Pope Alexander VI - Knowledge

3048:"The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians, in general, did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. Remember, too, that the pope at the time, besides his spiritual powers, was a sovereign political power with large areas of the peninsula, nominally, at least, under his control. Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In the south, Naples was a fief of the pope, but its ruler, King Ferrante, refused to acknowledge the pope's authority. In the north of the peninsula, many small principalities vied for dominance and were often at war with one another, changing alliances as rapidly as opportunity invited. In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the pope. These Roman families even sought to control the Papacy itself. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long...Callistus III was acknowledged by all as religious and austere, though severely criticized for his largesse to his family. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. When elected, he did what all leaders do, he surrounded himself with people whom he believed he could trust. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard-pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons." 3066:"The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3.5 meters high and 2.2 wide. It lasted until 1618 when another door was installed in the new basilica. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. In a ceremony strikingly similar in many ways to today's ritual opening of a holy door, Alexander was carried in the gestatorial chair to the portico of St. Peter's. He and the members of his retinue, bearing long candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir intoned Psalm 118:19–20: "Open for me the gate of Yahweh, where the upright go in." The pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. On the feast of the Epiphany, 6 January 1501, two cardinals – one with a silver brick and the other with a gold one – symbolically began to seal the holy door. Basilica workers known as sanpietrini completed the task, which included placing small coins and medals, minted during the holy year, inside the wall." 2394: 2059: 1803:

these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. ... Since, however, we have been most happy to learn from certain cardinals and from your letter that you are ready to submit yourself to the reproofs of the Church, as becomes a Christian and a religious, we are beginning to think that what you have done has not been done with an evil motive, but from a certain simple-mindedness and a zeal, however misguided, for the Lord's vineyard. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. If you obey, as we hope you will, we for the time being suspend the operation of our former Brief so that you may live in peace in accordance with the dictates of your conscience.

1821: 183: 981:, and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church. In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown. In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain. The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice-chancellor. 1168: 2172: 3185:"As part of his proposed new reforms, Alexander now nominated a commission of six of the most pious cardinals, and less than two months later a draft Bull of Reformation had been prepared. The pope was banned from selling benefices and from transferring Church property to laypersons. As for the cardinals, who were to be drawn from all the nations, none should possess more than one bishopric; their households were limited to eighty people and thirty horses; they were banned from hunting, theaters, carnivals, and tournaments; and their funeral expenses were not to exceed 1,500 ducats. The lesser clergy were similarly reined in: they must refuse all bribes and put away their concubines." 3075:"ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of Indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large." 2384: 1249: 2560: 1083:, the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became 10423: 2115: 2023: 1208:, seen as a pro-French candidate. It was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule-loads of silver. Mallett shows that Borgia was in the lead from the start and that the rumours of bribery began after the election with the distribution of benefices; Sforza and della Rovere were just as willing and able to bribe as anyone else. The benefices and offices granted to Sforza, moreover, would be worth considerably more than four mule-loads of silver. 2187: 2587: 2467:: "It was a revolting scene to look at that deformed, blackened corpse, prodigiously swelled, and exhaling an infectious smell; his lips and nose were covered with brown drivel, his mouth was opened very widely, and his tongue, inflated by poison, ... therefore no fanatic or devotee dared to kiss his feet or hands, as custom would have required." The Venetian ambassador stated that the body was "the ugliest, most monstrous and horrible dead body that was ever seen, without any form or likeness of humanity". 2158: 545: 1653: 2079: 2144: 860: 9161: 7065: 2038: 578: 992:. Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (*1467) and Girolama (*1469), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children. Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471. 1781: 7077: 43: 1042: 10435: 9150: 2844: 1568: 1377: 2347:

Campagna and seized their castles. Thus the two great houses of Orsini and Colonna, who had long fought for predominance in Rome and often flouted the pope's authority, were subjugated and the Borgias' power increased. Cesare then returned to Rome, where his father asked him to assist Goffredo in reducing the last Orsini strongholds; this he was unwilling to do, much to his father's annoyance; but he eventually marched out, captured

1682:(January 1497). Peace was made through Venetian mediation, the Orsini paying 50,000 ducats in exchange for their confiscated lands; the Duke of Urbino, whom they had captured, was left by the pope to pay his own ransom. The Orsini remained very powerful, and Pope Alexander VI could count on none but his 3,000 Spanish troops. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and 2507: 5331: 1715: 1358: 1649:

had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. In this manner, he was able to take advantage of the defeat of the French in order to break the power of the Orsini. From that time on, Alexander was able to build himself an effective power base in the Papal States.

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from Milan. With French success seemingly assured, the Pope determined to deal drastically with Romagna, which although nominally under papal rule was divided into a number of practically independent lordships on which Venice, Milan, and Florence cast hungry eyes. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated

2273:. Morales Padron (1979) concludes that these bulls gave power to enslave the natives. Minnich (2010) asserts that this "slave trade" was permitted to facilitate conversions to Christianity. Other historians and Vatican scholars strongly disagree with these accusations and assert that Alexander never gave his approval to the practice of slavery. Other later popes, such as 2830: 2016:, born in 1492, probably daughter of Alexander. However, he still loved Vannozza and his children by her. Caring for them proved the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them. Vannozza lived in the Palace of a late Cardinal, or in a large, palatial villa. The children lived between their mother's home and the Papal Palace itself. 1492:, without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1494). A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through 2312:, which was read to American Indians (who could not understand the colonisers' language) before hostilities against them began. They were given the option to accept the authority of the pope and Spanish crown or face being attacked and subjugated. In 1993, the Indigenous Law Institute called on Pope John Paul II to revoke 1104:

sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war. In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between

3057:"As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions." 3176:"In consequence of the simultaneous illness of both the Pope and his son, and the rapid decomposition of the body, which, considering the heat of the weather, was perfectly natural, the cry of poison was raised at once; but on 19 August the Mantuan Envoy writes that there was no sort of ground for supposing this." 3167:, sharply reproved the "perverse and wholly detestable practice of certain people, who at the death of the bishop break in like enemies and rob his house, like thieves make off with his belongings, set fire to the homes on his estate, and with fierce and savage barbarity cut down his grape vines and orchards". 2802:

Alexander Lee argues that the crimes attributed to the Borgias were exaggerated by contemporaries because they were outsiders expanding their holdings at the expense of the Italians, that they were Spaniards when it was felt that Spain had too much control on the Italian peninsula, and that after the

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Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza

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We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like

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There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of their servants, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who

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The leading candidates in the first ballot were Oliviero Carafa of Sforza's party with nine votes, and Giovanni Michiel and Jorge Costa, both of della Rovere's party with seven votes each. Borgia himself gathered seven votes. However, Borgia convinced Sforza to join with his camp through the promise

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Despite Julius II's hostility, the Roman barons and Romagna vicars were never again to be the same problem for the papacy and Julius' successes owe much to the foundations laid by the Borgias. Unlike Julius, Alexander never made war unless absolutely necessary, preferring negotiation and diplomacy.

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Alexander VI had sought reforms of the increasingly irresponsible Curia, putting together a group of his most pious cardinals in order to move the process along. The planned reforms included new rules on the sale of Church property, the limiting of cardinals to one diocese, and stricter moral codes

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Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the "politics of equilibrium" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation-states, France and Spain, that

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for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals

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and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia

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in 1482. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven-year-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his

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Under Alexander VI. the taste for theatrical representations made great progress. Plays, for the most part of an extremely objectionable character, were a prominent feature in all court festivities, and also in the Carnival amusements, in which Alexander took a great interest. In 1502 the Pope had

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was preparing for another expedition in August 1503 when, after he and his father had dined with Cardinal Adriano Castellesi on 6 August, they were taken ill with fever a few days later. Cesare, who "lay in bed, his skin peeling and his face suffused to a violet colour" as a consequence of certain

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to St. Peter's. He and his assistants, bearing candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir chanted Psalm 118:19–20. The pope knocked on the door three times, workers moved it from the inside, and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus,

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wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war

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appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and

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The historical value of Bishop Celadoni's funeral oration is said to be immense: "On 16 Sept 1503 Burchardus records in his diary that Alexius Celadenus or Celadonius, bishop of Gallipoli, delivered a discourse to the cardinals about to enter into conclave for the election of a successor to Pope

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supervened. On Thursday, 17 August, at nine o'clock in the forenoon he took medicine. On Friday, the 18th, between nine and ten o'clock he confessed to the Bishop Gamboa of Carignola, who then read Mass to him. After his Communion he gave the Eucharist to the pope who was sitting in bed. Then he

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to death (31 December 1502). When Alexander VI heard the news, he lured Cardinal Orsini to the Vatican and cast him into a dungeon, where he died. His goods were confiscated and many other members of the clan in Rome were arrested, while Alexander's son Goffredo Borgia led an expedition into the

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of being appointed vice-chancellor as well as bribes that included benefices and perhaps four mule-loads of silver. With Sforza now canvassing for votes, Borgia's election was assured. Borgia was elected on 11 August 1492 and assumed the name of Alexander VI (due to confusion about the status of

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Peter de Roo gives a flattering summary of contemporary descriptions of Alexander, relating him to have been "of a medium complexion, with dark eyes and slightly full lips, of robust health"; in later life, he reports that "his aspect to be venerable and far more august than an ordinary human

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When at last the pope was suffering from a very severe sickness, he spontaneously requested, one after another, each of the last sacraments. He first made a very careful confession of his sins, with a contrite heart, and was affected even to the shedding of tears, I am told; then he received in

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The hostility of Savonarola seems to have been political rather than personal, and the friar sent a letter of condolence to the pope on the death of the Duke of Gandia; "Faith, most Holy Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off

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into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand - who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon. Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly

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and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia

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argued that the birth dates of the four children in comparison with Alexander's known whereabouts preclude him from having fathered any of them. His "acknowledgement" merely consisted of addressing them as "beloved son / daughter" in correspondence (while applying the same address to, e.g.,

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soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so-called "politics of equilibrium", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony.

1701:. He declared that henceforth the moral reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life. Every effort was made to discover the assassin. No conclusive explanation was ever reached, and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons. 1011:

friar who lacked many political connections in Rome. He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal-bishop and consecrating him as the

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was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as

999:, there were only three non-Italians, making his election a near-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival 3123:. Burchardus's most recent editor, Thuasne, states that this oration exists in manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale ... He omits to observe that, granting that the discourse may have been too long for the cardinals, the longer the better for us, inasmuch as it 2463:, to seize the pope's treasures before the death was publicly announced. The next day the body was exhibited to the people and clergy of Rome, but was covered by an "old tapestry" ("antiquo tapete"), having become greatly disfigured by rapid decomposition. According to 1816:

The prominent Italian families looked down on the Spanish Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust.

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and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia "inherited" the post as second archbishop of Valencia. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were

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But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and

2708:. Alexander welcomed them into Rome, declaring that they were "permitted to lead their life, free from interference from Christians, to continue in their own rites, to gain wealth, and to enjoy many other privileges". He similarly allowed the immigration of 2358:

The war between France and Spain for the possession of Naples dragged on, and the pope was forever intriguing, ready to ally himself with whichever power promised the most advantageous terms at any moment. He offered to help Louis XII on condition that

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There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the 15th century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the 27 cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than 10 were

1794:, launched invectives against papal corruption and appealed for a general council to confront the papal abuses. Alexander is reported to have been reduced to laughter when Savonarola's denunciations were related to him. Nevertheless, he appointed 1016:, requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice-chancellor. At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between 1836:, who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counterclaim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497. Unable to arrange a union between Cesare and the daughter of King 867:. Translation: Alexander VI, 9 July 1492, Pope Innocent VIII, at the request of Cardinal Borja and the Catholic Monarchs, raised the Valencian See to the rank of metropolitan, making Rodrigo of Borja the first Archbishop of Valencia 1492–1503. 1259:

In contrast to the preceding pontificate, Pope Alexander VI adhered initially to strict administration of justice and orderly government. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the Church's and at his neighbours' expense.

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Latin text: "Dum graviter aegrotaret, factorum conscientia punctus contrito dolentique animo ad lachrymas ut audio fusus, sacrosanctum communionis corpus sua sponte, dilutis prius diligentissima confessione peccatis, petierit, et alia

2334:. At first, the papal troops were defeated and things looked bleak for the house of Borgia. But a promise of French help quickly forced the confederates to come to terms. Cesare, by an act of treachery, then seized the ringleaders at 2962:

Claims of paternity and numbers of children are disputed. See G. J. Meyer, Christopher Hibbert, and Ferdinand Gregorovius. There are claims about Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, Gioffre (or Goffredo), Girolama (or Jeronima), Isabella,

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Saturday, 12 August 1503, the pope fell ill in the morning. After the hour of vespers, between six and seven o'clock a fever appeared and remained permanently. On 15 August thirteen ounces of blood were drawn from him and the

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against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the

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not merely as the judgment of a contemporary, but as delivered in public before an audience of contemporaries whose station in the church had brought them into almost daily intercourse with the deceased pope, and before whom

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In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as

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The Life of Cesare Borgia: Of France, Duke of Valentinois and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafri, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino, and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-general of Holy Church: a History and Some

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ended the Mass at which were present five cardinals, Serra, Juan and Francesco Borgia, Casanova and Loris. The pope told them that he felt very bad. At the hour of vespers after Gamboa had given him Extreme Unction, he died.

977:, Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as 1033:, and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the 814:

Gerard Noel writes that Rodrigo's father was Jofré de Borja y Escrivà, making Rodrigo a Borja from his mother and father's side. However, Cesare, Lucrezia and Jofre were known to be of Llançol paternal lineage.

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Doubtful, but possible. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pinturicchio's 'Virgin and Child' surrounded by angels in the Borgia Apartments of the Vatican."

1666:, who had been captured by the Spanish, died a prisoner at Naples, and the Pope confiscated his property. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under 10465: 1984:

Rodrigo only legitimized his children after becoming pope. He had pretended that his four children with Vannozza were his niece and nephews and that they were fathered by Vannozza's husbands.

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In these circumstances, Alexander, feeling more than ever that he could rely only on his own kin, turned his thoughts to further family aggrandizement. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to

1112:, and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58. Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the 2393: 7837: 7674: 819:

suggests that Rodrigo would have likely been uncle (from a shared female family member) to the children, and attributes the confusion to attempts to connect Rodrigo as the father of

4402: 2398: 2114: 2478:, then prevalent in Rome, or to another such pestilence. One contemporary official wrote home that there was little surprise that Alexander and Cesare had both fallen ill, as the 10211: 3315:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), 3208:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), 1898:(standard bearer) of the church. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500. 3925:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain) 2171: 2239:'s landing in the New World, Pope Alexander was asked by the Spanish monarchy to confirm their ownership of these newly found lands. The bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI: 10480: 299: 4388: 3151:"Throughout the Middle Ages a 'tradition' or 'custom' involving pillaging was attached to the death and election of high-ranking prelates." And as early as 633, "the 2186: 1922:

on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the

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country." But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death, executing him on 23 May 1498.

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Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía

1961:, born in 1442, and who was married to three different men. The relationship began in 1470, and she had four children whom the pope openly acknowledged as his own: 9197: 8844: 1465:

more completely, Alexander, in a move that created much scandal, created 12 new cardinals. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old.

4071: Darcy, J.B. "What You Don't Know About the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503).(FEATURE ARTICLE)(Biography)." Catholic Insight 19.8 (2011): n. pag. Print. 1240:). Many inhabitants of Rome were happy with their new pope because he was a generous and competent administrator who had served for decades as vice-chancellor. 10407: 10402: 7459: 1938:

Pope Alexander formalized the rite and began a longstanding tradition that is still in practice. Similar ceremonies were held at the other three basilicas.

10570: 8764: 1632:. The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of 7862: 3895: 2644:

all worked for him. He commissioned Pinturicchio to lavishly paint a suite of rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, which are today known as the

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Minnich, Nelson H. (2010). "The Catholic Church and the pastoral care of black Africans in Renaissance Italy". In Earle, T. F.; Lowe, K. J. P. (eds.).

1538:, who had much influence over the king, by making him a cardinal. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver 693:

under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI.

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and had a questionable lifestyle, disappeared; the next day, his corpse was found in the Tiber. Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in

10126: 8329: 3922: 3312: 3205: 492: 10201: 7115: 5207: 1087:. Again, Borgia retained his position of vice-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections. 8650: 5260: 5215: 1125: 323: 281: 3511: 2517: 1185:, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the 293: 949:. Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the 901:

the previous year. In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded

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said on the day of his election: "I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before." The

1335:. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered 5230: 1312:

as well as with Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his

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The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church

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After a short stay, the body was removed from the crypts of St. Peter's and installed in the less well-known Spanish national church of

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children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483. He also become

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Alexander VI was known for his patronage of the arts, and in his days a new architectural era was initiated in Rome with the coming of

2578:, Pope Alexander VI, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the 1512:

in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494).

1212:, the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the 9002: 8864: 7782: 771:(died bef. 24 March 1437) and his Aragonese wife and distant cousin Isabel de Borja y Cavanilles (died 19 October 1468), daughter of 10565: 9919: 7377: 3084:"The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica." 2490: 2022: 421: 182: 9183: 8949: 8043: 6876: 5272: 9613: 9555: 7277: 7272: 1840:(who had succeeded Ferdinand II the previous year), he induced Frederick by threats to agree to a marriage between the Duke of 1820: 3427: 2609:

Catholic apologists of Alexander VI have argued that the behaviors he receives criticism for were not atypical of the period.

1966: 1690: 1060: 497: 10530: 8981: 8929: 7561: 6941: 5308: 5122: 5059: 5019: 4998: 4979: 4951: 4932: 4913: 4891: 4872: 4844: 4825: 4795: 4767: 3487: 3362: 3296: 2715: 2567: 1091: 2163: 1116:

and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.

10470: 9423: 9319: 8919: 8655: 7173: 7108: 2872: 2617:, "The latter are forgiven nothing, because everything is expected from them, wherefore the vices lightly passed over in a 2210:" on the indigenous peoples they met in the New World, some popes had spoken out against the practice of slavery. In 1435, 2149: 1620:

A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On 31 March 1495 the

1450: 2438:, Alexis Celadoni, spoke of the pontiff's contrition during his funeral oration to the electors of Alexander's successor, 2434:

As for his true faults, known only to his confessor, Pope Alexander VI apparently died genuinely repentant. The bishop of

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witnessed again the ancient "tradition" of violence and rioting. Cesare, too ill to attend to the business himself, sent

2435: 2257:(23 September 1493), granted rights to Spain with respect to the newly discovered lands in the Americas similar to those 2028: 1277: 820: 305: 1167: 10490: 10323: 9625: 9376: 8618: 8115: 7724: 7449: 7019: 4080: 3258: 2104:, Rodrigo and Bernardo, were of uncertain maternal parentage. His daughter Isabella was the great-great-grandmother of 1585: 1554:. Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease. 1394: 317: 2316:

and to make reparation for "this unreasonable historical grief". This was followed by a similar appeal in 1994 by the

1546:(16 January 1495). On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to 1076:

in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.

970:

of the papal army until he recovered. In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.

9455: 8601: 8203: 7850: 7684: 7135: 5184: 4429: 4422: 4380: 4373: 4351:

Alexii Celadeni Episcopi Gallipolitani Oratio ad sacrum cardinalium senatum ingressurum ad novum pontificem eligendum

4248: 4241: 4004: 3975: 3950: 3819: 3393: 3386: 2867: 2546: 2224:, which included the excommunication of all those who engaged in the slave trade with native chiefs there. A form of 1914:

on Christmas Eve and closing it on Christmas Day the following year. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies,

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now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a

10475: 10226: 9706: 9596: 9115: 8663: 8416: 8361: 8226: 7961: 7957: 7702: 7487: 7434: 2968: 2697: 2101: 2044: 1880:, Spain), military assistance to help him subjugate the feudal princelings of papal Romagna, and a princess bride, 1868:

in France (chosen because it was homophonous with his nickname, Valentino, derived from his father's papal epithet

1849: 1345:

on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the

1073: 287: 269: 31: 1128:) was elected Pope Callixtus III, he "inherited" the post of bishop of Valencia. Sixteen days before the death of 9721: 9645: 9265: 9243: 9124: 8466: 8441: 8406: 8401: 8366: 8246: 7845: 7729: 7319: 7282: 7165: 7145: 7101: 5394: 4038: 3249: 2862: 2143: 764: 727:

popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized

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A danger now arose in the shape of a conspiracy by the deposed despots, the Orsini, and of some of Cesare's own

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Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America.

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for the French king. The scope of his foreign policy was to gain the most advantageous terms for his family.

544: 463: 10560: 10295: 9814: 9804: 9260: 9017: 8988: 8971: 8879: 8491: 8456: 8446: 8024: 8005: 7867: 7618: 7531: 7037: 2069: 1366: 4586: 4459: 10555: 10550: 10520: 10260: 9630: 9403: 9027: 7777: 7645: 7514: 6866: 4354: 3328:. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1976, pp. 201–210. 2674: 2661:

In addition to the arts, Alexander VI also encouraged the development of education. In 1495, he issued a

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of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for

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death of Alexander the family lost its influence and therefore any incentive for anyone to defend them.

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drastic measures to save him, eventually recovered; but the aged Pontiff apparently had little chance.

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The debased state of the curia was a major scandal. Opponents, such as the powerful Florentine friar

1683: 1667: 1013: 585: 2559: 10505: 10161: 9736: 9253: 9164: 9100: 9022: 8993: 8613: 8608: 8486: 8386: 8371: 8356: 8198: 8019: 7909: 7827: 7651: 7628: 7579: 7252: 4648: 4349:

Alexis Celadoni (Alexius Celadonius, Celadeni, 1451–1517), Bishop of Gallipoli, Italy (1494–1508),

4265: 3152: 2479: 1949:(basilica workers) completed the seal, placing specially-minted coins and medals inside the wall. 9779: 9635: 9362: 9085: 8717: 8678: 8645: 8091: 8071: 7939: 7817: 7767: 7546: 7347: 7287: 5428: 5276: 5227: 5031: 1894: 1578: 1387: 275: 5297: 4366:

Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378)

1640:

and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at

1500:. Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the 1038:

surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household.

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was a particularly expensive campaign. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold

1095: 1026: 953:, two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal. 56: 4516:. Vol. 7, part 2. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: G. Bell & sons. p. 519. 4511: 4283: 3352: 3286: 10146: 10131: 9844: 9701: 9608: 9408: 9391: 9304: 9248: 8859: 8686: 8111: 7892: 7757: 7603: 7309: 7247: 7206: 7191: 6857: 5136: 4433: 4096: 3695: 2689: 1994: 1958: 1945:

in 1501, two cardinals began to seal the holy door with two bricks, one silver and one gold.

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Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed

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Burkle-Young, Francis A., "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)", in Miranda, Salvador.

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Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y

2926: 2882: 2857: 2670: 2524: 2236: 2225: 1857: 1477: 1462: 1446: 1320:'s mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493) and prepared for war. 1273: 1213: 1157: 950: 937:

Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained

705: 5283: 1550:. Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son 67: 8: 10427: 10151: 10141: 10090: 9948: 9934: 9794: 9536: 9299: 9052: 8954: 8747: 8731: 8251: 8161: 7612: 7556: 7504: 7405: 7367: 6722: 6105: 5387: 4901: 4560: 4493: 3539: 2666: 2618: 2339: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1791: 1784: 1504:

and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful

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That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights

1689:

Then occurred a major domestic tragedy for the house of Borgia. On 14 June, his son the

10439: 10216: 9985: 9909: 9877: 9696: 9665: 9502: 9490: 9351: 9289: 9072: 8889: 7747: 7739: 7482: 7183: 7150: 7001: 6995: 6890: 6742: 6737: 6702: 6571: 6551: 6471: 6370: 6345: 6335: 6235: 6220: 5744: 5472: 5465: 5349: 5173: 3505: 3015: 2992: 2849: 2582:—the implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned. 2456: 2343: 2241: 1942: 1885: 1679: 1621: 1301: 1193: 1129: 1084: 962: 958: 929: 890: 886: 856:, that his speeches were fairly sparkling with well-chosen texts of the Sacred Books". 836: 792: 784: 686: 682: 361: 10005: 2177: 10385: 10290: 10065: 10051: 10025: 10010: 9899: 9829: 9819: 9688: 9620: 9521: 9485: 9381: 9032: 8268: 7593: 7473: 7240: 7196: 7076: 6909: 6842: 6837: 6757: 6752: 6727: 6661: 6636: 6616: 6526: 6491: 6446: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6375: 6360: 6320: 6305: 6275: 6200: 6180: 6140: 6025: 5879: 5824: 5678: 5118: 5090: 5055: 5015: 5009: 4994: 4975: 4947: 4928: 4909: 4887: 4868: 4840: 4821: 4815: 4791: 4763: 4425: 4418: 4376: 4369: 4262:

Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus

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Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from

995:

While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in

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Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. On the

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entered a secret agreement; in exchange for a bull of divorce between the king and

1509: 1458: 1233: 1017: 914: 188: 8134: 3159:." Nor were the Romans alone guilty of such misbehavior. In the eleventh century, 2790:

and if it seeks heaven it will set the inhabitants of the sky against each other.

2471:

insists that the decomposition was "perfectly natural", owing to the summer heat.

1636:

on 12 May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at

1429:

Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from

10545: 10333: 10300: 10244: 10238: 10095: 10000: 9904: 9716: 9210: 9175: 9129: 9012: 8869: 8834: 8640: 8635: 8560: 8555: 8496: 8421: 8171: 8101: 7633: 7574: 7124: 6935: 6902: 6822: 6732: 6707: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6611: 6546: 6511: 6496: 6431: 6421: 6396: 6350: 6330: 6295: 6285: 6265: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6215: 6210: 6160: 6145: 6070: 6050: 6030: 6015: 6010: 5990: 5954: 5939: 5859: 5844: 5839: 5804: 5794: 5779: 5739: 5729: 5714: 5704: 5694: 5558: 5503: 5407: 5340: 5312: 5264: 5234: 5219: 5188: 5076:

Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in

4554: 4339: 4334:(Word frequency and page number of specific words and phrases for all 5 vols. at 4233: 3782: 3692:

Dizionario di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni

3337:

Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in

2633: 2629: 2579: 2575: 2414: 2258: 2229: 2135: 2105: 2093: 1974: 1915: 1833: 1795: 1663: 1434: 1313: 1305: 1237: 1209: 1182: 1064: 1021: 967: 902: 828: 760: 662: 650: 642: 507: 487: 450: 436: 391: 214: 201: 5242: 1308:, head of that powerful house. This policy brought Alexander into conflict with 10515: 10396: 10221: 10015: 9990: 9954: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9872: 9726: 9711: 9650: 9526: 9516: 9272: 9047: 8976: 8824: 8759: 8545: 8535: 8521: 8506: 8186: 8081: 7965: 7944: 7478: 7357: 7332: 7304: 7235: 7069: 7025: 7007: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6782: 6712: 6646: 6596: 6586: 6566: 6541: 6486: 6481: 6451: 6426: 6355: 6340: 6325: 6260: 6205: 6195: 6170: 6055: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5929: 5914: 5849: 5814: 5784: 5754: 5749: 5734: 5668: 5643: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5508: 5498: 5380: 5372: 4486: 3687: 2887: 2253: 2215: 2211: 2120: 2084: 2001: 1978: 1844:, a natural son of Alfonso II, and Lucrezia. Alexander and the new French king 1769: 1520: 1516: 1489: 1470: 1453:, Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples. 1285: 1205: 1201: 1109: 1080: 1068: 1034: 1004: 1000: 898: 832: 512: 174: 9589: 3221: 932:

in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These

10454: 10280: 10206: 10172: 10156: 10116: 9799: 9774: 9550: 9460: 9445: 9367: 8939: 8899: 8784: 8706: 8691: 8540: 8501: 8307: 8191: 7988: 7657: 7372: 6817: 6797: 6772: 6641: 6606: 6581: 6536: 6516: 6441: 6436: 6416: 6290: 6225: 6185: 6165: 6155: 6060: 5969: 5924: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5819: 5799: 5789: 5764: 5724: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5638: 5593: 5553: 5538: 5518: 5460: 5418: 5364: 5036: 3968:

Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517)

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The King's Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

1652: 917:) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at 63: 10390: 10265: 10121: 10085: 9824: 9746: 9590: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9314: 8914: 8849: 8779: 8769: 8696: 8596: 8565: 8341: 8290: 8058: 8000: 7897: 7668: 7585: 7541: 7536: 7526: 7337: 7264: 7031: 6847: 6827: 6812: 6792: 6777: 6767: 6626: 6621: 6561: 6556: 6506: 6190: 6135: 6130: 6085: 6075: 5974: 5949: 5919: 5854: 5774: 5699: 5613: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5528: 3160: 2972: 2705: 2701: 2641: 2637: 2447:

Communion the most Sacred Body and Extreme Unction was administered to him.

2426: 2269: 2013: 1289: 989: 978: 942: 804: 709: 646: 590: 409: 5181: 4944:

A Violent Evangelism: the Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas

3477: 10191: 10020: 9995: 9970: 9943: 9930: 9839: 9741: 9428: 9110: 8966: 8839: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8794: 8096: 8031: 7887: 7812: 7790: 7638: 7400: 7362: 6802: 6682: 6677: 6631: 6255: 6120: 6115: 6020: 5959: 5904: 5894: 5889: 5759: 5583: 5533: 5488: 5098: 4417:, Owen J. Blum (Translator), 1990, Catholic University of America Press, 4332: 3464: 3244: 3156: 2815: 2483: 2452: 2330: 2220: 2131: 2065: 1985: 1865: 1441:

Duke of Milan, who needed French support to legitimise his rule. As King

1252: 816: 736: 724: 717: 690: 5204: 5129: 5030: 2420:

provides a few details of the pope's final illness and death at age 72:

859: 743:, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. 700:

of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the

9975: 9560: 8804: 8799: 8623: 8550: 8166: 8086: 7717: 6916: 6591: 6110: 6095: 5909: 5884: 5719: 5623: 5543: 5493: 5435: 4335: 3540:"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Papal elections – XV Century" 3423:

Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time

2811: 2662: 2335: 2207: 1592: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1539: 1526: 1401: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1284:, the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for 1269: 913:. While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in 1780: 1288:, also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the 8909: 8904: 8874: 8570: 8333: 8317: 8302: 8146: 8036: 7914: 7904: 7772: 7551: 5653: 2654: 2599: 2352: 1911: 1845: 1841: 1694: 1336: 1297: 922: 882: 853: 803:

of maternal uncle Alonso de Borja (Italianized to Alfonso Borgia) as

728: 701: 649:

from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent

577: 440: 5321: 4018:"How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes!" 1567: 1469:(later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, 1376: 1041: 752: 654: 383: 10434: 9789: 9543: 9531: 9149: 9057: 8884: 7983: 7352: 5455: 5325: 5182:

1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the world in Half

4925:

Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors

3897:

What you don't know about the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503)

2843: 2807: 2722: 2696:, demonstrated relatively benign treatment of Jews. After the 1492 2363:

be given to Cesare, and then offered to help Spain in exchange for

1324: 1186: 933: 864: 763:, in what is now Spain. He was named for his paternal grandfather, 756: 740: 250: 7093: 3109:

that Pope Alexander VI died "in sentiments of piety and devotion."

1476:

On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son

10046: 9660: 9282: 8854: 7692: 7566: 7509: 2785: 2725:

poet (1461–1510), wrote a hostile epitaph on Alexander in Latin:

2719: 2693: 2649: 2475: 2399:

Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter

2372: 2126: 1924: 1547: 1505: 1493: 1485: 1461:, another granddaughter of Ferdinand I. In order to dominate the 909:

and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to

630: 30:"Rodrigo de Borja" redirects here. For the Spanish nobleman, see 10466:

15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Aragon

5243:

Boletín de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía

4312:

The Ideal Renaissance Pope: Funeral Oratory from the Papal Court

1357: 10212:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

9655: 9565: 9470: 9007: 8312: 8297: 8241: 8208: 5168:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

5078:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

3339:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

3326:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

2773: 2594:

in the Borgia Apartments, showing Alexander VI humbly in prayer

2403: 2360: 2206:

While the explorers of Spain imposed a form of slavery called "

2108:, who was therefore descended in a direct line from Alexander. 1970: 1798:

to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495:

1671: 1641: 1625: 1531: 1523: 1332: 1281: 1200:

were the 61-year-old Borgia, seen as an independent candidate,

1197: 938: 800: 796: 674: 1007:. Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant 9105: 8273: 8237: 3164: 3125:

contains an account of Pope Alexander of almost unique value,

2598:

Following the death of Alexander VI, his rival and successor

2364: 1861: 1497: 1437:(the Moor, so-called because of his swarthy complexion), the 1328: 1317: 1217: 666: 3425:, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29. 751:

Rodrigo de Borja was born in 1 January 1431, in the town of

8278: 7997: 5403: 5157:

The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages

5146:

The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages

3941:(Bantam Classic ed.). New York: Bantam Books. p. 2814:, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since 2781: 2368: 2348: 1501: 1265: 1090:

In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the

910: 5052:

Papal Genealogy: the Families and Descendants of the Popes

3247:(2014). "Background: The paternity question: An apology". 2621:

become most offensive and scandalous in an Alexander VI."

1957:

Of Alexander's many mistresses, one of his favourites was

1542:, held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles 10101:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

4460:"Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 6, p. 135" 3291:. Vol. 7, Part 1. London: George Bell. p. 353. 2934: 2648:. He took a great interest in theatrics, and he even had 5166:

Weckman-Muñoz, Luis. "The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in

4282:, London, Thomas Richardson & Son, vol. 45, p. 351. 3130:

any serious misrepresentation would have been impossible

2930: 1445:

was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke

928:

The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as

925:, but as "the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent." 3324:

Weckman-Muñoz, Luis."The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in

1296:. Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were 1264:, his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at 1173:

Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome

2677:. King's College now forms an integral element of the 2228:

was allowed, being similar to a peasant's duty to his

10132:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

3284: 1735:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1196:

on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the

689:

of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the

4716:"Lee, Alexander. "Were the Borgias Really So Bad?", 3997:

Saint Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes

2825: 2261:

had previously conferred on Portugal with the bulls

2064:

Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (attributed to

10481:

Burials at Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli

4264:, F. L. Glaser, tr., N.L. Brown, New York, p. 179. 3479:

The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty

2766:

and who loved battles, strife, murder, and treason,

2351:and made peace with Giulio Orsini, who surrendered 1910:1500, Alexander ushered in the custom of opening a 1876:", as seen on his coins denoting his origin in the 9205: 2806:On the other hand, two of Alexander's successors, 1918:, Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in 723:Alexander is one of the most controversial of the 3923:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 3313:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 3206:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 1025:discretion over whether to give dispensation for 10452: 10202:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5402: 4839:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–300. 4201: 4199: 3379:The New Century Italian Renaissance Encyclopedia 4946:. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press. 4293:"A Contemporary Oration on Pope Alexander VI", 4083:(26 November 2008), NGV. Retrieved 4 June 2020. 3784:International law in historical perspective. 10 2625:for clergy, though these were not implemented. 2482:had led to many in Rome, and especially in the 1928:of St. Peter's and commissioned a marble door. 1496:and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize 852:appearance", and that he was "so familiar with 5117:, Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, 4748: 4596:the Menaechmi performed in his own apartments. 4513:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 4152: 4150: 4107: 4010: 3995:Allen Duston, O.P., and Roberto Zanoli, 2003, 3882: 3870: 3858: 3288:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 3102:"here is every reason to believe," writes the 3022: 2746:Vos, Erebi proceres, vos caeli claudite portas 1473:, was also among the newly created cardinals. 795:. Rodrigo adopted his mother's family name of 9191: 7109: 5388: 4963:Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy 4196: 3970:. Pamplona/Iruñea: Pamiela. pp. 164–65. 3475: 2929:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2688:Alexander VI, whom papal rival and successor 2514:The examples and perspective in this section 1973:(commonly known as Juan, born 1474 or 1476), 846: 27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1492 to 1503 5203:, vol. 8, no. 1, April 1922, pp. 55–58. 5115:The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery 5103:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 5045:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4563:Catholic Truth Committee. 1907. p. 294. 4081:"NGV Solves Mystery of Renaissance Portrait" 3991: 3989: 3987: 2742:mortuus hac recubat populis gaudentibus urna 2738:Cui tranquilla quies odio, cui proelia cordi 4509: 4329:Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI 4147: 3934: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3243: 2750:In Styga nam veniens pacem turbabit Averni, 2681:. Alexander VI also, in 1501, approved the 2474:Commentaries attribute the pope's death to 1981:(Goffredo in Italian, born 1481 or 1482). 1860:(the king's chief advisor) the cardinal of 1051:Back in Rome, Borgia began his affair with 681:in 1456 after the election of his uncle as 10217:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 10167:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 9198: 9184: 9038:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 7116: 7102: 5395: 5381: 4988: 4906:Absolute Monarchs: a History of the Papacy 4353:, Publisher: Rome: Johann Besicken, 1503. 4205: 3965: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3510:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3341:. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. pp. 211–220. 3222:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI" 2748:atque Animam vestris hanc prohibete locis. 2196:, said to be a likeness of Giulia Farnese. 1811: 1624:was formed between the pope, the emperor, 961:of the Holy Roman Church. The position of 905:to allow young Borja to perform this role 543: 276:Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata 181: 66:. Please do not remove this message until 5273:Literature by and about Pope Alexander VI 5087:(translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910) 4804: 4751:The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope 4541: 4446: 3984: 3742:(translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910) 3534: 3532: 3530: 3417: 3415: 2770:Alexander, thy shepherd, o greatest Rome. 2752:committet superos, si petat astra, poli. 2547:Learn how and when to remove this message 1755:Learn how and when to remove this message 1608:Learn how and when to remove this message 1417:Learn how and when to remove this message 1151: 1119: 136:Learn how and when to remove this message 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 5127: 5049: 4960: 4757: 4484: 4398: 4092: 3807: 3727: 3709: 3216: 3214: 2768:Lies in this urn as all peoples rejoice, 2606:remained sealed until the 19th century. 2585: 2558: 2491:Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli 2392: 2382: 1819: 1779: 1731:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1651: 1356: 1247: 1243: 1189:; only four were able career churchmen. 1040: 988:elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as 863:Plaque outside the Archbishop's Palace, 858: 422:Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli 264:Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere 62:Relevant discussion may be found on the 10571:People of the Italian Wars of 1499–1504 5028: 5007: 4900: 4853: 4834: 4813: 4776: 4762:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 4732: 4702: 4690: 4665: 4573: 4472: 4466: 4156: 3909: 3846: 3834: 3780: 3769: 3754: 3721: 3273: 3239: 3237: 3235: 2778:and prohibit this Soul from your realm. 2214:had issued an attack on slavery in the 1224:, with another 100,000 supplied by the 799:in 1455 following the elevation to the 300:Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 14: 10453: 7497: 4969: 4941: 4922: 4537: 4535: 4217: 4181: 4168: 4132: 3811:The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919 3681: 3527: 3458:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3412: 3350: 3163:, writing to the clergy and people of 2301:(1839), continued to condemn slavery. 2192:Alexander VI kneeling in front of the 9179: 7097: 5376: 4862: 4649:"La Nau Building – Foundation of the 4442: 4440: 3781:Verzijl, Jan H. (26 September 1979). 3211: 3035: 2920:too many or overly lengthy quotations 1901: 1352: 759:, one of the component realms of the 5140:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4881: 4837:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe 4529:. Publisher: The Catholic Dormitory. 3407: 3357:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 3232: 2967:(or Pedro Luis), Bernardo, Rodrigo, 2902: 2873:List of popes from the Borgia family 2744:pastor Alexander, maxima Roma, tuus. 2727: 2500: 1708: 1590:adding citations to reliable sources 1561: 1557: 1399:adding citations to reliable sources 1370: 629:; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) ( 120:Please help consolidate the article. 97: 36: 10071:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7123: 4991:Indigenous peoples and human rights 4532: 3351:Downey, Kirstin (28 October 2014). 3024:[roðeˈɾiɡʎanˈsɔliðeˈbɔɾdʒa] 2712:in 1497 and from Provence in 1498. 2000:Another mistress was the beautiful 1449:, the husband of his granddaughter 807:. His cousin and Calixtus's nephew 746: 24: 9626:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5205:Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI 5197:Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI 5093:Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 5070: 4677:Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic: 4437: 3938:The Prince and Selected Discourses 3037:[roˈðɾiɣolanˈθoliðeˈβoɾxa] 2740:et rixa et caedes seditioque fuit, 2564:A Glass of Wine with Caesar Borgia 2518:include all significant viewpoints 2164:Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía 921:where he graduated, not simply as 517: 25: 10582: 10501:Deans of the College of Cardinals 5251: 3921:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 3311:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 3204:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 2868:Cardinals created by Alexander VI 2150:Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara 1693:, who was lately created Duke of 1280:inherited the Spanish Dukedom of 1055:which would yield four children: 1035:unification of Castile and Aragon 1029:'s marriage to his second cousin 712:, Alexander VI supported his son 377:Roderic de Borgia (Rodrigo Borja) 10433: 10421: 9752:Fourth Council of Constantinople 9707:Second Council of Constantinople 9160: 9159: 9148: 9116:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 8664:Criticism of the Catholic Church 7075: 7064: 7063: 5359:11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503 5329: 5315: (archived 18 January 2012) 5134:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5128:Loughlin, James Francis (1913). 4749:de la Bédoyère, Michael (1958). 4726: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4671: 4659: 4641: 4623: 4601: 4579: 4498:per la mala condictione de aere. 4492:. New York: John Lane. pp. 4123:" (PDF). Latin American Studies. 2907: 2842: 2828: 2716:Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic 2698:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 2505: 2185: 2170: 2156: 2142: 2113: 2087:(1482–1517) Prince of Squillace. 2077: 2057: 2036: 2021: 1952: 1864:, Cesare was given the duchy of 1713: 1566: 1375: 1166: 1148:, grandnephews of Alexander VI. 1124:When his uncle Alonso de Borja ( 1074:Dean of the College of Cardinals 576: 102: 41: 32:Rodrigo de Borja (Spanish noble) 10566:Roman Catholic Clergy sexuality 9722:Third Council of Constantinople 9646:First Council of Constantinople 7283:First seven ecumenical councils 4993:. Manchester University Press. 4865:The Borgias: the Hidden History 4741: 4567: 4547: 4520: 4510:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1900). 4503: 4478: 4452: 4413:Letter 35, Easter Synod, 1050. 4407: 4392: 4358: 4343: 4321: 4316:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 4300: 4287: 4269: 4254: 4223: 4211: 4187: 4174: 4162: 4138: 4126: 4113: 4101: 4086: 4074: 4065: 4043: 4032: 3959: 3928: 3915: 3903: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3801: 3787:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 3774: 3745: 3715: 3703: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3518: 3469: 3421:Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924), 3401: 3371: 3344: 3331: 3318: 3250:The Borgias: The Hidden History 3179: 3170: 3145: 3135: 3121:Et fuit tediosa et longa oratio 3112: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3019: 2996: 2863:Birthplace of Pope Alexander VI 2784:, it will disrupt the peace of 2692:alleged without evidence was a 2304:Thornberry (2002) asserts that 1577:needs additional citations for 1433:(1483–1498), who was allied to 1386:needs additional citations for 765:Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet 9961:Dissolution of the monasteries 9227:History of the Catholic Church 7858:Separation of church and state 5213:Grandes de España, tomo cuarto 5208:The Catholic Historical Review 5201:The Catholic Historical Review 4308:The Oration of Alexis Celadoni 4193:Patrick Madrid, "Pope Fiction" 3814:. London: Longman. p. 3. 3305: 3285:Ferdinand Gregorovius (1900). 3278: 3267: 3198: 3155:condemned the violence of the 3009: 2978: 2956: 2764:One who hated peace and quiet, 2704:arrived at the borders of the 1323:Ferdinand allied himself with 773:Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel 669:), Rodrigo studied law at the 13: 1: 9835:Fourth Council of the Lateran 9810:Second Council of the Lateran 9419:Apostles in the New Testament 4817:The Borgias and Their Enemies 4814:Hibbert, Christopher (2008). 4295:The English Historical Review 3935:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1981). 3524:Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 2893: 2878:List of sexually active popes 2658:performed in his apartments. 2388:The tomb of Pope Alexander VI 2323: 2318:Parliament of World Religions 2102:Giovanni the "Infans Romanus" 1931:Alexander was carried in the 1775: 779:. His family name is written 685:, and a year later he became 194: 10531:University of Bologna alumni 9949:Catholic Counter-Reformation 9815:Third Council of the Lateran 9805:First Council of the Lateran 9261:Catholic ecumenical councils 5303:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 5163:Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902. 5152:Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902. 5144:Pastor, Ludwig von (1902). 5050:Williams, George L. (2004). 4989:Thornberry, Patrick (2002). 4331:, vol. 5, p. 89, note. 112. 4314:, John M. MacManamon, S.J., 3476:Hollingsworth, Mary (2014). 3253:. Bantam. pp. 239–247. 3192: 2070:National Gallery of Victoria 1132:, he proposed Valencia as a 775:. He had a younger brother, 553:Other popes named Alexander 7: 10471:16th-century Spanish people 5328:(public domain audiobooks) 4364:Joëlle Rollo-Koster, 2008, 4236:, Marion Johnson, Penguin, 3966:Adot Lerga, Álvaro (2005). 3381:, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 3354:Isabella: The Warrior Queen 2821: 2776:, close the doors of Heaven 2710:Jews expelled from Portugal 2310:Spanish Requirement of 1513 2180:, Queen consort of Portugal 1222:King Charles VIII of France 893:, who had been appointed a 876: 68:conditions to do so are met 10: 10587: 10486:Cardinal-bishops of Albano 9295:History of the Roman Curia 9155:Catholic Church portal 5322:Works by Pope Alexander VI 4927:. New York: Anchor Books. 3751:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 126 3678:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 3669:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 3660:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 3651:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 3377:Catherine B. Avery, 1972, 3020:Roderic Llançol i de Borja 2734:Epitaphium Alexandri Papae 2700:, some 9,000 impoverished 2669:, Bishop of Aberdeen, and 2201: 1364: 1155: 889:by his influential uncle, 847:Appearance and personality 306:Administrator of Cartagena 29: 10491:Cardinal-bishops of Porto 10416: 10316: 10182: 10109: 10044: 10031:European wars of religion 9928: 9863: 9765: 9687: 9578: 9501: 9361: 9350: 9342:Eastern Catholic Churches 9217: 9143: 9081:Aid to the Church in Need 9071: 8928: 8741: 8702:Vatican Television Center 8677: 8587: 8477: 8347:Eastern Catholic Churches 8328: 8217: 8110: 8057: 7982: 7953: 7878: 7803: 7738: 7683: 7602: 7472: 7386: 7318: 7263: 7182: 7159: 7131: 7059: 6986: 6926: 6865: 6856: 6670: 6384: 5983: 5687: 5481: 5414: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5131:"Pope Alexander VI" 5032:"Alexander (popes)" 5008:Tuchman, Barbara (1984). 4805:Cawthorne, Nigel (1996). 4758:Bertelli, Sergio (2001). 4485:Sabatini, Rafael (1914). 4368:, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 4051:"Dictionary: Sampietrini" 3797:– via Google Books. 3642:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 3633:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 3624:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 3615:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 3606:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 3597:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 3588:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 3579:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 3570:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 3561:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 3552:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36 3033:Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja 2760:Epitaph to Pope Alexander 2496: 1668:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro 1435:Ludovico "il Moro" Sforza 1339:. Alexander, in the bull 1014:Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 984:On the first ballot, the 871: 612: 604: 596: 584: 575: 562: 551: 539: 529: 475: 456: 446: 428: 415: 398: 372: 367: 354: 346: 338: 333: 312:Administrator of Mallorca 294:Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 282:Administrator of Valencia 256: 246: 236: 228: 220: 210: 180: 173: 152: 10162:Mary of the Divine Heart 9785:Clash against the empire 9737:Second Council of Nicaea 9631:Old St. Peter's Basilica 9023:Communion and Liberation 8487:Eastern Catholic liturgy 7652:Mystici Corporis Christi 7580:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 5187:4 September 2012 at the 4970:Stogre, Michael (1992). 4961:de Rossa, Peter (1989). 4942:Rivera, Luis N. (1992). 4611:. University of Aberdeen 4318:1976, Vol. 14. pp. 54ff. 4276:Nicholas Patrick Wiseman 3808:Anderson, M. S. (1993). 3153:Fourth Council of Toledo 2927:summarize the quotations 2898: 2675:King's College, Aberdeen 2378: 1704: 1367:Italian War of 1494–1498 891:Alfons Cardinal de Borja 464:Jofré de Borja y Escrivà 115:too many section headers 10476:Archbishops of Valencia 10428:Vatican City portal 9780:Investiture Controversy 9636:First Council of Nicaea 7838:Philosophy of canon law 7768:Mariology of the saints 7348:Investiture Controversy 6877:During the Roman Empire 5277:German National Library 5109:Encyclopædia Britannica 5042:Encyclopædia Britannica 5029:Villari, Luigi (1911). 4609:"King's College: About" 4297:, 1892, vol. 7, p. 318. 4260:Johann Burchard, 1921, 2969:Giovanni Infans Romanus 2045:Portrait of a Gentleman 2012:. Giulia was mother of 1812:Familial aggrandizement 1628:, Ludovico il Moro and 809:Luis de Milà y de Borja 769:Jofré Llançol i Escrivà 704:following the finds of 270:Administrator of Girona 187:Portrait attributed to 10440:Catholicism portal 10251:Second Vatican Council 10137:Our Lady of La Salette 9944:Protestant Reformation 9931:Protestant Reformation 9850:Second Council of Lyon 9239:Ecclesiastical history 9091:Catholic Charities USA 8725:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 8713:Vatican Polyglot Press 7763:Mariology of the popes 7401:Protestant Reformation 7082:Catholic Church Portal 6942:Conflicts with the HRE 5341:Catholic Church titles 5289:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 5105:(Yale Nota Bene, 2002) 4923:Reston, James (2006). 4807:Sex Lives of the Popes 3999:, Art Services Intl., 3482:. London. p. 17. 3032: 3004: 2988: 2757: 2731: 2683:University of Valencia 2679:University of Aberdeen 2595: 2583: 2449: 2432: 2406: 2390: 2298:In supremo apostolatus 1991:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1838:Frederick IV of Naples 1829: 1805: 1787: 1660: 1515:Alexander appealed to 1482:Charles VIII of France 1431:Charles VIII of France 1362: 1256: 1204:for the Milanese, and 1152:Election to the papacy 1120:Archbishop of Valencia 1048: 975:papal election of 1458 868: 735:, became a byword for 324:Archbishop of Valencia 10147:First Vatican Council 9845:First Council of Lyon 9609:Constantine the Great 9305:Christian monasticism 8845:Good Shepherd Sisters 8687:Holy See Press Office 7925:Doctors of the Church 7758:Immaculate Conception 7713:Anointing of the Sick 7248:History of the papacy 6858:History of the papacy 5233:12 April 2012 at the 5137:Catholic Encyclopedia 4884:The Renaissance Popes 4882:Noel, Gerard (2006). 4863:Meyer, G. J. (2013). 4854:Mallett, M. (1981) . 4108:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3883:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3871:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3859:de la Bédoyère (1958) 2690:Giuliano della Rovere 2589: 2562: 2444: 2422: 2396: 2386: 2031:, 2nd Duke of Gandia. 1997:in the same letter). 1995:Isabella I of Castile 1969:, afterwards duke of 1959:Vannozza dei Cattanei 1943:Feast of the Epiphany 1823: 1800: 1783: 1678:, Duke of Gandia, at 1655: 1443:Ferdinand I of Naples 1360: 1347:Treaty of Tordesillas 1310:Ferdinand I of Naples 1304:, lately acquired by 1251: 1244:Early years in office 1206:Giuliano della Rovere 1092:Archbishop of Seville 1081:Giuliano della Rovere 1053:Vannozza dei Cattenei 1046:Vannozza dei Cattanei 1044: 1001:Giuliano della Rovere 947:San Nicola in Carcere 887:Cathedral of Valencia 862: 839:), who were surnamed 671:University of Bologna 534:University of Bologna 318:Administrator of Eger 10324:Sexual abuse scandal 10233:Mit brennender Sorge 10076:Age of Enlightenment 9855:Bernard of Clairvaux 9732:Byzantine Iconoclasm 9671:Council of Chalcedon 9451:Council of Jerusalem 9320:Role in civilization 9300:Religious institutes 9232:By country or region 8718:L'Osservatore Romano 8656:Role in civilisation 8382:Croatian and Serbian 8130:Episcopal conference 8092:St. Peter's Basilica 7450:Sexual abuse scandal 7406:Catholic Reformation 7020:Revolutionary Papacy 7014:Age of Enlightenment 5263:1 April 2019 at the 5218:1 April 2019 at the 5155:Pastor, Ludwig von. 4902:Norwich, John Julius 4589:History of the Popes 4587:"Ludwig von Pastor, 4327:Peter de Roo, 1924, 3142:sacramenta ..." 2883:Route of the Borgias 2858:Banquet of Chestnuts 2671:James IV of Scotland 2226:indentured servitude 2092:Six other children, 1920:St. Peter's Basilica 1724:factual accuracy is 1586:improve this article 1536:bishop of Saint-Malo 1463:College of Cardinals 1447:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 1395:improve this article 1158:Papal conclave, 1492 1114:bishopric of Majorca 951:College of Cardinals 708:in 1492. During the 706:Christopher Columbus 641:")) was head of the 10561:Spanish art patrons 10152:Papal infallibility 10142:Our Lady of Lourdes 10091:Shimabara Rebellion 9935:Counter-Reformation 9053:Neocatechumenal Way 9018:Charismatic Renewal 8732:Annuario Pontificio 8330:Particular churches 8006:Ecumenical councils 7778:Perpetual virginity 7613:Communitas perfecta 7557:Sermon on the Mount 6867:Antiquity and Early 6671:17th–21st centuries 6385:13th–16th centuries 5174:Diario Borja Borgia 5014:. Alfred A. Knopf. 4858:(Granada ed.). 4783:Constantine's Sword 4631:"History of the UV" 4561:Knights of Columbus 4527:Paintings of a Pope 2667:William Elphinstone 2525:improve the article 2340:Oliverotto da Fermo 2308:was applied in the 2125:A young Lady and a 1882:Charlotte of Albret 1878:Kingdom of Valencia 1852:(so he could marry 1792:Girolamo Savonarola 1785:Girolamo Savonarola 1146:Pedro Luis de Borja 1031:Isabella of Castile 811:became a cardinal. 767:. His parents were 659:Kingdom of Valencia 433:Kingdom of Valencia 388:Kingdom of Valencia 55:of this article is 10556:16th-century popes 10551:15th-century popes 10521:Renaissance Papacy 10511:People from Xàtiva 10197:Our Lady of Fátima 9986:Ignatius of Loyola 9910:Catherine of Siena 9878:Pope Boniface VIII 9697:Benedict of Nursia 9666:Council of Ephesus 9503:Ante-Nicene period 9456:Split with Judaism 9290:Crusading movement 8890:Premonstratensians 7273:Ante-Nicene period 7151:Lists of Catholics 7002:Reformation Papacy 6996:Renaissance Papacy 6938:(1012–1044 / 1048) 6891:Ostrogothic Papacy 5984:9th–12th centuries 5292:. David M. Cheney. 5284:"bishop/bdeborjar" 5159:, second edition, 5011:The March of Folly 4753:. London: Collins. 4681:, Praha 1996, p.14 4668:, pp. 363–364 4576:, pp. 268–269 4053:. Catholic Culture 3861:, pp. 154–155 3837:, pp. 162–166 3724:, pp. 123–126 2850:Catholicism portal 2665:at the request of 2596: 2584: 2465:Raphael Volterrano 2407: 2391: 2344:Vitellozzo Vitelli 2242:Eximiae devotionis 2218:in his papal bull 1902:The Jubilee (1500) 1886:Kingdom of Navarre 1830: 1788: 1699:Castel Sant'Angelo 1661: 1657:Castel Sant'Angelo 1630:Ferdinand of Spain 1467:Alessandro Farnese 1363: 1353:French involvement 1314:bishopric of Ostia 1257: 1194:Pope Innocent VIII 1130:Pope Innocent VIII 1126:bishop of Valencia 1094:, a position that 1085:Pope Innocent VIII 1049: 930:Pope Callixtus III 869: 710:second Italian war 683:Pope Callixtus III 673:. He was ordained 10461:Pope Alexander VI 10448: 10447: 10408:COVID-19 pandemic 10386:Pope Benedict XVI 10291:Pope John Paul II 10066:Pope Benedict XIV 10052:French Revolution 10036:Thirty Years' War 10026:Robert Bellarmine 10011:John of the Cross 9915:Pope Alexander VI 9900:Council of Vienne 9830:Francis of Assisi 9820:Pope Innocent III 9689:Early Middle Ages 9683: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9621:Arian controversy 9574: 9573: 9522:Apostolic Fathers 9173: 9172: 8583: 8582: 7976: 7799: 7798: 7491: 7468: 7467: 7460:COVID-19 pandemic 7430:French Revolution 7420:Thirty Years' War 7328:Islamic conquests 7241:Apostolic fathers 7176: 7091: 7090: 7055: 7054: 6947:Wandering Papacy 6910:Saeculum obscurum 6883:Under Constantine 5688:5th–8th centuries 5482:1st–4th centuries 5466:papal resignation 5371: 5370: 5362:Succeeded by 5148:, third edition, 5123:978-0-87436-885-7 5085:Diaries 1483–1492 5061:978-0-7864-2071-1 5021:978-0-394-52777-2 5000:978-0-7190-3794-8 4981:978-2-89039-549-7 4953:978-0-664-25367-7 4934:978-1-4000-3191-7 4915:978-1-4000-6715-2 4893:978-1-84529-343-7 4874:978-0-345-52693-9 4846:978-0-521-17660-6 4827:978-0-15-101033-2 4797:978-0-395-77927-9 4769:978-0-271-02102-7 4720:, 1 October 2013" 4591:, Vol. 5, p. 124" 4280:The Dublin Review 4206:Thornberry (2002) 3740:Diaries 1483–1492 3738:Johann Burchard, 3489:978-1-78206-944-7 3364:978-0-385-53412-3 3298:978-1-108-01509-7 3226:www.newadvent.org 2952: 2951: 2796: 2795: 2646:Borgia Apartments 2604:Borgia Apartments 2590:Detail of fresco 2557: 2556: 2549: 2529:discuss the issue 2486:, becoming sick. 2469:Ludwig von Pastor 2289:Immensa Pastorium 2285:Pope Benedict XIV 2251:(4 May 1493) and 1977:(born 1480), and 1858:Georges d'Amboise 1768:succeeded him as 1765: 1764: 1757: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1558:French in retreat 1427: 1426: 1419: 1294:Kingdom of Naples 1236:, elected by the 1226:Republic of Genoa 1096:King Ferdinand II 1063:in 1474 or 1476, 645:and ruler of the 623:Pope Alexander VI 620: 619: 569:Pope Alexander VI 558: 557: 358:17 September 1456 205: 200:, oil on canvas, 164:Valentinus ("The 146: 145: 138: 96: 95: 88: 16:(Redirected from 10578: 10496:Cardinal-nephews 10438: 10437: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10403:Patriarch Kirill 10276:Pope John Paul I 10081:Anti-clericalism 10061:Pope Innocent XI 9981:Society of Jesus 9966:Council of Trent 9920:Age of Discovery 9865:Late Middle Ages 9767:High Middle Ages 9757:East–West Schism 9641:Pope Sylvester I 9587: 9586: 9576: 9575: 9486:General epistles 9481:Pauline epistles 9414:John the Baptist 9397:Great Commission 9359: 9358: 9310:Catholic culture 9200: 9193: 9186: 9177: 9176: 9163: 9162: 9153: 9152: 8895:Redemptoristines 8743:Religious orders 8669:Anti-Catholicism 8619:Church buildings 8479:Catholic liturgy 8219:Consecrated life 8077:Apostolic Palace 8044:Synod of Bishops 7980: 7979: 7956: 7562:Ten Commandments 7495: 7494: 7477: 7378:Age of Discovery 7212:Great Commission 7180: 7179: 7164: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7079: 7067: 7066: 6987:Early Modern and 6897:Byzantine Papacy 6863: 6862: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5347:Preceded by 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5293: 5269: 5247: 5239: 5224: 5193: 5178: 5141: 5133: 5083:Burchard, John. 5065: 5046: 5034: 5025: 5004: 4985: 4966: 4957: 4938: 4919: 4908:. Random House. 4897: 4878: 4867:. Random House. 4859: 4850: 4831: 4810: 4801: 4788:Houghton Mifflin 4773: 4754: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4542:Cawthorne (1996) 4539: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4447:Cawthorne (1996) 4444: 4435: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4362: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4325: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4172: 4171:, pp. 25–28 4166: 4160: 4154: 4145: 4144:Raiswell, p. 469 4142: 4136: 4135:, pp. 69–70 4130: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3440:on 26 April 2012 3439: 3433:. Archived from 3432: 3419: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3282: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3241: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3209: 3202: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3013: 3007: 2982: 2976: 2960: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2836:Biography portal 2833: 2832: 2831: 2728: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2293:Pope Gregory XVI 2264:Romanus Pontifex 2189: 2174: 2160: 2146: 2134:, c. 1602, from 2117: 2081: 2061: 2040: 2025: 1934:sedia gestatoria 1854:Anne of Brittany 1760: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737:reliably sourced 1717: 1716: 1709: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1570: 1562: 1519:and even to the 1422: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1379: 1371: 1234:Pope Alexander V 1192:On the death of 1183:cardinal-nephews 1170: 986:conclave of 1464 747:Birth and family 627:Rodrigo de Borja 613:Posthumous style 580: 570: 565: 560: 559: 547: 405: 368:Personal details 355:Created cardinal 288:Bishop of Urgell 257:Previous post(s) 199: 196: 192: 189:Pedro Berruguete 185: 150: 149: 141: 134: 130: 127: 121: 106: 105: 98: 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 45: 44: 37: 21: 10586: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10506:House of Borgia 10451: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10412: 10334:World Youth Day 10312: 10301:World Youth Day 10245:Pacem in terris 10239:Pope John XXIII 10178: 10105: 10096:Edict of Nantes 10054: 10050: 10040: 10006:Teresa of Ávila 10001:Tridentine Mass 9937: 9933: 9924: 9905:Knights Templar 9859: 9761: 9717:Gregorian chant 9675: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9582: 9570: 9497: 9366: 9354: 9346: 9213: 9211:Catholic Church 9204: 9174: 9169: 9147: 9139: 9118: 9101:Relief Services 9067: 9013:Catholic Action 9003:Military orders 8940:Confraternities 8932:of the faithful 8931: 8924: 8746: 8737: 8673: 8579: 8473: 8332: 8324: 8257:Prior, Prioress 8213: 8106: 8102:Vatican Museums 8053: 7986: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7874: 7828:Social teaching 7795: 7734: 7679: 7634:One true church 7598: 7575:Sixtine Vulgate 7571:Official Bible 7485: 7481: 7476: 7464: 7382: 7314: 7259: 7229:Petrine primacy 7172: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7127: 7125:Catholic Church 7122: 7092: 7087: 7051: 7034:(1929–present) 6988: 6982: 6936:Tusculan Papacy 6928: 6922: 6903:Frankish Papacy 6868: 6852: 6666: 6380: 5979: 5683: 5477: 5410: 5408:Catholic Church 5401: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5330: 5316: 5313:Wayback Machine 5309:Duque de Gandía 5282: 5267: 5265:Wayback Machine 5254: 5245: 5237: 5235:Wayback Machine 5222: 5220:Wayback Machine 5191: 5189:Wayback Machine 5176: 5111:, 11th edition. 5073: 5071:Further reading 5068: 5062: 5022: 5001: 4982: 4954: 4935: 4916: 4894: 4875: 4847: 4828: 4798: 4770: 4744: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4679:Carmina selecta 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4559:. Vol. 1. 4553: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4504: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4412: 4408: 4399:Bertelli (2001) 4397: 4393: 4363: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4326: 4322: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4274: 4270: 4259: 4255: 4234:Georgina Masson 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4093:Williams (2004) 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4039:Psalm 118:19–20 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3994: 3985: 3978: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3710:de Rossa (1989) 3708: 3704: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 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2082: 2073: 2062: 2053: 2041: 2032: 2029:Giovanni Borgia 2026: 2006:Giulia la Bella 1955: 1916:Johann Burchard 1904: 1834:Giovanni Sforza 1826:Desiderando nui 1814: 1796:Sebastian Maggi 1778: 1761: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1730: 1722:This section's 1718: 1714: 1707: 1676:Giovanni Borgia 1664:Virginio Orsini 1614: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1583: 1571: 1560: 1508:faction seized 1423: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1392: 1380: 1369: 1355: 1306:Virginio Orsini 1278:Giovanni Borgia 1255:of Alexander VI 1246: 1238:Council of Pisa 1210:Johann Burchard 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1160: 1154: 1122: 968:captain-general 963:vice-chancellor 959:vice-chancellor 943:cardinal-deacon 903:Pope Nicholas V 879: 874: 849: 841:Llançol i Borja 761:Crown of Aragon 749: 687:vice-chancellor 663:Crown of Aragon 643:Catholic Church 605:Religious style 586:Reference style 568: 566: 564:Papal styles of 563: 525: 471: 468:Isabel de Borja 451:Catholic Church 407: 403: 394: 392:Crown of Aragon 381: 379: 378: 359: 350:30 October 1471 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10047:Baroque period 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10016:Peter Canisius 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9991:Francis Xavier 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9955:Exsurge Domine 9951: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9895:Pope Clement V 9892: 9891: 9890: 9888:Avignon Papacy 9883:Western Schism 9880: 9875: 9873:Thomas Aquinas 9869: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9727:Saint Boniface 9724: 9719: 9714: 9712:Pope Gregory I 9709: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9651:Biblical canon 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9605: 9603: 9584: 9580:Late antiquity 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9527:Pope Clement I 9517:Church Fathers 9514: 9508: 9506: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9373: 9371: 9356: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9278:Biblical canon 9273:Catholic Bible 9270: 9269: 9268: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9203: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9157: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9119: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9048:Legion of Mary 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8977:Lay Carmelites 8974: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8936: 8934: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8825:Conceptionists 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8760:Assumptionists 8756: 8754: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8593: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8462:Syro-Malankara 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8412:Italo-Albanian 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8300: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8230: 8223: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8121: 8119: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8082:Lateran Treaty 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8008: 8003: 7994: 7992: 7977: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7843: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7818:Moral theology 7815: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7501: 7499: 7492: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7333:Pope Gregory I 7330: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7305:Biblical canon 7302: 7300:Late antiquity 7297: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7236:Church fathers 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7188: 7186: 7177: 7170:Ecclesiastical 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7073: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7029: 7026:Roman Question 7023: 7017: 7016:(c. 1640–1740) 7011: 7008:Baroque Papacy 7005: 6999: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6977:Western Schism 6974: 6971:Avignon Papacy 6968: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6917:Crescentii era 6914: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6873: 6871: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6723:Alexander VIII 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106:Anastasius III 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5319: 5306: 5294: 5280: 5270: 5253: 5252:External links 5250: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5225: 5210: 5194: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5153: 5142: 5125: 5112: 5106: 5096: 5088: 5081: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5047: 5037:Chisholm, Hugh 5026: 5020: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4974:. Médiaspaul. 4967: 4958: 4952: 4939: 4933: 4920: 4914: 4898: 4892: 4879: 4873: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4811: 4802: 4796: 4778:Carroll, James 4774: 4768: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4733:Mallett (1981) 4725: 4707: 4703:Mallett (1981) 4695: 4691:Mallett (1981) 4683: 4670: 4666:Carroll (2002) 4658: 4651:Estudi General 4640: 4622: 4600: 4578: 4574:Norwich (2011) 4566: 4546: 4531: 4519: 4502: 4477: 4473:Norwich (2011) 4465: 4451: 4436: 4406: 4391: 4357: 4342: 4320: 4299: 4286: 4268: 4253: 4222: 4210: 4195: 4186: 4173: 4161: 4157:Minnich (2010) 4146: 4137: 4125: 4112: 4100: 4085: 4073: 4064: 4042: 4031: 4020:. Rorate Caeli 4009: 4007:, pp. 158–159. 3983: 3976: 3958: 3951: 3927: 3914: 3910:Norwich (2011) 3902: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3847:Mallett (1981) 3839: 3835:Mallett (1981) 3827: 3820: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3770:Villari (1911) 3753: 3744: 3726: 3722:Mallett (1981) 3714: 3702: 3688:Gaetano Moroni 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3526: 3517: 3488: 3468: 3411: 3400: 3370: 3363: 3343: 3330: 3317: 3304: 3297: 3277: 3274:Hibbert (2008) 3266: 3260:978-0345526922 3259: 3231: 3210: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3144: 3134: 3119:Alexander VI. 3111: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3008: 2977: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2943:September 2017 2915: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2888:Spanish Empire 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2839: 2823: 2820: 2794: 2793: 2755: 2613:, in his work 2555: 2554: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2457:Don Micheletto 2402:, painting by 2380: 2377: 2325: 2322: 2295:in his letter 2254:Dudum siquidem 2245:(3 May 1493), 2216:Canary Islands 2212:Pope Eugene IV 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2121:Giulia Farnese 2119: 2112: 2090: 2089: 2085:Gioffre Borgia 2083: 2076: 2074: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2002:Giulia Farnese 1954: 1951: 1903: 1900: 1850:Joan of France 1813: 1810: 1777: 1774: 1770:Pope Julius II 1763: 1762: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1691:Duke of Gandia 1616: 1615: 1574: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1517:Ascanio Sforza 1490:Ottoman Empire 1471:Giulia Farnese 1425: 1424: 1383: 1381: 1374: 1365:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1245: 1242: 1202:Ascanio Sforza 1172: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1156:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1121: 1118: 1110:Giulia Farnese 1101:Duke of Gandia 1005:Pope Sixtus IV 899:Pope Eugene IV 878: 875: 873: 870: 848: 845: 748: 745: 618: 617: 614: 610: 609: 606: 602: 601: 598: 594: 593: 588: 582: 581: 573: 572: 556: 555: 549: 548: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 524: 523: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 477: 473: 472: 470: 469: 466: 460: 458: 454: 453: 448: 444: 443: 430: 426: 425: 419: 413: 412: 406:(aged 72) 402:18 August 1503 400: 396: 395: 382: 380:1 January 1431 376: 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 331: 330: 328: 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 297: 291: 285: 279: 273: 267: 260: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 232:18 August 1503 230: 226: 225: 224:11 August 1492 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 186: 178: 177: 175:Bishop of Rome 171: 170: 163: 159: 153: 144: 143: 110: 108: 101: 94: 93: 49: 47: 40: 26: 18:Rodrigo Borgia 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10583: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10526:Spanish popes 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10429: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10281:Mother Teresa 10279: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10207:Pope Pius XII 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10173:Rerum novarum 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10157:Pope Leo XIII 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10127:United States 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10117:Pope Pius VII 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9800:Scholasticism 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775:Pope Urban II 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9551:Justin Martyr 9549: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9461:New Testament 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9424:Commissioning 9422: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368:Apostolic Age 9364: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9254:Papal primacy 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9189: 9187: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9166: 9158: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9096:Home Missions 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8989:Saint Francis 8987: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Saint Dominic 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8785:Bethlehemites 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8707:Vatican Radio 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8692:Vatican Media 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989:List of popes 7985: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773:Mother of God 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:People of God 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7646:Infallibility 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7522:Body and soul 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Enlightenment 7423: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7396:Protestantism 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Scholasticism 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7358:Schism (1378) 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Schism (1054) 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927:High and Late 6925: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6743:Benedict XIII 6741: 6739: 6738:Innocent XIII 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6703:Alexander VII 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:Innocent VIII 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Callixtus III 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Boniface VIII 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Celestine III 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346:Alexander III 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Anastasius IV 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236:Sylvester III 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Benedict VIII 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745:Anastasius II 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461:Pope emeritus 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419:List of popes 5417: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5350:Innocent VIII 5345: 5342: 5338: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298:Alexander VI. 5295: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5054:. McFarland. 5053: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4719: 4718:History Today 4711: 4704: 4699: 4693:, p. 265 4692: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4544:, p. 219 4543: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4475:, p. 273 4474: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4449:, p. 218 4448: 4443: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4430:9780813207070 4427: 4424: 4423:0-8132-0707-X 4420: 4416: 4415:Letters 31–60 4410: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4381:9789004165601 4378: 4375: 4374:90-04-16560-6 4371: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4278:, ed., 1858, 4277: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4249:9780141390758 4246: 4243: 4242:0-14-139075-1 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4218:Rivera (1992) 4214: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4190: 4183: 4182:Rivera (1992) 4177: 4170: 4169:Rivera (1992) 4165: 4159:, p. 281 4158: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4134: 4133:Stogre (1992) 4129: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4005:9780883971406 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3977:84-7681-443-7 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3952:0-553-21227-3 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3912:, p. 272 3911: 3906: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3849:, p. 236 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3821:0-582-21232-4 3817: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3712:, p. 144 3711: 3706: 3697: 3696:vol. 6, p. 50 3693: 3689: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3394:9780136120513 3391: 3388: 3387:0-13-612051-2 3384: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3105:Dublin Review 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989:Alessandro VI 2986: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2916:This article 2914: 2905: 2904: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780:If it enters 2775: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Cesare Borgia 2570:. From left: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2548: 2540: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2440:Pope Pius III 2437: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314:Inter caetera 2311: 2307: 2306:Inter caetera 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2280:Sublimis Deus 2276: 2275:Pope Paul III 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2248:Inter caetera 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2050:Cesare Borgia 2047: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010:Orsino Orsini 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965:(born 1475), 1964: 1960: 1953:Personal life 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856:) and making 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1612: 1609: 1601: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1575:This section 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:Civitavecchia 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:(1494–1495). 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1421: 1418: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1384:This section 1382: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1342:Inter caetera 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Cesare Borgia 1254: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:1492 conclave 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:Juan de Borja 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Orsino Orsini 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1067:in 1480, and 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:this conclave 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 924: 923:Doctor of Law 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 866: 861: 857: 855: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 714:Cesare Borgia 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Borgia family 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600:Your Holiness 599: 595: 592: 589: 587: 583: 579: 574: 571: 561: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 532: 528: 522: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 478: 474: 467: 465: 462: 461: 459: 455: 452: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 420: 418: 414: 411: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 375: 371: 366: 363: 362:Callixtus III 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 259: 255: 252: 249: 245: 242: 241:Innocent VIII 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 213: 209: 203: 190: 184: 179: 176: 172: 167: 156: 151: 148: 140: 137: 129: 117: 116: 111:This article 109: 100: 99: 90: 87: 79: 69: 65: 59: 58: 54: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 10395: 10391:Pope Francis 10317:21st century 10266:Pope Paul VI 10243: 10231: 10184:20th century 10171: 10122:Pope Pius IX 10110:19th century 10086:Pope Pius VI 9953: 9914: 9825:Latin Empire 9795:Universities 9747:Pope Leo III 9614:Christianity 9599:state church 9591:Great Church 9392:Resurrection 9355:(30–325/476) 9352:Early Church 9337:Latin Church 9332:Papal States 9327:Vatican City 9135:Universities 8967:Third orders 8930:Associations 8920:Visitandines 8915:Trinitarians 8865:Mercedarians 8850:Hieronymites 8795:Camaldoleses 8780:Benedictines 8770:Augustinians 8730: 8723: 8716: 8697:Vatican News 8651:Distinctions 8457:Syro-Malabar 8342:Latin Church 8264:Grand master 8162:Metropolitan 8059:Vatican City 7954:Organisation 7833:Philosophers 7698:Confirmation 7675:In canon law 7669:Subsistit in 7667: 7663:Three states 7650: 7611: 7604:Ecclesiology 7586:Nova Vulgata 7584: 7542:Original sin 7537:Nicene Creed 7527:Divine grace 7486: 7368:Universities 7338:Papal States 7265:Great Church 7207:Resurrection 7184:Early Church 7080: 7068: 7038:World War II 7032:Vatican City 6908: 6879:(until 493) 6843:Benedict XVI 6838:John Paul II 6758:Clement XIII 6753:Benedict XIV 6728:Innocent XII 6662:Clement VIII 6637:Gregory XIII 6617:Marcellus II 6577:Alexander VI 6576: 6527:Innocent VII 6492:Benedict XII 6447:Nicholas III 6412:Alexander IV 6402:Celestine IV 6392:Honorius III 6376:Innocent III 6361:Gregory VIII 6321:Celestine II 6306:Callixtus II 6276:Alexander II 6201:Sylvester II 6181:Benedict VII 6141:Stephen VIII 6026:Benedict III 5880:Adeodatus II 5825:Boniface III 5679:Anastasius I 5355: 5317:(in Spanish) 5301: 5287: 5268:(in Spanish) 5246:(in Spanish) 5238:(in Spanish) 5223:(in Spanish) 5200: 5192:(in Spanish) 5177:(in Spanish) 5167: 5156: 5145: 5135: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5051: 5040: 5010: 4990: 4971: 4962: 4943: 4924: 4905: 4886:. Robinson. 4883: 4864: 4855: 4836: 4820:. Harcourt. 4816: 4806: 4782: 4759: 4750: 4742:Bibliography 4728: 4717: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4661: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4603: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4569: 4555: 4549: 4522: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4487: 4480: 4468: 4454: 4414: 4409: 4394: 4385:Introduction 4384: 4365: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4271: 4261: 4256: 4229: 4225: 4220:, p. 37 4213: 4208:, p. 65 4189: 4184:, p. 28 4176: 4164: 4140: 4128: 4115: 4110:, p. 94 4103: 4088: 4076: 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4045: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4012: 3996: 3967: 3961: 3937: 3930: 3917: 3905: 3896: 3894:J.B. Darcy, 3890: 3878: 3873:, p. 24 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3810: 3803: 3783: 3776: 3747: 3739: 3717: 3705: 3699:(in Italian) 3691: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3520: 3478: 3471: 3442:. 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J. Meyer 3157:interregnum 2816:Saint Peter 2673:, founding 2484:Roman Curia 2453:interregnum 2331:condottieri 2232:in Europe. 2221:Sicut dudum 2132:Domenichino 2068:, c. 1519, 2066:Dosso Dossi 1986:G. J. Meyer 1947:Sampietrini 1866:Valentinois 1824:Papal bull 1622:Holy League 1459:Doña Sancha 1268:, was made 1253:Papal bulla 907:in absentia 817:G. J. Meyer 737:libertinism 725:Renaissance 718:condottiero 698:papal bulls 677:and made a 608:Holy Father 429:Nationality 320:(1491–1492) 314:(1489–1492) 308:(1482–1492) 302:(1476–1492) 296:(1471–1476) 290:(1467–1472) 284:(1458–1492) 278:(1458–1492) 272:(1457–1458) 266:(1456–1471) 237:Predecessor 198: 1495 10455:Categories 10270:coronation 9976:Pope Leo X 9561:Tertullian 9491:Revelation 9466:Background 8880:Oratorians 8835:Dominicans 8805:Carmelites 8800:Camillians 8748:institutes 8561:Tridentine 8497:Antiochian 8417:Macedonian 8362:Belarusian 8252:Provincial 8167:Archbishop 8087:Roman Rota 8049:Properties 7974:By country 7970:Precedence 7935:Confessors 7915:Archangels 7905:Patriarchs 7805:Philosophy 7783:Veneration 7748:Assumption 7718:Last rites 7685:Sacraments 7629:Four marks 7440:Vatican II 7388:Modern era 7224:Succession 6989:Modern Era 6919:(974–1012) 6823:John XXIII 6733:Clement XI 6708:Clement IX 6698:Innocent X 6693:Urban VIII 6688:Gregory XV 6612:Julius III 6547:Nicholas V 6512:Gregory XI 6497:Clement VI 6432:Innocent V 6422:Clement IV 6397:Gregory IX 6351:Lucius III 6331:Eugene III 6296:Paschal II 6286:Victor III 6266:Stephen IX 6251:Damasus II 6246:Clement II 6241:Gregory VI 6216:Sergius IV 6211:John XVIII 6161:Benedict V 6146:Marinus II 6071:Stephen VI 6051:Adrian III 6031:Nicholas I 6016:Sergius II 6011:Gregory IV 5991:Stephen IV 5955:Stephen II 5940:Gregory II 5860:Theodore I 5845:Honorius I 5840:Boniface V 5805:Benedict I 5795:Pelagius I 5780:Agapetus I 5740:Gelasius I 5730:Simplicius 5715:Sixtus III 5705:Boniface I 5695:Innocent I 5559:Zephyrinus 5473:Pope-elect 5449:non-extant 4786:. Boston: 4489:Criticisms 4336:HathiTrust 3794:9028601589 3132: ..." 2965:Pier Luigi 2935:Wikisource 2894:References 2812:Urban VIII 2663:papal bull 2611:De Maistre 2566:(1893) by 2537:April 2022 2415:Burchard's 2336:Senigallia 2324:Last years 2230:liege lord 2208:encomienda 2098:Pedro-Luiz 1870:Valentinus 1776:Savonarola 1745:April 2022 1670:, Duke of 1598:April 2014 1540:Cem Sultan 1527:Bayazid II 1478:Alfonso II 1407:April 2014 1361:Italy 1494 1302:Anguillara 1270:Archbishop 1009:Franciscan 934:nepotistic 835:(Jofré in 793:Castillian 661:under the 635:Valentinus 483:Pier Luigi 339:Ordination 53:neutrality 10286:Communism 10256:Ecumenism 9602:(380–451) 9594:(180–451) 9583:(313–476) 9505:(100–325) 9121:See also: 9073:Charities 8982:Discalced 8910:Trappists 8905:Theatines 8875:Olivetans 8820:Clarisses 8790:Blue nuns 8775:Basilians 8752:societies 8660:See also: 8546:Mozarabic 8536:Ambrosian 8522:Malankara 8507:Byzantine 8467:Ukrainian 8442:Ruthenian 8407:Hungarian 8392:Ethiopian 8367:Bulgarian 8334:sui iuris 8318:Postulant 8227:Religious 8182:Auxiliary 8177:Coadjutor 8147:Patriarch 8015:Cardinals 7962:Canon law 7958:Hierarchy 7940:Disciples 7863:Relations 7851:Evolution 7842:See also: 7787:See also: 7740:Mariology 7730:Matrimony 7703:Eucharist 7624:Ecumenism 7552:Salvation 7488:Catechism 7483:Tradition 7445:Communism 7293:Chalcedon 6913:(904–964) 6905:(756–857) 6899:(537–752) 6893:(493–537) 6885:(312–337) 6783:Pius VIII 6713:Clement X 6647:Urban VII 6597:Adrian VI 6587:Julius II 6567:Sixtus IV 6542:Eugene IV 6487:John XXII 6482:Clement V 6452:Martin IV 6427:Gregory X 6356:Urban III 6341:Adrian IV 6326:Lucius II 6261:Victor II 6206:John XVII 6196:Gregory V 6171:John XIII 6056:Stephen V 6046:Marinus I 6041:John VIII 6036:Adrian II 6006:Valentine 6001:Eugene II 5996:Paschal I 5930:Sisinnius 5915:Sergius I 5850:Severinus 5815:Gregory I 5785:Silverius 5755:Hormisdas 5750:Symmachus 5735:Felix III 5669:Damasus I 5644:Miltiades 5619:Eutychian 5609:Dionysius 5604:Sixtus II 5599:Stephen I 5589:Cornelius 5509:Evaristus 5504:Clement I 5499:Anacletus 5429:canonised 5424:graphical 5300:" in the 5279:catalogue 5161:Volume VI 4705:, passim 4635:www.uv.es 4432:, p. 61. 4306:See also 4251:, p. 179. 4180:cited by 3885:, passim 3506:cite book 3498:868380201 3193:Citations 3016:Valencian 2993:Valencian 2931:Wikiquote 2918:contains 2655:Menaechmi 2619:Louis XIV 2600:Julius II 2436:Gallipoli 2353:Bracciano 1912:holy door 1884:from the 1874:Valencian 1846:Louis XII 1842:Bisceglie 1733:talk page 1695:Benevento 1337:New World 1298:Cerveteri 1059:in 1475, 1027:Ferdinand 883:sacristan 854:Holy Writ 837:Valencian 785:Valencian 731:surname, 729:Valencian 702:New World 639:Valencian 530:Education 437:Aragonese 247:Successor 166:Valencian 113:may have 76:July 2024 64:talk page 10296:HIV/AIDS 9790:Crusades 9544:Irenaeus 9537:Ignatius 9532:Polycarp 9382:Ministry 9370:(30–100) 9244:Timeline 9165:Category 9058:Opus Dei 9043:Scouting 9033:Focolare 8900:Servites 8885:Piarists 8830:Crosiers 8566:Anglican 8502:Armenian 8432:Romanian 8422:Maronite 8397:Georgian 8387:Eritrean 8372:Chaldean 8357:Armenian 8352:Albanian 8233:Superior 8192:Emeritus 8172:Diocesan 8025:Advisers 7984:Holy See 7910:Prophets 7868:Politics 7639:Catholic 7619:Councils 7474:Theology 7353:Crusades 7288:Nicaea I 7219:Apostles 7197:Ministry 7166:Timeline 7146:Glossary 7070:Category 7044:Cold War 6818:Pius XII 6798:Leo XIII 6773:Pius VII 6642:Sixtus V 6607:Paul III 6582:Pius III 6537:Martin V 6517:Urban VI 6442:John XXI 6437:Adrian V 6417:Urban IV 6291:Urban II 6226:John XIX 6186:John XIV 6166:Leo VIII 6156:John XII 6061:Formosus 5970:Adrian I 5925:John VII 5875:Vitalian 5870:Eugene I 5865:Martin I 5820:Sabinian 5800:John III 5790:Vigilius 5765:Felix IV 5725:Hilarius 5674:Siricius 5664:Liberius 5659:Julius I 5639:Eusebius 5594:Lucius I 5554:Victor I 5539:Anicetus 5519:Sixtus I 5456:Antipope 5365:Pius III 5326:LibriVox 5261:Archived 5231:Archived 5216:Archived 5185:Archived 5150:Volume V 4965:. Corgi. 4904:(2011). 4809:. Prion. 4780:(2002). 4593:. 1899. 4387:, p. 1. 4232:, 1981, 4057:25 March 4024:25 March 3454:cite web 3396:p. 189. 2822:See also 2808:Sixtus V 2723:humanist 2720:Bohemian 2630:Bramante 2516:may not 2338:and put 2283:(1537), 2237:Columbus 2094:Girolama 1975:Lucrezia 1967:Giovanni 1726:disputed 1451:Isabella 1439:de facto 1325:Florence 1292:and the 1274:Valencia 1187:Holy See 1065:Lucrezia 1061:Giovanni 895:cardinal 877:Overview 865:Valencia 829:Lucrezia 823:(Juan), 821:Giovanni 757:Valencia 741:nepotism 679:cardinal 521:disputed 508:Lucrezia 498:Giovanni 493:Isabella 488:Girolama 476:Children 251:Pius III 126:May 2024 57:disputed 10261:Judaism 9661:Vulgate 9471:Gospels 9446:Stephen 9363:Origins 9283:Vulgate 9219:General 9209:of the 9207:History 9130:Schools 9086:Caritas 8994:Secular 8960:Workers 8855:Jesuits 8641:Museums 8636:Library 8614:Writers 8609:Artists 8589:Culture 8556:Paul VI 8437:Russian 8427:Melkite 8269:Brother 8247:General 8187:Titular 8157:Primate 8135:Eparchy 8125:Diocese 8072:Outline 8011:College 8001:Francis 7945:Virgins 7920:Martyrs 7846:Science 7753:History 7708:Penance 7693:Baptism 7594:Worship 7567:Vulgate 7515:Kingdom 7510:Trinity 7498:General 7253:Primacy 7161:History 7141:Outline 6963:Perugia 6957:Orvieto 6951:Viterbo 6848:Francis 6828:Paul VI 6813:Pius XI 6793:Pius IX 6778:Leo XII 6768:Pius VI 6627:Pius IV 6622:Paul IV 6562:Paul II 6557:Pius II 6507:Urban V 6191:John XV 6136:Leo VII 6131:John XI 6086:John IX 6076:Romanus 5975:Leo III 5950:Zachary 5920:John VI 5855:John IV 5775:John II 5700:Zosimus 5614:Felix I 5579:Anterus 5574:Pontian 5569:Urban I 5529:Hyginus 5406:of the 5311:at the 5275:in the 5039:(ed.). 4615:20 June 4462:. 1899. 3029:Spanish 3001:Spanish 2985:Italian 2786:Avernus 2694:marrano 2650:Plautus 2634:Raphael 2615:Du Pape 2580:Borgias 2523:Please 2480:bad air 2476:malaria 2373:Bologna 2202:Slavery 2194:Madonna 2127:Unicorn 1979:Gioffre 1925:portico 1906:In the 1684:Savelli 1680:Soriano 1659:in Rome 1638:Fornovo 1548:Spoleto 1521:Ottoman 1506:Colonna 1494:Romagna 1486:crusade 1316:at the 1286:Gioffre 1069:Gioffre 1018:Castile 973:In the 919:Bologna 915:Italian 885:at the 833:Gioffre 781:Llançol 657:in the 631:epithet 513:Gioffre 457:Parents 441:Spanish 10546:Simony 10227:Nazism 10049:to the 9656:Jerome 9566:Origen 9249:Papacy 9008:Fimcap 8950:Marian 8870:Minims 8602:Marian 8452:Syriac 8447:Slovak 8377:Coptic 8313:Oblate 8308:Master 8303:Novice 8298:Hermit 8286:Sister 8242:Abbess 8209:Deacon 8204:Priest 8199:Parish 8142:Bishop 8112:Polity 7898:Joseph 7880:Saints 7547:Saints 7435:Nazism 6803:Pius X 6683:Paul V 6678:Leo XI 6632:Pius V 6256:Leo IX 6121:Leo VI 6116:John X 6021:Leo IV 5960:Paul I 5905:John V 5895:Leo II 5890:Agatho 5760:John I 5584:Fabian 5534:Pius I 5444:extant 5440:Tombs 5121: 5058: 5018: 4997: 4978: 4950: 4931: 4912: 4890: 4871: 4843: 4824: 4794: 4766: 4428: 4421: 4379: 4372: 4247: 4240: 4003: 3974: 3949: 3818: 3791: 3496: 3486: 3392: 3385: 3361: 3295: 3257: 2971:, and 2774:Erebus 2640:, and 2497:Legacy 2410:Cesare 2404:Titian 2361:Sicily 1971:Gandia 1963:Cesare 1872:("The 1828:, 1499 1672:Urbino 1642:Naples 1634:Naples 1626:Venice 1532:simony 1524:Sultan 1333:Venice 1282:Gandia 1276:, and 1218:ducats 1198:Papacy 1057:Cesare 1022:Aragon 939:deacon 872:Career 831:, and 825:Cesare 801:papacy 789:Lanzol 753:Xàtiva 733:Borgia 675:deacon 655:Xàtiva 637:("The 625:(born 518:Others 503:Cesare 424:, Rome 417:Buried 408:Rome, 384:Xàtiva 334:Orders 326:(1492) 211:Church 10516:Popes 10329:Islam 9597:Roman 9556:Canon 9429:Peter 9377:Jesus 9106:CIDSE 8955:Youth 8679:Media 8646:Music 8571:Zaire 8551:Roman 8541:Braga 8531:Latin 8402:Greek 8274:Friar 8238:Abbot 8152:Major 8067:Index 7966:Laity 7532:Dogma 7479:Bible 7455:Islam 7411:Trent 7192:Jesus 7174:Legal 7136:Index 6592:Leo X 6111:Lando 6096:Leo V 5910:Conon 5885:Donus 5720:Leo I 5624:Caius 5544:Soter 5494:Linus 5489:Peter 5404:Popes 5356:Pope 5035:. 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