913:
34:
555:, having previously told friends that he "wanted to kill someone" and that he "believed he could get away with it because he was a minor". Simmons convinced two of his friends to join him: 15-year-old Charles Benjamin and 16-year-old John Tessmer. Simmons met with Benjamin and Tessmer at 2 a.m. to carry out their plan, but Tessmer decided to leave before any crimes were committed. Simmons and Benjamin later broke into the home of Shirley Crook, a 46-year-old neighbor, where they
511:, upheld the possibility of capital punishment for offenders who were 16 or 17 years old when they committed the capital offense. The court found there was no national consensus that the execution of older adolescents was cruel and unusual under "evolving standards of decency" because the sentence was still permitted by a majority of death penalty jurisdictions. Justice
976:, where they were arrested, to Virginia, was the difference in how the two states deal with the death penalty. While the death penalty was allowed in Maryland, it was only applied to persons who were adults at the time of their crimes, whereas Virginia had also allowed the death penalty for offenders who had been juveniles when their crimes were committed.
498:, brought its own judgment "to bear on the question of the acceptability of the death penalty under the Eighth Amendment" and decided that diminished personal capacity makes the death penalty an excessive punishment for the intellectually disabled because the public purposes of retribution and deterrence are not served by executing the mentally impaired.
692:, the objective indicia of consensus in this case—the rejection of the juvenile death penalty in the majority of States; the infrequency of its use even where it remains on the books; and the consistency in the trend toward abolition of the practice—provide sufficient evidence that today our society views juveniles, in the words
866:, the chief scientific consultant for the APA's amicus brief says neuroscience evidence is "helpful and appropriate in providing concurrent validation of the behavioral science" asserting that "there are structural and functional changes in the brain during this time period map onto what we know about behavioral changes".
700:
The Court's "independent judgement" concluding that the death penalty was an unconstitutionally disproportionate punishment for juveniles as a class relied on psychological and sociological studies to establish the diminished culpability of juveniles. Justice
Kennedy makes three points explaining why
1065:
Simmons, Benjamin, and
Tessmer met on September 9, 1993 near the trailer of an older neighbor, a 29-year-old ex-convict named Brian Moomey, to discuss their plan. Simmons and his friends frequently visited Moomey's trailer in the months preceding the murder, where Moomey would let them drink alcohol
612:
Simmons moved for the trial court to set aside the conviction and sentence, citing, in part, ineffective assistance of counsel. His age, and thus impulsiveness, along with a troubled background, were brought up as issues that
Simmons claimed should have been raised at the sentencing phase. The trial
737:
If trained psychiatrists with the advantage of clinical testing and observation refrain, despite diagnostic expertise, from assessing any juvenile under 18 as having antisocial personality disorder, we conclude that States should refrain from asking jurors to issue a far graver condemnation that a
709:
Juveniles are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside pressures, including peer pressure. Kennedy says the circumstances of youth contribute to a juvenile's vulnerability. He cites
Steinberg & Scott for the point that "legal minors lack the freedom that adults have to extricate them
591:
and agreed to answer questions. Simmons initially denied involvement but later confessed to the murder and agreed to perform a videotaped reenactment at the crime scene. Simmons further told detectives that he recognized Crook as someone he had been in a minor traffic accident with several months
831:
agreed with the Court's general methodology but disputed the majority's conclusions. She said the objective evidence for a national consensus was "weaker than in most prior cases in which the Court has struck down a particular punishment". Furthermore, she was skeptical of the Court's conclusion
785:
Justice Scalia's primary objection was that "the real driving force" of the majority's analysis was "the Court's own judgment" about deterrence and retribution. Scalia said sentencing decisions made by juries were based on the circumstances of each case. He critcized the majority's finding of a
971:
in
October 2002. At the time of the attacks, Malvo was 17 years old. In light of this Supreme Court decision, the prosecutors in Prince William County decided not to pursue the charges against Malvo. At the outset of the Beltway sniper prosecutions, the primary reason for extraditing the two
1075:
Benjamin stated in a 2002 interview that he waited in the car while
Simmons threw Crook off of the bridge and that he didn't know what happened to Crook until the following morning. However, prosecutors stated that it would have taken both Simmons and Benjamin to carry Crook's body to the
952:
overturned the death sentences of 72 others who had already been convicted for crimes they committed while younger than age 18. The greatest effects were in Texas, where 29 juvenile offenders were awaiting execution, and in
Alabama, where 13 on death row had been sentenced as juveniles.
845:
Empirical developmental studies about adolescent behavior featured prominently during oral arguments and in the Court's reasoning. The majority's conclusion about the diminished culpability of 16 and 17 year olds was mostly based on psychological and sociological studies cited by the
582:
Simmons was heard "bragging about the murder" later that day and told his friends that he had killed a woman. The day after the murder, police arrested
Simmons and Benjamin at their high school after receiving a tip that they were involved in the murder. At the police station in
888:
majority's finding of a national consensus was weak (twenty states still allowed executions for crimes committed by older adolescents), the Court was persuaded that foreign jurisdictions could provide "respected and significant confirmation" for their proportionality analysis.
530:
plurality had failed “to bring its independent judgment to bear on the proportionality of the death penalty for a particular class of...offenders". Finding that "penological justifications for the death penalty apply to with lesser force than to adults", The Court reversed
630:
concluded that "a national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders" and held that such punishment now violates the Eighth
Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. They sentenced Simmons to life imprisonment without parole.
742:
Finally, Justice
Kennedy supports the Court's decision by looking to trends in other countries. He says the United States "stands alone in a world that has turned its face against the juvenile death penalty", but admits this fact is "not controlling":
705:
Juveniles' "lack of maturity and underdeveloped sense of responsibility" effects their decision making. Kennedy quotes from a study about adolescent behavior stating "adolescents are overrepresented statistically in virtually every category of reckless
595:
Simmons was charged with first-degree murder, burglary, kidnapping, and stealing. He was tried as an adult. At trial, Tessmer testified that Simmons planned the murder in advance. The jury found Simmons guilty of Crook's murder and recommended the
729:
plurality opinion to explain that imposing the death penalty would not serve a deterrent purpose for a class of prisoners who were unlikely to engage in "the kind of cost benefit analysis that attaches any weight to the possibility of execution".
448:
The Court has limited the death penalty to offenders who commit the "most serious crimes" and who are "the most deserving of execution" based on their culpability and blameworthiness. The Supreme Court has restricted death sentences by crime (see
2964:
755:. Justice Kennedy says the United Kingdom's abolition of the juvenile death penalty (and subsequent abolition of the death penalty in general) "bears particular relevance here in light of the historic ties between our countries".
811:
in arguing that the role of the judiciary in the constitutional scheme is to interpret the law as formulated in democratically selected legislatures. He argued that it is for the legislature, acting in the manner prescribed in
801:
He accused the majority of invoking foreign law selectively. He said the majority had taken it upon themselves to "ratify treaties on behalf of the United States" that were expressly rejected by the political branches.
441:(1910) the Supreme Court has elaborated that the Eighth Amendment protects the dignity of all persons, "even those convicted of heinous crimes". Excessive and disproportionate punishments are prohibited as
717:
The Court concludes that the death penalty is excessive when imposed on juveniles because retribution against a class of offenders with dimished culpability is an inappropriate legislative purpose:
721:
Retribution is not proportional if the law's most severe penalty is imposed on one whose culpability or blameworthiness is diminished, to a substantial degree, by reason of youth and immaturity.
2979:
236:
The Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed, and
2901:
1557:
1160 (2004). (Donald P. Roper, the Superintendent of the correctional facility where Simmons was held, was a party to the action because it was brought as a petition for a writ of
654:
Under the "evolving standards of decency" test, the Court held that it was cruel and unusual punishment to execute a person who was under the age of 18 when the crime was committed.
797:
Though the views of our own citizens are essentially irrelevant to the Court's decision today, the views of other countries and the so-called international community take center stage
2999:
832:
about diminished culpability for those who committed crimes before they turned 18 because the "mitigating characteristics associated with youth not justify an absolute age limit".
763:
The dissents questioned the majority's finding that a "national consensus" had formed, its methodology and the propriety of basing constitutional interpretation on foreign laws.
1085:
Shirley Crook was reported as a missing person earlier that afternoon by her husband Steven Crook, who was away from home on an overnight trip on the night of the murder.
658:
2444:
873:
submitting scientific evidence has been debated for many years. Justices have themselves acknowledged their limited qualifications to evaluate scientific evidence.
862:
showed that scientific evidence "can influence the attribution of responsibility for criminal acts" when the evidence is consistent with common sense observations.
519:
judgment, was critical of the plurality's refusal "to judge whether the nexus between the punishment imposed and the defendant's blameworthiness is proportional."
1206:
616:
The case worked its way up the court system, with the courts continuing to uphold the death sentence. However, in light of a 2002 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, in
1667:& Scott, Elizabeth S. (2003), "Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty",
375:
2066:
1550:
1505:
1483:
1172:
1147:
1118:
1046:
219:
188:
155:
85:
2969:
896:
Justice Scalia did not take the sentencing practices of foreign countries into consideration: "it is American conceptions of decency that are dispositive."
752:
2202:
1924:
816:
of the Constitution to offer amendments to the Constitution in light of the evolving standard of decency, not for the Court to make what he considered
371:
445:
by the Court's precedent. The Court has applied an "evolving standards of decency" test to decide which punishments are unconstitutionally excessive.
725:
The Court notes the "absence of evidence of deterrent effect". The majority reasons that adolescents are not likely to be deterred, quoting from the
1094:
Tessmer was charged with criminal conspiracy for his role in the murder, but the charges were dropped in exchange for his testimony against Simmons.
1000:
arguing that life without parole sentences for minors were unconstitutional based on developmental science about adolescent risk-taking behavior.
813:
747:
The opinion of the world community, while not controlling outcome, does provide respected and significant confirmation for our own conclusions.
892:
Justices have mixed views about the relevance of international norms to "evolving standards of decency" analysis. Writing for the majority in
1003:
The State of Alabama sought review in the U.S. Supreme Court, raising a single issue, "Whether this Court should reconsider its decision in
786:"national consensus" when more than half the states that allowed capital punishments also allowed the sentence to be imposed on juveniles.
1975:
1359:
733:
The majority rejects the view taken by the dissent that youth was a mitigating factor to be taken into consideration during sentencing:
2974:
789:
In addition, Justice Scalia also objected in general to the Court's willingness to take guidance from foreign law in interpreting the
2994:
1810:
661:, but only six states had executed prisoners since 1989 for crimes committed as juveniles. Only three states had done so since 1994:
884:
reignited an ongoing academic debate about how American courts should decide whether a punishment is cruel and unusual. Because the
2193:
326:
2989:
2984:
348:
337:
601:
2348:
1325:
1277:
858:
says "it is not clear that the neuroscience evidence carries any special weight in the majority's reasoning". She says
847:
410:
358:
38:
1423:
657:
The Court found a "national consensus" based on state laws and jury sentencing behavior. At the time of the decision,
2156:
2130:
805:
Scalia also attacked the majority opinion as being fundamentally antidemocratic. His dissent cited a passage from
571:, where Simmons and Benjamin unloaded Crook from the van. They then covered her head with a towel, wrapped her in
427:, in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16, and overturned statutes in 25 states.
2164:
2122:
854:
briefs included neuroscience evidence and neuroimaging research but these were not directly cited by the Court.
2828:
2148:
1530:
207:
579:
while she was still alive and conscious. Crook's body was discovered that afternoon by a group of fishermen.
1471:
751:
The Court takes note of the fact that only Somalia and the United States had not ratified Article 37 of the
176:
2186:
2140:
442:
646:
and held that the Eighth Amendment does not allow death sentences for juvenile offenders younger than 18.
2917:
2796:
2049:
488:
that decision was justified by retributive and deterrent purposes of state death penalty statutes. When
2016:
790:
2004:
634:
The State of Missouri appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.
2780:
2452:
1534:
1452:
1405:
627:
139:
2095:
1681:
2933:
2880:
696:
used respecting the mentally retarded, as "categorically less culpable than the average criminal".
2909:
2305:
2179:
1448:
1401:
1331:
1283:
912:
623:
135:
124:
108:
2086:
2892:
2756:
2356:
2241:
2233:
1949:
1676:
1398:
956:
The decision overturned the laws of 25 states that allowed 16 and 17 year olds to be executed.
828:
512:
437:
273:
1210:, 96 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 947–994 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).
57:
Donald P. Roper, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center, Petitioner v. Christopher Simmons
2863:
2660:
2604:
2484:
2070:
1829:
1554:
1509:
1487:
1176:
1151:
1122:
807:
564:
223:
192:
159:
77:
1240:
1013:(i.e., declined to take the case for review) on June 19, 2006, without a published dissent.
2620:
2516:
2508:
2492:
2476:
2321:
2265:
1894:
1167:
1142:
1023:
713:
Juveniles have more capacity to reform because their identities are less fixed than adults.
507:
463:
423:
390:
238:
2171:
1772:
8:
2721:
2676:
2412:
2313:
2273:
2020:
2008:
968:
901:
301:
2077:
2042:
Disposing of Children: The Eighth Amendment and Juvenile Life without Parole after Roper
2788:
2713:
2668:
2540:
2532:
2460:
2436:
2404:
2372:
2281:
2104:
1875:
1664:
1633:
1512:
1500:
1429:
1179:
1154:
1125:
863:
618:
597:
475:
469:
418:
66:
2804:
2772:
2697:
2588:
2556:
2524:
2420:
2364:
2340:
2297:
2289:
2249:
2041:
1792:
1753:
1694:
1039:
1031:
996:
775:
572:
457:
414:
406:
265:
257:
2925:
2820:
2705:
2644:
2636:
2500:
2468:
2428:
2388:
2380:
1906:
1867:
1784:
1745:
1686:
1645:
990:
588:
584:
494:
484:
451:
2965:
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
482:
When the Court upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty in the 1977 case
80:
2764:
2628:
2596:
2580:
2572:
2548:
2396:
1925:"Case Summaries of Juvenile Offenders Who Were on Death Row in the United States"
1690:
855:
779:
681:
297:
285:
1788:
1207:
Roper v. Simmons: The Collision of National Consensus and Proportionality Review
2872:
2812:
2748:
2729:
2652:
2017:
Malvo Gets Two More Life Terms, Teen Sniper Enters Plea In Spotsylvania Attacks
964:
897:
771:
673:. Furthermore, five of the states that allowed the juvenile death penalty when
568:
309:
277:
2958:
2257:
1852:
1559:
576:
164:
1736:
Dresser, Rebecca (2008). "Neuroscience's Uncertain Threat to Criminal Law".
2612:
2050:
Death Penalty Information Center – Juvenile Offenders Who Were On Death Row
1796:
1757:
1698:
421:
for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5–4 decision overruled
289:
2113:
2031:
Proportionality and Punishment: Imposing Life without Parole on Juveniles
600:, which the trial court imposed. For his role, Benjamin was sentenced to
501:
In 1988 a plurality barred execution of offenders under the age of 16 in
2030:
1895:"Abolishing the Death Penalty Worldwide: The Impact of a "New Dynamic""
1879:
1749:
1009:
560:
150:
96:
1976:"ALABAMA v. ADAMS, 547 U.S. 1218 | U.S., Judgment, Law, casemine.com"
626:, Simmons filed a new petition for state post-conviction relief. The
556:
92:
1871:
967:
became no longer eligible for the death penalty for his role in the
547:
in 1993, 17-year-old Christopher Simmons concocted a plan to commit
2902:
Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.
1910:
1773:"Supreme Court Cites Science in Limiting Punishments for Juveniles"
1649:
1634:"Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice: A Developmental Perspective"
1475:
973:
960:
670:
662:
548:
544:
180:
144:
1632:
Monahan, Kathryn; Steinberg, Laurence; Piquero, Alex R. (2015).
959:
The impact of this ruling was immediately felt in the State of
552:
204:
132:
33:
2980:
Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law
526:
decision, Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority, said the
123:
Defendant convicted, motion for postconviction relief denied,
1066:
and take drugs. Moomey would later be a key witness at trial.
666:
2201:
1468:
592:
earlier and that he believed Crook recognized him as well.
173:
1241:
Aggravating Youth: Roper v Simmons and Age Discrimination
3000:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
1631:
1047:
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
659:
20 states had the juvenile death penalty on the books
1811:"Courts need help when it comes to science and tech"
753:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
99:
2200; 73 U.S.L.W. 4153; 18 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 131
1604:"The Debate over Foreign Law in Roper v. Simmons".
1381:
1379:
575:, and threw her off of the trestle bridge into the
1307:
1305:
16:2005 U.S. Supreme Court case on capital punishment
1007:, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)". The Supreme Court denied
613:court rejected the motion, and Simmons appealed.
383:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
162:953 (1997). Denial of petition for a writ of
2956:
2215:
1376:
2005:5-4 Supreme Court Abolishes Juvenile Executions
1770:
1302:
1663:
1299:, at 556–557; at 618 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
2187:
563:her in her van. Simmons drove Crook's van to
329:, joined by Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer
2852:
677:was decided in 1989 had since abolished it.
622:, that overturned the death penalty for the
492:was decided in 2002 the Court, quoting from
1356:
738:juvenile offender merits the death penalty.
125:Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Missouri
2194:
2180:
2157:Reply Brief of Petitioner, Donald P. Roper
1771:Miller, Greg; Steinberg, Laurence (2012).
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1278:Murderer: How teen burglars became killers
979:
701:juveniles are less culpable than adults:
607:
1892:
1860:The American Journal of International Law
1830:"Foreign Law and the Denominator Problem"
1680:
2970:United States children's rights case law
2165:Brief of Respondent, Christopher Simmons
2034:, 33 Wake Forest L. Rev. 681 (1998).
911:
2123:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
2015:Boorstein, Michelle (October 27, 2004)
1735:
1616:
1578:
1326:Teens Killed Woman, Got $ 6, Police Say
1244:, 2005 Sup. Ct. Rev. 51–102 (2005).
1160:
649:
195:924 (2001). Petition for a writ of
2957:
2038:
1853:"International Law as Part of Our Law"
1493:
840:
2851:
2349:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
2214:
2175:
2027:
1827:
1821:
1237:
1203:
920:minimum ages for executions by state
21:2005 United States Supreme Court case
2149:Brief of Petitioner, Donald P. Roper
1893:Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2009).
1221:
1219:
1217:
435:In a line of cases reaching back to
1850:
1424:Too Immature for the Death Penalty?
823:
413:in which the Court held that it is
13:
1997:
1128: (2005) (hereinafter cited as
848:American Psychological Association
411:Supreme Court of the United States
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3011:
2975:United States Supreme Court cases
2141:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari
2073:551 (2005) is available from:
2055:
2045:, 47 B.C.L. Rev. 1083 (2006).
1214:
988:decision the APA filed briefs in
766:
2995:Capital punishment for juveniles
1929:Death Penalty Information Center
1815:American Bar Association Journal
948:The Supreme Court's decision in
850:in an amicus brief. Some of the
637:
32:
1968:
1942:
1917:
1886:
1844:
1803:
1764:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1656:
1566:
1540:
1518:
1458:
1436:
1415:
1388:
1367:
1350:
1338:
1317:
1290:
1269:
1260:
1088:
1079:
1069:
559:her mouth and eyes shut before
538:
2990:2005 in United States case law
2985:Capital punishment in Missouri
2829:City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
2203:United States Eighth Amendment
2003:Lane, Charles (March 2, 2005)
1526:State ex rel. Simmons v. Roper
1248:
1231:
1197:
1185:
1135:
1108:
1059:
876:
201:State ex rel. Simmons v. Roper
1:
1360:Juvenile Death Penalty Update
1101:
710:from a criminogenic setting".
461:) and class of offender (see
430:
361:, joined by Rehnquist, Thomas
2216:Cruel and unusual punishment
1691:10.1037/0003-066X.58.12.1009
1408:1997) (hereinafter cited as
443:cruel and unusual punishment
405:, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), is a
7:
2918:United States v. Bajakajian
2132:Transcript of Oral Argument
1851:Koh, Harold Hongju (2004).
1789:10.1126/science.337.6090.25
1363:, PBS (March 4, 2005).
1016:
925: No capital punishment
758:
642:The Supreme Court reversed
567:and parked near a railroad
10:
3016:
2114:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1950:"A new challenge to Roper"
1738:The Hastings Center Report
904:considered them relevant.
774:wrote a dissent joined by
680:Writing for the majority,
2891:
2862:
2858:
2847:
2781:South Carolina v. Gathers
2740:
2687:
2453:Skipper v. South Carolina
2332:
2225:
2221:
2210:
1828:Young, Ernest A. (2005).
907:
835:
628:Supreme Court of Missouri
388:
381:
370:
365:
354:
344:
333:
322:
317:
251:
246:
235:
230:
119:
114:
104:
72:
62:
52:
45:
31:
26:
2934:Tyler v. Hennepin County
2881:United States v. Salerno
2853:Excessive bail and fines
2040:
2029:
1358:
1239:
1205:
1052:
372:U.S. Const. amends. VIII
2910:Austin v. United States
2445:Caldwell v. Mississippi
2306:Montgomery v. Louisiana
1332:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1284:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
980:Subsequent developments
943: Minimum age of 16
937: Minimum age of 17
931: Minimum age of 18
776:Chief Justice Rehnquist
624:intellectually disabled
608:Lower court proceedings
46:Argued October 13, 2004
2893:Excessive Fines Clause
2757:Robinson v. California
2373:California v. Anderson
2357:McGautha v. California
2242:Robinson v. California
2234:Weems v. United States
1531:112 S.W.3d 397
1449:944 S.W.2d 165
969:Beltway sniper attacks
945:
799:
749:
740:
723:
698:
505:. The following year
438:Weems v. United States
2864:Excessive Bail Clause
2605:Panetti v. Quarterman
2485:Maynard v. Cartwright
1669:American Psychologist
1335:, September 11, 1993.
915:
808:The Federalist Papers
795:
745:
735:
719:
686:
587:, Simmons waived his
565:Castlewood State Park
91:125 S. Ct. 1183; 161
48:Decided March 1, 2005
2621:Kennedy v. Louisiana
2517:Whitmore v. Arkansas
2509:Stanford v. Kentucky
2493:Thompson v. Oklahoma
2477:Lowenfield v. Phelps
2322:Jones v. Mississippi
2266:Harmelin v. Michigan
1238:Elizabeth F. Emens,
1168:Stanford v. Kentucky
1143:Thompson v. Oklahoma
1024:Kennedy v. Louisiana
650:Opinion of the Court
515:, concurring in the
508:Stanford v. Kentucky
503:Thompson v. Oklahoma
464:Thompson v. Oklahoma
424:Stanford v. Kentucky
391:Stanford v. Kentucky
340:, joined by Ginsburg
239:Stanford v. Kentucky
2797:Helling v. McKinney
2722:Hudson v. McMillian
2688:Corporal punishment
2677:Bucklew v. Precythe
2413:Spaziano v. Florida
2314:Virginia v. LeBlanc
2274:Ewing v. California
2160:, September 7, 2004
2039:Hillary J. Massey,
2021:The Washington Post
2009:The Washington Post
1665:Steinberg, Laurence
1612:(1): 103–108. 2005.
1465:Simmons v. Bowersox
1433:, October 17, 2004.
902:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
841:Scientific evidence
602:life without parole
513:Sandra Day O'Connor
302:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
274:Sandra Day O'Connor
170:Simmons v. Bowersox
2789:Payne v. Tennessee
2714:Ingraham v. Wright
2669:Madison v. Alabama
2541:Atkins v. Virginia
2533:Herrera v. Collins
2461:Ford v. Wainwright
2437:Glass v. Louisiana
2405:Godfrey v. Georgia
2282:Lockyer v. Andrade
2144:, October 24, 2003
2136:, October 13, 2004
2134:, Roper v. Simmons
1834:Harvard Law Review
1750:10.1353/hcr.0.0076
1675:(12): 1009–1018 ,
1606:Harvard Law Review
1501:Atkins v. Virginia
1357:Tim O'Brien,
946:
864:Laurence Steinberg
619:Atkins v. Virginia
476:Atkins v. Virginia
470:Ford v. Wainwright
419:capital punishment
262:Associate Justices
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2805:Farmer v. Brennan
2773:Estelle v. Gamble
2698:Jackson v. Bishop
2589:Hill v. McDonough
2557:Tennard v. Dretke
2525:Walton v. Arizona
2421:Enmund v. Florida
2365:Furman v. Georgia
2341:Wilkerson v. Utah
2298:Miller v. Alabama
2290:Graham v. Florida
2250:Rummel v. Estelle
1899:Crime and Justice
1638:Crime and Science
1385:Br. of Simmons 2.
1040:Miller v. Alabama
1032:Graham v. Florida
997:Miller v. Alabama
589:right to attorney
458:Enmund v. Florida
407:landmark decision
398:
397:
258:William Rehnquist
3007:
2926:Timbs v. Indiana
2860:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2821:Kahler v. Kansas
2706:Gates v. Collier
2645:Hurst v. Florida
2637:Glossip v. Gross
2565:Roper v. Simmons
2501:Penry v. Lynaugh
2469:Tison v. Arizona
2429:Pulley v. Harris
2389:Coker v. Georgia
2381:Gregg v. Georgia
2223:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2152:, April 20, 2004
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2063:Roper v. Simmons
2046:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2028:Wayne A. Logan,
1991:
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1986:
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1956:. April 20, 2006
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1684:
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1654:
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1614:
1613:
1601:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1547:Roper v. Simmons
1544:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1462:
1456:
1446:
1444:State v. Simmons
1440:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1395:State v. Simmons
1392:
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1211:
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1195:
1189:
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1164:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1115:Roper v. Simmons
1112:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1005:Roper v. Simmons
991:Graham v Florida
950:Roper v. Simmons
942:
936:
930:
924:
869:The practice of
829:Justice O'Connor
824:O'Connor dissent
585:Fenton, Missouri
543:In the state of
495:Coker v. Georgia
485:Gregg v. Georgia
452:Coker v. Georgia
415:unconstitutional
402:Roper v. Simmons
247:Court membership
226:1160 (2004).
129:State v. Simmons
36:
35:
27:Roper v. Simmons
24:
23:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2940:
2887:
2854:
2835:
2765:Powell v. Texas
2736:
2709:(5th Cir. 1974)
2701:(8th Cir. 1968)
2689:
2683:
2629:Hall v. Florida
2597:Kansas v. Marsh
2581:Oregon v. Guzek
2576:(5th Cir. 2005)
2573:Bigby v. Dretke
2549:Ring v. Arizona
2397:Lockett v. Ohio
2328:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2168:, July 19, 2004
2125:
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2116:
2110:
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2098:
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1998:Further reading
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1994:
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1872:10.2307/3139255
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1809:
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1682:10.1.1.497.7026
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1490:924 (2001).
1463:
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1437:
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1377:
1373:Br. of Roper 5.
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1322:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:, June 6, 2002.
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:Br. of Roper 6.
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910:
879:
856:Rebecca Dresser
843:
838:
826:
769:
761:
682:Justice Kennedy
652:
640:
610:
573:electrical wire
541:
433:
384:
300:
298:Clarence Thomas
288:
286:Anthony Kennedy
276:
266:John P. Stevens
100:
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41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
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2885:
2877:
2873:Stack v. Boyle
2868:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2813:Brown v. Plata
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2749:Trop v. Dulles
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:Hope v. Pelzer
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2661:Moore v. Texas
2657:
2653:Kansas v. Carr
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
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2096:Google Scholar
2057:
2056:External links
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1650:10.1086/681553
1644:(1): 577–629.
1615:
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1421:Paul Raeburn,
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772:Justice Scalia
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2771:
2763:
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1017:See also
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963:, where
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545:Missouri
533:Stanford
528:Stanford
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323:Majority
187:denied,
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327:Kennedy
231:Holding
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