental Quality
1297:, Pima County Department of Environmental Quality
980:
978:
896:
894:
892:
890:
650:
1912:
1715:
1605:
1603:
1579:Tucson Hispanic Chamber Endorses Rosemont Copper
1043:
1041:
784:Save the Scenic Santa Ritas - Rosemont Arguments
1813:, Augusta Resource Press Release, June 28, 2007
1118:"Federal judge bars Rosemont Mine construction"
1722:Economic Impacts of the Proposed Rosemont Mine
1246:Construction Storm Water General Permit Issued
975:
887:
1688:. Letter to Pima County Board of Supervisors.
1600:
1369:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1333:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1321:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1260:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1248:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1236:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1224:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1062:, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
1038:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
1956:Proposed infrastructure in the United States
1946:Copper mining companies of the United States
1591:Tucson Chamber supports Rosemont copper mine
1441:Hazardous Waste Identification Number Issued
580:Arizona Mined Land Reclamation Plan Approval
516:, permits are required for those discharges.
623:, Coalition for Sonoran Desert Protection,
414:throughout the southwestern United States.
268:The Rosemont Copper property is located in
171:project by the Canadian mining corporation
748:
206:. The nearest established communities are
1856:
175:. The project site is located within the
1637:Builders group lines up in favor of mine
528:PDEQ protects air quality by regulating
476:
442:(NEPA) process began in February 2008.
16:Proposed open pit copper mine in Arizona
1828:
1620:
1618:
1270:Agriculture Land Clearing Permit Issued
1258:Construction Storm Water General Permit
1100:United States Department of Agriculture
506:Construction Storm Water General Permit
245:, and harm the local tourism industry.
44:
1913:
1569:, Arizona Public Media, March 17, 2011
1377:
1375:
237:quality and quantity, destroy natural
1551:Builders group endorses Rosemont Mine
1453:Hazardous Waste Identification Number
1186:
1115:
932:, Santa Cruz Valley Heritage Alliance
867:
838:
798:, Southern Arizona Business Coalition
586:Hazardous Waste Identification Number
1615:
1464:
1343:Groundwater Withdrawal Permit Issued
1206:
1176:. Letter to Rosemont Copper Company.
863:
861:
834:
832:
806:
804:
1372:
13:
1612:, Tucson Chamber, February 1, 2012
1282:"Agriculture Land Clearing Permit"
1222:"Aquifer Protection Permit Issued"
1141:
698:Arguments in favor of the proposal
631:, Sky Island Alliance, and Tucson
14:
1967:
1941:Copper mining companies of Canada
1926:Geography of Pima County, Arizona
1892:
1853:, The More You Dig, June 26, 2012
1539:Groups Opposed to Rosemont Copper
1425:"Arizona Mining Permitting Guide"
1367:Aquifer Protection Permits Issued
1187:Davis, Tony (December 12, 2022).
1033:Geology and Seismotectonic Review
858:
839:Davis, Tony (December 12, 2022).
829:
801:
498:or to the land surface or to the
440:National Environmental Policy Act
316:
1384:, Arizona Corporation Commission
520:Agriculture Land Clearing Permit
43:
36:
1872:
1844:
1816:
1804:
1788:
1777:
1760:
1748:
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1674:
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1646:
1630:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1504:
1492:
1467:"A Clash Over Mining and Water"
1458:
1446:
1434:
1417:
1412:Rosemont Ranch Reclamation Plan
1405:
1387:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
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1288:
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1251:
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1135:
1109:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
950:
935:
868:Davis, Tony (August 16, 2019).
621:Center for Biological Diversity
1867:Southern Arizona News-Examiner
1465:Gies, Erica (March 21, 2012).
1414:, Arizona State Mine Inspector
1116:Davis, Tony (August 1, 2019).
923:
906:
789:
777:
651:Arguments against the proposal
447:Environmental Impact Statement
253:environmental impact statement
1:
1835:A Clash Over Mining and Water
1724:, Save the Scenic Santa Ritas
1499:Analyze Socioeconomic Impacts
1355:Groundwater Withdrawal Permit
1171:"Notice of Permit Suspension"
741:
543:Groundwater Withdrawal Permit
1669:Rosemont Copper Mine Project
1106:, Southwestern Region, 2013.
997:"Mineral Patent Application"
592:
345:
336:United States Forest Service
197:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
193:United States Forest Service
7:
1825:, Arizona State Legislature
1766:Tony Davis, (May 7, 2016).
1711:Hudbay Minerals Inc. - Home
1653:Chamber concerned by threat
999:, Bureau of Land Management
10:
1972:
1527:Support of Rosemont Copper
1295:Air Activity Permit Issued
1212:, Coronado National Forest
1021:Mineral Resources Estimate
417:
361:
263:
1657:San Pedro Valley News-Sun
1319:Air Quality Permit Issued
1234:Aquifer Protection Permit
985:"Mine Plan of Operations"
492:Aquifer Protection Permit
340:Bureau of Land Management
149:
144:
136:
131:
121:
116:
79:
69:
62:
31:
26:
1931:Coronado National Forest
1907:, mine opponents website
486:Record of Decision (ROD)
436:Coronado National Forest
412:Basin and Range Province
403:porphyry copper deposits
292:Helvetia Mining District
260:of the 1872 Mining Law.
181:Coronado National Forest
1921:Copper mines in Arizona
1899:Rosemont Copper project
1086:, US Forest Service EIS
1074:, US Forest Service EIS
1050:, US Forest Service EIS
1048:Mine Plan of Operations
1023:, US Forest Service EIS
901:Mine Plan of Operations
613:environmental concern.
397:, corresponding to the
354:and 194 million lbs of
1951:Environment of Arizona
1883:Inside Tucson Business
1774:. Accessed 8 May 2016.
1757:. accessed 8 May 2016.
1595:Inside Tucson Business
1084:Public Meetings Notice
1011:, Rosemont Copper Mine
987:, Rosemont Copper Mine
101:31.85139°N 110.75722°W
946:Archaeology Southwest
677:The economies of the
657:Open-pit copper mines
625:Defenders of Wildlife
477:Permits and approvals
408:extensional tectonics
1936:Santa Rita Mountains
1501:, Scenic Santa Ritas
786:, Scenic Santa Ritas
679:Santa Rita Mountains
432:Santa Rita Mountains
334:administered by the
296:Santa Rita Mountains
177:Santa Rita Mountains
164:is a proposed large
106:31.85139; -110.75722
22:Rosemont Copper Mine
1905:Rosemont Mine Truth
1307:Air Activity Permit
526:Air Activity Permit
424:U.S. Forest Service
140:not yet operational
97: /
23:
1901:at Hudbay Minerals
1839:The New York Times
1772:Arizona Daily Star
1643:, January 28, 2011
1641:Arizona Daily Star
1557:, January 27, 2011
1555:Arizona Daily Star
1471:The New York Times
1331:Air Quality Permit
1193:Arizona Daily Star
1150:. Associated Press
1122:Arizona Daily Star
962:hudbayminerals.com
903:, Augusta Resource
874:Arizona Daily Star
845:Arizona Daily Star
771:www.rosemonteis.us
563:transmission lines
537:Air Quality Permit
455:Mining Act of 1872
327:federal government
21:
1742:Los Angeles Times
1035:, Vector Colorado
796:Rosemont Benefits
671:or other poisons.
574:401 Certification
561:is a request for
464:In May 2022, the
401:when most of the
280:Mining District.
159:
158:
1963:
1886:
1885:October 21, 2011
1876:
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1842:
1841:, March 21, 2012
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1529:, Arizona Senate
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1518:
1517:, April 14, 2011
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434:section of the
426:for a proposed
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384:carbonate rocks
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305:porphyry copper
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173:Hudbay Minerals
162:Rosemont Copper
154:Hudbay Minerals
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1098:Tucson, AZ:
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816:casetext.com
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722:A dry-stack
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220:Green Valley
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187:of southern
161:
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708:hybrid cars
629:Sierra Club
553:vadose zone
533:compliance.
500:vadose zone
368:Precambrian
270:Pima County
185:Pima County
169:copper mine
104: /
92:110°45′26″W
80:Coordinates
1915:Categories
1154:January 6,
1148:Yahoo News
742:References
380:siltstones
376:quartzites
372:Palaeozoic
356:molybdenum
117:Production
89:31°51′05″N
1479:0362-4331
1399:azdeq.gov
693:shipping.
593:Reactions
346:Resources
216:Sahuarita
212:Patagonia
1198:July 15,
967:July 15,
879:July 15,
850:July 15,
821:July 15,
724:tailings
471:Helvetia
395:Cenozoic
388:Mesozoic
323:patented
278:Helvetia
239:habitats
195:and the
166:open pit
122:Products
27:Location
1738:(video)
732:Arizona
687:El Jefe
682:create.
669:arsenic
661:mercury
610:arsenic
602:mercury
496:aquifer
430:in the
418:History
362:Geology
264:Context
235:aquifer
208:Sonoita
189:Arizona
150:Company
132:History
70:Country
64:Arizona
1799:Forbes
1477:
704:Copper
382:, and
352:copper
310:ASARCO
284:Copper
274:Tucson
226:, and
204:Tucson
137:Opened
126:Copper
1686:(PDF)
1455:, EPA
1443:, EPA
1428:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
183:, in
145:Owner
1486:2021
1475:ISSN
1200:2023
1156:2023
1129:2021
969:2023
881:2023
852:2023
823:2023
665:lead
606:lead
228:Vail
179:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
