Robot-assisted surgery

322:. A demonstration of an open bowel anastomosis was given to the Association of Military Surgeons of the US. Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in the battlefield to reduce casualties and to be used in other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on-site surgery. The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon's console. Compared to the ZEUS, the da Vinci robot is attached to trocars to the surgical table, and can imitate the human wrist. In 2000, the da Vinci obtained FDA approval for general laparoscopic procedures and became the first operative surgical robot in the US. Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted 872:

whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must perform 150 to 250 procedures to become adept in their use. During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie-ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain. Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.

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were more prone to permanent injury, nerve damage and visceral damage as well. Very minimal surgeries in a variety of specialties had to actually be converted to open or be re-operated on, but most did sustain some kind of damage or injury. For example, out of seven coronary artery bypass grafting, one patient had to go under re-operation. It is important that complications are captured, reported and evaluated to ensure the medical community is better educated on the safety of this new technology. If something was to go wrong in a robot-assisted surgery, it is difficult to identify culpability, and the safety of the practice will influence how quickly and widespread these practices are used.

238:, was used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure. In the late 1980s, Imperial College in London developed PROBOT, which was then used to perform prostatic surgery. The advantages to this robot was its small size, accuracy and lack of fatigue for the surgeon. In the 1990s, computer-controlled surgical devices began to emerge, enabling greater precision and control in surgical procedures. One of the most significant advancements in this period was the da Vinci Surgical System, which was approved by the 4582: 31: 748: 912:

benefits of this type of procedure had failed to mention risks and also provided unsupported evidence. There is an issue with government and medical societies promotion a production of balanced educational material. In the US alone, many websites promotion robotic surgery fail to mention any risks associated with these types of procedures, and hospitals providing materials largely ignore risks, overestimate benefits and are strongly influenced by the manufacturer.

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surgeries were performed used 4 da Vinci surgical systems. There were 43 cases (2.4%) of mechanical failure, including 24 (1.3%) cases of mechanical failure or malfunction and 19 (1.1%) cases of instrument malfunction. Additionally, one open and two laparoscopic conversions (0.17%) were performed. Therefore, the chance of mechanical failure or malfunction was found to be rare, with the rate of converting to an open or laparoscopic procedure very low.

5465: 763:, the robotic platform allows for the correction of large hernia defects with specialized techniques that would traditionally only be performed via an open approach. Compared to open surgery, robotic surgery for hernia repair can reduce pain, length of hospital stay, and improve outcomes. As the robotic instruments have 6 degrees of articulation, freedom of movement and ergonomics are greatly improved compared to laparoscopy. 876:

occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams. Laparoscopic camera positioning is also significantly steadier with less inadvertent movements under robotic controls than compared to human assistance.

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With newer techniques such as direct access into the abdominal wall, major reconstruction of large hernias can be done without even entering the abdominal cavity. Due to its complexity, however, major reconstruction done robotically should be undertaken at advanced hernia centers such as the Columbia

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Advantages of robot-assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy, resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients. The surgeon uses image-guided surgical planning to program the robot based on the patient's individual anatomy. This helps the

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was launched and is a rival of the Da Vinci surgical system and claims to be more flexible and versatile, having independent modular arms which are "quick and easy to set up". The small-scale design means that it is suitable for virtually any operating room and can be operated at either a standing or

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ZEUS was introduced commercially in 1998, and started the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient. ZEUS was first used during a gynecological surgery in 1997 to reconnect Fallopian tubes in Cleveland Ohio,

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Complications related to robotic surgeries range from converting the surgery to open, re-operation, permanent injury, damage to viscera and nerve damage. From 2000 to 2011, out of 75 hysterectomies done with robotic surgery, 34 had permanent injury, and 49 had damage to the viscera. Prostatectomies

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The robot's costs range from $ 1 million to $ 2.5 million for each unit, and while its disposable supply cost is normally $ 1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine

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and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification help to result in improved ergonomics. Due to these

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for use in surgical procedures in 2000 (Intuitive Surgical, 2021). The da Vinci system uses robotic arms to manipulate surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control. In 1992, the ROBODOC was introduced and revolutionized orthopedic surgery by

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Understand that the FDA has not cleared or approved any robotically-assisted surgical device based on cancer-related outcomes such as overall survival, recurrence, and disease-free survival.... The safety and effectiveness of robotically-assisted surgical devices for use in mastectomy procedures or

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takes on this challenge, showing both sides' point of view. Two University Hospitals are competing to be the best in the Cardiac Surgery Department. One, Tojo, has the best traditional surgeons, while the other, Teika, is all about researching and implementing the most recent technology. With this,

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There are also current methods of robotic surgery being marketed and advertised online. Removal of a cancerous prostate has been a popular treatment through internet marketing. Internet marketing of medical devices are more loosely regulated than pharmaceutical promotions. Many sites that claim the

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As of 2019, the application of robotics in spine surgery has mainly been limited to pedicle screw insertion for spinal fixation. In addition, the majority of studies on robot-assisted spine surgery have investigated lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae only. Studies on use of robotics for placing screws

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In 2005, a surgical technique was documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it was the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery. In 2006, three patients underwent resection of the tongue using this

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have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe

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AESOP was a breakthrough in robotic surgery when introduced in 1994, as it was the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA. NASA initially funded the company that produces AESOP, Computer Motion, due to its goal to create a robotic arm that can be used in space, but this project

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was published in 1999 from the Cleveland Clinic. The adoption of robotic surgery has contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic disease. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery and the rate of complications may be higher, but there are not

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Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not get tired as quickly. Naturally

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One drawback of the use of robotic surgery is the risk of mechanical failure of the system and instruments. A study from July 2005 to December 2008 was conducted to analyze the mechanical failures of the da Vinci Surgical System at a single institute. During this period, a total of 1797 robotic

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of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was "more than qualified to operate on any patient". In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic-assisted

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techniques, there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication. The existing open surgery technique has many flaws such as limited access to the surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars, and marks.

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to relay control data and direct the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present on campus to perform the procedure, leading to the

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table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller. Preceyes is the only robotic instrument to be CE certified. Some other companies like Forsight Robotics, Acusurgical that raised 5.75 M€ (France), and Horizon (US) are working in this

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Critics of the system, including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt the use of the system and that there's a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following traditional

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for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices. Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of

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enough high-quality studies to know at the present time. In the United States, robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions was shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2015, with no difference in overall rates of complications.

883:, or touch feedback. No interaction between the instrument and the patient is felt. However, recently the Senhance robotic system by Asensus Surgical was developed with haptic feedback in order to improve the interaction between the surgeon and the tissue. 1279: 542:

implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery. The surgical robots also allow surgeons to reach the inner ear in a minimally invasive way.

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screw instrumentation. Inaccuracy when placing a pedicle screw can result in neurovascular injury or construct failure. Mazor X functions by using templating imaging to locate itself to the target location of where the pedicle screw is needed.

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The first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure. Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort.

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Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, with the average costs in 2007 ranging from $ 5,607 to $ 45,914 per patient. This technique has not been approved for cancer surgery as of 2019 as the safety and usefulness is unclear.

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Hernia Center in New York City, NY, USA. The American Hernia Society and the European Hernia Society are moving towards specialty designation for hernia centers who are credentialed for complex hernia surgery, including robotic surgery.

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performed remotely in September 2001. In 2003, ZEUS made its most prominent mark in cardiac surgery after successfully harvesting the left internal mammary arteries in 19 patients, all of which had very successful clinical outcomes.

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Li K, Lin T, Fan X, Xu K, Bi L, Duan Y, et al. (October 2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies reporting early outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy".

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Acrobot and Rio are semi-active robotic systems that are used in THA. It consists of a drill bit that is controlled by the surgeon however the robotic system does not allow any movement outside the predetermined boundaries.

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Kiefer H, Löchel J, Sambo K, Leder B, Wassilew GI (20 May 2020). "Anterior pelvic plane registration accuracy and cup position measurement using ultrasound- and pointer-based navigation in primary total hip arthroplasty".

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Since April 2018, medical insurance coverage was expanding in Japan, so doctors were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery, as it has the advantage of reducing the burden on the patient. Japanese drama

506:. Although VATS is the less expensive option, the robotic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes. 2113:

Lee SY, Park YM, Byeon HK, Choi EC, Kim SH (August 2014). "Comparison of oncologic and functional outcomes after transoral robotic lateral oropharyngectomy versus conventional surgery for T1 to T3 tonsillar cancer".

930:(named in the drama as Darwin). Newhart Watanabe International Hospital, a pioneer in da Vinci surgery for the heart in Japan, was used as background for the drama, with Dr. Gou Watanabe providing technical support. 789:

There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects from surgery for

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Kim WT, Ham WS, Jeong W, Song HJ, Rha KH, Choi YD (December 2009). "Failure and malfunction of da Vinci Surgical systems during various robotic surgeries: experience from six departments at a single institute".

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ended up becoming a camera used in laparoscopic procedures. Voice control was then added in 1996 with the AESOP 2000 and seven degrees of freedom to mimic a human hand was added in 1998 with the AESOP 3000.

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size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The robotic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations. Robotic technology provides assistance in performing

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Shaligram A, Unnirevi J, Simorov A, Kothari VM, Oleynikov D (April 2012). "How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia".

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being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries. The latter was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA in 2008. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with

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technique. The results were more clear visualization of the cranial nerves, lingual nerves, and lingual artery, and the patients had a faster recovery to normally swallowing. In May 2006 the first

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There are some issues in regards to current robotic surgery usage in clinical applications. There is a lack of haptics in some robotic systems currently in clinical use, which means there is no

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The robots can also be very large, have instrumentation limitations, and there may be issues with multi-quadrant surgery as current devices are solely used for single-quadrant application.

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repairs were performed robotically in 2009. Since then the field has rapidly expanded to include most types of reconstruction including anterior as well as posterior component separation.

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Spinelli A, David G, Gidaro S, Carvello M, Sacchi M, Montorsi M, et al. (September 2017). "First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback".

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PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm robot, that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the

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Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, Musits B, Taylor RH, Kazanzides P, et al. (December 1992). "Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty".

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Boyd WD, Kiaii B, Kodera K, Rayman R, Abu-Khudair W, Fazel S, et al. (February 2002). "Early experience with robotically assisted internal thoracic artery harvest".

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starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.

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The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at Stanford Research Institute International in Menlo Park with grant support from

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In the case of robotically assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of the surgeon directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to perform

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The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story '

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Wang T, Tang H, Xie Z, Deng S (October 2018). "Robotic-assisted vs. laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis".

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procedures, in which the operations can be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen. Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a

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for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp.

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Falcone T, Goldberg J, Garcia-Ruiz A, Margossian H, Stevens L (February 1999). "Full robotic assistance for laparoscopic tubal anastomosis: a case report".

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Melvin WS, Dundon JM, Talamini M, Horgan S (October 2005). "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy".

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Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S (February 1988). "A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery".

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is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing

831:- alternative to the conventional open dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes). Pyeloplasty is the most common robotic-assisted procedures in children. 348: 1400: 1052: 2249: 4024:"Combined inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh during transperitoneal robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a 4-year experience" 391: 3930:

Thomas DJ (February 2017). "3D white light interferometry assessment of robotic laser scalpel assisted surgery to minimise scar tissue formation".

5199: 5081: 3967:"Transversus abdominis release (TAR) for ventral hernia repair: open or robotic? Short-term outcomes from a systematic review with meta-analysis" 2990:"Robot-Assisted Electrode Array Insertion Becomes Available in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients: First Report and an Intra-Individual Study" 646: 1754: 2958: 3041:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma" 2301:

Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics".

1588: 235: 3518: 326:(performed in Germany) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999; and the first all-robotic-assisted 3131:

Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Schneider C, Ellison EC (2002). "Computer-enhanced vs. standard laparoscopic antireflux surgery".

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Panara K, Shahal D, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA (August 2021). "Robotics for Cochlear Implantation Surgery: Challenges and Opportunities".

464:– the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart, 315: 4611: 2158: 1956: 347:

microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain. In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the

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in 1984. This robot assisted in being able to manipulate and position the patient's leg on voice command. Intimately involved were

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Talamini MA, Chapman S, Horgan S, Melvin WS (October 2003). "A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures".

1636: 2891: 4142:"A novel approach using the enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique for laparoscopic retromuscular hernia repair" 1986: 526:

in 2017. Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the

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Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model".

1664:"Closed-chest coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart with the use of a computer-enhanced surgical robotic system" 4668:

Kavoussi LR, Moore RG, Adams JB, Partin AW (December 1995). "Comparison of robotic versus human laparoscopic camera control".

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robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled

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Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the

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A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures

2402: 5491: 4977: 4185: 4118: 4059: 2927: 2818: 371: 2200: 1614: 2504: 527: 2375:[UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011. 330:, performed in January 2009. The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 and initially sold for $ 1.75 million. 2349:[The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010. 703: 1920:

Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems".

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Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, Minig L (16 January 2017). "Robot-assisted Surgery in Gynecologic Cancers".

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Barbash GI, Glied SA (August 2010). "New technology and health care costs--the case of robot-assisted surgery".

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Williams SB, Prado K, Hu JC (November 2014). "Economics of robotic surgery: does it make sense and for whom?".

5469: 5435: 3891:"The Evolution of Kidney Transplantation Surgery Into the Robotic Era and Its Prospects for Obese Recipients" 2557:"AcuSurgical raises €5.75 Million in Series A financing, to advance its robotic ocular microsurgery platform" 751:

A surgeon at the Columbia Hernia Center operates on a patient with a large hernia using the robotic platform.

77: 1957:"New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants: N.J. Hospital Performs World's First All-Robotic Transplant" 4404:"Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: The European and US Experience" 2303:

Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC

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Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective".

808:. A 2013 review found less complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique. 216: 4893:"Direct-to-consumer Internet promotion of robotic prostatectomy exhibits varying quality of information" 1464:

McConnell PI, Schneeberger EW, Michler RE (2003). "History and development of robotic cardiac surgery".

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Köckerling F, Sheen AJ, Berrevoet F, Campanelli G, Cuccurullo D, Fortelny R, et al. (April 2019).

970: 955: 896: 864: 679:(CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optimal size and design for the replacement hip. 76:

systems. Robotically assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing

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Bracale U, Corcione F, Neola D, Castiglioni S, Cavallaro G, Stabilini C, et al. (December 2021).

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On 12 May 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at

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ROBODOC is the first active robotic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip

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Belyansky I, Daes J, Radu VG, Balasubramanian R, Reza Zahiri H, Weltz AS, et al. (March 2018).

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Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Javadikasgari H, Suri RM, Mick SL, Navia JL, et al. (January 2018).

2227: 880: 379: 223:, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical 5496: 5118: 2427:

de Smet MD, Naus GJ, Faridpooya K, Mura M (May 2018). "Robotic-assisted surgery in ophthalmology".

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Surgical robots have also been shown to be useful for electrode insertion with pediatric patients.

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Over the past several decades, there have been great advances in the field of abdominal wall and

593:, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups." 363: 335: 192: 2686:"Early clinical and angiographic outcomes after robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery" 5398: 5393: 5366: 467: 438:, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform 375: 189: 3745:"Review of robotic-assisted surgery: what the future looks like through a spine oncology lens" 2637:"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases" 1662:

Boyd WD, Rayman R, Desai ND, Menkis AH, Dobkowski W, Ganapathy S, et al. (October 2000).

1584: 850:, it is not likely that a robotic procedure offers significant advantage due to its high cost. 5501: 5324: 5233: 5228: 5105: 5090: 2684:

Halkos ME, Liberman HA, Devireddy C, Walker P, Finn AV, Jaber W, et al. (January 2014).

2588:"Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Atrial Septal Defect Using da VinciTM Surgical Robot System" 798: 736: 355: 3510: 786:

Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.

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With regards to robotic surgery, this type of procedure is currently best suited for single-

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Shweikeh F, Amadio JP, Arnell M, Barnard ZR, Kim TT, Johnson JP, et al. (March 2014).

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This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic

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robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer.

470:– rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart. 342:. The results were rated as better than an above-average human surgeon. The machine had a 8: 5428: 5403: 5172: 4601: 1964: 837: 461: 383: 303: 196: 177: 112: 92: 69: 5037: 3269: 5445: 5265: 5255: 5243: 5167: 4969: 4917: 4892: 4771: 4728: 4606: 4555: 4508: 4483: 4420: 4403: 4374: 4349: 4290: 4265: 4241: 4208: 4177: 3999: 3966: 3868: 3771: 3744: 3725: 3676: 3651: 3565: 3487: 3462: 3430: 3417: 3400: 3377: 3352: 3288: 3253: 3234: 3156: 3113: 3070: 3016: 2989: 2873: 2794: 2767: 2666: 2612: 2587: 2452: 2347:"V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju" 2139: 2095: 2083: 2044: 2017: 1990: 1897: 1872: 1845: 1820: 1801: 1728: 1640: 1565: 1516: 1477: 1370: 1361: 1345: 1326: 1271: 1224: 1143: 1118: 1025: 834:

Ureteral reimplantation - alternative to the open intravesical or extravesical surgery.

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Challenges that still need to be addressed include safety, time, efficiency and cost.

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Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, Close A, Vale L, Armstrong N, et al. (2012).

3238: 3117: 2143: 2099: 1805: 1732: 1613:. Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University. 6 October 1999. Archived from 1569: 1520: 1330: 1228: 1029: 5413: 5329: 5157: 5135: 4953: 4912: 4904: 4865: 4829: 4775: 4755: 4712: 4677: 4642: 4559: 4547: 4503: 4495: 4453: 4415: 4369: 4361: 4322: 4285: 4277: 4236: 4220: 4181: 4153: 4094: 4035: 3994: 3978: 3939: 3902: 3852: 3810: 3766: 3756: 3709: 3671: 3663: 3592: 3569: 3549: 3482: 3474: 3412: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3320: 3283: 3273: 3218: 3183: 3140: 3097: 3052: 3011: 3001: 2857: 2789: 2779: 2738: 2697: 2670: 2648: 2607: 2599: 2470: 2456: 2436: 2123: 2079: 2039: 2029: 1929: 1892: 1884: 1840: 1832: 1785: 1712: 1675: 1547: 1500: 1473: 1365: 1357: 1310: 1255: 1208: 1138: 1130: 1009: 950: 626: 515: 503: 4891:

Mirkin JN, Lowrance WT, Feifer AH, Mulhall JP, Eastham JE, Elkin EB (April 2012).

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Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include:

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pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery.

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doctor-conducted unassisted robotic surgery was on a 34-year-old male to correct

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Herron DM, Marohn M (February 2008). "A consensus document on robotic surgery".

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mass resection. This minimally invasive approach as a comparable alternative to

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Gerhardus D (July–August 2003). "Robot-assisted surgery: the future is here".

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Lawrie TA, Liu H, Lu D, Dowswell T, Song H, Wang L, et al. (April 2019).

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Kim JE, Jung SH, Kim GS, Kim JB, Choo SJ, Chung CH, et al. (April 2013).

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Finkelstein J, Eckersberger E, Sadri H, Taneja SS, Lepor H, Djavan B (2010).

4232: 4165: 4106: 4047: 3990: 2784: 2398: 1267: 791: 622: 618: 415: 4941: 4141: 4082: 4023: 3761: 3667: 3463:"Current status of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in pediatric urology" 1836: 1680: 1663: 30: 5354: 5206: 5177: 4965: 4926: 4877: 4841: 4767: 4724: 4654: 4517: 4465: 4429: 4383: 4334: 4299: 4250: 4173: 4114: 4055: 4008: 3951: 3916: 3889:

Hameed AM, Yao J, Allen RD, Hawthorne WJ, Pleass HC, Lau H (October 2018).

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Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or

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at the tableside to help switch effector instruments or provide additional

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O'toole MD, Bouazza-Marouf K, Kerr D, Gooroochurn M, Vloeberghs M (2009).

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procedures are also benefiting from robotic surgical systems. The smaller

629:, and female cancers. Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform 458:

repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart,

5349: 5344: 5277: 4484:"Robotic prostatectomy: The new standard of care or a marketing success?" 2250:"Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction" 2016:

Oliveira CM, Nguyen HT, Ferraz AR, Watters K, Rosman B, Rahbar R (2012).

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repairs were done in conjunction with prostatectomies in 2007. The first

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performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.

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Jia H, Pan J, Gu W, Tan H, Chen Y, Zhang Z, et al. (7 July 2021).

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Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A

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Zhou JY, Xin C, Mou YP, Xu XW, Zhang MZ, Zhou YC, et al. (2016).

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surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985

51: 5339: 4365: 3057: 3040: 2223: 1873:"Outpatient Robotic surgery: Considerations for the Anesthesiologist" 656:

A 2017 review of surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early

531: 439: 367: 366:(DLR) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the 200: 185: 147:

or temporary tissue retraction using endoscopic grasping instruments.

80:

and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.

4533:"A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems" 4266:"Robotic prostatectomy: what we have learned and where we are going" 3310: 2727:"Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery" 2373:"UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine" 1242:

Andellini M, Di Mauro R, Faggiano F, Derrico P, Ritrovato M (2019).

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as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an

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Unger SW, Unger HM, Bass RT (September 1994). "AESOP robotic arm".

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Robotic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for

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Allison N, Tieu K, Snyder B, Pigazzi A, Wilson E (February 2012).

2819:"Patient is First to Undergo Robot-Assisted Cochlear Implantation" 1344:

Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC (January 2004).

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George EI, Brand TC, LaPorta A, Marescaux J, Satava RM (2018).

1343: 128: 3130: 2928:"Robo First: Bot Assists with Tricky Cochlear-Implant Surgery" 2069: 689:

X is used in spinal surgeries to assist surgeons with placing

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

1705:

Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

1248:

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

759:

especially when it comes to robotic-assisted surgery. Unlike

248: 73: 3582: 2724: 1463: 1119:"Review of Robotic Surgery in Gynecology-The Future Is Here" 4890: 4795:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)

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Melfi FM, Menconi GF, Mariani AM, Angeletti CA (May 2002).

2526: 2321:"Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie" 2015: 1818: 1300: 1116: 1066:

prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established.

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Hyun MH, Lee CH, Kim HJ, Tong Y, Park SS (November 2013).

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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

1611:"Robotics: the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery" 254:

Further development of robotic systems was carried out by

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Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery

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Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery

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The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

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DiGioia AM, Jaramaz B, Picard F, Nolte LP, eds. (2004).

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Sayari AJ, Pardo C, Basques BA, Colman MW (May 2019).

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coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999, and the

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Finley DS, Rodriguez E, Ahlering TE (October 2007).

3542:

Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies

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Lauterbach R, Matanes E, Lowenstein L (April 2017).

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in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae are limited.

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surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ

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Over 60 62:Robot-assisted surgery 24:Robot-assisted surgery 5325:Disruptive innovation 5234:Regenerative medicine 5229:Personalized medicine 5091:Emerging technologies 4264:Lee DI (April 2009). 2898:. 19 September 2017. 2224:"Robotic Infertility" 1747:"Telerobotic Surgery" 799:radical prostatectomy 750: 577:for the treatment of 516:cochlear implantation 504:open thoracic surgery 386:was performed at the 356:University of Calgary 234:In 1985 a robot, the 5372:Technological change 5315:Collingridge dilemma 3626:. pp. 127–156. 2994:Frontiers in Surgery 2563:. 18 February 2021. 1014:10.1056/nejmp1006602 961:Patient registration 916:Use in popular media 892:laparoscopic surgery 806:radical cystectomies 761:laparoscopic surgery 653:through the vagina. 633:, myomectomies, and 617:, abnormal periods, 456:Atrial septal defect 402:a sitting position. 362:. In June 2008, the 5429:Technology scouting 5404:Accelerating change 5173:Genetic engineering 3803:Neurosurgical Focus 3270:2016PLoSO..1151189Z 2035:10.1155/2012/286563 1757:on 19 November 2016 838:Ureteroureterostomy 677:computer tomography 462:Mitral valve repair 384:femoral vasculature 304:Lindbergh Operation 217:National Geographic 197:engineering physics 190:biomedical engineer 113:stereoscopic vision 70:surgical procedures 5507:Health informatics 5446:Technology roadmap 5266:Synthetic genomics 5256:Relational biology 5244:Tissue engineering 5168:Generative biology 4748:Surgical Endoscopy 4717:10.1111/codi.13882 4705:Colorectal Disease 4607:The New York Times 4408:Reviews in Urology 4146:Surgical Endoscopy 3714:10.3233/THC-191888 3211:Surgical Endoscopy 3090:Surgical Endoscopy 1991:Intuitive Surgical 1831:(4): e2018.00039. 1553:10.1111/ases.12087 1505:10.1007/BF00705739 1493:Surgical Endoscopy 1425:Meadows M (2005). 1135:10.5041/rmmj.10296 766:The first robotic 753: 714:Transplant surgery 643:Momentis Surgical™ 591:pancreatic fistula 488:da Vinci Xi system 260:Intuitive Surgical 236:Unimation Puma 200 133:surgical assistant 16:Surgical procedure 5479: 5478: 5298: 5297: 5261:Synthetic biology 5239:Stem-cell therapy 5222:engineered uterus 5136:Artificial organs 4958:10.1111/bju.12667 4946:BJU International 4500:10.5489/cuaj.1182 3901:(10): 1650–1665. 3633:978-0-19-850943-1 3096:(10): 1521–1524. 3051:(12): 1566–1578. 2501:Forsight Robotics 2128:10.1002/hed.23424 1751:SRI International 1350:Annals of Surgery 562:bariatric surgery 390:by a team led by 328:kidney transplant 288:Robert E. Michler 256:SRI International 95:, using a direct 68:are any types of 59: 58: 5514: 5467: 5466: 5414:Horizon scanning 5330:Ephemeralization 5158:Brain transplant 5102: 5101: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4864:(6): 1234–1237. 4852: 4846: 4845: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4676:(6): 2134–2136. 4665: 4659: 4658: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4399: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4366:10.3310/hta16410 4345: 4339: 4338: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4152:(3): 1525–1532. 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3977:(6): 1471–1480. 3962: 3956: 3955: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3764: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3517:. 2 March 2021. 3507: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3458: 3439: 3438: 3420: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3380: 3348: 3337: 3336: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3281: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3217:(4): 1047–1050. 3206: 3200: 3199: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3060: 3058:10.1002/bjs.9242 3036: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3009: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2856:(7): e825–e835. 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2656: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2122:(8): 1138–1145. 2110: 2104: 2103: 2078:(7): 1315–1319. 2072:The Laryngoscope 2067: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2037: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1967:on 4 August 2009 1963:. Archived from 1952: 1946: 1945: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1900: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1753:. Archived from 1743: 1737: 1736: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1639:. Archived from 1633: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1617:on 28 March 2002 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1555: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1453:on 1 March 2009. 1449:. Archived from 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1373: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1146: 1114: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1040: 1034: 1033: 997: 951:Diagnostic robot 627:uterine prolapse 586:pancreatectomies 552:Gastrointestinal 530:, accessing the 340:heart arrhythmia 155:possibility for 52:edit on Wikidata 33: 21: 20: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5497:Surgical robots 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5455: 5294: 5283:Oncolytic virus 5185:Head transplant 5093: 5088: 5058: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5040:on 13 June 2024 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5010:on 13 June 2024 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4938: 4934: 4889: 4885: 4853: 4849: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4783: 4744: 4740: 4701: 4697: 4666: 4662: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4589: 4579: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4480: 4473: 4441: 4437: 4400: 4391: 4346: 4342: 4311: 4307: 4262: 4258: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4020: 4016: 3963: 3959: 3928: 3924: 3895:Transplantation 3887: 3880: 3841: 3832: 3795: 3788: 3741: 3737: 3697: 3693: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3616: 3612: 3581: 3577: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3459: 3442: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3363:(4): CD011422. 3349: 3340: 3309: 3305: 3264:(3): e0151189. 3250: 3246: 3207: 3203: 3172: 3168: 3129: 3125: 3086: 3082: 3037: 3033: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2932:livescience.com 2924: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2811: 2764: 2760: 2723: 2719: 2682: 2678: 2647:(1): 82–91.e2. 2633: 2629: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2327:on 24 July 2011 2319: 2318: 2314: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2199:. 19 May 2006. 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2155: 2151: 2116:Head & Neck 2111: 2107: 2068: 2061: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1953: 1949: 1918: 1914: 1869: 1862: 1817: 1813: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1701: 1697: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1643:on 21 July 2011 1635: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1581: 1577: 1532: 1528: 1489: 1485: 1462: 1458: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1342: 1338: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1240: 1236: 1213:10.1109/10.1354 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1164: 1160: 1115: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1058: 1056: 1041: 1037: 998: 989: 985: 980: 936: 918: 857: 814: 801:was performed. 784: 768:inguinal hernia 745: 733:cholecystectomy 725: 723:General surgery 716: 700: 666: 658:cervical cancer 599: 589:complications, 584:Robot-assisted 554: 512: 477: 449: 413: 408: 308:cholecystectomy 268:Computer Motion 174: 152:computer system 117:operating table 97:telemanipulator 66:robotic surgery 55: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5520: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5195:Life extension 5192: 5190:Isolated brain 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5153:Biofabrication 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5141:Organ printing 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5114:3D bioprinting 5110: 5108: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5056:External links 5054: 5052: 5051: 5021: 4991: 4952:(2): 183–185. 4932: 4903:(4): 760–769. 4897:Health Affairs 4883: 4847: 4812: 4781: 4738: 4711:(3): 228–235. 4695: 4660: 4641:(4): 242–251. 4625: 4587: 4546:(2): 297–310. 4523: 4494:(6): 488–490. 4471: 4452:(6): 551–560. 4435: 4389: 4340: 4321:(4): 591–596. 4305: 4276:(2): 177–181. 4256: 4219:(2): 185–203. 4199: 4132: 4093:(2): 447–452. 4073: 4014: 3957: 3922: 3878: 3851:(5): 465–478. 3830: 3786: 3735: 3708:(3): 315–323. 3691: 3639: 3632: 3610: 3591:(3): 379–396. 3575: 3548:(5): 249–264. 3532: 3502: 3473:(8): 499–504. 3440: 3392: 3338: 3319:(1): 107–113. 3303: 3244: 3201: 3166: 3123: 3080: 3031: 2980: 2949: 2913: 2883: 2840: 2809: 2758: 2737:(5): 864–868. 2717: 2696:(1): 179–185. 2676: 2627: 2578: 2548: 2518: 2488: 2462: 2435:(3): 248–253. 2416: 2390: 2364: 2338: 2312: 2293: 2267: 2241: 2222:Parekattil S. 2214: 2182: 2149: 2105: 2059: 2008: 1978: 1947: 1928:(6): 893–898. 1912: 1860: 1811: 1768: 1738: 1695: 1674:(4): 807–809. 1654: 1628: 1602: 1575: 1546:(2): 117–123. 1526: 1483: 1456: 1417: 1385: 1336: 1309:(285): 57–66. 1293: 1234: 1207:(2): 153–160. 1191: 1158: 1102: 1070: 1035: 1008:(8): 701–704. 986: 984: 981: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 937: 935: 932: 928:Da Vinci robot 917: 914: 881:force feedback 861:remote surgery 856: 853: 852: 851: 841: 835: 832: 813: 810: 783: 780: 772:ventral hernia 757:hernia surgery 744: 741: 737:fundoplication 724: 721: 715: 712: 699: 696: 665: 662: 637:biopsies. The 631:hysterectomies 623:ovarian tumors 598: 595: 575:Heller myotomy 553: 550: 511: 508: 476: 473: 472: 471: 465: 459: 448: 445: 444: 443: 432: 428:operating room 412: 409: 407: 404: 380:force feedback 306:, which was a 173: 170: 165: 164: 157:remote surgery 148: 57: 56: 49: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5519: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5472: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5451:Transhumanism 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5217:Organ culture 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:De-extinction 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 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2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2282:on 2 May 2019 2281: 2277: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 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