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returning from the
Mediterranean, had passed the scene immediately before the engagement. For unknown reasons, Spragge did not join the attack nor was invited by Holmes to do so, which gave rise to new mutual suspicions. A few days after the fight war was declared and flags handed out. Holmes did not receive one, which may have had to do with the limited number of posts available due to the white squadron this time consisting of the French fleet. Accordingly, Holmes fought in the ensuing
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1932:
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1908:
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1029:(64) was launched in the presence of Charles II, James and Rupert, Holmes having been appointed captain and being knighted on the occasion. Part of the red squadron, Holmes was finally given acting flag-rank when the fleet was divided to shadow the Dutch and simultaneously intercept the French (which put him, satisfyingly, one step above Harman, rear-admiral of the white - a slighting of the principle of
1920:
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on 27 December 1663. Stirring up the
Portuguese, Africans, and even such Dutch merchants as had a grudge against the WIC, he sank 2 ships and captured 2 others under the guns of Gorée (22 January 1664), and the next day took possession of the fort itself. On 28 March, in a tactically cunning action,
874:
The objectives of the famous 1664 Guinea expedition are unclear. Although Holmes was charged with exceeding his orders by capturing Dutch forts and ships there, Coventry talks of a "game" that was to be started there, which can only mean an Anglo-Dutch war (Bath MSS. CII, ff. 3-13). Holmes's orders,
1269:
After the end of the 1672 campaign, Holmes did not get another command, notwithstanding the constant intercession on his behalf of the new commander-in-chief, his stout friend Prince Rupert. Obviously, the King himself had no desire to re-employ him. Holmes's naval career had very abruptly ended.
1241:
convoy. For two days, the
English squadron fought a veritable battle with the armed merchantmen and their escorts, suffering damage out of proportion to their gains, half a dozen prizes only one of which seems to have been one of the rich Smyrna ships. Accidentally, Sir Edward Spragge's squadron,
653:. The drain of manpower, through storm, action, and mutiny, was so large that at the end of the cruise, Holmes had advanced to commanding the four prizes the force brought back to France. With Rupert returning to the exiled court, it fell to Holmes to see the fleet paid off.
1321:, and of course an establishment worthy of a governor in Yarmouth. Most of his time in "retirement", Holmes spent in rebuilding the Isle of Wight's castles and managing parliamentary elections to ensure the return of government candidates. He himself did not run for the
1115:, was the heaviest blow the English ever dealt Dutch merchant shipping, severely endangering the Netherlands' war effort, at the cost of no more than twelve English casualties. Holmes now was in high favour. Early in 1667 he was appointed to command a squadron based in
894:
The reason for the charges against Holmes was that his success exceeded even the most unreasonable expectations, and that he was, diplomatically, a convenient scapegoat (a fact of which he seems to have been aware). In sight of the Dutch base at Gorée he took the
815:
The expedition was the turning point in Holmes's career. He had shown himself equal to dealing with
Africans, company factors, the Dutch and his own men and officers alike, recommending himself as a prudent leader. He consequently was appointed captain of the
1126:
As early as
December 1666, Pepys had commented on Holmes's stubborn opposition to the laying-up of the fleet in expectation of peace. Holmes was alive to the danger of a Dutch assault - which duly came on 10 June 1667, when Michiel de Ruyter during the
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of the West Indies, but it is doubtful whether he ever actually took command. Since the wound received during the clash with the Smyrna Convoy, his health was steadily deteriorating, and an expedition that sailed in
September 1687 was commanded by
949:
His return to
England was desultory, as he tried to make out the repercussions his actions had evoked in London. Since he commanded navy ships, everything he had taken was not automatically the company's property, but would have to be cleared by
636:
When in 1648 a part of the fleet went over to the exiled king, Holmes (now an army captain), following
Maurice and Rupert, came into his first contact with the navy. He participated in the epic cruise of the Royalist fleet of 1649 – 1652 to
732:
The reports Rupert had brought back from the Gambia of a "Mountain of Gold" just waiting there to be carried off to
England, prompted the Royal African Company, whose director was the Duke of York (and whose paperwork was carried out by
671:
VII, p. 248, 18 July 1658. N.S.), although the total absence of other evidence makes his actually setting out as a privateer improbable. He may, like other
Royalist, and notably Irish, officers, have taken up service with the
1081:
On 9 August 1666, Holmes achieved his best-known feat, characteristically (and, to Pepys and Coventry, exasperatingly) using his own judgement in interpreting his orders. Holmes was to land five hundred men on the island of
583:, Ireland, nothing is known of Holmes' early life, although his flawless command of written language and his elegant handwriting suggest a good education. He is in all probability the grandchild of the Robert Holmes named
969:. This situation was resolved by the Dutch declaration of 22 February that they would retaliate against British shipping, a direct consequence of the goings-on in Africa, that the British conveniently interpreted as a
1387:
in his stead. Holmes was now busy preparing the defence against Dutch invasion. On 4 November 1688, five sailors of the invasion fleet landed on the Isle of Wight to buy provisions, being welcomed by the population.
945:
had clandestinely been sent to undo what Holmes had achieved. De Ruyter recaptured everything Holmes had conquered, except for Cape Coast Castle, which meant that after 1664, the English were on that coast to stay.
761:. His orders (drafted by Coventry) were to assist the company's factors in every way conceivable and to construct a fort. Privately, he was instructed to gather intelligence as to the expected "Mountain of Gold".
1068:. The recriminations between the officers and their respective factions played a role in the subsequent Parliamentary investigation over embezzlement in the naval administration and the conduct of the war.
1146:
After that year's campaign had ended, Parliament's interest in naval administration intensified, much to Pepys's and Coventry's distress. Rupert and Albemarle, like most naval officers, especially of the
1709:
Reported as dead by October 4 in a contemporary source – Newdigate family collection of newsletters L.c.2111: Newsletter received by Richard Newdigate, Arbury, 1692 October 4 (held in Folger Shakespeare
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of 90 guns. Holmes immediately pressed for the capture of a large number of Dutch ships, using English harbours under foreign colours; but the government procrastinated until the opportunity was gone.
1430:
stemmed from the loyalty of a military professional, and after his vote in parliament against the accession of William and Mary was defeated, he served them with the same determination as he had the
1155:
sort, had long been unhappy with the off-hand treatment they received from the administrators. These, in turn, found the officers arrogant and unruly. Now the commanders-in-chief and their clients,
851:. The appointment of an inept master led to a quarrel with Pepys, which subsided after a while, but the antagonism between the administrator and the aggressive fighter was never resolved. Aboard
1344:
A stout supporter of his lifelong employers, the royal brothers, it is unclear why Holmes should have associated with Monmouth; at the centre of the question may lie the shady Irish financier
1446:
Holmes died on 18 November 1692, leaving one illegitimate daughter and heiress, Mary Holmes (born 1678). Her mother is believed to have been Grace Hooke, a niece of the famous scientist
1226:
Among the preparations for provoking the Dutch into yet another war, was the appointment of Holmes as senior officer in Portsmouth, commanding a powerful squadron and the flagship
1162:
In addition, Holmes, in the winter of 1666/1667, had revived the quarrel with Sir Jeremiah Smith (possibly even fighting a duel with him), which only ended when the latter took
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and the Isle of Wight, a lucrative appointment that even enabled him to fit one of the squadron's prizes as a privateer. In April 1667, he was commissioned a captain in the
1044:, 7 June 1666), and was confirmed as rear-admiral of the red, his ship having received such a battering that he transferred his flag to the partially burnt and dismasted
1967:
2007:
1618:
Anna Eliza Hingston m. William Roggen Lansing of Rochester, New York, son of William van Kleeck Lansing of Albany, ancestor of the Lansing family of Rochester.
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to be prizes of Holmes and his men. Since Holmes's booty in merchandise was far behind the company's (unreasonable) expectations, he was twice committed to the
1816:
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241:
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and retaliatory action against English shipping). In addition to reconnoitring the coast and the mouth of the Gambia, Holmes constructed a fort there (on
1837:
300:
768:, Holmes bluntly informed the Dutch governor that the King of England claimed the exclusive right of trade and navigation between Cape Verde and the
558:
of 1666. He is regarded as an archetypal figure both of the quarrelsome restoration officer and of the coming into being of the British professional
1345:
1246:
as a mere captain in the Duke of York's squadron. The battle, the fiercest in De Ruyter's memory, claimed the lives of Holmes's friends Holles and
1060:
of the blue) were promoted above him. These professional rivalries were a hallmark of the restoration navy, and Holmes used the conduct of the
1737: : accessed 7 July 2022), “McCarthy-Leader Family” family tree, profile for Sir Robert Holmes Governor of the Isle of Wight (1622–1692).
1266:. With Sandwich dead, a new flag officer had to be appointed, but Holmes's legitimate claims were again disregarded - for the last time.
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and several other small strongholds and ships. But the greatest coup was the capture of the principal Dutch base in West Africa,
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110:
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1484:, was a naval captain of repute and competence, having for years served together with his eminent brother, and commanded the
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hands. Holmes, acquainted with this coast, was the man for this venture, and was appointed captain of the flagship,
52:
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796:. Although the mission did not pay for the company, Holmes seems to have made a profit from it, since subsequently
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1341:, but Holmes either managed to avert prosecution or acquitted himself, for he remained governor until his death.
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of 1679–1681, and in 1682 he incurred the severest displeasure of Charles II for presenting an address from the
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Although he would not let him serve in his fleet any longer, the King continued to lavish gifts upon Holmes,
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kings. Although his health was now rapidly giving out and he had to spend more and more time of the year in
1173:
After peace was concluded, Holmes intensified his hold in the Isle of Wight by buying the governorship from
875:
again drafted by Coventry and signed by James, were to 'promote the Interests of the Royall Company' in HMS
1962:
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Holmes had brought back might be the offspring of a man and a she-baboon and susceptible to instruction (
1898:
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and to 'kill, take, sink or destroy such as shall oppose you' (Bath MSS. XCV, ff.3-5) - especially the
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1438:, the threat of French invasions in 1690 and 1692 made him hurry back to his post as swiftly as ever.
1977:
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628:, whom he accompanied onto the battlefields of the continent once the Royalists had been defeated.
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and Germany as scenes of military exploits. Immediately before the Restoration, Holmes acted as a
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C. H. Wilson, ‘Who captured New Amsterdam?’, The English Historical Review, 72 (1957), 469–474.
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Upon Charles II's return to England, Holmes was rewarded for his services with the captaincy of
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brought the fleet over to William, it was not before 17 December that Holmes surrendered.
1048:(72), Harman's ship, who had been wounded. But again, his rivals Sir Jeremiah Smith (made
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Anglo-Dutch Wars, both of which he is, by some, credited with having started. He was made
8:
1427:
1422:
He continued as governor of the Isle of Wight, although he was occasionally suspected of
1384:
1111:
1075:
1018:, Harman. Holmes lost his temper and resigned his commission. Even worse, Holmes's rival
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in the mouth of the river, renamed Charles Island). Up-river, on St. Andreas Island near
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1010:, was killed, Holmes claimed his post (which Rupert endorsed), but James gave the
934:, on 1 May. Contrary to the popular picture, Holmes had no hand in the capture of
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On 23 March 1672, he finally got permission to attack the homeward-bound Dutch
1065:
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1159:, Holmes and others, might strike back, especially after the Medway disaster.
841:. But this was only a temporary setback, and he swiftly was granted £800 from
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signed a commission that put Holmes in command of a squadron to suppress the
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1302:
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and loot and destroy as much as possible. Instead of this, Holmes executed a
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Barely a month after his release and full pardon, Holmes assumed command of
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together with a new commission (for another guardship), this time from the
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was promoted to flag rank. But reconciliation was, again, not far away.
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Gentlemen and Tarpaulins. The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy
624:. From this time stems a lifelong friendship with Maurice's brother,
1426:
conspiracy. But such reservations as he had against the overthrow of
1379:
1193:, with two-thirds of the value of all prizes taken there due to him.
1152:
1099:
1030:
999:
842:
696:, by whose commission he obtained his first command in the navy, the
661:
1612:
William Hingston (d. 2 Nov 1854 Buffalo, New York) m. Jane Carroll
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800:, of all people, complained about Holmes's magnificent lifestyle (
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1135:, burned a large part of the fleet in ordinary (i.e. laid up) at
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958:(9 January and 14 February 1665), where he was interrogated by
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792:'s, but obviously in Dutch hands, and renamed the spit of land
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Holmes is chiefly remembered for his exploits on the cruise to
1532:–1738) m. Mary Holmes (daughter of Admiral Sir Robert Holmes)
1170:(which again Holmes had hoped would be his) in December 1668.
1033:
which would have been unthinkable at the end of the century).
737:) to launch an expedition to the Guinea Coast, then mostly in
1407:. While James had fled his capital on 11 December (an action
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1699:. Vol. II. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 460–461.
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vice-admiralty of the Isle of Wight, Newport and Hampshire
764:
The results of the expedition were ambiguous. Touching at
1189:
Castles), but also gave him access to the very lucrative
826:, which he lost quickly after having failed to force the
805:
1457:, the son of his elder brother Colonel Thomas Holmes of
1177:. This put him in responsibility of the defences there (
994:
of 58 guns, the senior captain of Rupert's white (van)
118:(on left) and Sir Robert Holmes (on right), painted by
1764:
Man of War. Sir Robert Holmes and the Restoration Navy
660:
intelligence service reports Holmes having obtained a
1896:
641:, the Mediterranean, West Africa (where, between the
804:, 22 December 1661), and wondered whether the large
1968:Royal Navy personnel of the Second Anglo-Dutch War
891:ship that had given the English a lot of trouble.
745:and a squadron of four other of the King's ships:
2008:Royal Navy personnel of the Third Anglo-Dutch War
1680:The Dutch Raid on the Medway, Samuel Pepys, 1667.
1282:Holmes's house (now The George Hotel) in Yarmouth
1273:
1944:
1204:, generally supporting the Crown in Parliament.
1098:Road, destroying some 150 ships, and sacked the
869:
1733:“Public Member Trees,” database, Ancestry.com (
727:
649:, he was arrested by the inhabitants), and the
575:Born in or about 1622 the son of Henry Holmes,
1561:Leonard (Troughear) Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes (
1040:, Holmes was reported to have "done wonders" (
1025:On 27 March 1666, the powerful new third-rate
788:, he then captured a fort which was nominally
1415:) and one day later, the commander-in-chief,
1196:In addition, in October 1669, he was elected
1696:Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards
1609:Lucretia Sewell m. Edward Hingston of Devon
1571:The Hon. Elizabeth Holmes m. Edward Rushout
1453:As had been her father's wish, Mary married
922:On 10 April, he captured Anta Castle on the
631:
1094:attack on the mass of merchantmen lying in
109:
1689:
1391:While the English fleet lay becalmed off
720:himself, who had assumed the position of
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1472:, in turn, would eventually achieve the
1358:
1277:
1213:
1070:
45:This article includes a list of general
1721:"The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother"
1622:Descendants, to include members of the
976:
14:
1945:
1568:–1804) m. Elizabeth Tyrrell (d. 1810)
1356:together with Holmes's brother, John.
1207:
845:and the command of the newly launched
707:
570:
27:English Royal Navy officer (1622–1692)
1626:dynasty and the Lord of the Manor of
1558:Elizabeth Holmes m. Thomas Troughear
1674:
1651:(1640?–1683), English Admiral leader
1403:, Holmes wrestled with his mutinous
1337:to transfer the governorship to the
31:
1480:in 1760. Holmes's younger brother,
523:– 18 November 1692) was an English
24:
1606:Lucretia Holmes m. William Sewell
776:disavowed after protests from the
565:
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2019:
1777:
1615:Samuel Hingston m. Anna Anderson
1309:. He possessed houses in London,
1254:to transfer his flag twice, from
1123:, which he resigned before 1670.
724:. But more was in store for him.
1930:
1918:
1906:
1535:
1417:Sir George Legge, Lord Dartmouth
1301:and forfeited lands in counties
590:He first appears in 1643 on the
527:officer. He participated in the
442:
430:
413:
36:
1547:Lieutenant General Henry Holmes
1541:Thomas Holmes, 1st Baron Holmes
1740:
1727:
1713:
1703:
1683:
1665:
1411:took as his relinquishing the
13:
1:
1860:Governor of the Isle of Wight
1658:
1590:
1562:
1526:
1333:was prepared together with a
870:The second African expedition
714:Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight
550:in 1664 on the behalf of the
537:Governor of the Isle of Wight
517:
132:Governor of the Isle of Wight
1784:A timetable of Holmes's life
1491:
728:The first African expedition
7:
1589:Admiral Sir Robert Holmes (
1553:Rear Admiral Charles Holmes
1121:2nd Regiment of Foot Guards
10:
2024:
2003:Coldstream Guards officers
1323:Exclusion Bill Parliaments
855:, Holmes tested a pair of
680:in Yarmouth gives France,
1885:
1879:Vice-Admiral of Hampshire
1876:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1830:
1810:
1798:
1791:
1508:Colonel Thomas Holmes of
1478:Lord Holmes of Kilmallock
1441:
632:Start of the naval career
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96:
1596:–1692), English Admiral
1498:Henry Holmes of Mallow,
1297:, the Isle of Wight and
998:. When at the battle of
889:Dutch West India Company
667:from the King of Spain (
539:, where he is buried in
1735:http://www.ancestry.com
1649:Admiral Sir John Holmes
1218:Holmes's attack on the
1157:Sir Frescheville Holles
116:Sir Frescheville Holles
66:more precise citations.
18:Robert Holmes (admiral)
1889:Marquess of Winchester
1870:Hon. Thomas Tollemache
1368:
1283:
1223:
1078:
231:Marquess of Winchester
189:Hon. Thomas Tollemache
1993:English MPs 1690–1695
1988:English MPs 1689–1690
1983:English MPs 1685–1687
1973:English MPs 1661–1679
1793:Parliament of England
1599:Mary Holmes (wife of
1399:landed his forces at
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1281:
1217:
1074:
1036:During the murderous
552:Royal African Company
456:Years of service
256:Serving with
1813:Member of Parliament
1363:Statue of Holmes in
1274:Life in "retirement"
1198:Member of Parliament
1086:and four hundred on
978:The Second Dutch War
960:secretaries of state
790:the Duke of Courland
772:(which the King and
669:Thurloe State Papers
238:Member of Parliament
161:William III & II
1963:Royal Navy admirals
1750:. 28 February 2012.
1385:Sir John Narborough
1371:On 21 August 1687,
1209:The Third Dutch War
1062:St James' Day Fight
812:, 24 August 1661).
708:Restoration Officer
587:of Mallow in 1612.
581:Mallow, County Cork
571:Military beginnings
554:, and carrying out
1853:The Lord Colepeper
1826:Hon. Fitton Gerard
1476:for the family as
1373:secretary of state
1369:
1284:
1224:
1129:Raid on the Medway
1079:
1054:Sir Edward Spragge
1020:Sir Jeremiah Smith
1002:(3 June 1665) the
971:declaration of war
864:Christiaan Huygens
774:Sir George Downing
258:Hon. Fitton Gerard
219:The Lord Colepeper
177:The Lord Colepeper
157:James II & VII
1895:
1894:
1886:Succeeded by
1867:Succeeded by
1831:Succeeded by
1821:1689–1690
1691:Mackinnon, Daniel
1262:and from that to
1252:Lord High Admiral
1250:, and forced the
1244:Battle of Solebay
1104:West-Terschelling
1052:of the blue) and
943:Michiel de Ruyter
928:Cape Coast Castle
770:Cape of Good Hope
722:Lord High Admiral
514:Sir Robert Holmes
508:
507:
338:(aged 69–70)
103:Sir Robert Holmes
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1850:Preceded by
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1311:Englefield Green
1166:'s place on the
1164:Sir William Penn
1112:Holmes's Bonfire
1076:Holmes's Bonfire
1038:Four Days Battle
952:Admiralty Courts
911:(taken into the
907:meanwhile named
735:William Coventry
600:Prince Maurice's
556:Holmes's Bonfire
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1220:Smyrna Fleet
1195:
1172:
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1125:
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1088:Terschelling
1080:
1058:vice-admiral
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1016:flag captain
1004:rear-admiral
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594:side of the
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438:English Army
388:Henry Holmes
378:Henry Holmes
364:Henry Holmes
336:(1692-11-18)
292:Succeeded by
249:
226:Succeeded by
203:
184:Succeeded by
139:
78:
69:
50:
29:
1958:1692 deaths
1953:1622 births
1594: 1622
1575:Descendants
1566: 1732
1555:(1711–1761)
1543:(1699–1764)
1530: 1660
1397:William III
1393:Beachy Head
1295:Southampton
1183:Carisbrooke
1014:to his own
941:In August,
917:fourth-rate
651:West Indies
521: 1622
488:HMS Reserve
356:Mary Holmes
343:Nationality
276:Preceded by
214:Preceded by
172:Preceded by
64:introducing
1947:Categories
1883:1669–1692
1864:1668–1692
1773:. OUP 1991
1659:References
1628:Didderston
1510:Kilmallock
1468:. Her son
1459:Kilmallock
1409:Parliament
1380:buccaneers
1376:Sunderland
1260:St Michael
1232:first-rate
1228:St Michael
1202:Winchester
1168:Navy Board
1117:Portsmouth
992:third-rate
924:Gold Coast
913:Royal Navy
831:ambassador
782:Dog Island
700:guardship
690:Charles II
676:army. His
665:commission
658:Cromwell's
647:Cape Verde
525:Royal Navy
450:Royal Navy
409:Allegiance
395:(grandson)
390:(grandson)
385:(grandson)
269:Charles II
153:Charles II
120:Peter Lely
47:references
1998:Cavaliers
1925:Biography
1549:(1703–62)
1492:Genealogy
1153:gentleman
1100:Mennonite
1031:seniority
1000:Lowestoft
985:HMS
909:Walcheren
843:the Crown
743:Henrietta
662:privateer
596:Civil War
492:HMS
459:1643–1687
375:(brother)
369:Relatives
254:1689–1690
250:In office
208:1669–1692
204:In office
144:1668–1692
140:In office
1937:Politics
1817:Yarmouth
1710:Library)
1693:(1833).
1514:Limerick
1466:Limerick
1428:James II
1424:Jacobite
1365:Yarmouth
1354:Yarmouth
1248:Sandwich
1187:Yarmouth
1149:Cavalier
1102:town of
1092:fireship
1084:Vlieland
1042:CSP Dom.
1027:Defiance
996:squadron
903:he took
885:Flushing
857:pendulum
818:flagship
786:Jillifri
688:between
682:Flanders
674:Imperial
603:regiment
592:Cavalier
541:Yarmouth
480:Commands
424:Service/
380:(nephew)
353:Children
242:Yarmouth
149:Monarchs
1913:England
1899:Portals
1748:"About"
1518:Ireland
1504:Ireland
1474:peerage
1405:militia
1350:Newtown
1335:warrant
1315:Windsor
1179:Sandown
1137:Chatham
1050:admiral
987:Revenge
932:El Mina
860:watches
853:Reserve
848:Reserve
828:Swedish
759:Kinsale
755:Griffin
702:Bramble
686:courier
678:epitaph
639:Kinsale
619:Captain
613:in the
585:provost
511:Admiral
494:Revenge
473:Admiral
468:Captain
419:England
347:British
321: (
265:Monarch
165:Mary II
99:Admiral
60:improve
1823:With:
1470:Thomas
1442:Family
1432:Stuart
1413:throne
1401:Torbay
1303:Galway
1264:London
1256:Prince
1239:Smyrna
1133:Medway
1109:This,
877:Jersey
835:salute
757:, and
747:Sophia
698:Medway
643:Gambia
611:cornet
548:Guinea
529:second
475:(Navy)
470:(Army)
447:
435:
426:branch
361:Parent
49:, but
1313:near
1299:Wales
1288:rents
1046:Henry
956:Tower
930:near
915:as a
900:Brill
810:Diary
802:Diary
766:Gorée
751:Amity
739:Dutch
615:troop
609:as a
607:horse
598:, in
533:third
1815:for
1500:Cork
1436:Bath
1395:and
1352:and
1329:. A
1319:Bath
1307:Mayo
1305:and
1230:, a
1200:for
1185:and
1151:and
1096:Vlie
1012:flag
990:, a
965:and
887:, a
839:flag
837:the
692:and
645:and
577:Esq.
531:and
464:Rank
331:Died
323:1622
319:1622
316:Born
240:for
163:and
1463:Co.
1292:Co.
1290:in
919:).
883:of
833:to
806:ape
617:of
605:of
579:of
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