Romanian revolution

2125: 1939: 3022: 3870: 3098: 1024: 1926:

exception was Hungary, where, in October 1989, the leading role of the party was rescinded from the constitution and the party militia was abolished. However, very soon after Ceaușescu's reelection, the other communist regimes in the Warsaw Pact began to crumble as well. The party militia was abolished in Poland on 23 November and then in Bulgaria on 25 November. The leading role of the party was rescinded from the constitution of Czechoslovakia on 29 November and from that of East Germany on 1 December. Even the Soviet Union's Communist regime had started to unravel while Ceaușescu was still in power: on 7 December 1989, one of its 15 Union Republics,

3854: 253: 2089: 2299:

speech, a high-pitched scream was heard in the distance. Within seconds, this developed into widespread shouting and screaming, as Ceaușescu looked on while speaking. A few seconds later, he ceased speaking completely, raised his right hand and stared silently at the unfolding chaos. The TV image then shook noticeably and video interference appeared on screen. At that point, Florian Rat, Ceaușescu's bodyguard, appeared and advised Ceaușescu to go inside the building. Censors then cut the live TV feed, but it was too late. The disturbance had already been broadcast, and viewers realised that something highly unusual was occurring.

228: 1913: 2457:

apparently called another meeting for the next morning. However, before 07:00, his wife Elena received the news that large columns of workers from many industrial platforms (large communist-era factories or groups of factories concentrated into industrial zones) were heading towards the city centre of Bucharest to join the protests. The police barricades that were meant to block access to Piața Universității (University Square) and Palace Square proved useless. By 09:30 University Square was jammed with protesters. Security forces (army, police and others) re-entered the area, only to join with the protesters.

447: 3826: 362: 345: 216: 417: 401: 390: 379: 438: 324: 312: 282: 269: 2773:

been no academic evidence to suggest that Securitate units fought against the revolution. The origins of this falsehood can be found in the speech given on 22 December by Army Captain Mihail Lupoi. During this speech, he asserts that it was only the Securitate who had shot protesters before the 22nd and that the Securitate needs to come onto the side of the army. This is a complete falsehood which placed the deaths of protesters by the army onto the shoulders of the Securitate. Both the army and Securitate had shot and killed protesters before the 22nd.

2324: 1974:

harassment and eviction. Many passersby spontaneously joined in. As it became clear that the crowd would not disperse, the mayor, Petre Moț, made remarks suggesting that he had overturned the decision to evict Tőkés. Meanwhile, the crowd had grown impatient and, when Moț declined to confirm his statement against the planned eviction in writing, the crowd started to chant anti-communist slogans. Subsequently, police and Securitate forces showed up at the scene. By 19:30 the protest had spread and the original cause became largely irrelevant.

3047: 2976: 2546:. After they arrived there, Ceaușescu took Maluțan into the presidential suite and ordered him to get two helicopters filled with soldiers for an armed guard, and a further Dauphin to come to Snagov. Maluțan's unit commander replied on the phone, "There has been a revolution ... You are on your own ... Good luck!". Maluțan then said to Ceaușescu that the second motor was now warmed up and they needed to leave soon but he could only take four people, not six. Mănescu and Bobu stayed behind. Ceaușescu ordered Maluțan to head for 2481:, Ceaușescu's minister of defence, died under suspicious circumstances. A communiqué by Ceaușescu stated that Milea had been sacked for treason, and that he had committed suicide after his treason was revealed. The most widespread opinion at the time was that Milea hesitated to follow Ceaușescu's orders to fire on the demonstrators, even though tanks had been dispatched to downtown Bucharest that morning. Milea was already in severe disfavour with Ceaușescu for initially sending soldiers to Timișoara without live 497: 3749:, with a small part of the protesters deciding to stand ground even after Iliescu was re-elected with an overwhelming majority of 85%. Attempts by police to evacuate the remaining protesters resulted in attacks on state institutions, prompting Iliescu to appeal to the country's workers for help. Infiltrated and instigated by former Securitate agents, in the following days a large mass of workers, mainly miners, entered Bucharest and attacked and fought with anti-government protesters and gathered bystanders. 2762: 148: 2423: 2793:), called for a mass mobilisation of peoples for the defence of the television station. This call to arms resulted in the accumulation of army personnel, patriotic guards (both in and out of uniform) and armed civilians guarding the station. Later the same evening, there was an announcement that a convoy of anti-terrorist units were heading for the television centre. This was a falsehood which added to the extremely tense environment which had been building since the flight of 372: 355: 2718: 10847: 2159:), an earlier patriotic song that had been banned in 1947 (but then partially co-opted by the Ceaușescu regime once he fashioned himself as a nationalist). Ethnic Hungarian protesters also chanted "Români, veniți cu noi!" ("Romanians, come with us", to convey that the protest was by and for all citizens of Romania, not an ethnic minority matter). They were, indeed, fired upon; some died and others were seriously injured, while the lucky ones were able to escape. 3683: 3926: 2290: 1682:, as capital punishment was abolished soon after. For several days after Ceaușescu fled, many would be killed in the crossfire between civilians and armed forces personnel which believed the other to be Securitate ‘terrorists’. Although news reports at the time and media today will make reference to the Securitate fighting against the revolution, there has never been any evidence to support the claim of an organised effort against the revolution by the 2313:

socialism. He continued in this nationalist and Marxist–Leninist vein, referencing his speech of 21 August 1968, where he had asserted Romania's independence within the Warsaw Pact at the time of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and promising to continue to defend socialist Romania as before. In all, following the interruption, the speech and the associated exhortations continued for over 13 minutes, and ended with Ceaușescu waving to the crowd.

6467: 2461:

Ceaușescu attempted to address the crowd from the balcony of the Central Committee of the Communist Party building, but his attempt was met with a wave of disapproval and anger. Helicopters spread manifestos (which did not reach the crowd, due to unfavourable winds) instructing people not to fall victim to the latest "diversion attempts," but to go home instead and enjoy the Christmas feast. This order, which drew unfavourable comparisons to

3940: 964: 2304:

leave the area, while others moved towards the Central Committee building. Elena wondered aloud whether there was an earthquake in progress. Ceaușescu repeatedly tapped the microphone, trying to call the attention of the crowd. After the tumult died down to some extent, live TV service resumed as Ceaușescu announced that a decision had been taken that morning to raise several allowances, including the minimum wage, from 2,000 to 2,200

2229: 32: 2580: 1999: 2566:. The repairman, Nicolae Petrișor, convinced them that they could hide in an agricultural technical institute on the edge of town. When they arrived, the director there guided the Ceaușescus into a room and then locked them in. They were arrested by local police at about 15:30, then after some wandering around, transported to the Târgoviște garrison's military compound and held captive for several days until their trial. 3730:

mainly of former members of the second echelon of the CPR, immediately assumed control over the state institutions, including the main media outlets such as the national radio and television networks. They used their control of the media to launch attacks against their political opponents, newly created political parties that claimed to be successors to those existing before 1948. Around the same time, all Romanian

294: 240: 6419: 5652: 3811:

political organization, while those painting the events as a pure, "spontaneous revolution" largely aligned with support for the FSN. In addition, the FSN itself attempted to construct its own narrative of the revolution, with its leaders placed abruptly at the center by popular will. This interpretation was largely challenged by FSN opponents.

2415:, who took part in the protests at the InterContinental, declared in a 2010 interview that "it was only an illusion that the Army was on the revolutionaries' side. A French journalist, Jean-Louis Calderon, was killed. A street near University Square was later named after him, as well as a high school in Timișoara. Belgian journalist 2805:

from an aid worker who had set up a first aid station at the side of the television station, and who goes on to explain that afterwards the group of Patriotic Guardsmen would later deny that they had fired first. This is only one of many examples of gunfights between pro-revolution forces after the flight of Ceaușescu on the 22nd.

1863:, but shortly thereafter he achieved a significant political victory: Romania paid off its external debt of about US$ 11,000,000,000 several months before the time that even the Romanian dictator expected. However, in the months following the austerity programme, shortages of goods remained the same as before. 2210:, and by word of mouth. A mass meeting was staged for the next day, 21 December, which, according to the official media, was presented as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceaușescu," emulating the 1968 meeting in which Ceaușescu had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces. 2493:

but the bullet missed the heart, hit a nearby artery and led to his death shortly afterward. Some believe that he only tried to incapacitate himself in order to be relieved from office, but it is unclear then why he would shoot in the direction of the heart and not something non-vital like arms or legs.

2846:

During the night of 22–23 December, Bucharest residents remained on the streets, especially in areas under attack, fighting (and ultimately winning, at the cost of many lives) a battle with an elusive and dangerous enemy. With the military confused by contradictory orders, actual battles ensued, with

2538:

and Emil Bobu were running behind them. Mănescu, Bobu, Neagoe and another Securitate officer scrambled to the four seats in the back ... As I pulled Ceaușescu in, I saw the demonstrators running across the terrace ... There wasn't enough space, Elena Ceaușescu and I were squeezed in between

2281:

On the morning of 21 December, Ceaușescu addressed an assembly of approximately 100,000 people to condemn the uprising in Timișoara. Party officials took great pains to make it appear that Ceaușescu was still immensely popular. Several busloads of workers, under threat of being fired upon, arrived in

1665:

that was broadcast to millions of Romanians on state television, rank-and-file members of the military switched, almost unanimously, from supporting the dictator to backing the protesters. Riots, street violence and murders in several Romanian cities over the course of roughly a week led the Romanian

2772:

There has yet to be any academic evidence for the idea that there were significant forces considered loyal to the old regime. Rather, the continued fighting which was seen after the flight of Ceaușescu was a result of paranoid exchanges of fire from the general population and armed forces. There has

2492:

Accounts differ about how Milea died. His family and several junior officers believed he had been shot in his own office by the Securitate, while another group of officers believed he had committed suicide. In 2005 an investigation concluded that the minister killed himself by shooting at his heart,

2303:

Contrary to many reports, Ceaușescu was not at this point hustled inside the building. Instead, undeterred, he and his wife, Elena, along with other officials, spent almost three minutes trying to understand what was happening and haranguing the confused crowd, some of whom appeared to be trying to

2112:

After 20:00, from Piața Libertății (Liberty Square) to the Opera, there was wild shooting, including the area of Decebal bridge, Calea Lipovei (Lipovei Avenue) and Calea Girocului (Girocului Avenue). Tanks, trucks and TABs blocked the accesses into the city, while helicopters hovered overhead. After

1969:

and complained that Romanians did not even know their human rights. As Tőkés described it later, the interview, which had been seen in the border areas and was then spread all over Romania, had "a shock effect upon the Romanians, the Securitate as well, on the people of Romania. t had an unexpected

3777:

reforms were implemented, although not all at once: by the end of 1990, prices were liberalised and a free currency exchange rate was implemented, devaluing the leu by 60%. The land of the state-owned collective farms was distributed to private owners and a list of 708 large state-owned enterprises

3729:

The revolution brought Romania vast attention from the outside world. Initially, much of the world's sympathy went to the FSN government under Ion Iliescu, a former member of the CPR leadership and a Ceaușescu ally prior to falling into the dictator's disfavour in the early 1980s. The FSN, composed

2804:

took up a defensive position in a building close to the television centre on the 23rd. It has not been established who took the first shots at around 17:00, but a gunfight soon ensued with those in the television station returning fire onto the position of the Patriotic guards. This testimony comes

2683:

to try the Ceaușescus for genocide and other crimes. The trial was held on 25 December, lasted for about two hours and delivered death sentences to the couple. Although nominally the Ceaușescus had a right of appeal, their execution followed immediately, just outside the improvised courtroom, being

2500:

minister of defence. He accepted after a brief hesitation. Stănculescu, however, ordered the troops back to their quarters without Ceaușescu's knowledge, and also persuaded Ceaușescu to leave by helicopter, thus making the dictator a fugitive. At that same moment angry protesters began storming the

2395:

As the hours passed many more people took to the streets. Later, observers claimed that even at this point, had Ceaușescu been willing to talk, he might have been able to salvage something. Instead, he decided on force. Soon the protesters—unarmed and unorganised—were confronted by soldiers, tanks,

2198:

Upon Ceaușescu's return from Iran on the evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building) in which he spoke about the events at Timișoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces

2521:

Following Ceaușescu's second failed attempt to address the crowd, he and Elena fled into a lift headed for the roof. A group of protesters managed to force their way into the building, overpower Ceaușescu's bodyguards and make their way through his office before heading onto the balcony. They were

2162:

On 19 December, local Party functionary Radu Bălan and Colonel-General Ștefan Gușă visited workers in the city's factories, but failed to get them to resume work. On 20 December, massive columns of workers entered the city. About 100,000 protesters occupied Piața Operei (Opera Square – today Piața

2100:

The military was sent in to control the riots, because the situation was beyond the capability of the Securitate and conventional police to handle. The presence of the army in the streets was an ominous sign; it meant that they had received their orders from the highest level of the command chain,

1903:

The three students, Mihnea Paraschivescu, Grațian Vulpe, and the economist Dan Căprariu-Schlachter from Cluj, were detained and investigated by the Securitate at the Rahova Penitentiary on suspicion of propaganda against the socialist society. They were released on 22 December 1989 at 14:00. There

1874:

in the first days following 9 November 1989. The most notable news in Romanian newspapers of 11 November 1989, was the "masterly lecture by comrade Nicolae Ceaușescu at the extended plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania," in which the Romanian head of state and

2753:

passing the last checkpoint, they were fired upon from different directions. A civilian bus was also fired upon during the firefight. After the firefight, the surviving soldiers were taken prisoner by the troops guarding the airport, who seemed to think that they were loyal to Ceaușescu's regime.

2456:

It is likely that in the early hours of 22 December that the Ceaușescus made their second mistake. Instead of fleeing the city under cover of night, they decided to wait until morning to leave. Ceaușescu must have thought that his desperate attempts to crush the protests had succeeded, because he

1925:

On 20 November 1989 (the day when Ceaușescu was reelected as leader of the Romanian Communist Party) almost all of the Warsaw Pact Communist regimes were institutionally intact. The leading role of the Communist Party was enshrined in their constitutions and the party militia was active. The lone

2752:

military base, and were summoned there by General Ion Rus, commander of the Romanian Air Force. The confrontation resulted in the deaths of 40 soldiers, as well as eight civilians. The military trucks were allowed entrance into the airport's perimeter, passing several checkpoints. However, after

2460:

By 10:00, as the radio broadcast was announcing the introduction of martial law and a ban on groups larger than five persons, hundreds of thousands of people were gathering for the first time, spontaneously, in central Bucharest (the previous day's crowd had come together at Ceaușescu's orders).

2298:

After a short introduction from Barbu Petrescu, the mayor of Bucharest and organiser of the rally, Ceaușescu began to speak from the balcony of the Central Committee building, greeting the crowd and thanking the organisers of the rally and the residents of Bucharest. Just over a minute into the

3810:

In the years immediately following the revolution, narratives applied both by Romanians and the international audience competed for an interpretation of the events of 1989. Within Romania, myths interpreting it as "false" or "stolen" by the FSN correlated to one's level of disagreement with the

3793:

began an austerity plan, limiting wages and further liberalising prices. The economic situation deteriorated and inflation as well as unemployment increased substantially. The austerity measures, which by 1995 included a decrease in social spending, led to an increase in poverty. The neoliberal

2508:

By refusing to carry out Ceaușescu's orders (he was still technically commander-in-chief of the army), Stănculescu played a central role in the overthrow of the dictatorship. "I had the prospect of two execution squads: Ceaușescu's and the revolutionary one!" confessed Stănculescu later. In the

3818:

were fresh on people's minds in 1989 during its two-hundredth anniversary. However, as violence continued into 1990 and reports reached the West of mass casualties, this projected narrative shifted into a less sympathetic one characterized by disappointment in and suspicion of the revolution's

3029:

The total number of deaths in the Romanian revolution was 1,104, of which 162 were from the protests that led to the overthrow of Ceaușescu (16–22 December 1989) and 942 during the fighting that occurred after the seizure of power by the new FSN. The number of wounded was 3,352, of which 1,107

2525:

At 11:20 on 22 December 1989, Ceaușescu's personal pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Vasile Maluțan, received instructions from Lieutenant General Opruta to proceed to Palace Square to pick up the president. As he flew over Palace Square he saw it was impossible to land there. Maluțan landed his white

2312:

at the time), and the old age pension from 800 to 900 lei per month. Ceaușescu continued his speech, addressing the events of Timisoara and blaming them on imperialist circles and intelligence services that wished to destroy the integrity and sovereignty of Romania and halt the construction of

1973:

At the behest of the government, his bishop removed him from his post, thereby depriving him of the right to use the apartment to which he was entitled as a pastor, and assigned him to be a pastor in the countryside. For some time his parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from

2194:

arrived in Timișoara. The regime was attempting to use them to repress the mass protests, but after a brief encounter they ended up joining the protests. One worker explained, "Yesterday our factory boss and a party official rounded us up in the yard, handed us wooden clubs and told us that

2996:

On 24 December, Bucharest was still a city at war. Tanks, APCs and trucks continued to patrol the city and surround trouble spots in order to protect them. At intersections near strategic objectives, roadblocks were built; automatic gunfire continued in and around University Square, the

2186:

were sent by Elena Ceaușescu (Nicolae being at that time in Iran) to resolve the situation. They met with a delegation of the protesters and agreed to free the majority of the arrested protesters. However, they refused to comply with the protesters' main demand— the resignation of

3005:. Doctors at one Bucharest hospital reported not sleeping for days and treating as many as 3,000 civilians due to the fighting. "Terrorist activities" continued until 27 December, when they abruptly stopped. Nobody ever found out who conducted them, or who ordered them stopped. The 3853: 1678:, damage to the national economy, and abuse of power to execute military actions against the Romanian people. They were convicted on all charges, sentenced to death, and immediately executed on Christmas Day 1989. They were the last people to be condemned to death and 2533:

Maluțan said, "Then Stelica, the co-pilot, came to me and said that there were demonstrators coming to the terrace. Then the Ceaușescus came out, both practically carried by their bodyguards ... They looked as if they were fainting. They were white with terror.

1920:

from their constitutions. Countries in light red disbanded their party militias. The Soviet Union - in dark red - had one republic which removed the leading role of the Communist Party from its constitution. Countries in darkest red had fully-functioning Communist

1846:

The austerity programme started in 1981 and the widespread poverty it introduced made the Communist regime very unpopular. The austerity programmes were met with little resistance among Romanians and there were only a few strikes and labour disputes, of which the

2728:

After Ceaușescu left, the mood of the crowds in Palace Square grew celebratory, perhaps even more than in the other former Eastern Bloc countries because of the recent violence. People cried, shouted and gave each other gifts mainly because it was also close to

1797:. These and similar projects drained the country's finances and aggravated the already dire economic situation. Thousands of Bucharest residents were evicted from their homes, which were subsequently demolished to make room for the huge structures. 2776:

As the vast majority of deaths came from the period between 22 and 25 December, it is important to understand the circumstances for one such example of ‘attacks’. On the 22nd, a small group of individuals which would later comprise the core of the

1875:

party highly praised the "brilliant programme for the work and revolutionary struggle of all our people," as well as the "exemplary fulfillment of economic tasks." What had happened 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Bucharest, in divided

2687:

Footage of the trial and of the executed Ceaușescus was promptly released in Romania and to the rest of the world. The actual moment of execution was not filmed; the cameraman only managed to get into the courtyard just as the shooting ended.

6746: 5700: 2136:, leaving the duty of crushing the Timișoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Mayor Moț ordered a party gathering to take place at the university, with the purpose of condemning the "vandalism" of the previous days. He also declared 2336:

The protest demonstration soon erupted into a riot; the crowd took to the streets, placing the capital, like Timișoara, in turmoil. Members of the crowd spontaneously began shouting anti-Ceaușescu slogans, which spread and became chants:

2096:

Riots and protests resumed the following day, 17 December. The rioters broke into the district committee building and threw party documents, propaganda brochures, Ceaușescu's writings, and other symbols of Communist power out of windows.

1785:, with weekly shows in stadiums or on streets in different cities dedicated to him, his wife and the Communist Party. There were several megalomaniac projects, such as the construction of the grandiose House of the Republic (today the 3869: 1879:, during those days is not even mentioned. Socialism is praised as the "way of the free, independent development of the peoples." The same day, on Bucharest's Brezoianu Street and Kogălniceanu Boulevard, a group of students from 1666:

leader to flee the capital city on 22 December with his wife, Elena. Evading capture by hastily departing via helicopter effectively portrayed the couple as both fugitives and also seemingly guilty of accused crimes. Captured in

3772:

or gradual reforms. The FSN chose the latter, slower reforms, because it would have not been possible to convince the people who were already "exhausted" after Ceaușescu's austerity to undergo further sacrifices. Nevertheless,

725: 2561:

driven by a local doctor. However, the doctor was not happy about getting involved and, after a short time driving the Ceaușescus, faked engine trouble. A bicycle repairman was then flagged down and drove them in his car to

1883:

attempted a demonstration but were quickly apprehended. It initially appeared that Ceaușescu would weather the wave of revolution sweeping across Eastern Europe, as he was formally re-elected for another five-year term as

2557:. Maluțan then told his four passengers that he could do nothing more. The Securitate men ran to the roadside and began to flag down passing cars. Two cars stopped, one of them driven by a forestry official and one a red 1649:

and for decades had been the main suppressor of popular dissent, frequently and violently quashing political disagreement, ultimately proved incapable of stopping the looming, and then highly fatal and successful revolt.

2808:

Scenes of major gunfights during this period include: the television, radio and telephone buildings, as well as Casa Scânteii (the nation's print media center, which serves a similar role today under the name of the

6455: 1597:

country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured.

3825: 2747:

between troops sent against each other with the claim that they were going to confront terrorists. Early in the morning, troops sent to reinforce the airport were fired upon. These troops were from the UM 0865

2319:

then began to spread the news that the Securitate was firing on the crowd and that a "revolution" was unfolding. This persuaded people in the assembly to join in. The rally turned into a protest demonstration.

5199: 2847:

many real casualties. At 21:00 on 23 December, tanks and a few paramilitary units arrived to protect the Palace of the Republic. Meanwhile, messages of support were flooding in from all over the world:

2442:("Danube") restaurant, which stood until after midnight, but was finally torn apart by government forces. Intense shooting continued until after 03:00, by which time the survivors had fled the streets. 1686:. Hospitals in Bucharest were treating as many as thousands of civilians. Following an ultimatum, many Securitate members turned themselves in on 29 December with the assurance they would not be tried. 2522:

unaware they were only a few metres from Ceaușescu. The lift's electricity failed just before it reached the top floor, and Ceaușescu's bodyguards forced it open and ushered the couple onto the roof.

2740:("communist") in the slogan: "Trăiască Partidul Comunist Român!" ("Long live the Communist Party of Romania!"). A young woman appeared on the rooftop and waved a flag with the coat of arms torn out. 1661:

were designed in part by Ceaușescu to repay the country's foreign debts, but resulted in widespread shortages that fomented unrest. Shortly after a botched public speech by Ceaușescu in the capital

2736:

People threw Ceaușescu's writings, official portraits and propaganda books out the windows, intending to burn them. They also promptly ripped off the giant letters from the roof making up the word

2489:

to the revolution. Senior commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the regime. This effectively ended any chance of Ceaușescu staying in power.

4500: 1904:

were other letters and attempts to draw attention to the economic, cultural, and spiritual oppression of Romanians, but they served only to intensify the activity of the police and Securitate.

1701:

the following May, the FSN reconstituted as a political party, installed a series of economic and democratic reforms, with further social policy changes being implemented by later governments.

6448: 6433: 3802:, the government using its prerogatives to pass a package of laws, removing subsidies, passing reforms on unemployment benefits and greatly increasing the number of privatised companies. 6535: 9270: 2438:

Firefighters hit the demonstrators with powerful water cannons, and the police continued to beat and arrest people. Protesters managed to build a defensible barricade in front of the

1621:

that led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, repression again intensified by the 1970s. Amid tensions in the late 1980s, early protests occurred in the city of

6441: 6601: 3030:

occurred while Ceaușescu was still in power and 2,245 after the FSN took power. Official figures place the death toll of the revolution at 689 people, many of whom were civilians.

2699:—as "traitors". In the same video, Ceaușescu dismisses the "tribunal" as illegitimate and demands his constitutional rights to answer to charges in front of a legitimate tribunal. 7476: 2449:

that were sent to raid the area and record evidence for eventual reprisals, as well as by tourists in the high tower of the centrally located InterContinental Hotel, next to the

1689:

Present-day Romania has unfolded in the shadow of the Ceaușescus along with its Communist past, and its tumultuous departure from it. After Ceaușescu was summarily executed, the

5695: 11060: 10605: 6751: 6729: 4125: 1837: 1637:. In response, Romanians sought the deposition of Ceaușescu and a change in government in light of similar recent events in neighbouring nations. The country's ubiquitous 5103: 5251: 2407:

There were many casualties, including deaths, as victims were shot, clubbed to death, stabbed and crushed by armoured vehicles. One APC drove into the crowd around the

2124: 6881: 5196: 2800:

When gunfights finally erupted outside and around the television studio, they were almost always the result of miscommunication. One such example is when a group of

2386:. Many others began to emulate the young protester, and the waving and displaying of the Romanian flag with the Communist insignia cut out quickly became widespread. 1938: 2286:– Revolution Square) and were given red flags, banners and large pictures of Ceaușescu. They were augmented by bystanders who were rounded up on Calea Victoriei. 1774:

nearly impossible. The regime deliberately played on this sense that everyone was being watched to make it easier to bend the people to the Party's will. Even by

6556: 2712: 1524: 1058: 451: 4189: 6505: 4664: 4442: 2404:, anti-terrorist special squads) and armed plainclothes Securitate officers. The crowd was soon being shot at from various buildings, side streets and tanks. 9456: 1614: 1458: 782: 10982: 6463: 2202:

The country, which had no information about the Timișoara events from the national media, heard about the Timișoara revolt from Western radio stations like

1428: 8887: 2195:

Hungarians and 'hooligans' were devastating Timișoara and that it is our duty to go there and help crush the riots. But I realised that wasn't the truth."

5062: 11035: 2375: 1491: 2993:

were sent to Romania. Around the world, the press dedicated entire pages and sometimes even complete issues to the Romanian revolution and its leaders.

1023: 8935: 4532: 3814:

Outside Romania, public audiences in Western Europe initially projected generally idealistic notions of revolution on the country; the legacies of the

4277: 2695:

tribunal judging him and referring to some of its members—among them Army General Victor Atanasie Stănculescu and future Romanian Secret Service head

10817: 7700: 6719: 3097: 1885: 7456: 4335: 2835:(Romanian Athenaeum), Bucharest's leading concert hall); the university and the adjoining University Square (one of the city's main intersections); 10590: 10117: 8867: 1981:

and water cannons, while police beat up rioters and arrested many of them. Around 21:00 the rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the

2989:

In the following days, moral support was followed by material support. Large quantities of food, medicine, clothing, medical equipment, and other

8434: 6919: 6606: 5811: 5314: 5271: 5089: 3768:

The FSN had to choose between the two economic models that political elites claimed were available to post-Communist Eastern European countries:

2132:

On the morning of 18 December, the centre was being guarded by soldiers and Securitate agents in plainclothes. Ceaușescu departed for a visit to

2101:

presumably from Ceaușescu himself. The army failed to establish order, and chaos ensued, including gunfire, fights, casualties, and burned cars.

10676: 8185: 7994: 10757: 5035: 1088: 2469:", further infuriated the people who did read the manifestos; many at that time had trouble procuring basic foodstuffs such as cooking oil. 1782: 1771: 1718: 1398: 1216: 10666: 5656: 3711: 3033:

Figures by FSN officials in January 1990 claimed that as many as 7,000 people died during four days of bitter street fighting in December.

992: 655: 10640: 9527: 7623: 6796: 3959: 3900: 3895: 1517: 1388: 1317: 4464: 1977:

Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the district committee of the PCR. The Securitate responded with

10630: 7324: 4820:

Party Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: A Comparative Study of Political Institutionalization in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine

4490: 1808:

but rather had pursued an "independent" foreign policy; Romanian forces did not join their Warsaw Pact allies in putting an end to the

4736: 1817: 10719: 3419: 1322: 1048: 257: 10671: 8704: 7512: 5727: 4887:

Der Grenzer am Eisernen Vorhang. Part 4. A film by Sylvia Nagel. LE Vision GmbH. Mitteldeutsche Rundfunk (MDT), 2008. Broadcast by

4684: 3021: 2965: 2648: 2067: 96: 11100: 10107: 8751: 6510: 6372: 4395: 2824: 2590: 2009: 1609:, with Communist rule officially declared in 1947. In April 1964, when Romania published a general policy paper worked out under 7628: 5021: 4554: 2670: 2620: 2039: 1570: 68: 11095: 11030: 10836: 10600: 8872: 7007: 6944: 1813: 1510: 1268: 1103: 1098: 3756:—who was part of the FSN—argued that the 1989 revolution was not anti-communist, being only against Ceaușescu. He stated that 2898:, the dissident writer, revolution leader and future president of the Republic); China (the Minister of Foreign Affairs); the 10595: 8530: 8217: 8195: 7720: 7552: 7532: 7507: 7409: 7354: 6561: 5846: 5624: 5526: 5474: 5449: 5424: 5399: 4624: 4088: 3370: 3006: 1832:(receiving a standing ovation at the opening ceremonies and proceeding to win 53 medals, trailing only the United States and 9618: 6616: 2836: 2744: 10957: 9437: 9362: 9022: 8622: 7572: 7562: 6621: 6079: 6023: 5678: 4359: 3610: 2627: 2246: 2046: 1927: 1889: 1848: 1403: 75: 49: 20: 10635: 9042: 8175: 7608: 6939: 6724: 6011: 5959: 5868: 5221: 4757: 4711:"Minutes of the Meeting between Nicolae Ceausescu and Mikhail Gorbachev, December 1989 | Making the History of 1989" 2969: 2550:. Near Titu, Maluțan says that he received the national flights denial and had to land to not get shot down by the army. 2118: 1917: 1859:

were the most notable. In March 1989, several leading activists of the PCR criticised Ceaușescu's economic policies in a

1821: 1073: 8284: 8212: 2147:

from which they had removed the Romanian communist coat of arms, leaving a distinctive hole, in a manner similar to the

11105: 11075: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10724: 10077: 9172: 8150: 8035: 7989: 7984: 7930: 7577: 7404: 6636: 6611: 6038: 5604: 4176: 3987: 3511: 2840: 2778: 2708: 2676: 1690: 1393: 872: 767: 316: 10750: 6758: 4357:

Ban, Cornel (November 2012). "Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania".

11055: 11050: 10926: 9809: 9372: 8642: 8583: 6851: 6836: 6763: 6551: 6144: 6119: 5589: 5566: 5507: 4864: 4208: 3745:. Massive protests erupted in downtown Bucharest as political rallies organised by the opposition parties during the 3459: 2891: 2828: 2634: 2293:

The balcony where Ceaușescu delivered his last speech, taken over by the crowd during the Romanian revolution of 1989

2268: 2113:

midnight, the protests calmed down. Colonel-General Ion Coman, local Party secretary Ilie Matei, and Colonel-General

2053: 1724: 1710: 1658: 1486: 1350: 1274: 115: 82: 8380: 3001:(the city's main railroad station) and Palace Square. Yet amid the chaos, some people were seen clutching makeshift 1735:

10,000,000,000). To achieve this, many basic goods—including gas, heating and food—were rationed, which reduced the

9512: 9507: 9002: 8965: 8694: 8140: 7897: 7598: 7582: 6856: 6109: 5928: 5796: 3704: 2852: 1496: 985: 777: 757: 584: 9190: 9052: 8736: 5167: 1916:

The disintegration of Warsaw Pact Communist regimes before the Romanian revolution. Countries in pink removed the

371: 354: 10232: 9613: 9542: 9442: 9320: 9092: 9082: 8669: 8056: 7805: 7735: 7486: 7369: 7364: 6970: 6789: 6741: 6709: 5171: 4399: 3971: 2998: 2207: 1340: 9007: 8894: 8882: 3859:"Empty" Romanian flags with the communist insignia cut out, on the model of the Hungarian flags, pierced in the 2616: 2035: 1982: 64: 11090: 9663: 9432: 9012: 8914: 8647: 8091: 8086: 7643: 6934: 6104: 5883: 4038: 3799: 3795: 3746: 3429: 2605: 2530:, #203, on the terrace at 11:44. A man brandishing a white net curtain from one of the windows waved him down. 2250: 2024: 1698: 882: 762: 514: 53: 9332: 9062: 8573: 8345: 2143:

Defying the curfew, a group of 30 young men headed for the Orthodox cathedral, where they stopped and waved a

11110: 11080: 10610: 9625: 9578: 9342: 9265: 8997: 7815: 7414: 7399: 6525: 6164: 5898: 5836: 4068: 1654: 1209: 1013: 896: 833: 801: 710: 446: 220: 187: 10743: 9057: 8766: 8689: 8360: 4522: 4234: 2152: 11085: 11025: 9643: 9603: 9573: 9522: 9382: 9300: 9296: 9167: 9097: 8862: 8679: 8445: 8340: 8272: 7725: 7690: 7680: 7638: 7451: 6581: 6520: 6500: 5974: 5913: 5769: 5720: 3998: 3992: 3954: 3876: 3860: 3583: 3538: 3501: 3489: 3434: 2383: 2283: 2148: 1856: 1775: 1448: 862: 809: 730: 705: 1617:. Nicolae Ceaușescu became the country's leader the following year. Under his rule, Romania experienced a 496: 10615: 10087: 10082: 9799: 9477: 9205: 8950: 8909: 8853: 8756: 8637: 8595: 8500: 8025: 7979: 7705: 7618: 7471: 7344: 6515: 6272: 6188: 6094: 5774: 3782: 3697: 3645: 2513:'s political group from among others that were striving for power in the aftermath of the recent events. 2427: 1618: 1481: 1476: 1254: 1234: 978: 877: 867: 852: 476: 5106:, University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, Issue 4, 2013, Retrieved February 27, 2016. 1083: 613: 11065: 10452: 9673: 9658: 9648: 9502: 9102: 8590: 8393: 8160: 7770: 7424: 7419: 6782: 6240: 6114: 6074: 6001: 5918: 5903: 5801: 5168:"Christmas In Romania: A Once 'Tattered Celebration' That Has Retaken Its Place In The National Psyche" 4856: 4839: 3982: 3911: 3523: 3518: 3009:

was burned down in uncertain circumstances and over 500,000 books, along with about 3,700 manuscripts,

2801: 2183: 2106: 2102: 1630: 1345: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1068: 580: 529: 383: 5327: 4527: 2539:

the chairs and the door ... We were only supposed to carry four passengers ... We had six."

2144: 11040: 10681: 10557: 10502: 10322: 9310: 9017: 8578: 8190: 8107: 7785: 6646: 6571: 6277: 6033: 5923: 3769: 3630: 3424: 3382: 2879: 2863: 2450: 1966: 1965:. In July of that year, in an interview with Hungarian television, Tőkés had criticised the regime's 1355: 1264: 6596: 2733:, a long-suppressed holiday in Romania. The occupation of the Central Committee building continued. 2121:) inspected the city. Some areas looked like the aftermath of a war: destruction, rubble and blood. 1985:

and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces.

11115: 11070: 11045: 10307: 9874: 9137: 9027: 8781: 8325: 7800: 7750: 7389: 7379: 7148: 6909: 6688: 6265: 6159: 6139: 6134: 6084: 5908: 5616: 4305: 2961: 2914: 2502: 1786: 1767: 1679: 1574: 1063: 1053: 1038: 598: 244: 10047: 7246: 5039: 2431: 2397: 2331:

on the morning of 21 December. This photo was taken by Răzvan Rotta after army forces opened fire.

2088: 10967: 10952: 10947: 9537: 9482: 9467: 9407: 9215: 9195: 8955: 8632: 8237: 7851: 7790: 7730: 7633: 7557: 7517: 7384: 7374: 7153: 7070: 7002: 6914: 6671: 6235: 6205: 5984: 5964: 5831: 5713: 5323: 4054: 4009: 3573: 3228: 2982: 2903: 2810: 2641: 2239: 2060: 1694: 944: 787: 675: 608: 593: 566: 556: 89: 42: 8440: 6530: 4644: 4325: 2485:. Rank-and-file soldiers believed that Milea had actually been murdered and went over virtually 924: 10942: 10327: 9831: 9225: 8899: 8375: 8135: 8130: 7923: 7755: 7567: 7138: 6985: 6734: 6714: 6681: 6661: 6220: 6064: 5989: 5821: 5673: 4168: 3233: 3132: 2921: 2680: 1962: 1912: 1671: 1634: 1610: 1297: 1146: 752: 603: 10962: 10537: 4833: 4817: 4802: 4772: 4151: 2855: 1360: 10562: 9846: 9841: 9608: 9497: 9452: 9412: 9347: 9291: 9210: 8992: 8806: 8684: 8602: 8510: 8475: 8385: 8330: 8227: 8068: 7856: 7810: 7795: 7760: 7547: 7491: 7080: 6846: 6676: 6656: 6591: 6352: 6305: 6230: 6215: 6018: 6006: 5979: 5933: 5667: 4787: 4468: 3605: 3553: 3533: 3471: 3451: 3446: 3280: 3160: 3155: 3127: 3122: 2601: 2408: 2020: 1947: 1626: 1126: 720: 618: 524: 506: 328: 10877: 4491:"Romanians Hope Free Elections Mark Revolution's Next Stage – tribunedigital-chicagotribune" 4290: 3735: 2497: 405: 10823: 10789: 10102: 9869: 9724: 9678: 9593: 9588: 9387: 9286: 9235: 9230: 9122: 9077: 9032: 8970: 8801: 8776: 8726: 8654: 8568: 8418: 8020: 7999: 7765: 7266: 7261: 7221: 7090: 7075: 6586: 6225: 6210: 6174: 6154: 6028: 5996: 5969: 5856: 5806: 5555:

The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of 1989 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague

3563: 3558: 3340: 3317: 3218: 3170: 3117: 3112: 3081: 2309: 1825: 1732: 1590: 1078: 700: 695: 642: 623: 543: 10766: 7035: 4790:

Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe

2794: 1578: 1161: 349: 153: 8: 10977: 10547: 10462: 10457: 10357: 10220: 10017: 9901: 9816: 9704: 9557: 9532: 9517: 9427: 9422: 9327: 9260: 9250: 9162: 9157: 9147: 9047: 8987: 8960: 8786: 8771: 8741: 8719: 8505: 8495: 8222: 8145: 8115: 8099: 7710: 7685: 7481: 7466: 7065: 6805: 6704: 6631: 6362: 6347: 6337: 6255: 6250: 6149: 6099: 6089: 5947: 5878: 5841: 5781: 5256: 4688: 4130: 4049: 4003: 3977: 3667: 3640: 3593: 3578: 3494: 3414: 3392: 3387: 3345: 3275: 1888:

on 24 November at the party's XIV Congress. On that same day, Ceaușescu's counterpart in

1558: 1423: 1141: 857: 814: 139: 10972: 10857: 9402: 9315: 7196: 6626: 3355: 3060:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2696: 2114: 1852: 1714: 1413: 1302: 10701: 10497: 10482: 10407: 10387: 10382: 10367: 10214: 9962: 9714: 9598: 9352: 9255: 9240: 9152: 9142: 9117: 9112: 8877: 8831: 8746: 8731: 8674: 8490: 8413: 8289: 8180: 8170: 7653: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7522: 6666: 6398: 6391: 6292: 6282: 6169: 6052: 5873: 5816: 5761: 5751: 5740: 5576:(1999). Centre for Romanian Studies in cooperation with the Civic Academy Foundation, ( 5550: 5265: 5083: 5067: 4649: 4376: 4330: 4075: 4017: 3790: 3662: 3598: 3548: 3506: 3476: 3464: 3402: 3377: 3365: 3350: 3335: 3290: 3180: 3165: 2832: 2527: 2323: 1736: 744: 660: 485: 157: 10865: 10397: 10226: 7012: 6422: 2378:

with the communist coat of arms torn out of its centre while perched on the statue of

2199:

in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty."

1582: 1176: 366: 10714: 10567: 10512: 10487: 10442: 10372: 10347: 10312: 10302: 10271: 10158: 10042: 10012: 9749: 9739: 9653: 9547: 9392: 9107: 8904: 8761: 8714: 8612: 8563: 8537: 8515: 8355: 8335: 8279: 8267: 8081: 7916: 7831: 7461: 7349: 7306: 7301: 7251: 7045: 7040: 6821: 6315: 6245: 6069: 5620: 5600: 5585: 5562: 5522: 5503: 5470: 5445: 5420: 5395: 5207: 4860: 4669: 4620: 4610: 4561: 4380: 4200: 4199:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Institutului Revoluției Române din Decembrie 1989. 4172: 4023: 3840: 3815: 3650: 3620: 3588: 3528: 3360: 3255: 3245: 3175: 3150: 2975: 2937: 2906: 2782: 2466: 2371: 1958: 1897: 1867: 1860: 1843:

spoke of reform, Ceaușescu maintained a hard political line and cult of personality.

1840: 1542: 1418: 1312: 10889: 10883: 10871: 10691: 10362: 3223: 2929: 1365: 10477: 10402: 10332: 10317: 10297: 10244: 10027: 10022: 10002: 9952: 9942: 9769: 9734: 9719: 9668: 9397: 9337: 9177: 8836: 8816: 8525: 8467: 8461: 8428: 8408: 8398: 8247: 8048: 8040: 7780: 7648: 7281: 7186: 7133: 7055: 6990: 6871: 6407: 6367: 6357: 6320: 6300: 6200: 5893: 5888: 5581: 4443:"25 Years After Death, A Dictator Still Casts A Shadow in Romania : Parallels" 4368: 3625: 3543: 3441: 3409: 3285: 2990: 2558: 2462: 2203: 1893: 1744: 1307: 1151: 519: 5663:

Article on justice failing for 942 killed in Revolution on eve of 20th anniversary

2535: 2367: 1166: 10696: 10552: 10542: 10527: 10507: 10492: 10467: 10412: 10177: 10145: 10037: 9997: 9759: 9754: 9694: 9635: 9367: 9245: 9072: 9037: 8945: 8940: 8664: 8558: 8232: 8165: 8155: 8120: 8076: 8063: 8015: 7846: 7836: 7695: 7603: 6924: 6899: 6876: 6576: 6566: 6342: 6332: 5826: 5495: 5310: 5225: 5203: 4495: 3731: 3687: 3615: 3568: 3484: 3397: 3002: 2887: 2563: 2412: 1667: 772: 650: 8659: 7191: 2895: 2870:

government (at that time the two German states were not yet formally reunited);

2597: 2363: 2016: 10522: 10447: 10437: 10432: 10292: 10032: 9821: 9744: 9472: 9377: 9127: 9067: 8699: 8617: 8520: 8480: 8450: 8350: 8305: 7871: 7775: 7291: 7271: 7050: 6831: 6479: 6412: 5662: 4640: 4616: 4321: 4252: 3945: 3312: 3213: 3203: 2933: 2917: 2883: 2875: 2820: 2761: 2379: 2362:

Protesters eventually flooded the city centre area, from Piața Kogălniceanu to

1586: 968: 715: 628: 286: 147: 5690: 5684: 5219: 5001: 4981: 4961: 3905: 2354: 1171: 11019: 10686: 10532: 10427: 10392: 10377: 10337: 9879: 9709: 9447: 9357: 9220: 9200: 9087: 8848: 8826: 8791: 8370: 8365: 8320: 8242: 8202: 7951: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7745: 7613: 7296: 7276: 7256: 7236: 7211: 7168: 7110: 7100: 6929: 6325: 5285: 4372: 4204: 4043: 3908:, tried to take over power on 22 Dec 1989, but was pushed aside by I. Iliescu 3786: 3774: 3760:

made a "monumental" mistake in "conceding to the crowd" and banning the PCR.

3753: 3307: 3240: 2899: 2730: 2422: 1809: 1793:

and a never-completed museum dedicated to Communism and Ceaușescu, today the

1790: 1751: 1728: 1657:

for quite some time, especially during the austerity years of the 1980s. The

1638: 1606: 1370: 1204: 273: 10830: 2416: 10996: 10472: 10422: 10352: 10342: 10196: 10184: 10171: 9977: 9804: 9305: 8553: 8403: 8262: 8257: 8252: 7958: 7740: 7359: 7286: 7241: 6975: 6866: 6841: 6310: 6126: 5640:("Five years in the history of Romania"), 1995. Mașina de Scris, Bucharest. 5558: 5352: 3931: 3836: 3010: 2867: 2679:(FSN), signed a decree establishing the Extraordinary Military Tribunal, a 2478: 2305: 1954:

held a public protest in response to an attempt by the government to evict

1833: 1805: 1759: 1740: 1646: 1602: 1562: 1550: 1156: 665: 421: 4710: 2717: 1951: 1622: 1566: 1561:

that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the

11003: 10846: 10517: 10122: 10092: 9947: 9937: 9836: 9699: 9492: 8981: 8811: 8796: 8607: 8455: 8423: 8310: 8125: 8030: 7969: 7339: 7226: 7201: 7143: 7105: 7095: 6965: 5791: 4293:

The East European Opportunity: The Complete Business Guide and Sourcebook

3832: 3757: 3752:

On the eve of the first free post-communist elections day (20 May 1990),

3635: 2945: 2823:; Palace Square (site of the Central Committee building, but also of the 2765: 2721: 2510: 2328: 2137: 1930:, removed the leading role of the Communist Party from its constitution. 1880: 1871: 1829: 1801: 1763: 1594: 1199: 1131: 670: 561: 5597:

When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War

3682: 3025:

Cemetery of the Heroes Fallen in the December 1989 Revolution, Bucharest

1093: 10276: 9987: 9957: 9911: 9826: 9794: 9786: 9729: 9417: 9132: 8821: 8709: 8315: 7841: 7715: 7329: 7115: 7060: 7030: 6960: 5592:. Gives a detailed account of the events in December 1989 in Timișoara. 3785:

and began the privatisation of state-owned enterprises, with the first

3657: 3250: 3089: 2482: 2446: 2289: 2253: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1955: 1794: 1755: 1683: 1642: 1259: 1136: 1043: 231: 8930: 6774: 4737:"Cum a căzut comunismul în Europa de Est: Teoria Dominoului pe invers" 2749: 2554: 2505:; Stănculescu and the soldiers under his command did not oppose them. 1569:

and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the

909: 10572: 10417: 10266: 10239: 10052: 10007: 9916: 9884: 9864: 9856: 9185: 8975: 7881: 7675: 7394: 7334: 7216: 6826: 6260: 4308:

Democratic Centralism in Romania: A Study of Local Communist Politics

3270: 3208: 2179: 1770:(PCR) were forbidden. The large numbers of Securitate informers made 1662: 1194: 1108: 949: 394: 299: 161: 10735: 3925: 2675:

On 24 December Ion Iliescu, head of the newly formed Council of the

2579: 2228: 2140:, prohibiting people from going about in groups of larger than two. 1998: 31: 10151: 9992: 9889: 9764: 9583: 9487: 8627: 8485: 7939: 7231: 7206: 7163: 6997: 6980: 6904: 6651: 6641: 5705: 5286:"The Enemy Within: The Romanian Intelligence Service In Transition" 5114: 5112: 4853:

Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town

3742: 3302: 2953: 2871: 2316: 1978: 1896:, resigned along with the entire Communist leadership, effectively 1870:, official Romanian news organs made no mention of the fall of the 1675: 934: 929: 914: 409: 9271:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5184: 4788:

Anna M. Grzymala-Busse, Cambridge University Press, Feb 18, 2002,

3875:

Buildings marked by fire and bullet holes on the northern edge of

2187:

Ceaușescu—and the situation remained essentially unchanged.

10097: 9982: 9972: 9921: 9462: 8207: 7158: 6483: 6475: 6466: 5736: 5006: 4986: 4966: 3844: 3265: 3198: 2985:

unloads medical supplies at the Bucharest airport on 31 December.

2941: 2859: 2724:

at the Romanian Television during the Romanian revolution of 1989

2691:

In footage of the trial, Nicolae Ceaușescu is seen answering the

2191: 2151:. Expecting that they would be fired upon, they started to sing " 1554: 939: 919: 425: 361: 344: 215: 5577: 5322:, Romania since 1989: politics, economics, and society, Oxford: 5109: 2163:

Victoriei, Victory Square) and chanted anti-government slogans:

10165: 9967: 9906: 8841: 7085: 5651: 5063:"Upheaval in the East; 2 Journalists Killed in Rumanian Combat" 4845: 3260: 2910: 2848: 2692: 2543: 1876: 1629:

in response to an attempt by the government to evict Hungarian

1453: 1292: 5687:

from 22 December 1989 on Hungarian TV (with English subtitles)

1613:'s instructions, the country was well on its way of carefully 10650: 10606:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

10112: 9895: 7974: 6747:

2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului

5786: 5394:. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell University Press. pp. 277–279. 5060: 4665:"L.A.'s greatest sports moments No. 3: 1984 Olympics opening" 2957: 2949: 2684:

carried out by three paratroopers with their service rifles.

1408: 904: 551: 5148: 5136: 5124: 1907: 452:

Ion Iliescu, members of the National Salvation Front Council

10190: 10072: 7964: 7908: 6471: 5674:

Anonymous Photo Essay about the Romanian Revolution of 1989

3297: 2979: 2925: 2858:); the Soviet Union (General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev); 2547: 2445:

Records of the fighting that day include footage shot from

2190:

The next day, trains loaded with workers from factories in

2133: 4523:"National Salvation Front | political party, Romania" 4278:"Thirty years after Romanian revolution, questions remain" 4020:(Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; 1987–1991) 2472: 10645: 10625: 10620: 6882:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

6861: 5316:

The Security Services since 1989: Turning over a new leaf

4888: 4256: 6730:

2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project

5545:

Uprising: Political Upheavals that have Shaped the World

5371: 4982:"Nicolae Ceausescu Last Speech (English subtitles) 2/2" 4962:"Nicolae Ceausescu Last Speech (English subtitles) 1/2" 4803:

Michael Moran, Maurice Wright, Springer, Jul 27, 2016,

4396:"Blood And Velvet in Eastern Europe's Season of Change" 3734:

ceased transmitting, including a number station called

2713:

List of members of the National Salvation Front Council

5469:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 279–280. 5359: 4579: 2553:

He did so in a field next to the old road that led to

2542:

According to Maluțan, it was 12:08 when they left for

11061:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

4881: 4645:"Eastern Europe Struggles to purge Security Services" 4326:"Eastern Europe Struggles to Purge Security Services" 3843:

1989. He has removed the communist insignia from his

2477:

At approximately 09:30 on the morning of 22 December

783:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

5500:

Downfall: The Ceaușescus and the Romanian Revolution

4805:

The Market and the State: Studies in Interdependence

3965: 3921: 3863:., from an exhibit at the Military Museum, Bucharest 2496:

Upon learning of Milea's death, Ceaușescu appointed

1653:

Social and economic malaise had been present in the

4869: 4773:Michael Waller, Manchester University Press, 1993, 2092:

People detained after 22 December 1989 in Timișoara

1758:, had become so omnipresent that it made Romania a 1727:designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5061:APPublished: 26 December 1989 (26 December 1989). 4360:East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 4306:Daniel N. Nelson, East European Monographs, 1980, 4291:Marvin Zonis, Dwight Semler, Wiley, Jul 24, 1992, 2843:airports; hospitals; and the Ministry of Defence. 2756: 10818:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 5444:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 279. 5419:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 277. 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4429:The Romanian Revolution of 1989: Myth and Reality 4235:"Revoluția din 1989 și ultimele zile de comunism" 1886:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party 1565:. The Romanian revolution started in the city of 11017: 10591:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4232: 4149: 3741:Much of that sympathy was squandered during the 2282:Bucharest's Piața Palatului (Palace Square, now 1766:was limited and opinions that did not favor the 9028:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 8435:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6920:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 4152:"More Scattered Fighting; 80,000 Reported Dead" 2419:was shot and killed on 23 or 24 December 1989. 2351:"Ceaușescu cine ești?/Criminal din Scornicești" 2349:("We are the people, down with the dictator"), 1970:effect upon the public atmosphere in Romania." 1789:)—the biggest palace in the world—the adjacent 10824:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania 7701:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 5350:"Romania revolution 'not against communism'", 4612:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 4591: 4187: 2814: 2178:Meanwhile, Secretary to the Central Committee 1804:leaders, Ceaușescu had not been slavishly pro- 1589:in Romania. It was also the last removal of a 10751: 7924: 6790: 6720:2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas 6449: 5721: 5494: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 4123: 3781:In 1991 Romania signed an agreement with the 3705: 2743:At that time, fierce fights were underway at 1518: 986: 10667:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 8218:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5701:Academic Article on Documentaries about 1989 5696:Academic Article on Feature Films about 1989 5610: 5464: 5439: 5414: 5389: 4426: 4163: 4161: 3738:, also known as "V01" after the revolution. 2606:introducing citations to additional sources 2402:Unitatea Specială pentru Lupta Antiteroristă 2025:introducing citations to additional sources 9528:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5270:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5249: 5185:The Central University Library of Bucharest 5088:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4656: 4253:"Europe | Romania's bloody revolution" 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126:"DOORS UNLOCKED ON ROMANIA'S SECRET POLICE" 3960:Romanian anti-communist resistance movement 3901:List of films about the Romanian Revolution 3896:List of books about the Romanian Revolution 2453:and across the street from the university. 1855:of November 1987 at the truck manufacturer 1778:, the Securitate was exceptionally brutal. 1645:, which was both one of the largest in the 178:(violence continued until 30 December 1989) 10758: 10744: 10631:United States involvement in regime change 8186:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 7931: 7917: 6797: 6783: 6456: 6442: 5728: 5714: 5344: 3712: 3698: 2353:("Ceaușescu, who are you? A criminal from 1719:Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu 1525: 1511: 1022: 993: 979: 5668:Video of Nicolae Ceaușescu's final speech 5213: 4677: 4608: 4158: 2819:) and the post office in the district of 2269:Learn how and when to remove this message 1908:Mounting isolation within the Warsaw Pact 1836:in the overall count). Conversely, while 258:Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 5691:The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 5613:The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 5467:The Romanian revolution of December 1989 5442:The Romanian revolution of December 1989 5417:The Romanian revolution of December 1989 5392:The Romanian revolution of December 1989 5309: 5303: 5243: 4818:A. Meleshevich, Springer, Jan 22, 2007, 4662: 4393: 4190:"Martirii Revoluției în date statistice" 4138: 3020: 2974: 2760: 2716: 2596:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2516: 2421: 2390: 2382:on Boulevard Mihail Kogălniceanu in the 2347:"Noi suntem poporul, jos cu dictatorul!" 2322: 2288: 2175:("Have no fear, Ceaușescu is falling!") 2123: 2087: 2015:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1937: 1911: 1838:Soviet Communist Party General Secretary 8757:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 7325:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 6804: 5599:, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 5278: 4775:The End of the Communist Power Monopoly 4119: 4117: 3805: 3789:law being passed in 1991. In 1992, the 2745:Bucharest Otopeni International Airport 2473:Military defection and Ceaușescu's fall 1898:ending Communist rule in Czechoslovakia 1747:rate grew to be the highest in Europe. 11018: 10601:Russian espionage in the United States 8873:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7008:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 6945:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5252:"Romania disbands secret police force" 5197:"Legea recunoștinței, made in Romania" 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4057:(Philippines, 1986, agsinst F. Marcos) 3889: 2569: 1557:during December 1989 as a part of the 1104:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy 442:Protesters (no centralised leadership) 10765: 10739: 10596:Soviet espionage in the United States 8752:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 8531:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 8196:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7912: 7355:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 6778: 6437: 5709: 5516: 5377: 5365: 5104:"Revolution of 1989: Milea's Suicide" 5022:"VIDEO Cum a confiscat FSN Revoluţia" 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4875: 4835:The USSR's Emerging Multiparty System 4639: 4633: 4585: 4535:from the original on 15 December 2014 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4394:Hirshman, Michael (6 November 2009). 4338:from the original on 26 December 2013 4320: 4150:DUSAN STOJANOVIC (25 December 1989). 2218: 2213: 1933: 1429:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus 16:1989 popular uprising/coup in Romania 11036:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts 10672:Soviet Union–United States relations 9023:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6418: 5735: 5238:Revoluția din Timișoara așa cum fost 5230: 4739:(in Romanian). Europa Liberă România 4114: 3724: 3040: 2831:in the former Royal Palace, and the 2671:Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu 2573: 2251:adding citations to reliable sources 2222: 1992: 1693:(FSN) quickly took power, promising 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 21:Romanian revolution (disambiguation) 10636:Soviet involvement in regime change 6725:2012 Romanian constitutional crisis 5190: 5178: 4356: 3794:reforms were accelerated after the 3763: 2768:speaking to the crowd in Bucharest. 2119:Chief of the Romanian General Staff 1918:leading role of the Communist Party 1625:in mid-December on the part of the 1619:brief waning of internal repression 13: 10845: 10677:Soviet Union–United States summits 8151:1947 Polish parliamentary election 8036:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6637:1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș 6617:Timișoara student movement of 1956 6612:Bucharest student movement of 1956 6511:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan 5537: 5519:Romania: The Unfinished Revolution 5326:, pp. 507–510, archived from 4894: 4687:. Sports Reference. Archived from 4663:Mitchell, Houston (9 April 2013). 4555:"Democratic transition in Romania" 4413: 4233:Marius Ignătescu (21 March 2009). 4124:Blaine Harden (30 December 1989). 3988:End of Communism in Hungary (1989) 3917: 2920:); West Germany (Foreign Minister 2709:National Salvation Front (Romania) 2173:"Nu vă fie frică, Ceaușescu pică!" 1605:, Romania found itself inside the 1394:Bucharest student movement of 1956 14: 11127: 9438:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 9373:United States invasion of Grenada 8643:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 8584:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6852:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 6837:Criticism of communist party rule 6622:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 5644: 5547:, 2002. Mitchell Beazley, London. 4503:from the original on 10 July 2015 4467:. Romania Insider. Archived from 3966:1989 revolutions and fall of USSR 2892:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 2702: 2128:T-55 tank in front of Opera House 1849:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 1824:competed at the Soviet-boycotted 1711:1980s austerity policy in Romania 1615:breaking away from Soviet control 1404:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 9513:United States invasion of Panama 9363:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 9003:1971 Turkish military memorandum 8966:Communist insurgency in Thailand 8936:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 8868:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 8695:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8623:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8141:Restatement of Policy on Germany 7898:Human rights in the Soviet Union 6857:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 6465: 6417: 5650: 4760:North Korea News, Issues 508-559 4431:. ProQuest LLC. pp. 80–120. 3938: 3924: 3868: 3852: 3824: 3681: 3096: 3045: 2589:relies largely or entirely on a 2578: 2227: 2008:relies largely or entirely on a 1997: 962: 495: 445: 436: 415: 399: 388: 377: 370: 360: 353: 343: 322: 310: 292: 280: 267: 251: 238: 226: 214: 146: 30: 10233:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 9614:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 9543:Fall of the inner German border 9443:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 9093:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 9083:Spanish transition to democracy 9043:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 8670:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 8176:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 8057:Occupation of the Baltic states 7806:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7736:Fall of the inner German border 6759:2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident 6647:Bridge of Flowers demonstration 5502:. London: Futura Publications. 5458: 5433: 5408: 5383: 5313:(2004), Carey, Henry F. (ed.), 5187:, official site: "the History". 5172:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5160: 5096: 5054: 5028: 5014: 5002:"Nicolae Ceausescu LAST SPEECH" 4994: 4974: 4954: 4826: 4811: 4796: 4781: 4766: 4751: 4729: 4703: 4685:"1984 Los Angeles Summer Games" 4547: 4515: 4483: 4457: 4435: 4400:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4387: 4350: 4314: 3972:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2757:Fighting and continued violence 2509:afternoon, Stănculescu "chose" 2238:needs additional citations for 1399:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu 1217:Ceaușescu's cult of personality 41:needs additional citations for 11101:December 1989 events in Europe 10958:1977 Jiu Valley miners' strike 9013:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 8648:Mozambican War of Independence 8087:Indonesian National Revolution 7796:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 6935:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 6764:2023 Romanian teachers' strike 6552:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt 6536:1888 Romanian Peasants' revolt 5638:Cinci ani din Istoria României 4299: 4284: 4270: 4245: 4226: 4181: 4039:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 4006:"die Wende" (Germany 1989–90) 3778:to be privatised was devised. 2171:("The army is on our side!"), 1: 11096:Socialist Republic of Romania 10611:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 9626:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9579:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 9301:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 9266:Seven Days to the River Rhine 8998:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 8285:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 8213:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7816:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7415:Inter-regional Deputies Group 7400:National League for Democracy 6526:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 5611:Siani-Davies, Peter (2007) . 5038:. Newseum.org. Archived from 4280:. Politico. 25 December 2019. 4102: 3016: 2465:'s haughty (but apocryphal) " 2411:, crushing people. Physician 2308:per month (an increase of 13 1704: 1655:Socialist Republic of Romania 1585:, and the end of 42 years of 1449:Soviet occupation (1944–1958) 802:Socialist Republic of Romania 9604:Fall of communism in Albania 9574:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 9523:Polish Round Table Agreement 8863:1968 Polish political crisis 8680:Eritrean War of Independence 8446:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8341:East German uprising of 1953 8273:Chinese Communist Revolution 7938: 7726:Alexanderplatz demonstration 7691:Polish Round Table Agreement 7365:People's Movement of Ukraine 6602:Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt 6582:1920 Romanian general strike 6521:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 5681:from 22 and 23 December 1989 5574:Romania under communist rule 5465:Siani-Davies, Peter (2005). 5440:Siani-Davies, Peter (2005). 5415:Siani-Davies, Peter (2005). 5390:Siani-Davies, Peter (2005). 4427:Siani-Davies, Peter (1995). 4107: 3999:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 3993:Fall of communism in Albania 3955:List of massacres in Romania 3877:Revolution Square, Bucharest 3036: 2503:Communist Party headquarters 2341:("Down with the dictator"), 2149:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1988: 1983:Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral 1723:In 1981, Ceaușescu began an 656:Principality of Transylvania 7: 9478:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 9206:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 8951:Corrective Movement (Syria) 8915:New People's Army rebellion 8910:Sino-Soviet border conflict 8638:Angolan War of Independence 8501:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 8381:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 8026:Jamaican political conflict 7771:January Events in Lithuania 7706:Hungarian Round Table Talks 7345:Democratic Party of Albania 6710:2012–2015 unrest in Romania 6516:Wallachian uprising of 1821 5657:Romanian Revolution of 1989 4560:. Fride.org. Archived from 3884: 2878:, General Secretary of the 2345:("Death to the criminal"), 2107:armoured personnel carriers 2103:Transportor Amfibiu Blindat 1868:East German state newspaper 1471:Relations with other states 10: 11132: 9674:Sino-Indian border dispute 9503:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9433:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 9191:1976 Argentine coup d'état 9103:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 9053:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 8737:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 8705:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8394:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 8161:Asian Relations Conference 7425:Hungarian Democratic Forum 7420:Alliance of Free Democrats 7410:Union of Democratic Forces 6012:Chief of the General Staff 5517:Roper, Stephen D. (2000). 5487: 4857:Princeton University Press 4840:Greenwood Publishing Group 4609:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 3983:1989 Moldovan civil unrest 3912:Videograms of a Revolution 3007:Central University Library 2825:Central University Library 2787:Frontul Salvării Naționale 2706: 2668: 2109:and tanks were called in. 1942:Demonstration in Timișoara 1708: 1672:drumhead military tribunal 1607:Soviet sphere of influence 1573:and execution of longtime 1549:) was a period of violent 1443:Relationship with the USSR 711:1848 Wallachian Revolution 530:Prehistory of Transylvania 515:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 164:during the 1989 Revolution 18: 11106:Anti-communism in Romania 11076:20th century in Bucharest 10991: 10935: 10922:1985 legislative election 10917:1980 legislative election 10912:1975 legislative election 10907:1969 legislative election 10900:Elections and referendums 10899: 10856: 10843: 10810: 10773: 10710: 10659: 10581: 10558:William Appleman Williams 10503:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 10285: 10257: 10206: 10138: 10131: 10065: 9930: 9855: 9785: 9778: 9687: 9634: 9566: 9279: 9018:Bangladesh Liberation War 9008:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 8923: 8895:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8883:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 8546: 8321:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 8298: 8008: 7946: 7890: 7824: 7786:1991 protests in Belgrade 7666: 7591: 7500: 7442: 7433: 7315: 7177: 7124: 7021: 6953: 6890: 6812: 6742:2017–19 Romanian protests 6697: 6544: 6491: 6385: 6291: 6196: 6187: 6060: 6051: 5955: 5946: 5864: 5855: 5760: 5747: 5595:Jeffrey A. Engel (2017), 5155:Galloway & Wylie 1991 5143:Galloway & Wylie 1991 5131:Galloway & Wylie 1991 5119:Galloway & Wylie 1991 5102:Flavius Cristian Marcau, 5036:"Details for HUWE, DANNY" 4032: 3054:This section needs to be 2880:Bulgarian Communist Party 2864:Hungarian Socialist Party 1946:On 16 December 1989, the 1099:People's Democratic Front 1074:National Council of Women 706:1848 Moldavian Revolution 462: 457: 336: 206: 168: 145: 137: 132: 11056:Assassinations in Europe 11051:20th-century revolutions 10963:1980 Huțani bus accident 10927:1986 military referendum 9333:1980 Turkish coup d'état 9168:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 9138:1978 Somali coup attempt 9098:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 9063:1973 Chilean coup d'état 8888:Revolutionary Government 8782:South African Border War 8574:1960 Turkish coup d'état 8491:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 8346:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8326:1952 Egyptian revolution 7776:January Events in Latvia 7766:Reunification of Germany 7751:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 7681:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 7405:National Salvation Front 7390:Belarusian Popular Front 7380:Popular Front of Estonia 7149:Polish underground press 6910:List of socialist states 6632:1989 Romanian Revolution 6039:Unification with Moldova 5960:Administrative divisions 5617:Cornell University Press 5202:26 December 2013 at the 4373:10.1177/0888325412465513 2962:Japanese Communist Party 2779:National Salvation Front 2677:National Salvation Front 2167:("We are the people!"), 2157:"Awaken thee, Romanian!" 1787:Palace of the Parliament 1768:Romanian Communist Party 1691:National Salvation Front 1577:(PCR) General Secretary 1575:Romanian Communist Party 1089:Romanian Orthodox Church 1084:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy 1054:Union of Communist Youth 614:Voivodeship of Maramureș 599:Banat in the Middle Ages 317:National Salvation Front 305:After 22 December 1989: 260:(until 22 December 1989) 234:(until 22 December 1989) 11031:Coups d'état in Romania 10968:1986 Vrancea earthquake 10953:1977 Vrancea earthquake 10948:1971 Certej dam failure 9538:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9483:People Power Revolution 9468:Central American crisis 9408:1986 Black Sea incident 9058:1973 Afghan coup d'état 8956:Western Sahara conflict 8767:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8690:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8633:Portuguese Colonial War 8596:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8361:1954 Syrian coup d'état 8238:Annexation of Hyderabad 8181:1947–1949 Palestine war 7852:Economic liberalization 7791:1991 Belarusian strikes 7731:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7385:Public Against Violence 7375:Popular Front of Latvia 7154:Political demonstration 7003:Chinese economic reform 6915:People Power Revolution 6672:September 1991 Mineriad 4528:Encyclopædia Britannica 4445:. NPR. 24 December 2014 4188:Valentin Marin (2010). 4055:People Power Revolution 4012:(November 9, 1989) 4010:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3736:"Ciocârlia/The Skylark" 3145:By other characteristic 2811:House of the Free Press 1695:free and fair elections 1670:, they were tried by a 1383:Protests and resistance 1059:Great National Assembly 1008:Part of a series on the 768:Union with Transylvania 676:Danubian Principalities 609:Second Bulgarian Empire 594:History of Transylvania 567:Origin of the Romanians 10850: 9832:Neoclassical economics 9343:Gulf of Sidra incident 8900:1969 Libyan revolution 8591:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8376:1954 Geneva Conference 8136:Turkish straits crisis 8131:Corfu Channel incident 6986:New political thinking 6735:2015 Romanian protests 6715:2012 Romanian protests 6682:February 1999 Mineriad 6662:February 1990 Mineriad 6597:Grivița strike of 1933 6486:and predecessor states 6145:Science and technology 5356:, 19 May 1990, Page 24 4891:Teema, 3 January 2012. 4465:"Ceausescu's children" 4169:Europa World Year Book 4026:(Czechoslovakia, 1989) 3747:presidential elections 3026: 2986: 2922:Hans Dietrich Genscher 2815: 2769: 2725: 2681:drumhead court-martial 2435: 2409:InterContinental Hotel 2374:. A young man waved a 2343:"Moarte criminalului!" 2332: 2294: 2129: 2093: 1967:Systematisation policy 1943: 1922: 1699:Elected in a landslide 1611:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1546: 1389:1940s–1950s resistance 1346:Danube–Black Sea Canal 1147:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 604:First Bulgarian Empire 337:Commanders and leaders 11091:Rebellions in Romania 10973:1987 Brașov rebellion 10849: 10682:Russia–NATO relations 10563:Jonathan Reed Winkler 9847:Democratic capitalism 9842:Supply-side economics 9810:American conservatism 9609:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9498:Bougainville conflict 9413:South Yemen civil war 9348:Martial law in Poland 9211:Nicaraguan Revolution 9186:Dirty War (Argentina) 8993:1971 JVP insurrection 8807:Years of Lead (Italy) 8685:North Yemen civil war 8603:Berlin Crisis of 1961 8579:Albanian–Soviet split 8511:1959 Tibetan uprising 8476:Syrian Crisis of 1957 8331:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 8191:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7857:Post-Soviet conflicts 7811:Tajikistani Civil War 7761:Revolution on Granite 7721:Monday Demonstrations 7247:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 7081:Mengistu Haile Mariam 6847:Eastern Bloc politics 6677:January 1999 Mineriad 6657:January 1990 Mineriad 6607:Legionnaire rebellion 6592:Lupeni strike of 1929 6562:1918 Bucharest strike 6557:Romanian Fleet mutiny 5929:Territorial evolution 5812:United Principalities 5498:; Wylie, Bob (1991). 3796:Democratic Convention 3447:Bulgarian unification 3123:Counter-revolutionary 3024: 2978: 2764: 2720: 2617:"Romanian revolution" 2517:Helicopter evacuation 2425: 2391:Street confrontations 2326: 2292: 2184:Constantin Dăscălescu 2165:"Noi suntem poporul!" 2153:Deșteaptă-te, române! 2127: 2091: 2036:"Romanian revolution" 1941: 1915: 1776:Soviet Bloc standards 1709:Further information: 1127:Constantin Ion Parhon 1014:Socialist Republic of 758:Union with Bessarabia 721:United Principalities 619:Founding of Wallachia 525:Bronze Age in Romania 458:Casualties and losses 384:Constantin Dăscălescu 329:Romanian Armed Forces 198:Revolutionary victory 65:"Romanian revolution" 11111:Romanian nationalism 11081:Massacres in Romania 10790:President of Romania 10103:Non-Aligned Movement 9725:Peaceful coexistence 9679:North Borneo dispute 9594:German reunification 9589:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 9287:Salvadoran Civil War 9236:Grand Mosque seizure 9231:Yemenite War of 1979 9123:Mozambican Civil War 9078:Carnation Revolution 9033:Yemenite War of 1972 8971:1970 Polish protests 8802:1967 Hong Kong riots 8777:Argentine Revolution 8727:Guatemalan Civil War 8655:Cuban Missile Crisis 8569:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8441:1956 Poznań protests 8419:Geneva Summit (1955) 8021:Hukbalahap Rebellion 8000:Non-Aligned Movement 7267:Vytautas Landsbergis 7262:Viacheslav Chornovil 7091:Denis Sassou Nguesso 6587:Tatarbunary Uprising 6572:Ținutul Sării revolt 6531:Republic of Ploiești 6373:World Heritage Sites 5670:in Republican Square 5659:at Wikimedia Commons 5636:Domnița Ștefănescu, 5224:19 June 2006 at the 4951:Ștefănescu, pp. 1–27 4758:Naewoe Press, 1990, 4643:(12 December 2006), 4324:(12 December 2006). 3806:Competing narratives 3219:Contentious politics 3090:Political revolution 2602:improve this article 2247:improve this article 2021:improve this article 1826:1984 Summer Olympics 1781:Ceaușescu created a 1697:within five months. 1356:Bărăgan deportations 897:By historical region 696:Transylvanian School 624:Founding of Moldavia 50:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 11086:Protests in Romania 11026:Romanian revolution 10983:Trial and execution 10548:Alex von Tunzelmann 10538:Vladimir Tismăneanu 10463:Thomas J. McCormick 10458:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 10358:Robert Hugh Ferrell 10221:Crusade for Freedom 10018:Illiberal democracy 9902:Ho Chi Minh Thought 9705:Eisenhower Doctrine 9558:Peaceful Revolution 9553:Romanian Revolution 9533:Revolutions of 1989 9518:1988 Polish strikes 9428:Operation INFEKTION 9423:1987 Lieyu massacre 9328:Eritrean Civil Wars 9311:Peruvian Revolution 9261:1979 Herat uprising 9251:Sino-Vietnamese War 9216:Uganda–Tanzania War 9196:Egyptian–Libyan War 9163:Third Indochina War 9158:Sino-Albanian split 9148:Ethiopian Civil War 9048:Eritrean Civil Wars 8988:Ping-pong diplomacy 8961:Cambodian Civil War 8787:Korean DMZ Conflict 8772:Cultural Revolution 8742:Dominican Civil War 8720:Tlatelolco massacre 8506:1959 Mosul uprising 8496:1958 Lebanon crisis 8223:Al-Wathbah uprising 8146:First Indochina War 8116:Iran crisis of 1946 7711:Pan-European Picnic 7686:1988 Polish strikes 7066:Wojciech Jaruzelski 6806:Revolutions of 1989 6705:2006 Ferentari riot 6689:1993 Hădăreni riots 5782:Prehistoric Romania 5257:The Washington Post 5174:. 24 December 2021. 5121:, pp. 168–169. 4832:Tolz, Vera (1990). 4567:on 15 December 2014 4197:Caietele Revoluției 4131:The Washington Post 4081:Romanian revolution 4050:Democracy in Europe 4004:Peaceful Revolution 3978:Revolutions of 1989 3890:Romanian Revolution 3791:Stolojan government 3688:Politics portal 2928:(Secretary General 2856:François Mitterrand 2829:national art museum 2802:Patriotic Guardsmen 2570:Trial and execution 2182:and Prime Minister 1783:cult of personality 1725:austerity programme 1680:executed in Romania 1559:revolutions of 1989 1539:Romanian revolution 1424:Romanian Revolution 1142:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 863:Historical timeline 763:Union with Bukovina 731:War of Independence 176:16–25 December 1989 140:Revolutions of 1989 133:Romanian revolution 10878:Valentin Ceaușescu 10851: 10702:Russian Revolution 10498:Mary Elise Sarotte 10483:William B. Pickett 10408:Patrick J. Hearden 10388:Gabriel Gorodetsky 10383:Timothy Garton Ash 10368:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 9963:Ethnic nationalism 9715:Hallstein Doctrine 9599:Yemeni unification 9388:1985 Geneva Summit 9353:Casamance conflict 9256:New Jewel Movement 9241:Iranian Revolution 9226:Chadian–Libyan War 9173:Cambodian conflict 9153:Lebanese Civil War 9143:Western Sahara War 9118:June 1976 protests 9113:Cambodian genocide 8878:17 July Revolution 8832:Nigerian Civil War 8747:Rhodesian Bush War 8732:Colombian conflict 8675:Ramadan Revolution 8414:Bandung Conference 8290:Operation Valuable 8171:Partition of India 7071:Slobodan Milošević 6940:Vatican Opposition 6667:June 1990 Mineriad 6165:Telecommunications 6080:Foreign investment 5899:Historical regions 5551:Timothy Garton Ash 5380:, pp. 91–100. 5333:on 5 November 2012 5068:The New York Times 4851:Brubaker, Rogers: 4650:The New York Times 4331:The New York Times 4076:History of Romania 4018:Singing Revolution 3861:Revolution of 1956 3663:Second Arab Spring 3027: 2987: 2816:Casa Presei Libere 2770: 2726: 2498:Victor Stănculescu 2436: 2333: 2295: 2219:Ceaușescu's speech 2214:Revolution spreads 2169:"Armata e cu noi!" 2130: 2094: 1948:Hungarian minority 1944: 1934:Timișoara uprising 1923: 1737:standard of living 1659:austerity measures 1627:Hungarian minority 1245:Literacy campaigns 1210:National communism 969:Romania portal 834:Romania since 1989 745:Kingdom of Romania 689:National Awakening 661:Eyalet of Temesvar 643:Early Modern Times 406:Victor Stănculescu 11066:Conflicts in 1989 11013: 11012: 10767:Nicolae Ceaușescu 10733: 10732: 10720:List of conflicts 10568:Rudolph Winnacker 10513:Giles Scott-Smith 10488:Ronald E. Powaski 10443:Melvyn P. Leffler 10373:John Lewis Gaddis 10348:Robert D. English 10313:Warren H. Carroll 10303:Michael Beschloss 10272:Nuclear arms race 10253: 10252: 10159:Neues Deutschland 10061: 10060: 10043:White nationalism 10013:Liberal democracy 9750:Ulbricht Doctrine 9740:Brezhnev Doctrine 9548:Velvet Revolution 9292:Soviet–Afghan War 9108:Angolan Civil War 8905:Goulash Communism 8762:ASEAN Declaration 8715:Mexican Dirty War 8613:Annexation of Goa 8564:1960 U-2 incident 8538:Sino-Soviet split 8516:Laotian Civil War 8356:Bricker Amendment 8336:Mau Mau rebellion 8280:Malayan Emergency 8268:Chinese Civil War 8228:Tito–Stalin split 8082:Division of Korea 7906: 7905: 7832:Colour revolution 7662: 7661: 7629:Congo-Brazzaville 7350:Democratic Russia 7307:Pope John Paul II 7302:George H. W. Bush 7252:Vladimir Bukovsky 7041:Mikhail Gorbachev 7036:Nicolae Ceaușescu 6822:Era of Stagnation 6772: 6771: 6431: 6430: 6381: 6380: 6183: 6182: 6047: 6046: 6024:Political parties 5975:Foreign relations 5942: 5941: 5837:Communist Romania 5797:Early Middle Ages 5685:Live TV Broadcast 5655:Media related to 5626:978-0-8014-4245-2 5572:Dennis Deletant, 5528:978-90-5823-028-7 5476:978-0-8014-4245-2 5451:978-0-8014-4245-2 5426:978-0-8014-4245-2 5401:978-0-8014-4245-2 5368:, pp. 88–95. 5250:January 2, 1990. 5208:Evenimentul Zilei 5010:. 28 August 2011. 4990:. 23 August 2019. 4859:, 2006, p. 119. 4670:Los Angeles Times 4626:978-0-375-42532-5 4615:. New York City: 4588:, pp. 55–56. 4499:. 30 March 1990. 4100: 4099: 4085:Succeeded by 4069:Communist Romania 4024:Velvet Revolution 3816:French Revolution 3725:Political changes 3722: 3721: 3256:Mass mobilization 3246:Guerrilla warfare 3075: 3074: 2938:Margaret Thatcher 2907:George H. W. Bush 2667: 2666: 2652: 2467:Let them eat cake 2384:University Square 2339:"Jos dictatorul!" 2279: 2278: 2271: 2208:Radio Free Europe 2086: 2085: 2071: 1841:Mikhail Gorbachev 1822:Romanian athletes 1800:Unlike the other 1772:organised dissent 1579:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1535: 1534: 1419:Letter of the Six 1313:Socialist realism 1298:Cîntarea României 1162:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1003: 1002: 858:Romanian language 810:Soviet occupation 469: 468: 350:Nicolae Ceaușescu 202: 201: 158:Magheru Boulevard 126: 125: 118: 100: 11123: 11041:1989 in politics 10803:25 December 1989 10802: 10800: 10784: 10782: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10737: 10736: 10478:David S. Painter 10403:John Earl Haynes 10333:Nicholas J. Cull 10318:Adrian Cioroianu 10298:Thomas A. Bailey 10245:Voice of America 10136: 10135: 10048:White separatism 10028:Social democracy 10023:Guided democracy 10003:Authoritarianism 9953:Ultranationalism 9943:Anti-imperialism 9870:Marxism–Leninism 9783: 9782: 9770:Kinmen Agreement 9735:Johnson Doctrine 9720:Kennedy Doctrine 9636:Frozen conflicts 9619:1991 August Coup 9508:Afghan Civil War 9403:Reykjavík Summit 9398:Somali Rebellion 9338:Ugandan Bush War 9316:Gdańsk Agreement 8837:Protests of 1968 8817:War of Attrition 8526:Cuban Revolution 8462:We will bury you 8429:Cyprus Emergency 8409:Kashmir Princess 8399:Jebel Akhdar War 8248:Western betrayal 7933: 7926: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7781:Transnistria War 7440: 7439: 7282:Aung San Suu Kyi 7197:Alexander Dubček 7134:Civil resistance 6991:Sinatra Doctrine 6971:Demokratizatsiya 6872:Shortage economy 6799: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6627:Brașov Rebellion 6470: 6469: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6421: 6420: 6401: 6394: 6273:Social structure 6194: 6193: 6130: 6095:Great Depression 6058: 6057: 5953: 5952: 5862: 5861: 5807:Early Modern Era 5730: 5723: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5654: 5635: 5630: 5582:Portland, Oregon 5532: 5513: 5496:Galloway, George 5481: 5480: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5321: 5311:Deletant, Dennis 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5261: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5217: 5211: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5024:. 30 March 2010. 5018: 5012: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4970:. 22 April 2010. 4958: 4952: 4949: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4849: 4843: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4717:. 9 January 1990 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4606: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4207:. Archived from 4194: 4185: 4179: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4136: 4135: 4121: 4093: 4065:Preceded by 4062: 4061: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3872: 3856: 3828: 3764:Economic reforms 3732:numbers stations 3714: 3707: 3700: 3686: 3685: 3539:Hungarian (1956) 3371:Spanish American 3100: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3049: 3048: 3041: 2991:humanitarian aid 2968:government; and 2936:(Prime Minister 2890:, leader of the 2818: 2697:Virgil Măgureanu 2662: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2610: 2582: 2574: 2463:Marie Antoinette 2451:National Theatre 2434:in December 1989 2428:ABI armoured car 2387: 2358: 2300: 2284:Piața Revoluției 2274: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2231: 2223: 2204:Voice of America 2081: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2029: 2001: 1993: 1853:Brașov Rebellion 1818:openly denounced 1745:infant mortality 1715:Brașov Rebellion 1593:government in a 1591:Marxist–Leninist 1547:Revoluția română 1527: 1520: 1513: 1459:De-satellization 1414:Brașov Rebellion 1308:Obsessive decade 1303:Cenaclul Flacăra 1255:De-Stalinization 1235:Collectivization 1152:Gheorghe Apostol 1069:Patriotic Guards 1026: 1005: 1004: 995: 988: 981: 967: 966: 965: 868:Military history 853:Economic history 520:Hamangia culture 499: 489: 471: 470: 463:689–1,290 killed 450: 449: 441: 440: 439: 430: 420: 419: 418: 404: 403: 402: 393: 392: 391: 382: 381: 380: 374: 365: 364: 357: 348: 347: 327: 326: 325: 315: 314: 313: 298:Communist Party 297: 296: 295: 285: 284: 283: 272: 271: 270: 256: 255: 254: 243: 242: 241: 230: 229: 219: 218: 170: 169: 150: 130: 129: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11116:Democratization 11071:Decommunization 11046:1989 in Romania 11016: 11015: 11014: 11009: 10987: 10978:1989 revolution 10931: 10895: 10866:Elena Ceaușescu 10852: 10841: 10806: 10798: 10796: 10785:26 January 1918 10780: 10778: 10769: 10764: 10734: 10729: 10706: 10697:Second Cold War 10655: 10583: 10577: 10553:Odd Arne Westad 10543:Patrick Vaughan 10528:Athan Theoharis 10508:Ellen Schrecker 10493:Yakov M. Rabkin 10468:Timothy Naftali 10413:Tvrtko Jakovina 10398:Jussi Hanhimäki 10281: 10259: 10249: 10227:Paix et Liberté 10202: 10146:Active measures 10127: 10057: 10038:White supremacy 9998:Totalitarianism 9926: 9851: 9774: 9760:Reagan Doctrine 9755:Carter Doctrine 9695:Truman Doctrine 9683: 9630: 9562: 9457:Soviet reaction 9368:Ndogboyosoi War 9275: 9246:Saur Revolution 9073:1973 oil crisis 9038:Munich massacre 8946:Alcora Exercise 8941:Black September 8919: 8665:Sino-Indian War 8559:Simba rebellion 8542: 8386:Capture of the 8294: 8233:Berlin Blockade 8166:May 1947 crises 8156:Truman Doctrine 8121:Greek Civil War 8110:Blacklist Forty 8077:Gouzenko Affair 8064:Cursed soldiers 8016:Morgenthau Plan 8004: 7942: 7937: 7907: 7902: 7886: 7847:Democratization 7837:Decommunization 7820: 7756:Helsinki Summit 7696:April 9 tragedy 7668: 7658: 7587: 7496: 7444: 7435: 7429: 7317: 7311: 7179: 7173: 7126: 7120: 7076:Mathieu Kérékou 7023: 7017: 6949: 6925:Reagan Doctrine 6900:Active measures 6892: 6886: 6877:Totalitarianism 6814: 6808: 6803: 6773: 6768: 6749: 6693: 6577:Bender Uprising 6567:Khotyn Uprising 6540: 6506:Săbăoani revolt 6493: 6487: 6464: 6462: 6432: 6427: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6377: 6287: 6241:Public holidays 6179: 6140:Property bubble 6128: 6043: 6002:Law enforcement 5938: 5919:Protected areas 5851: 5827:Greater Romania 5756: 5743: 5734: 5647: 5633: 5627: 5540: 5538:Further reading 5535: 5529: 5510: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5477: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5324:Lexington Books 5319: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5263: 5262: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5226:Wayback Machine 5218: 5214: 5204:Wayback Machine 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5071: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5042:on 2 March 2012 5034: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4850: 4846: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4812: 4801: 4797: 4786: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4661: 4657: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4607: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4496:Chicago Tribune 4489: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4425: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4322:Smith, Craig S. 4319: 4315: 4304: 4300: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4214:on 13 June 2016 4211: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4166: 4159: 4148: 4139: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4089: 4086: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4035: 3968: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3918:Romania-related 3892: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3857: 3848: 3829: 3808: 3766: 3727: 3718: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3108: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3019: 3003:Christmas trees 2888:Ladislav Adamec 2759: 2715: 2707:Main articles: 2705: 2673: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2583: 2572: 2519: 2475: 2413:Florin Filipoiu 2393: 2361: 2335: 2297: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2244: 2232: 2221: 2216: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2030: 2028: 2014: 2002: 1991: 1959:Reformed church 1936: 1910: 1721: 1707: 1631:Reformed Church 1531: 1502: 1501: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1275:1980s austerity 1265:Systematization 1250:Five-Year Plans 1240:Nationalization 1230: 1222: 1221: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1177:Elena Ceaușescu 1122: 1114: 1113: 1039:Communist Party 1034: 1015: 999: 963: 961: 956: 955: 954: 899: 889: 888: 887: 847: 839: 838: 829: 828:Post-Revolution 821: 820: 819: 804: 794: 793: 792: 778:Fascist Kingdom 773:Greater Romania 747: 737: 736: 735: 701:Organic Statute 690: 682: 681: 680: 651:Silistra Eyalet 645: 635: 634: 633: 588: 573: 572: 571: 546: 536: 535: 534: 509: 487: 480: 464: 444: 443: 437: 435: 432: 426: 416: 414: 413: 400: 398: 397: 389: 387: 386: 378: 376: 375: 367:Elena Ceaușescu 359: 358: 342: 323: 321: 311: 309: 293: 291: 287:Anti-communists 281: 279: 274:Revolutionaries 268: 266: 252: 250: 245:Communist Party 239: 237: 227: 213: 190: 177: 151: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11129: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 11000: 10997:← Chivu Stoica 10992: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10890:Nicu Ceaușescu 10887: 10884:Zoia Ceaușescu 10881: 10875: 10872:Ilie Ceaușescu 10869: 10862: 10860: 10854: 10853: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10827: 10821: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10793: 10786: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10523:Timothy Snyder 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10453:Vojtech Mastny 10450: 10448:Geir Lundestad 10445: 10440: 10438:Walter Laqueur 10435: 10433:Walter LaFeber 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:André Fontaine 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10293:Gar Alperovitz 10289: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10218: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10193: 10188: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10142: 10140: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10033:Third-Worldism 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9861: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9822:Libertarianism 9819: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9802: 9800:Chicago school 9797: 9791: 9789: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9745:Nixon Doctrine 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9689: 9688:Foreign policy 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9473:Operation RYAN 9470: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9378:Able Archer 83 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9128:Oromo conflict 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Yom Kippur War 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8700:Aden Emergency 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8618:Papua conflict 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8521:Kitchen Debate 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8481:Sputnik crisis 8478: 8473: 8465: 8458: 8453: 8451:Polish October 8448: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8351:Pact of Madrid 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8306:Bamboo Curtain 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8066: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8046: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7936: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7872:Post-communism 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7462:Czechoslovakia 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7445:Eastern Europe 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7292:Isaias Afwerki 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7272:Zianon Pazniak 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Erich Honecker 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6832:Anti-communism 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6501:Bobâlna revolt 6497: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6480:civil disorder 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6278:Urban planning 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6160:Stock Exchange 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6034:Prime Minister 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5646: 5645:External links 5643: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5625: 5615:. Ithaca, NY: 5608: 5605:978-0547423067 5593: 5570: 5548: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5527: 5514: 5508: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5457: 5450: 5432: 5425: 5407: 5400: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5343: 5302: 5277: 5242: 5229: 5212: 5210:, 3 June 2010. 5189: 5177: 5159: 5157:, p. 199. 5147: 5145:, p. 171. 5135: 5133:, p. 170. 5123: 5108: 5095: 5053: 5027: 5013: 4993: 4973: 4953: 4893: 4880: 4868: 4844: 4825: 4810: 4795: 4780: 4765: 4750: 4728: 4702: 4691:on 7 July 2008 4676: 4655: 4641:Smith, Craig S 4632: 4625: 4617:Pantheon Books 4590: 4578: 4546: 4514: 4482: 4471:on 15 May 2016 4456: 4434: 4412: 4386: 4367:(4): 743–776. 4349: 4313: 4298: 4283: 4269: 4244: 4241:(in Romanian). 4225: 4180: 4177:978-1857437140 4157: 4137: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4083: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3975: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946:Romania portal 3935: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3841:New Year's Eve 3830: 3823: 3807: 3804: 3800:1996 elections 3765: 3762: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3420:Italian states 3412: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3313:Tax resistance 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214:Class conflict 3211: 3206: 3204:Civil disorder 3201: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3073: 3072: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3018: 3015: 3011:were destroyed 2983:C-130 Hercules 2966:SFR Yugoslavia 2934:United Kingdom 2930:Manfred Wörner 2918:Brian Mulroney 2915:Prime Minister 2884:Czechoslovakia 2876:Petar Mladenov 2821:Drumul Taberei 2758: 2755: 2704: 2703:New government 2701: 2669:Main article: 2665: 2664: 2658:September 2019 2600:. Please help 2586: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2518: 2515: 2474: 2471: 2392: 2389: 2380:Mihai Viteazul 2327:Protesters in 2277: 2276: 2259:September 2024 2235: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2084: 2083: 2077:September 2019 2019:. Please help 2005: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1935: 1932: 1909: 1906: 1890:Czechoslovakia 1739:and increased 1706: 1703: 1674:on charges of 1587:Communist rule 1571:drumhead trial 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1366:Pitești prison 1363: 1361:Tămădău Affair 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 990: 983: 975: 972: 971: 958: 957: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 900: 895: 894: 891: 890: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 818: 817: 812: 806: 805: 800: 799: 796: 795: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 749: 748: 743: 742: 739: 738: 734: 733: 728: 723: 718: 716:Danube Vilayet 713: 708: 703: 698: 692: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 632: 631: 629:Rumelia Eyalet 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 590: 589: 579: 578: 575: 574: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 548: 547: 542: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 511: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 492: 491: 482: 481: 474: 467: 466: 460: 459: 455: 454: 433: 339: 338: 334: 333: 332: 331: 319: 303: 302: 289: 263: 262: 261: 248: 235: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 186: 184: 180: 179: 174: 166: 165: 143: 142: 135: 134: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11128: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11006: 11005: 11004:Ion Iliescu → 11001: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10848: 10838: 10837:FDUS Chairman 10835: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687:War on terror 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582:Espionage and 10580: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533:Andrew Thorpe 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10428:Gabriel Kolko 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10393:Fred Halliday 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378:Lloyd Gardner 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10338:Norman Davies 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10323:John Costello 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258:Technological 10256: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139:Pro-communist 10137: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066:Organizations 10064: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9880:Eurocommunism 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9710:Domino theory 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9664:South Ossetia 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9448:8888 Uprising 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9393:Iran–Iraq War 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9358:Falklands War 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9221:NDF Rebellion 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201:German Autumn 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Metapolitefsi 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8852: 8850: 8849:Prague Spring 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8827:Al-Wadiah War 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:12-3 incident 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8371:Domino theory 8369: 8367: 8366:Petrov Affair 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Madiun Affair 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8203:Marshall Plan 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7952:United States 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7877:Yugoslav Wars 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867:Neo-Stalinism 7865: 7863: 7862:Neo-Sovietism 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7746:Black January 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Ronald Reagan 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277:Zhelyu Zhelev 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Boris Yeltsin 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Joachim Gauck 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7169:Strike action 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111:Todor Zhivkov 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Deng Xiaoping 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Soviet Empire 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891:International 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6424: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135:National Bank 6133: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6120:petrochemical 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085:Foreign trade 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5679:TV broadcasts 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5639: 5634:(in Romanian) 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5590:973-98392-8-2 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567:0-394-58884-3 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543:Mark Almond, 5542: 5541: 5530: 5524: 5521:. Routledge. 5520: 5515: 5511: 5509:0-7088-5003-0 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5236:Marius Mioc, 5233: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4878:, p. 59. 4877: 4872: 4866: 4865:0-691-12834-0 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4582: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4239:Descoperă.org 4236: 4229: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4044:8888 Uprising 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3787:privatisation 3784: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3770:shock therapy 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754:Silviu Brucan 3750: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308:Strike action 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241:Direct action 3239: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3229:Demonstration 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3069: 3066:February 2018 3057: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3031: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2970:Moldavian SSR 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900:United States 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:Ateneul Român 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2731:Christmas Day 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2661: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: – 2618: 2614: 2613:Find sources: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2591:single source 2587:This article 2585: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2536:Manea Mănescu 2531: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Piața Rosetti 2365: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2273: 2270: 2262: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2236:This section 2234: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Romanian flag 2141: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2090: 2080: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: – 2037: 2033: 2032:Find sources: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2010:single source 2006:This article 2004: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:Prague Spring 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1791:Centrul Civic 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:secret police 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:national debt 1726: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:secret police 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581:and his wife 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1371:Sighet prison 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205:Neo-Stalinism 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167:Manea Mănescu 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1064:State Council 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033:Organizations 1030: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 996: 991: 989: 984: 982: 977: 976: 974: 973: 970: 960: 959: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 898: 893: 892: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 843: 842: 835: 832: 831: 825: 824: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 803: 798: 797: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 746: 741: 740: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 686: 685: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 639: 638: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 586: 582: 577: 576: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 540: 539: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 508: 503: 502: 498: 494: 493: 490: 484: 483: 478: 473: 472: 465:3,321 injured 461: 456: 453: 448: 434: 431: 429: 423: 411: 407: 396: 385: 373: 368: 363: 356: 351: 346: 341: 340: 335: 330: 320: 318: 308: 307: 306: 301: 290: 288: 278: 277: 276: 275: 264: 259: 249: 246: 236: 233: 225: 224: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 205: 197: 194: 193: 189: 185: 182: 181: 175: 172: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 149: 144: 141: 136: 131: 128: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 11002: 10995: 10829: 10692:Brinkmanship 10584:intelligence 10473:Marius Oprea 10423:Harvey Klehr 10353:Herbert Feis 10343:Willem Drees 10308:Archie Brown 10225: 10213: 10195: 10185:Trybuna Ludu 10183: 10176: 10172:Radio Moscow 10164: 10157: 10150: 9978:Anti-Zionism 9894: 9817:Keynesianism 9805:Conservatism 9669:Transnistria 9649:China-Taiwan 9552: 9306:Gera Demands 9179: 8980: 8855: 8660:El Porteñazo 8554:Congo Crisis 8469: 8404:Algerian War 8387: 8263:Western Bloc 8258:Eastern Bloc 8253:Iron Curtain 8109: 8101: 8093: 8070: 8050: 8042: 7959:Soviet Union 7957: 7950: 7825:Later events 7741:Malta Summit 7573:Turkmenistan 7501:Soviet Union 7487:Soviet Union 7467:East Germany 7287:Meles Zenawi 7242:Sali Berisha 7192:Václav Havel 7139:Human chains 7046:Károly Grósz 6976:Khozraschyot 6867:Nomenklatura 6842:Eastern Bloc 6698:21st century 6545:20th century 6494:20th century 6306:Architecture 6236:Prostitution 6206:Demographics 6110:construction 5985:Human rights 5965:Constitution 5832:World War II 5637: 5612: 5596: 5573: 5559:Random House 5557:, New York: 5554: 5544: 5518: 5499: 5466: 5460: 5441: 5435: 5416: 5410: 5391: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5353:The Guardian 5351: 5346: 5335:, retrieved 5328:the original 5315: 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5289: 5280: 5255: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5215: 5192: 5180: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5098: 5072:. Retrieved 5066: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5040:the original 5030: 5016: 5005: 4996: 4985: 4976: 4965: 4956: 4883: 4871: 4852: 4847: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4741:. Retrieved 4731: 4719:. Retrieved 4715:chnm.gmu.edu 4714: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4689:the original 4679: 4668: 4658: 4648: 4635: 4611: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4562:the original 4549: 4537:. Retrieved 4526: 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4494: 4485: 4473:. Retrieved 4469:the original 4459: 4447:. Retrieved 4437: 4428: 4403:. Retrieved 4389: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4329: 4316: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4247: 4238: 4228: 4216:. Retrieved 4209:the original 4196: 4183: 4171:, p. 3758, 4129: 4090: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4046:(Burma 1988) 3932:1980s portal 3837:victory sign 3813: 3809: 3780: 3767: 3751: 3740: 3728: 3574:People Power 3291:Disobedience 3063: 3055: 3032: 3028: 2999:Gara de Nord 2995: 2988: 2896:Václav Havel 2845: 2807: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2690: 2686: 2674: 2655: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2612: 2588: 2552: 2541: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2479:Vasile Milea 2476: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2430:used by the 2406: 2401: 2394: 2372:Piața Romană 2364:Piața Unirii 2360: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2315: 2310:U.S. dollars 2302: 2296: 2280: 2265: 2256: 2245:Please help 2240:verification 2237: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2142: 2131: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2074: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2031: 2007: 1976: 1972: 1963:László Tőkés 1945: 1924: 1902: 1865: 1857:Steagul Roșu 1845: 1834:West Germany 1799: 1780: 1760:police state 1749: 1741:malnutrition 1722: 1688: 1652: 1647:Eastern Bloc 1635:László Tőkés 1603:World War II 1600: 1563:Eastern Bloc 1551:civil unrest 1538: 1536: 1492:Soviet Union 1351:Re-education 1157:Chivu Stoica 945:Transylvania 873:Christianity 788:World War II 666:Varat Eyalet 427: 422:Vasile Milea 304: 265: 212: 207:Belligerents 138:Part of the 127: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 10943:1970 floods 10792:(1974–1989) 10518:Shen Zhihua 10328:Michael Cox 10260:competition 10207:Pro-Western 10197:Soviet Life 10123:Safari Club 10093:Warsaw Pact 9948:Nationalism 9938:Imperialism 9837:Reaganomics 9700:Containment 9493:Perestroika 8982:Realpolitik 8812:Six-Day War 8797:Greek junta 8608:Berlin Wall 8456:Suez Crisis 8424:Vietnam War 8311:McCarthyism 8126:Baruch Plan 8071:Unthinkable 8031:Dekemvriana 7970:Warsaw Pact 7801:August Coup 7654:South Yemen 7599:Afghanistan 7443:Central and 7436:by location 7340:Civic Forum 7227:Feng Congde 7202:Ion Iliescu 7187:Lech Wałęsa 7144:Magnitizdat 7106:Zhao Ziyang 7096:Heng Samrin 7056:Miloš Jakeš 6966:Perestroika 6750: [ 6221:Immigration 6065:Agriculture 5884:Earthquakes 5822:World War I 5802:Middle Ages 5792:Roman Dacia 5580:, Romania; 5074:17 November 5046:17 November 4743:29 November 4475:11 December 4449:11 December 4342:11 December 3906:Ilie Verdeț 3879:, July 1990 3833:sub-officer 3831:A Romanian 3758:Ion Iliescu 3636:Arab Spring 3234:Human chain 3224:Coup d'état 3133:Proletarian 2946:Netherlands 2868:East German 2866:); the new 2766:Petre Roman 2722:Ion Iliescu 2511:Ion Iliescu 2447:helicopters 2355:Scornicești 2329:Cluj-Napoca 2138:martial law 2115:Ștefan Gușă 1894:Miloš Jakeš 1881:Cluj-Napoca 1872:Berlin Wall 1830:Los Angeles 1802:Warsaw Pact 1764:Free speech 1641:force, the 1595:Warsaw Pact 1487:North Korea 1200:July Theses 1172:Ilie Verdeț 1132:Petru Groza 753:World War I 671:Phanariotes 581:Middle Ages 562:Roman Dacia 557:Dacian Wars 486:History of 11020:Categories 10886:(daughter) 10831:Conducător 10799:1989-12-25 10781:1918-01-26 10286:Historians 10277:Space Race 10178:Rudé právo 10132:Propaganda 9988:Neo-Nazism 9958:Chauvinism 9912:Trotskyism 9827:Monetarism 9795:Liberalism 9787:Capitalism 9779:Ideologies 9730:Ostpolitik 9453:Solidarity 9418:Toyota War 9321:Solidarity 9178:Operation 9133:Ogaden War 8822:Dhofar War 8710:Shifta War 8468:Operation 8316:Korean War 8108:Operation 8100:Operation 8092:Operation 8069:Operation 8049:Operation 8041:Operation 7842:Lustration 7716:Baltic Way 7667:Individual 7644:Mozambique 7583:Uzbekistan 7568:Tajikistan 7553:Kyrgyzstan 7548:Kazakhstan 7513:Azerbaijan 7492:Yugoslavia 7370:Solidarity 7330:Charter 77 7316:Opposition 7212:Wu'erkaixi 7178:Opposition 7125:Opposition 7116:Siad Barre 7061:Egon Krenz 7031:Ramiz Alia 7022:Government 6961:Uskoreniye 6893:background 6815:background 6492:Before the 6363:Philosophy 6348:Literature 6231:Minorities 6216:Healthcare 6129:(currency) 6105:automotive 6019:Parliament 5980:Government 5934:Topography 5847:Since 1989 5842:Revolution 5378:Roper 2000 5366:Roper 2000 5337:25 October 5295:25 October 4876:Roper 2000 4586:Roper 2000 4103:References 3835:gives the 3819:direction. 3775:neoliberal 3658:Euromaidan 3606:Bolivarian 3554:Nicaraguan 3534:Guatemalan 3472:Young Turk 3452:Philippine 3281:Nonviolent 3276:Resistance 3251:Insurgency 3161:Nonviolent 3156:From above 3128:Democratic 3017:Casualties 2940:); Spain; 2738:"comunist" 2628:newspapers 2564:Târgoviște 2483:ammunition 2417:Danny Huwé 2047:newspapers 1816:Ceaușescu 1795:Casa Radio 1756:Securitate 1705:Background 1684:Securitate 1668:Târgoviște 1643:Securitate 1601:Following 1497:Yugoslavia 1341:Censorship 1335:Repression 1260:Decree 770 1137:Ana Pauker 1044:Securitate 815:Revolution 507:Prehistory 300:dissidents 232:Securitate 221:Government 152:Tanks and 106:March 2023 76:newspapers 10874:(brother) 10826:(1967–89) 10820:(1965–89) 10573:Ken Young 10418:Tony Judt 10267:Arms race 10240:Red Scare 10108:NN States 10053:Apartheid 10008:Autocracy 9917:Stalinism 9885:Guevarism 9875:Castroism 9865:Communism 9857:Socialism 9383:Star Wars 8976:Koza riot 8102:Beleaguer 8094:Masterdom 7882:Pink tide 7676:Jeltoqsan 7592:Elsewhere 7543:Lithuania 7395:Rastokhez 7335:New Forum 7318:movements 7217:Chai Ling 6827:Communism 6652:Mineriads 6261:Romanians 6226:Languages 6211:Education 6175:Transport 6155:Squatting 6029:President 5997:Judiciary 5970:Elections 5914:Mountains 5857:Geography 5266:cite news 5084:cite news 4842:, p. 101. 4381:144784730 4205:1841-6683 4108:Citations 3995:(1990–92) 3743:Mineriads 3611:Bulldozer 3564:Carnation 3559:Argentine 3502:1917–1923 3490:Communist 3435:Hungarian 3271:Rebellion 3209:Civil war 3171:Permanent 3118:Communist 3113:Bourgeois 3037:Aftermath 2904:President 2853:President 2795:Ceaușescu 2598:talk page 2376:tricolour 2317:Bullhorns 2180:Emil Bobu 2017:talk page 1989:Crackdown 1956:Hungarian 1952:Timișoara 1928:Lithuania 1866:Like the 1663:Bucharest 1623:Timișoara 1567:Timișoara 1195:Dacianism 1109:Comturist 950:Wallachia 925:Maramureș 544:Antiquity 395:Emil Bobu 247:loyalists 162:Bucharest 10725:Timeline 10715:Category 10660:See also 10152:Izvestia 9993:Islamism 9890:Hoxhaism 9765:Rollback 9644:Abkhazia 9584:Gulf War 9488:Glasnost 8858:incident 8628:Sand War 8486:Ifni War 7995:Rio Pact 7940:Cold War 7639:Mongolia 7634:Ethiopia 7619:Cambodia 7523:Chechnya 7457:Bulgaria 7232:Tank Man 7222:Wang Dan 7207:Liu Gang 7164:Samizdat 7159:Protests 6998:Glasnost 6981:500 Days 6905:Cold War 6813:Internal 6642:Golaniad 6476:protests 6408:Category 6338:Folklore 6256:Religion 6251:Refugees 6150:Services 6100:Industry 6090:Forestry 6007:Military 5948:Politics 5879:Counties 5770:Timeline 5741:articles 5553:(1990), 5222:Archived 5200:Archived 4822:, p. 127 4807:, p. 116 4777:, p. 227 4721:30 March 4571:31 March 4539:30 March 4533:Archived 4507:30 March 4501:Archived 4405:30 March 4336:Archived 4295:, p. 245 4262:30 March 4218:15 April 3885:See also 3798:won the 3668:Sudanese 3646:Egyptian 3641:Tunisian 3594:Romanian 3495:Cultural 3481:Chinese 3456:Iranian 3425:February 3346:American 3341:Atlantic 3330:Examples 3303:Samizdat 3107:By class 3082:a series 3080:Part of 2954:Portugal 2872:Bulgaria 2783:Romanian 2487:en masse 2400:troops ( 1979:tear gas 1921:regimes. 1851:and the 1814:invasion 1676:genocide 1543:Romanian 1229:Policies 1189:Ideology 1094:Scînteia 1079:Pioneers 935:Muntenia 930:Moldavia 915:Bukovina 846:By topic 477:a series 475:Part of 410:defected 183:Location 10215:Amerika 10098:Comecon 9983:Fascism 9973:Zionism 9922:Titoism 9463:Contras 8931:Détente 8208:Comecon 7891:Related 7649:Somalia 7578:Ukraine 7558:Moldova 7533:Georgia 7528:Estonia 7518:Belarus 7508:Armenia 7482:Romania 7472:Hungary 7452:Albania 7360:Sąjūdis 7180:leaders 7127:methods 7024:leaders 7013:Đổi Mới 6954:Reforms 6484:Romania 6423:Commons 6392:Outline 6321:Cuisine 6301:Academy 6293:Culture 6283:Welfare 6266:Gypsies 6189:Society 6170:Tourism 6075:Exports 6053:Economy 5904:Islands 5874:Climate 5817:Kingdom 5775:ancient 5762:History 5737:Romania 5488:Sources 5290:fas.org 5240:, 1997. 5007:YouTube 4987:YouTube 4967:YouTube 4792:, p. 71 4695:9 April 4310:, p. 12 4094:Romania 4091:Present 3845:ushanka 3599:Singing 3549:Rwandan 3524:Spanish 3519:Siamese 3507:Russian 3477:Mexican 3403:Belgian 3378:Serbian 3366:Haitian 3351:Brabant 3336:English 3266:Protest 3199:Boycott 3193:Methods 3166:Passive 3056:updated 2942:Austria 2932:); the 2860:Hungary 2841:Băneasa 2837:Otopeni 2750:Câmpina 2642:scholar 2555:Pitești 2528:Dauphin 2440:Dunărea 2192:Oltenia 2061:scholar 1961:Pastor 1820:—while 1633:pastor 1555:Romania 1287:Culture 1121:Leaders 1016:Romania 940:Oltenia 920:Dobruja 910:Crișana 883:Judaism 488:Romania 428:† 188:Romania 156:on the 154:Miliția 90:scholar 10936:Events 10868:(wife) 10858:Family 10811:Titles 10166:Pravda 9968:Racism 9907:Maoism 9659:Kosovo 9180:Condor 8856:Pueblo 8842:May 68 8470:Gladio 8388:Tuapse 8051:Jungle 8043:Priboi 7669:events 7604:Angola 7563:Russia 7538:Latvia 7477:Poland 7434:Events 7086:Ne Win 6413:Portal 6343:Humour 6316:Cinema 6246:Racism 6115:mining 6070:Energy 5924:Rivers 5869:Cities 5752:Topics 5739: 5623: 5603: 5588: 5565: 5525: 5506: 5473: 5448: 5423: 5398: 4863: 4762:, p. 4 4623: 4379: 4203: 4175: 4033:Others 3974:(1991) 3651:Yemeni 3631:Kyrgyz 3621:Orange 3589:Velvet 3584:Yogurt 3529:August 3512:German 3485:Xinhai 3465:Second 3442:Eureka 3430:German 3361:French 3318:Terror 3261:Mutiny 3176:Social 3151:Colour 2944:; the 2911:Canada 2894:, and 2849:France 2827:, the 2693:ad hoc 2644: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2544:Snagov 2396:APCs, 2105:(TAB) 2063: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2034: 1877:Berlin 1861:letter 1806:Soviet 1754:, the 1743:. The 1717:, and 1454:SovRom 1318:Emblem 1293:Daciad 479:on the 424: 369: 352: 195:Result 92: 85: 78: 71: 63: 10892:(son) 10880:(son) 10795:Died 10777:Born 10651:Stasi 10118:SAARC 10113:ASEAN 10078:SEATO 9931:Other 9896:Juche 9654:Korea 9567:1990s 9280:1980s 8924:1970s 8547:1960s 8299:1950s 8009:1940s 7990:NEATO 7985:SEATO 7975:ANZUS 7624:China 7614:Burma 7609:Benin 6754:] 6472:Riots 6399:Index 6368:Sport 6358:Music 6353:Media 6201:Crime 5909:Lakes 5894:Flora 5889:Fauna 5787:Dacia 5331:(PDF) 5320:(PDF) 4565:(PDF) 4558:(PDF) 4377:S2CID 4212:(PDF) 4193:(PDF) 4167:2014 4154:. AP. 3626:Tulip 3544:Cuban 3460:First 3410:Texas 3383:Greek 3356:Liège 3286:Civil 2960:(the 2958:Japan 2950:Italy 2862:(the 2649:JSTOR 2635:books 2559:Dacia 2068:JSTOR 2054:books 1583:Elena 1482:Italy 1477:China 1409:SLOMR 1269:Rural 905:Banat 878:Islam 726:ASTRA 585:Early 552:Dacia 97:JSTOR 83:books 10788:1st 10191:TASS 10083:METO 10073:NATO 9299:and 9297:1980 8854:USS 7980:METO 7965:NATO 6478:and 6333:Flag 6326:Wine 6127:Leu 5990:LGBT 5621:ISBN 5601:ISBN 5586:ISBN 5578:Iași 5563:ISBN 5523:ISBN 5504:ISBN 5471:ISBN 5446:ISBN 5421:ISBN 5396:ISBN 5339:2020 5297:2020 5272:link 5090:link 5076:2012 5048:2012 4861:ISBN 4745:2022 4723:2015 4697:2013 4621:ISBN 4573:2015 4541:2015 4509:2015 4477:2016 4451:2016 4407:2015 4344:2016 4264:2015 4220:2018 4201:ISSN 4173:ISBN 3616:Rose 3579:1989 3569:Saur 3415:1848 3398:July 3393:1830 3388:1820 3298:Riot 3181:Wave 2980:USAF 2926:NATO 2839:and 2711:and 2621:news 2548:Titu 2432:USLA 2398:USLA 2370:and 2206:and 2134:Iran 2040:news 1812:—an 1750:The 1733:US$ 1537:The 1323:Flag 1049:Army 173:Date 69:news 10646:KGB 10641:MVD 10626:MI6 10621:MI5 10616:CIA 10088:EEC 6862:KGB 6482:in 6311:Art 5584:), 4889:YLE 4369:doi 4257:BBC 3839:on 3783:IMF 2964:); 2924:); 2909:); 2882:); 2813:", 2791:FSN 2604:by 2426:An 2357:"). 2306:lei 2249:by 2155:" ( 2023:by 1950:in 1828:in 1553:in 160:in 52:by 11022:: 6752:ro 6474:, 5619:. 5561:, 5288:. 5268:}} 5264:{{ 5254:. 5206:, 5170:. 5111:^ 5086:}} 5082:{{ 5065:. 5004:. 4984:. 4964:. 4896:^ 4855:. 4838:, 4713:. 4667:. 4647:, 4619:. 4593:^ 4531:. 4525:. 4493:. 4415:^ 4398:. 4375:. 4365:26 4363:. 4334:. 4328:. 4255:. 4237:. 4195:. 4160:^ 4140:^ 4128:. 4116:^ 3084:on 3013:. 2972:. 2956:; 2952:; 2948:; 2797:. 2789:, 2785:: 2366:, 1900:. 1892:, 1762:. 1713:, 1545:: 10801:) 10797:( 10783:) 10779:( 10759:e 10752:t 10745:v 9459:) 9455:( 8464:" 8460:" 8437:" 8433:" 7932:e 7925:t 7918:v 6798:e 6791:t 6784:v 6457:e 6450:t 6443:v 5729:e 5722:t 5715:v 5629:. 5607:. 5569:. 5531:. 5512:. 5479:. 5454:. 5429:. 5404:. 5299:. 5274:) 5260:. 5092:) 5078:. 5050:. 4747:. 4725:. 4699:. 4673:. 4629:. 4575:. 4543:. 4511:. 4479:. 4453:. 4409:. 4383:. 4371:: 4346:. 4266:. 4222:. 4134:. 3847:. 3713:e 3706:t 3699:v 3068:) 3064:( 3058:. 2913:( 2902:( 2886:( 2874:( 2851:( 2809:" 2781:( 2660:) 2656:( 2646:· 2639:· 2632:· 2625:· 2608:. 2594:. 2272:) 2266:( 2261:) 2257:( 2243:. 2117:( 2079:) 2075:( 2065:· 2058:· 2051:· 2044:· 2027:. 2013:. 1731:( 1541:( 1526:e 1519:t 1512:v 1271:) 1267:( 994:e 987:t 980:v 587:) 583:( 412:) 408:( 119:) 113:( 108:) 104:( 94:· 87:· 80:· 73:· 46:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.