42:
407:
1983. The water agreement provides “exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement” for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. The iron extracted has resulted in reduction of the height of one of the ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft).
410:
Gold mining in the Sula
Mountains and in the Rokel river sediments was an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 in the river and its tributaries after gold was found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. The panning operation
402:
The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. The reported maximum and minimum discharge at
Magbass, one of the three stations, are 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) and 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in the river basin
357:
age. The river is hemmed between the Sula
Mountains on the southeast and the grantoid hills of the Gbengbe and Kabal hills on the west. The notable cascade in the river is known as the Bumbuna water falls where the river drops by 15 metres (49 ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project.
418:
has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream. The
Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of the dam. The project implementation was assisted
406:
The iron ore mining at
Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from
411:
in the river using manual labour was based on paddocking. This alluvial gold mining operation has been described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for the purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of the hills and consequent sedimentation of the river and its tributaries.
431:
The flora in the estuary consists of mangrove forest. The avifauna in the area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). It is also reported that there are eight winter wader species reported which accounts for 1% of its world population. The eight species of
292:
are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. As the estuary widens and joins the
Atlantic its width is about 11 km (6.8 mi). The southern shore is the deepest and forms a natural harbour, which is reported to be the third largest in the world.
300:. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The Rokel drops 15 metres (49 ft) at the Bumbuna waterfalls. Mangrove species recorded are
386:, near the source of the Rokel. The estuary, which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), was listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance in 1999. The site is bounded by Cape Point on the western side of the Freetown, by the
340:
with glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge and are exposed along the river in some stretches; the geological formation noted in the river is granite rocks. The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. It is also reported that its
377:
from the Rokel River. The trade was quite substantial for a while but eventually went into decline. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in the late 1920s and early 1930s, while the
Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project is underway. The
423:
cultivation. The project, implemented in 1980, is located at
Magbass on the banks of the river and has an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi).
336:
Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. The geological formation in this group is reported to be of the
240:
in West Africa. The river basin measures 10,622 km (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the
Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the
264:
of north central Sierra Leone, flows southwest about 240 miles (390 km) through hill ranges and, together with a smaller, parallel stream called
556:
265:
337:
241:
296:
Mangrove swamps and the mud flats are the dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in the country) noted around the river's
387:
738:
345:
belongs to the Pan
African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of
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973:
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869:
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1024:
985:
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United Nations Environment Programme: Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, (2007), p. 41
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lies at the entrance to the Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40 km) from the port of Pepel.
646:
943:
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901:
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244:. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 km (1,140 sq mi) became a
8:
374:
284:, is 25 mi (40 km) in length and has a width of 4–10 miles (6.4–16.1 km).
514:
281:
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949:
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907:
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324:, which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres). Sierra Leone's capital city of
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The Rokel rises in the 900 metres (3,000 ft) high interior plateau of the
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where areas of the Rokel joins at the southern end of its mouth.
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Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty
403:
which derive their water supply requirements from this river.
437:
289:
197:(Period: 1971–2000) 546.9 m/s (19,310 cu ft/s)
745:. Center for Global Christianity and Mission. Archived from
694:
692:
882:
Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future
824:
800:
761:
721:
719:
689:
551:
549:
547:
297:
927:. International Association for Hydrological Sciences.
836:
812:
781:"Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party"
716:
544:
629:
627:
624:
1016:
899:
710:
534:, main village on the banks of the Rokel River
861:Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms
878:
698:
582:"Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"
941:
767:
236:) is the largest river in the Republic of
46:Freetown at the mouth of the river estuary
743:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
920:
842:
830:
818:
806:
725:
576:
574:
572:
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968:. UNEP/Earthprint. 2007. pp. 41–.
965:Mangroves of Western and Central Africa
900:Hambrey, M. J.; Harland, W. B. (2011).
612:. Ramsar organization. 13 December 1999
1017:
903:Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record
165:10,622 km (4,101 sq mi)
563:
857:
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639:
633:
248:wetland site of importance in 1999.
664:
369:, an Irish businessman, settled on
13:
879:Brebbia, C. A.; Popov, V. (2013).
607:"1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary"
426:
276:. The estuary, after it joins the
14:
1041:
40:
945:Encyclopedia of African History
851:
791:
773:
906:. Cambridge University Press.
599:
397:
373:in 1816 and started exporting
1:
538:
390:on one of its banks, and the
67:Physical characteristics
1030:Ramsar sites in Sierra Leone
251:
145: • elevation
109: • elevation
7:
942:Shillington, Kevin (2004).
858:Bird, Eric (8 April 2010).
525:
382:established their capital,
183: • location
133: • location
85: • location
10:
1046:
711:Hambrey & Harland 2011
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331:
193: • average
113:900 m (3,000 ft)
557:"North Africa-West Coast"
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157:386 km (240 mi)
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21:
699:Brebbia & Popov 2013
676:Encyclopædia Britannica
651:Encyclopædia Britannica
268:, feeds into the Rokel
1025:Rivers of Sierra Leone
921:Rosbjerg, Dan (1997).
587:. Wetland Organization
280:, is also called the
16:River in Sierra Leone
713:, pp. 132, 133.
672:"Sierra Leone River"
459:Pluvialis squatarola
449:Charadrius hiaticula
272:before entering the
149:0 m (0 ft)
997: /
479:Calidris ferruginea
206:Basin features
833:, pp. 498–99.
809:, pp. 497–98.
787:. 15 January 2000.
749:on 11 October 2016
515:Western reef heron
282:Sierra Leone River
975:978-92-807-2792-0
955:978-1-57958-245-6
934:978-1-901502-05-3
913:978-0-521-17230-1
892:978-1-84564-703-2
871:978-1-4020-8638-0
739:"McCormack, John"
485:Eurasian whimbrel
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499:Tringa nebularia
489:Numeniusphaeopus
475:Curlew sandpiper
262:Guinea Highlands
234:Pamoronkoh River
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94:Guinea Highlands
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31:Pamoronkoh River
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519:Egrette gularis
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427:Flora and fauna
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278:Bankasoka River
266:Port Loko Creek
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1001:8.55°N 12.80°W
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845:, p. 499.
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823:
821:, p. 497.
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770:, p. 922.
760:
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728:, p. 496.
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636:, p. 933.
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509:Tringa totanus
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492:
482:
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455:Kentish plover
452:
440:recorded are:
428:
425:
399:
396:
380:Yalunka people
367:John MacCormac
363:
360:
351:Infra-Cambrian
338:Tabe formation
333:
330:
274:Atlantic Ocean
258:Loma Mountains
253:
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242:Sula Mountains
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948:. CRC Press.
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946:
940:
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919:
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909:
905:
904:
898:
894:
888:
885:. WIT Press.
884:
883:
877:
873:
867:
863:
862:
856:
855:
844:
843:Rosbjerg 1997
839:
832:
831:Rosbjerg 1997
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820:
819:Rosbjerg 1997
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808:
807:Rosbjerg 1997
803:
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769:
764:
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727:
726:Rosbjerg 1997
722:
720:
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707:
701:, p. 45.
700:
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693:
677:
673:
667:
652:
648:
647:"Rokel River"
642:
635:
630:
628:
608:
602:
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552:
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513:
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506:
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486:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
469:Calidris alba
466:
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:Ringed plover
443:
442:
441:
439:
435:
424:
422:
419:by China for
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1006:8.55; -12.80
982:
964:
944:
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902:
881:
864:. Springer.
860:
852:Bibliography
838:
826:
814:
802:
793:
784:
775:
763:
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
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733:
706:
679:. Retrieved
675:
666:
654:. Retrieved
650:
641:
614:. Retrieved
601:
589:. Retrieved
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
430:
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:Tagrin Point
371:Timbo Island
365:
335:
319:
315:Laguncularia
313:
307:
301:
295:
255:
238:Sierra Leone
233:
229:
225:
223:
213:River system
98:Sierra Leone
61:Sierra Leone
1004: /
495:green shank
434:palaearctic
416:Bumbuna Dam
398:Development
388:Bunce River
375:African Oak
355:Pleistocene
347:Precambrian
226:Rokel River
218:Rokel River
102:West Africa
22:Rokel River
1019:Categories
785:ramsar.org
753:10 October
539:References
465:Sanderling
321:Conocarpus
303:Rhizophora
230:Seli River
187:Near mouth
162:Basin size
28:Seli River
634:Bird 2010
505:red shank
421:sugarcane
309:Avicennia
260:, in the
252:Geography
174:Discharge
532:Mabilafu
526:See also
436:migrant
326:Freetown
286:Freetown
52:Location
992:12°48′W
362:History
343:orogeny
332:Geology
270:estuary
57:Country
989:8°33′N
972:
952:
931:
910:
889:
868:
681:3 July
656:3 July
616:7 July
591:3 July
438:waders
384:Falaba
318:, and
246:Ramsar
228:(also
177:
154:Length
127:
79:
76:Source
610:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
290:Pepel
123:Mouth
970:ISBN
950:ISBN
929:ISBN
908:ISBN
887:ISBN
866:ISBN
755:2016
683:2013
658:2013
618:2013
593:2013
414:The
353:and
288:and
224:The
298:ria
1021::
783:.
741:.
718:^
691:^
674:.
649:.
626:^
565:^
546:^
349:,
312:,
306:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
978:.
958:.
937:.
916:.
895:.
874:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
