296:, in addition to the range of alternatives presented for study. The No Action Alternative identifies the expected environmental impacts in the future if existing conditions were left as is with no action taken by the lead agency. Analysis of the No Action Alternative is used to establish a baseline upon which to compare the proposed "Action" alternatives. Contrary to popular belief, the "No Action Alternative" doesn't necessarily mean that nothing will occur if that option is selected in the Record of Decision. For example, the "No Action Alternative" was selected for the I-69/Trans-Texas Corridor Tier-I Environmental Impact Statement. In that Record of Decision, the Texas Department of Transportation opted not to proceed with building its portion of I-69 as one of the Trans-Texas Corridors to be built as a new-terrain route (the Trans-Texas Corridor concept was ultimately scrapped entirely), but instead decided to proceed with converting existing US and state routes to I-69 by upgrading those roads to interstate standards.
81:(EA). The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required. If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely, then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and carry on with the proposed action. Otherwise, the agency must then conduct a full-scale EIS. Most EAs result in a FONSI. A limited number of federal actions may avoid the EA and EIS requirements under NEPA if they meet the criteria for a categorical exclusion (CATEX). A CATEX is usually permitted when a course of action is identical or very similar to a past course of action and the impacts on the environment from the previous action can be assumed for the proposed action, or for building a structure within the footprint of an existing, larger facility or complex. For example, two recently completed sections of
384:
from a re-evaluation report: (1) the action may proceed with no substantive changes to the FEIS, (2) significant impacts are expected with the change that can be adequately addressed in a
Supplemental EIS (SEIS), or (3) the circumstances force a complete change in the nature and scope of the proposed action, thereby voiding the pre-existing FEIS (and ROD, if applicable), requiring the lead agency to restart the NEPA process and prepare a new EIS to encompass the changes.
2722:
74:
statement should use an interdisciplinary approach so that it accurately assesses both the physical and social impacts of the proposed development. In many instances an action may be deemed subject to NEPA's EIS requirement even though the action is not specifically sponsored by a federal agency. These factors may include actions that receive federal funding, federal licensing or authorization, or that are subject to federal control.
2711:
391:
impacts. Supplemental EISs are also prepared when the size and scope of a federal action changes, when a significant period of time has lapsed since the FEIS was completed to account for changes in the surrounding environment during that time, or when all of the proposed alternatives in an EIS are deemed to have unacceptable environmental impacts and new alternatives are proposed.
471:
their involvement in the development process. Because an EIS requires expert skill and knowledge, agencies must hire environmental analysts. Unlike agencies who may have other priorities, analysts are often sympathetic to environmental issues. In addition, this feature introduces scientific procedures into the political process.
677:
102:
with its impacts on the surrounding human and natural environment, and provide opportunities for mitigating those impacts while keeping the cost and schedule for implementing the action under control. However, many activities require various federal permits to comply with other environmental legislation, such as the
479:
The differences that exist between science and politics limit the accuracy of an EIS. Although analysts are members of the scientific community, they are affected by the political atmosphere. Analysts do not have the luxury of an unlimited time for research. They are also affected by the different
409:
To avoid potential conflicts in securing required permits and approvals after the ROD is issued, the lead agency will often coordinate with stakeholders at all levels, and resolve any conflicts to the greatest extent possible during the EIS process. Proceeding in this fashion helps avoid interagency
437:
impacts along a general corridor, but would not identify the exact location of where the action would occur. A Tier I ROD would be issued approving the general area where the action would be implemented. Following the Tier I ROD, the approved Tier I area is further broken down into subareas, and a
69:
The purpose of the NEPA is to promote informed decision-making by federal agencies by making "detailed information concerning significant environmental impacts" available to both agency leaders and the public. The NEPA was the first piece of legislation that created a comprehensive method to assess
101:
NEPA does not prohibit the federal government or its licensees/permittees from harming the environment, instead it requires that the prospective impacts be understood and disclosed in advance. The intent of NEPA is to help key decisionmakers and stakeholders balance the need to implement an action
438:
Tier II EIS is then prepared for each subarea, that identifies the exact location of where the proposed action will take place. The preparation of Tier II EISs for each subarea proceeds at its own pace, independent from the other subareas within the Tier I area. For example, parts of the proposed
383:
Prepared following an approved FEIS or ROD when unforeseen changes to the proposed action or its impacts occurs, or when a substantial period of time has passed between approval of an action and the planned start of said action. Based on the significance of the changes, three outcomes may result
470:
By requiring agencies to complete an EIS, the act encourages them to consider the environmental costs of a project and introduces new information into the decision-making process. The NEPA has increased the influence of environmental analysts and agencies in the federal government by increasing
261:
for the proposed action identifying the sources of secured funding for the action. For example, the
Federal Highway Administration has started requiring states to include a financial plan showing that funding has been secured for major highway projects before it will approve an EIS and issue a
376:
Based on the comments on the Draft EIS, the agency writes a Final EIS, and announces its
Proposed Action. The public is not invited to comment on this, but if they are still unhappy, or feel that the agency has missed a major issue, they may protest the EIS to the Director of the agency. The
405:
Often, the agencies responsible for preparing an EA or EIS do not compile the document directly, but outsource this work to private-sector consulting firms with expertise in the proposed action and its anticipated effects on the environment. Because of the intense level of detail required in
390:
Typically prepared after either a Final EIS or Record of
Decision has been issued and new environmental impacts that were not considered in the original EIS are discovered, requiring the lead agency to re-evaluate its initial decision and consider new alternatives to avoid or mitigate the new
73:
In particular, an EIS acts as an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the federal government adheres to the goals and policies outlined in the NEPA. An EIS should be created in a timely manner as soon as the agency is planning development or is presented with a proposal for development. The
483:
Citizens often misunderstand the environmental assessment process. The public does not realize that the process is only meant to gather information relevant to the decision. Even if the statement predicts negative impacts of the project, decision makers can still proceed with the proposal.
674:
126:
to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws that are ancillary to NEPA. In some instances, the result of NEPA analysis leads to abandonment or cancellation of the proposed action, particularly when the "No Action" alternative ends up being the LEDPA.
345:
The first meetings are held to discuss existing laws, the available information, and the research needed. The tasks are divided up and a lead group is selected. Decision makers and all those involved with the project can attend the
352:
The public is notified that the agency is preparing an EIS. The agency also provides the public with information regarding how they can become involved in the process. The agency announces its project proposal with a notice in the
85:
were granted a CATEX from NEPA requirements as these portions of I-69 utilize existing freeways that required little more than minor spot improvements and a change of highway signage. Additionally, a CATEX can be issued during an
357:, notices in local media, and letters to citizens and groups that it knows are likely to be interested. Citizens and groups are welcome to send in comments helping the agency identify the issues it must address in the EIS (or EA).
70:
potential and existing environmental risks at once. It also encourages communication and cooperation between all the actors involved in environmental decisions, including government officials, private businesses, and citizens.
400:
Once all the protests are resolved the agency issues a Record of
Decision which is its final action prior to implementation. If members of the public are still dissatisfied with the outcome, they may sue the agency in Federal
363:
Based on both agency expertise and issues raised by the public, the agency prepares a Draft EIS with a full description of the affected environment, a reasonable range of alternatives, and an analysis of the impacts of each
1211:
480:
motives behind the research of the EIS and by different perspectives of what constitutes a good analysis. In addition, government officials do not want to reveal an environmental problem from within their own agency.
406:
analyzing the alternatives presented in an EIS or EA, such documents may take years or even decades to compile, and often compose of multiple volumes that can be thousands to tens of thousands of pages in length.
813:
883:
244:
for each alternative, including costs and timeline to mitigate expected impacts, to determine if the proposed action can be completed at an acceptable cost and within a reasonable amount of time
829:
1147:
304:
The NEPA process is designed to involve the public and gather the best available information in a single place so that decision makers can be fully informed when they make their choices.
46:
of a proposed action, and it usually also lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS. One of the primary authors of the act is
2245:
1954:
867:
837:
1423:
1109:
1093:
945:
1227:
433:
that cross long distances, the lead agency may use a two-tiered process prior to implementing the proposed action. In such cases, the Tier I EIS would analyze the potential
1017:
1664:
1567:
1195:
1179:
1163:
1155:
1101:
122:
and ordinances, requiring additional state and local permits before the action can proceed. Obtaining these permits typically requires the lead agency to implement the
77:
Not all federal actions require a full EIS. If the action may or may not cause a significant impact, the agency can first prepare a smaller, shorter document called an
42:(NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment". An EIS is a tool for decision making. It describes the positive and negative
1843:
769:
1479:
875:
721:
Taylor, Serge. 1984. "Making
Bureaucracies Think: The Environmental Impact Statement Strategy of Administrative Reform". Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA.
90:
when time does not permit the preparation of an EA or EIS. An example of the latter is when the
Federal Highway Administration issued a CATEX to construct the
1947:
1905:
1822:
1810:
1657:
1117:
961:
580:
2143:
1385:
735:
2121:
1730:
1633:
550:
2084:
1473:
19:
This article is about environmental impact statements under United States federal law. For worldwide perspective on environmental impact statements, see
2781:
1603:
1585:
1940:
1243:
1203:
320:
As discussed above, the government may exempt an agency from the process. The agency can then proceed with the project and skip the remaining steps.
1715:
937:
845:
332:
Occurs when no significant impacts are identified in an EA. A FONSI typically allows the lead agency to proceed without having to complete an EIS.
2766:
207:
2158:
2153:
2126:
1725:
969:
891:
1735:
1707:
1670:
762:
635:
2111:
2059:
1650:
953:
252:
While not required in the EIS, the following subjects may be included as part of the EIS or as separate documents based on agency policy.
2133:
2106:
2079:
2054:
1591:
907:
899:
326:
The proposal is analyzed in addition to the local environment with the aim to reduce the negative impacts of the development on the area.
993:
985:
377:
Director may either ask the agency to revise the EIS, or explain to the protester why their complaints are not actually taken care of.
2465:
2205:
1343:
2776:
2735:
2730:
2450:
2074:
1306:
755:
2725:
2069:
1878:
1740:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
95:
515:
2455:
1833:
1676:
1573:
1561:
1235:
1037:
2714:
2470:
2148:
1921:
1442:
1219:
2565:
2413:
1621:
1579:
656:
701:
Eccleston, Charles H. (2014). The EIS Book: Managing and
Preparing Environmental Impact Statements. Chapter 6. CRC Press.
2418:
2064:
2049:
1893:
1745:
1055:
1001:
915:
2515:
2329:
2319:
2240:
2163:
1615:
1379:
1139:
1077:
1047:
786:
706:
2740:
2349:
2334:
2168:
2116:
1448:
1391:
1355:
1187:
857:
689:
526:
39:
572:
2396:
2210:
2101:
2091:
1873:
1853:
1720:
1609:
1555:
1430:
91:
2530:
2279:
2257:
2215:
2185:
2138:
2021:
2004:
1987:
1963:
1509:
1466:
778:
370:
Affected individuals then have the opportunity to provide feedback through written and public hearing statements.
273:
43:
35:
20:
542:
2761:
2235:
2230:
1780:
1491:
1436:
1318:
1085:
1067:
314:
In this stage, the needs and objectives of a project have been decided, but the project has not been financed.
2401:
2339:
1409:
927:
103:
1997:
1373:
2550:
2368:
2252:
2009:
1838:
1785:
1755:
1638:
1460:
1265:
170:
of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives. This section covers topics such as:
2771:
2638:
2590:
2485:
2378:
2262:
1828:
1765:
1644:
1627:
1497:
1403:
1367:
82:
2545:
741:
2643:
2598:
2500:
2225:
2041:
1916:
1911:
1848:
1171:
267:
2690:
2628:
2031:
1696:
1503:
627:
434:
2633:
2460:
111:
2016:
1816:
1805:
1690:
1683:
1397:
1361:
1273:
805:
2618:
2386:
2026:
1992:
1982:
1899:
1349:
1025:
977:
283:
8:
2680:
2673:
2613:
2510:
2505:
2180:
1795:
1790:
1312:
797:
493:
286:
laws and secure required federal, state, and local permits before the action can proceed.
231:
115:
744:
has one of the world's largest collections of hard copy environmental impact statements.
2695:
2653:
2648:
2608:
2560:
2324:
2220:
2096:
821:
430:
395:
276:(EPA) if substantial environmental impacts are expected from the preferred alternative.
211:
183:
179:
47:
2570:
2445:
2391:
2190:
2175:
1858:
1485:
1415:
1331:
702:
685:
513:
The
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended, 42 USC Sections 4321-4347
512:
119:
675:
NEPA and
Environmental Planning: Tools, Techniques, and Approaches for Practitioners
2525:
2520:
2495:
2294:
2267:
1775:
354:
1932:
747:
738:, provides a weekly round-up of recently released environmental impact statements.
2658:
2575:
2555:
2535:
2435:
2284:
1454:
1291:
1129:
1009:
681:
530:
519:
220:
107:
660:
2685:
2580:
2480:
2408:
2195:
1868:
427:
227:
1212:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2755:
2668:
2623:
2603:
2425:
2200:
1883:
1863:
451:
439:
410:
conflicts and potential lawsuits after the lead agency reaches its decision.
239:
203:
194:
163:
to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS.
2361:
2356:
2344:
2304:
2289:
1977:
1770:
118:
to name a few. Similarly, many states and local jurisdictions have enacted
523:
224:
to local communities, often including consideration of attributes such as
2475:
2430:
2299:
2272:
1888:
190:
226:
impacts on the available housing stock, economic impacts to businesses,
2540:
1324:
2663:
2309:
1597:
1337:
1255:
884:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
87:
423:
53:
Preliminary versions of these documents are officially known as a
2490:
2440:
1424:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
459:
443:
419:
2314:
1110:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1094:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
455:
1228:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
1180:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1102:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1018:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
124:
Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative (LEDPA)
447:
1196:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
1164:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
1156:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
1844:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
876:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
659:. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. Archived from
1118:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
962:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
838:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
418:
On exceptionally large projects, especially proposed
1634:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1962:
1474:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
777:
1604:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
210:, particularly sites of significant importance to
1658:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
2753:
1716:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1480:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
846:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
462:are being studied through a two-tiered process
1726:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
970:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
892:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
742:Northwestern University Transportation Library
16:Assessment required under US environmental law
1948:
1736:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1386:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
763:
717:
715:
543:"DEIS - Draft Environmental Impact Statement"
141:An Introduction including a statement of the
946:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1592:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
908:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
900:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
657:"Part 1502--Environmental Impact Statement"
603:Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council
1955:
1941:
1586:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
994:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
986:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
938:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
770:
756:
712:
573:"Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR)"
565:
535:
2782:Environmental impact in the United States
2466:Environmental issues in the United States
1344:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1313:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
954:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
330:Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI):
2451:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1307:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
625:
524:Council on Environmental Quality NEPAnet
1741:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
734:Knowledge Mosaic's environmental blog,
96:I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse
2767:Environmental law in the United States
2754:
2456:Effects of climate change on livestock
1834:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1677:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1574:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1562:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1236:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1936:
1922:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
1443:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1220:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
830:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
751:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
547:Colorado Department of Transportation
374:Final EIS (FEIS) and Proposed Action:
38:, is a document required by the 1969
2710:
2566:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1651:Energy Independence and Security Act
1622:National Environmental Education Act
135:An EIS typically has four sections:
55:draft environmental impact statement
2599:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1894:Significant New Alternatives Policy
1746:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1056:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1002:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
916:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
638:from the original on April 24, 2019
292:Every EIS is required to analyze a
13:
1671:America's Water Infrastructure Act
1661:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
1380:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1140:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1078:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1048:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
649:
608:
14:
2793:
2246:pharmaceuticals and personal care
1687:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
1449:National Environmental Policy Act
1427:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
1188:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
1148:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
728:
628:"Environmental Impact Assessment"
59:draft environmental impact report
40:National Environmental Policy Act
2721:
2720:
2709:
2397:decline in amphibian populations
2102:Deforestation and climate change
1874:Presidential Climate Action Plan
1854:New Source Performance Standards
1721:Council on Environmental Quality
1610:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
626:Felleman, John (April 5, 2013),
601:See the Supreme Court decision:
583:from the original on 9 June 2020
553:from the original on 9 June 2020
230:, public health, aesthetics and
2777:Environmental impact assessment
2531:Land surface effects on climate
1988:Environmental impact assessment
1964:Human impact on the environment
1510:Water Resources Development Act
1467:Coastal Zone Management Program
779:United States environmental law
299:
282:to comply with state and local
274:Environmental Protection Agency
36:United States environmental law
21:Environmental impact assessment
1801:Environmental impact statement
1781:Corporate average fuel economy
1665:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
1086:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
695:
673:Eccleston, Charles H. (2008).
667:
595:
506:
474:
337:Environmental Impact Statement
324:Environmental Assessment (EA):
318:Categorical Exclusion (CATEX):
28:environmental impact statement
1:
2402:decline in insect populations
499:
450:, as well as portions of the
1580:Toxic Substances Control Act
465:
7:
1839:National Climate Assessment
1786:Discharge Monitoring Report
1639:Food Quality Protection Act
1461:Coastal Zone Management Act
605:, 490 U.S. 332, 349 (1989).
487:
307:This is the process of EIS
10:
2798:
1616:Global Change Research Act
1266:United States v. Bestfoods
522:(enacted 1970-01-01) from
413:
272:is often requested by the
64:
18:
2704:
2639:Environmental engineering
2589:
2486:Environmental degradation
2377:
2263:fishing down the food web
2040:
1970:
1889:Section 608 Certification
1829:Maximum contaminant level
1766:Best available technology
1754:
1706:
1412:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
1392:Air Pollution Control Act
1356:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1288:
1254:
1128:
1066:
1036:
926:
856:
785:
684:, pp 148-149. CRC Press.
632:The Encyclopedia of Earth
130:
83:Interstate 69 in Kentucky
2644:Environmental mitigation
2501:Greenhouse gas emissions
2461:Environmental insecurity
1917:Toxicity category rating
1912:Total maximum daily load
1849:National Priorities List
1731:Office of Surface Mining
1556:Federal Noxious Weed Act
1457:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
1431:Solid Waste Disposal Act
1172:Rapanos v. United States
388:Supplemental EIS (SEIS):
280:Additional documentation
268:Environmental mitigation
235:within the affected area
114:and Section 4(f) of the
79:Environmental Assessment
2691:Sustainable consumption
2032:Social ecology (ethics)
1879:Renewable Fuel Standard
1697:Inflation Reduction Act
1504:Safe Drinking Water Act
2634:Ecological engineering
2414:runaway climate change
1492:Endangered Species Act
1437:Endangered Species Act
1319:Rivers and Harbors Act
868:United States v. SCRAP
814:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
112:Endangered Species Act
2762:Environmental science
2017:List of global issues
1817:Executive Order 13990
1811:Executive Order 13432
1806:Environmental justice
1691:CHIPS and Science Act
1398:Fish and Wildlife Act
1274:Guam v. United States
806:Sierra Club v. Morton
294:No Action Alternative
242:and Schedule Analyses
161:Range of Alternatives
152:A description of the
44:environmental effects
2619:Community resilience
2419:in the United States
2387:Biodiversity threats
2060:cannabis cultivation
2027:Planetary boundaries
1993:Environmental issues
1983:Ecological footprint
1900:State of the Climate
1568:Magnuson–Stevens Act
1374:McSweeney-McNary Act
1026:West Virginia v. EPA
978:Massachusetts v. EPA
284:environmental policy
154:Affected Environment
2681:Restoration ecology
2614:Climate engineering
2551:Ocean acidification
2541:Loss of green belts
2511:Holocene extinction
2506:Habitat destruction
2181:Environmental crime
1864:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
1796:Environmental crime
1791:Effluent guidelines
1552:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
1292:federal legislation
798:Missouri v. Holland
494:Natural environment
435:socio-environmental
262:Record of Decision.
116:Federal Highway Act
94:in the wake of the
2696:Waste minimization
2654:Mitigation banking
2649:Industrial ecology
2609:Cleaner production
2561:Resource depletion
2097:Corporate behavior
2055:animal agriculture
1684:Louisiana v. Biden
1598:CERCLA (Superfund)
1506:(1974, 1986, 1996)
822:Hughes v. Oklahoma
680:2021-10-01 at the
529:2008-10-10 at the
518:2008-10-17 at the
396:Record of Decision
212:indigenous peoples
184:endangered species
120:environmental laws
92:replacement bridge
48:Lynton K. Caldwell
2749:
2748:
2571:Water degradation
2446:Ecological crisis
2392:biodiversity loss
2191:Industrialisation
2176:Genetic pollution
2022:Impact assessment
1930:
1929:
1859:New Source Review
1645:Energy Policy Act
1628:Oil Pollution Act
1498:Oil Pollution Act
1486:Noise Control Act
1416:Acid Rain Program
1404:Oil Pollution Act
1368:Oil Pollution Act
1362:Clarke–McNary Act
1284:
1283:
1244:Sackett v. EPA II
361:Draft EIS (DEIS):
2789:
2772:Statements (law)
2724:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2546:Phosphorus cycle
2526:Land consumption
2521:Land degradation
2496:Freshwater cycle
2295:Overexploitation
2268:marine pollution
2075:cocoa production
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1776:Clean Power Plan
1708:Federal agencies
1350:Weeks–McLean Act
1204:Sackett v. EPA I
854:
853:
772:
765:
758:
749:
748:
722:
719:
710:
699:
693:
671:
665:
664:
653:
647:
646:
645:
643:
623:
606:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
569:
563:
562:
560:
558:
539:
533:
510:
355:Federal Register
221:economic impacts
143:Purpose and Need
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2700:
2659:Organic farming
2585:
2576:Water pollution
2556:Ozone depletion
2536:Loss and damage
2436:Desertification
2373:
2285:Overconsumption
2206:cleaning agents
2107:Energy industry
2070:meat production
2036:
1966:
1961:
1931:
1926:
1758:
1750:
1702:
1455:Clean Water Act
1299:
1298:and lower court
1297:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1250:
1124:
1062:
1032:
1010:Michigan v. EPA
922:
852:
789:
781:
776:
731:
726:
725:
720:
713:
700:
696:
682:Wayback Machine
672:
668:
655:
654:
650:
641:
639:
624:
609:
600:
596:
586:
584:
571:
570:
566:
556:
554:
541:
540:
536:
531:Wayback Machine
520:Wayback Machine
511:
507:
502:
490:
477:
468:
416:
302:
228:property values
147:Proposed Action
133:
108:Clean Water Act
67:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2717:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Sustainability
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2581:Water scarcity
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Nitrogen cycle
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Forest dieback
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:Climate change
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:nanotechnology
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:on marine life
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:list of issues
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1906:Tailoring Rule
1903:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:PACE financing
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
933:
931:
924:
923:
921:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
863:
861:
851:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
793:
791:
783:
782:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
746:
745:
739:
736:The Green Mien
730:
729:External links
727:
724:
723:
711:
707:978-1466583634
694:
666:
663:on 2010-04-22.
648:
607:
594:
564:
534:
504:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
489:
486:
476:
473:
467:
464:
415:
412:
403:
402:
392:
385:
381:Re-evaluation:
378:
371:
365:
358:
347:
334:
333:
327:
321:
315:
301:
298:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
263:
259:Financial Plan
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
236:
216:
208:cultural sites
199:
187:
172:
171:
164:
157:
150:
132:
129:
66:
63:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:Reforestation
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Cultured meat
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Birth control
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Deforestation
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:Manufacturing
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:nuclear power
2147:
2145:
2144:fracking (US)
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Right to know
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:Clean Air Act
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
932:
929:
925:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
864:
862:
859:
855:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
792:
788:
787:Supreme Court
784:
780:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
718:
716:
708:
704:
698:
691:
690:9780849375590
687:
683:
679:
676:
670:
662:
658:
652:
637:
633:
629:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
604:
598:
582:
578:
577:www.metro.net
574:
568:
552:
548:
544:
538:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
509:
505:
495:
492:
491:
485:
481:
472:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Interstate 11
449:
445:
442:extension in
441:
440:Interstate 69
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
411:
407:
399:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
351:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
297:
295:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
269:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
243:
241:
237:
234:
233:
229:
223:
222:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
197:
196:
195:water quality
192:
188:
186:
185:
181:
176:
175:
174:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Clean Air Act
99:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
71:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2362:urban sprawl
2357:Urbanization
2305:Particulates
2290:Overdrafting
2005:Human impact
1978:Anthropocene
1898:
1800:
1771:Citizen suit
1759:and concepts
1682:
1656:
1422:
1272:
1264:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1054:
1046:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
866:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
697:
669:
661:the original
651:
640:, retrieved
631:
602:
597:
585:. Retrieved
576:
567:
555:. Retrieved
546:
537:
508:
482:
478:
469:
454:corridor in
417:
408:
404:
394:
387:
380:
373:
367:
364:alternative.
360:
349:
342:
336:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
306:
303:
300:NEPA process
293:
291:
279:
266:
258:
251:
238:
225:
218:
202:
189:
178:
167:
160:
153:
146:
142:
134:
123:
100:
78:
76:
72:
68:
58:
54:
52:
31:
27:
25:
2476:Externality
2471:Coral reefs
2431:Defaunation
2300:Overgrazing
2273:overfishing
2253:Marine life
2127:electricity
2050:Agriculture
1756:Regulations
642:February 5,
475:Limitations
219:Social and
201:Impacts to
177:Impacts to
2756:Categories
2741:mitigation
2736:assessment
2731:by country
2629:Decoupling
2591:Mitigation
2320:Reservoirs
2241:pesticides
2186:Explosives
2164:reservoirs
2065:irrigation
1325:Refuse Act
500:References
180:threatened
57:(DEIS) or
2664:Recycling
2330:Transport
2315:Quarrying
2310:Pollution
2169:transport
2159:petroleum
2154:oil shale
2117:biodiesel
1338:Weeks Act
1332:Lacey Act
1300:decisions
1296:treaties,
790:decisions
466:Strengths
431:corridors
346:meetings.
312:Proposal:
88:emergency
34:), under
2726:Category
2350:shipping
2335:aviation
2221:plastics
2211:concrete
2196:Land use
2112:biofuels
2080:palm oil
1823:LDV Rule
678:Archived
636:archived
581:Archived
551:Archived
527:Archived
516:Archived
488:See also
424:railroad
368:Comment:
343:Scoping:
204:historic
168:analysis
61:(DEIR).
2715:Commons
2491:Erosion
2441:Ecocide
2379:Effects
2325:Tourism
2258:fishing
2216:fashion
2139:fashion
2092:Bitcoin
1971:General
1463:(1972)
1321:(1899)
460:Arizona
444:Indiana
428:utility
420:highway
414:Tiering
350:Notice:
198:impacts
145:of the
65:Purpose
2719:
2708:
2280:Mining
2134:energy
2042:Causes
1908:(2010)
1825:(2010)
1819:(2022)
1813:(2007)
1699:(2022)
1693:(2022)
1679:(2021)
1673:(2018)
1667:(2016)
1653:(2007)
1647:(2005)
1641:(1996)
1630:(1990)
1624:(1990)
1618:(1990)
1612:(1986)
1606:(1986)
1600:(1980)
1594:(1978)
1588:(1977)
1582:(1976)
1576:(1976)
1570:(1976)
1564:(1975)
1558:(1975)
1500:(1973)
1494:(1973)
1488:(1972)
1482:(1972)
1476:(1972)
1451:(1970)
1445:(1970)
1439:(1969)
1433:(1965)
1406:(1961)
1400:(1956)
1394:(1955)
1388:(1954)
1382:(1934)
1376:(1928)
1370:(1924)
1364:(1924)
1358:(1918)
1352:(1913)
1346:(1911)
1340:(1911)
1334:(1900)
1315:(1897)
1309:(1872)
1277:(2021)
1269:(1998)
1256:CERCLA
1247:(2023)
1239:(2020)
1231:(2018)
1223:(2016)
1215:(2013)
1207:(2012)
1199:(2009)
1191:(2009)
1183:(2007)
1175:(2006)
1167:(2006)
1159:(2004)
1151:(2001)
1143:(1985)
1121:(2021)
1113:(2018)
1105:(2007)
1097:(1995)
1089:(1992)
1081:(1978)
1059:(2012)
1051:(1978)
1029:(2022)
1021:(2021)
1013:(2015)
1005:(2014)
997:(2011)
989:(2007)
981:(2007)
973:(2004)
965:(2004)
957:(2001)
949:(1984)
941:(1975)
919:(2010)
911:(2008)
903:(2004)
895:(2004)
887:(1983)
879:(1983)
871:(1973)
849:(2021)
841:(2000)
833:(1990)
825:(1979)
817:(1978)
809:(1972)
801:(1920)
705:
688:
587:9 June
557:9 June
456:Nevada
426:, and
401:court.
398:(ROD):
131:Layout
106:, the
2674:urban
2345:roads
2236:paper
2231:paint
1289:Major
1258:cases
1132:cases
1070:cases
1040:cases
930:cases
860:cases
448:Texas
232:noise
2340:rail
2122:coal
2085:(US)
1550:2007
1546:2000
1542:1999
1538:1996
1534:1992
1530:1990
1526:1988
1522:1986
1518:1976
1514:1974
1038:RCRA
858:NEPA
703:ISBN
686:ISBN
644:2017
589:2020
559:2020
458:and
446:and
270:plan
240:Cost
206:and
193:and
2369:War
1130:CWA
1068:ESA
928:CAA
265:An
191:Air
182:or
166:An
32:EIS
26:An
2758::
1548:,
1544:,
1540:,
1536:,
1532:,
1528:,
1524:,
1520:,
1516:,
714:^
634:,
630:,
610:^
579:.
575:.
549:.
545:.
422:,
214:.
159:A
110:,
98:.
50:.
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
1512:(
1294:,
771:e
764:t
757:v
709:.
692:.
591:.
561:.
156:.
149:.
30:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.