312:, NACA research began to focus on near-sonic and low-supersonic airflow. After considering the sudden drag increase which a wing-fuselage combination experiences at somewhere around 500 mph (800 km/h), Whitcomb concluded that "the disturbances and shock waves are simply a function of the longitudinal variation of the cross-sectional area" – that is, the effect of the wings could be visualized as equivalent to a fuselage with a sort of midriff bulge whose frontal area was the same as that of the wings. Since the wings could not be dispensed with in the actual case, the alternate to removing the "bulge" would be to decrease the fuselage's cross-section near the wings. This became known as the
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432:. However, Whitcomb was apparently the first to conclude that such a barrier would be most efficient if it took the form of a supplementary vertical (or near-vertical) wing. He proposed his results, showing improvements on the order of 5 percent, but industry was slow to adopt. It took nearly three decades for his proposals to become commonplace; they now are routinely used on aircraft from airliners to
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To achieve reduced drag in the transonic phase, Whitcomb realized that the wing's pressure distribution must be modified to delay and weaken the shock wave created on the upper surface where the high-velocity flow decelerated to subsonic. Using intuition rather than mathematics, he built a two-foot
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worked with
Whitcomb to develop a practical computational method for designing supercritical airfoils - those that were most efficient in the transonic range. Using this method, supercritical wings were fabricated and proven on full-scale aircraft; in 1971 a
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Although a low-drag airfoil (in the transonic range) was thus produced, Whitcomb's superiors observed that not every aircraft manufacturer could be expected to use file and sandpaper to design the needed shapes. Therefore, NASA signed a contract with the
449:. However, these investigations bore no result, and in 1980 he suddenly announced his decision to retire from Langley. Whitcomb continued to serve as a consultant to the aviation industry when asked. He continued to live in an apartment building in
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Following his groundbreaking research on transonic airflow, Whitcomb spent several years moving in an entirely different field - the possible extraction of usable energy from the environment by employing possible avenues of
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design. He built proposed models, but by 1962 he abandoned the project because of the intractable drag problem. Casting about for other research, he returned to the question of transonic drag, especially on wings.
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in
California. For his contribution, NASA awarded Whitcomb a $ 25,000 prize, and he received the 1974 Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association.
328:, for example, was found not to be capable of exceeding the speed of sound in level flight. This was rectified by re-sculpting the fuselage. For his insight, Whitcomb won the
410:. As with his supercritical wing efforts, he had largely developed the design in the wind tunnel, shaping his proposed model with putty and knife until the various secondary
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As a child
Whitcomb was fascinated by airplanes; he built models and flew them in competitions, always striving to improve their performance. He graduated from
453:, his residence since 1943. He had never married, but for 25 years was close to a NASA mathematician, Barbara Durling. She died in 2001. Whitcomb died in
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Following his research on wings, Whitcomb again turned to a possible complete supercritical aircraft, and in 1971 he published preliminary details of a
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595:"From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, Chapter 5 on Whitcomb and Area Rule"
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created by wing-body intersections were muted as much as possible. Whitcomb's NST proposal was not advanced beyond his concept stage.
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The unusual airfoil unexpectedly aided general aviation as well: its rather blunt leading edge allowed it to generate high
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Aerodynamicists had known for decades that some sort of wingtip barrier could reduce wingtip vortices, and thus the
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In 1958 Whitcomb was named head of
Langley's transonic aerodynamics branch, and he began working on a possible
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The
Collier Trophy citation reads " ... for the greatest achievement in aviation in America."
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April 1955: Whitcomb examines a model aircraft designed in accordance with his
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570:"The Whitcomb Area Rule: NACA Aerodynamics Research And Innovation"
769:
Richard T. Whitcomb
Collection at the WPI Manuscript Collection
726:"Richard Whitcomb, 88, Dies; Engineer Changed the Way We Fly"
702:
324:. Its impact on aircraft design was immediate: the prototype
222:(February 21, 1921 – October 13, 2009) was an American
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371:, whose mathematician Paul Garabedian and aerodynamicist
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who was noted for his contributions to the science of
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in aeronautical engineering. He was employed at the
756:"NASA People: Aviation Pioneer Richard T. Whitcomb"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
670:"J. C. Hunsaker Award in Aeronautical Engineering"
819:
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3104:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
631:"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - Winglets"
723:
488:ASA Exceptional Scientific Service Medal (1959)
316:, which allowed a significant reduction in the
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242:. His father, who had been a balloon pilot in
148:for flight research, on its retirement in 1991
789:
500:of the National Aeronautic Association (1974)
271:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
796:
782:
517:International Air & Space Hall of Fame
131:
16:American aeronautical engineer (1921–2009)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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343:
284:
1083:
805:United States National Medal of Science
662:
567:
250:when his father became employed at the
4546:Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
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750:. NASA History Division. January 1986.
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523:NAS Award in Aeronautical Engineering
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568:Wallace, Lane E. (January 1, 1998).
460:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4586:National Medal of Science laureates
724:T. Rees Shapiro (16 October 2009).
593:Mack, Pamela E. (January 1, 1998).
13:
14:
4602:
691:
4591:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
651:. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006.
611:The term was coined by Whitcomb.
483:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
479:Exceptional Service Medal (1955)
23:
533:National Inventors Hall of Fame
505:National Academy of Engineering
498:Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
471:National Aeronautic Association
382:General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
259:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
34:needs additional citations for
4561:People from Evanston, Illinois
641:
623:
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539:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1:
2027:
820:Behavioral and social science
647:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.
599:NASA Technical Reports Server
545:
439:
4541:American aerospace engineers
760:NASA Langley Research Center
730:The Washington Post Obituary
674:National Academy of Sciences
527:National Academy of Sciences
297:
233:
7:
708:Air & Space/Smithsonian
703:"The Man Who Could See Air"
620:General Aviation - Whitcomb
417:
386:NASA Flight Research Center
320:felt by airplanes near the
10:
4607:
4576:American fluid dynamicists
3708:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
421:
347:
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273:(NACA) and its successor,
4556:Collier Trophy recipients
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744:"Whitcomb's First Clue".
492:National Medal of Science
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137:Whitcomb in front of the
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4132:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3578:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1209:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
248:Worcester, Massachusetts
3443:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1361:George Ledyard Stebbins
1282:James Augustine Shannon
710:, Vol. 17, No. 2; p. 68
267:Langley Research Center
220:Richard Travis Whitcomb
3900:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
3887:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
2843:Harry George Drickamer
2789:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2463:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2337:John D. Baldeschwieler
1577:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1259:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
455:Newport News, Virginia
294:
186:Newport News, Virginia
4491:Sylvester James Gates
3877:William Alfred Fowler
3859:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3672:Robert Burns Woodward
2484:Geraldine L. Richmond
2232:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1515:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1444:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1300:Sterling B. Hendricks
1117:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1112:Theodosius Dobzhansky
960:William Julius Wilson
511:Howard N. Potts Medal
494:in engineering (1973)
350:Supercritical airfoil
344:Supercritical airfoil
288:
238:Whitcomb was born in
224:aeronautical engineer
213:aeronautical engineer
197:Worcester Polytechnic
58:"Richard T. Whitcomb"
4462:Warren M. Washington
4426:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4335:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4280:Martin Schwarzschild
4061:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4053:J. Robert Schrieffer
4023:E. Margaret Burbidge
3867:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3844:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3723:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3475:John Griggs Thompson
3398:Martin David Kruskal
3238:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2711:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
2665:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2620:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2547:John Robinson Pierce
2514:Engineering sciences
2445:Jacqueline K. Barton
2300:George M. Whitesides
2219:Dudley R. Herschbach
2157:Richard B. Bernstein
2126:Walter H. Stockmayer
1674:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1605:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1495:Stanley Norman Cohen
1482:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1318:Keith Roberts Porter
1181:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1176:Michael Heidelberger
1148:Fritz Albert Lipmann
404:near-sonic transport
384:, were flown at the
43:improve this article
4512:Shirley Ann Jackson
4431:Charles P. Slichter
4275:Marshall Rosenbluth
4267:Wallace S. Broecker
4220:Eugene M. Shoemaker
3981:Victor F. Weisskopf
3928:Herbert S. Gutowsky
3910:Edgar Bright Wilson
3751:George Kistiakowsky
3369:Stephen Cole Kleene
2880:George H. Heilmeier
2867:Mildred Dresselhaus
2758:Edward H. Heinemann
2688:Frederick E. Terman
2652:Richard T. Whitcomb
2573:Clarence L. Johnson
2534:Theodore von Kármán
2421:Stephen J. Benkovic
2400:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2387:Marvin H. Caruthers
2342:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2282:Darleane C. Hoffman
2172:Harden M. McConnell
2113:Frank H. Westheimer
1925:Stanley B. Prusiner
1889:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1648:Howard Martin Temin
1505:Maurice R. Hilleman
1500:Joseph L. Goldstein
1439:Donald A. Henderson
1356:Earl Reece Stadtman
1341:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1305:Orville Alvin Vogel
1135:Donald D. Van Slyke
1084:Biological sciences
378:Vought F-8 Crusader
369:New York University
125:Richard T. Whitcomb
4384:G. Brent Dalrymple
4202:Arthur L. Schawlow
4109:James A. Van Allen
4000:Philip W. Anderson
3956:Richard P. Feynman
3882:Linus Carl Pauling
3517:Dennis P. Sullivan
3074:John B. Goodenough
3007:Edwin N. Lightfoot
2975:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2956:Kenneth N. Stevens
2724:Raymond D. Mindlin
2647:Harold E. Edgerton
2492:A. Paul Alivisatos
2371:Stephen J. Lippard
2350:Ernest R. Davidson
2287:Harold S. Johnston
2121:William S. Johnson
2085:George C. Pimentel
1920:Susan L. Lindquist
1902:Francis S. Collins
1796:Victor A. McKusick
1771:Francisco J. Ayala
1753:Nancy C. Andreasen
1703:Robert A. Weinberg
1477:Har Gobind Khorana
1462:Michael E. DeBakey
1449:George Emil Palade
1421:Wendell L. Roelofs
1411:Howard L. Bachrach
1241:Barbara McClintock
1143:Edward F. Knipling
762:. 13 October 2009.
747:Engineer in Charge
295:
240:Evanston, Illinois
168:Evanston, Illinois
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4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4457:Esther M. Conwell
4397:Robert N. Clayton
4389:Riccardo Giacconi
4353:Raymond Davis Jr.
4241:Albert Overhauser
4184:Edwin M. McMillan
4145:Arnold O. Beckman
4122:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4099:Paul C. Lauterbur
4076:Robert Hofstadter
4028:Maurice Goldhaber
4015:Charles H. Townes
3966:Edward M. Purcell
3933:Frederick Rossini
3787:Wolfgang Panofsky
3718:John H. Van Vleck
3634:Physical sciences
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3586:Solomon W. Golomb
3546:Andrew J. Viterbi
3541:Leonard Kleinrock
3488:Calyampudi R. Rao
3456:Ronald R. Coifman
3364:George F. Carrier
3345:Donald C. Spencer
3340:Saunders Mac Lane
3275:Marshall H. Stone
3225:Shiing-Shen Chern
3132:Solomon Lefschetz
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3031:David J. Wineland
2999:John M. Prausnitz
2940:C. Kumar N. Patel
2935:James L. Flanagan
2903:John Roy Whinnery
2890:H. Guyford Stever
2872:Nick Holonyak Jr.
2835:George W. Housner
2830:Willis M. Hawkins
2825:Daniel C. Drucker
2807:Robert Byron Bird
2799:Bernard M. Oliver
2706:Peter C. Goldmark
2693:Wernher von Braun
2639:George E. Mueller
2612:Nathan M. Newmark
2607:J. Presper Eckert
2586:Claude E. Shannon
2555:Charles S. Draper
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2471:Judith P. Klinman
2355:Gábor A. Somorjai
2266:Isabella L. Karle
2253:George S. Hammond
2214:Gertrude B. Elion
2167:Rudolph A. Marcus
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1944:Ralph L. Brinster
1863:Torsten N. Wiesel
1840:Norman E. Borlaug
1827:Solomon H. Snyder
1822:J. Michael Bishop
1781:Mario R. Capecchi
1661:Salome G. Waelsch
1592:E. Donnall Thomas
1467:Theodor O. Diener
1366:Paul Alfred Weiss
1194:Bernard B. Brodie
1130:George G. Simpson
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1019:Michael I. Posner
920:Eleanor J. Gibson
872:George J. Stigler
840:Neal Elgar Miller
657:978-1-57864-397-4
461:Awards and honors
451:Hampton, Virginia
393:lift coefficients
365:Courant Institute
217:
216:
164:February 21, 1921
119:
118:
111:
93:
4598:
4340:Gilbert F. White
4285:George Wetherill
4179:Allan M. Cormack
4137:Jack Steinberger
4117:D. Allan Bromley
4066:H. Richard Crane
4043:Frederick Reines
4033:Helmut Landsberg
3948:George Uhlenbeck
3849:Vladimir Haensel
3811:Allan R. Sandage
3782:Herbert C. Brown
3764:Herbert Friedman
3690:Leon M. Lederman
3662:Julian Schwinger
3641:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3599:Alexandre Chorin
3573:Richard A. Tapia
3554:David B. Mumford
3382:Alberto Calderón
3327:Joseph B. Keller
3314:Michael Freedman
3283:Herman Goldstine
3137:H. Marston Morse
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3039:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3023:Robert S. Langer
3015:Jan D. Achenbach
2848:Herbert E. Grier
2599:Igor I. Sikorsky
2560:Othmar H. Ammann
2521:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2476:Jerrold Meinwald
2245:Norman Hackerman
2224:Glenn T. Seaborg
2139:William O. Baker
2067:F. Albert Cotton
2035:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2001:Mary-Claire King
1894:Bert W. O'Malley
1850:Thomas E. Starzl
1845:Phillip A. Sharp
1832:Charles Yanofsky
1814:Evelyn M. Witkin
1809:James E. Darnell
1635:Paul C. Zamecnik
1600:Mary Ellen Avery
1572:Herbert W. Boyer
1567:Baruj Benacerraf
1538:Joshua Lederberg
1528:Viktor Hamburger
1490:Michael S. Brown
1336:Robert H. Burris
1091:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1027:Mortimer Mishkin
952:William K. Estes
936:Roger N. Shepard
928:Robert K. Merton
912:George A. Miller
859:Herbert A. Simon
827:
826:
816:
815:
798:
791:
784:
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774:
763:
751:
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738:
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638:
627:
621:
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603:
602:
590:
584:
583:
581:
580:
574:history.nasa.gov
565:
559:
556:
519:inductee (1998).
380:, and in 1973 a
269:operated by the
181:
178:October 13, 2009
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92:
51:
27:
19:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4581:Aerodynamicists
4531:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4504:Sean C. Solomon
4466:
4418:Daniel Kleppner
4410:Lonnie Thompson
4405:Ralph A. Alpher
4371:W. Jason Morgan
4358:Charles Keeling
4348:Marvin L. Cohen
4315:
4298:John N. Bahcall
4293:Don L. Anderson
4259:Peter Goldreich
4212:Steven Weinberg
4164:
4094:Walter Elsasser
4071:Herman Feshbach
3985:
3923:Samuel Goudsmit
3915:Chien-Shiung Wu
3854:Frederick Seitz
3821:John A. Wheeler
3806:Robert H. Dicke
3791:
3654:Luis W. Alvarez
3635:
3616:
3604:David Blackwell
3558:
3509:Carl R. de Boor
3480:Karen Uhlenbeck
3460:
3414:Louis Nirenberg
3349:
3322:Ralph E. Gomory
3260:
3256:Donald E. Knuth
3243:Hassler Whitney
3181:
3105:
3086:
3051:
2983:Andreas Acrivos
2960:
2948:Eli Ruckenstein
2927:Hermann A. Haus
2898:Calvin F. Quate
2885:Luna B. Leopold
2852:
2743:
2729:Robert N. Noyce
2719:Emmett N. Leith
2678:Manson Benedict
2660:Rudolf Kompfner
2624:
2578:Warren K. Lewis
2515:
2496:
2430:
2392:Peter B. Dervan
2363:John I. Brauman
2322:
2274:Norman Davidson
2201:John D. Roberts
2176:
2144:Konrad E. Bloch
2090:Richard N. Zare
2052:
2029:
2010:
1967:Sallie Chisholm
1949:Rudolf Jaenisch
1929:
1912:J. Craig Venter
1871:Rita R. Colwell
1738:
1724:David Baltimore
1615:Robert W. Kates
1587:David G. Nathan
1582:Edward B. Lewis
1552:
1548:Harland G. Wood
1543:Roger W. Sperry
1398:Glenn W. Burton
1370:
1346:Arthur Kornberg
1313:Roger Guillemin
1290:Hallowell Davis
1254:Daniel I. Arnon
1246:Albert B. Sabin
1226:
1199:Detlev W. Bronk
1171:Harry F. Harlow
1166:Kenneth S. Cole
1153:William C. Rose
1125:Francis P. Rous
1085:
1066:
1031:
1011:Gordon H. Bower
972:
968:Robert M. Solow
884:
880:Milton Friedman
844:
821:
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754:
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562:
557:
553:
548:
463:
447:quantum physics
442:
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261:in 1943 with a
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4452:Yakir Aharonov
4449:
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4428:
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4415:
4412:
4407:
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4386:
4381:
4378:
4373:
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4366:Richard Garwin
4363:
4360:
4355:
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4342:
4337:
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4330:Willis E. Lamb
4327:
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4096:
4091:
4089:Philip Abelson
4086:
4083:
4081:Chen-Ning Yang
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4048:Bruno B. Rossi
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Yoichiro Nambu
4002:
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3816:John C. Slater
3813:
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3803:
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3501:James G. Glimm
3498:
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3493:Elias M. Stein
3490:
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3432:
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3301:Antoni Zygmund
3298:
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3288:Isadore Singer
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3280:
3277:
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3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3251:Joseph L. Doob
3248:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3230:George Dantzig
3227:
3222:
3220:John W. Backus
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3196:Richard Brauer
3193:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3177:William Feller
3174:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3124:Norbert Wiener
3121:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
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3082:Thomas Kailath
3079:
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2809:
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2763:Donald L. Katz
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2734:Earl R. Parker
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2568:Hugh L. Dryden
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2460:
2455:
2452:
2450:Peter J. Stang
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2426:Marye Anne Fox
2423:
2418:
2415:
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2379:Tobin J. Marks
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2308:Stuart A. Rice
2305:
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2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2240:Donald J. Cram
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2211:
2209:Ronald Breslow
2206:
2203:
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2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
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2149:Elias J. Corey
2146:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2108:Carl S. Marvel
2105:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Roald Hoffmann
2077:
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2069:
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2050:
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2041:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Stanley Falkow
1993:
1990:
1988:Rakesh K. Jain
1985:
1982:
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1972:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
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1806:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Gene E. Likens
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:George F. Bass
1773:
1768:
1765:
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1758:Peter H. Raven
1755:
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1682:Alexander Rich
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1656:Daniel Nathans
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1640:
1637:
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1630:Folke K. Skoog
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1622:
1620:Salvador Luria
1617:
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1610:Elvin A. Kabat
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1523:Katherine Esau
1520:
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1510:Eric R. Kandel
1507:
1502:
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1479:
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1454:Joan A. Steitz
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1426:Berta Scharrer
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1393:Seymour Benzer
1390:
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1385:Philip Handler
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1267:Britton Chance
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1062:Albert Bandura
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944:Paul Samuelson
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904:Patrick Suppes
901:
899:Leonid Hurwicz
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721:
699:Peter Garrison
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692:External links
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467:Collier Trophy
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424:Wingtip device
422:Main article:
419:
416:
373:Antony Jameson
348:Main article:
345:
342:
330:Collier Trophy
326:Convair YF-102
322:speed of sound
302:Main article:
299:
296:
282:
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252:Norton company
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2098:Harry B. Gray
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1158:Sewall Wright
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1046:Anne Treisman
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1003:Kenneth Arrow
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867:Anne Anastasi
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701:(June 2002).
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99:February 2013
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4486:Sandra Faber
4481:Sidney Drell
4311:Leo Kadanoff
4306:James Cronin
4254:Hans Dehmelt
4189:Robert Pound
4155:Robert Sharp
3971:John Sinfelt
3938:Verner Suomi
3905:Lewis Sarett
3769:Lars Onsager
3713:Henry Eyring
3680:John Bardeen
3422:Richard Karp
3390:Allen Newell
3169:Jerzy Neyman
2794:Tung-Yen Lin
2771:Bill Hewlett
2701:Morris Cohen
2651:
2295:John W. Cahn
2196:Karl Folkers
1957:Lucy Shapiro
1907:Elaine Fuchs
1786:Ann Graybiel
1716:Janet Rowley
1698:James Watson
1690:Ruth Patrick
1533:Philip Leder
1403:Mildred Cohn
1351:Severo Ochoa
1328:E. O. Wilson
746:
733:. Retrieved
729:
713:. Retrieved
706:
677:. Retrieved
664:
648:
643:
635:www.nasa.gov
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
588:
577:. Retrieved
573:
563:
554:
443:
427:
403:
401:
390:
361:
353:
334:
310:World War II
307:
256:
237:
228:aerodynamics
219:
218:
180:(2009-10-13)
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4571:2009 deaths
4566:1921 births
4551:NASA people
4439:Berni Alder
4246:Frank Press
4127:Walter Kohn
4104:George Pake
4038:Walter Munk
3961:Herman Mark
3943:Henry Taube
3731:Jesse Beams
3685:Peter Debye
3667:Harold Urey
3591:Barry Mazur
3153:John Milnor
3047:Amnon Yariv
2991:Leo Beranek
2817:Ernst Weber
2670:Abel Wolman
2261:Thomas Cech
2191:Elkan Blout
2131:Max Tishler
2048:Roger Adams
2006:Simon Levin
1472:Harry Eagle
1295:Paul Gyorgy
987:Gary Becker
715:15 December
679:14 February
357:wind tunnel
244:World War I
4535:Categories
4233:Vera Rubin
3872:Paul Flory
3533:Hyman Bass
3406:John Cocke
3309:Raoul Bott
3212:Kurt Gödel
3204:John Tukey
3161:Paul Cohen
2776:George Low
2739:Simon Ramo
1962:Leroy Hood
1763:Carl Woese
1711:Bruce Ames
1222:Ernst Mayr
579:2019-04-27
546:References
440:Later life
210:Occupation
160:1921-02-21
139:area-ruled
69:newspapers
4228:Val Fitch
3296:Peter Lax
3066:Shu Chien
2313:John Ross
2028:Chemistry
1416:Paul Berg
808:laureates
525:from the
457:in 2009.
332:in 1954.
314:area rule
304:Area rule
298:Area rule
291:area rule
234:Biography
199:Institute
4207:Ed Stone
1204:Jay Lush
529:. (2000)
418:Winglets
397:stalling
144:used by
503:Member
469:of the
434:gliders
395:before
83:scholar
735:22 May
655:
541:(2012)
535:(2003)
513:(1979)
507:(1976)
485:(1956)
473:(1954)
412:shocks
308:After
281:Career
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4471:2010s
4320:2000s
4169:1990s
3990:1980s
3796:1970s
3644:1960s
3563:2010s
3465:2000s
3354:1990s
3265:1980s
3186:1970s
3114:1960s
3056:2010s
2965:2000s
2857:1990s
2748:1980s
2629:1970s
2524:1960s
2435:2010s
2327:2000s
2181:1990s
2057:1980s
2038:1960s
1934:2010s
1743:2000s
1557:1990s
1375:1980s
1231:1970s
1094:1960s
1036:2010s
977:2000s
889:1990s
849:1980s
830:1960s
90:JSTOR
76:books
4508:2014
4495:2012
4477:2011
4448:2009
4435:2008
4422:2007
4414:2006
4401:2005
4393:2004
4380:2003
4362:2002
4344:2001
4326:2000
4302:1999
4289:1998
4271:1997
4263:1996
4250:1995
4237:1994
4224:1993
4216:1992
4198:1991
4175:1990
4141:1989
4113:1988
4085:1987
4057:1986
4019:1983
3996:1982
3952:1979
3919:1976
3891:1975
3863:1974
3830:1973
3802:1970
3778:1969
3755:1968
3727:1967
3699:1966
3676:1965
3658:1964
3650:1963
3608:2013
3595:2012
3582:2011
3569:2010
3550:2009
3537:2007
3529:2006
3521:2005
3513:2004
3505:2003
3497:2002
3484:2001
3471:2000
3447:1999
3439:1998
3431:1997
3418:1996
3410:1995
3402:1994
3394:1993
3386:1992
3378:1991
3360:1990
3331:1989
3318:1988
3305:1987
3292:1986
3279:1983
3271:1982
3247:1979
3234:1976
3216:1975
3208:1974
3200:1973
3192:1970
3173:1969
3165:1968
3157:1967
3149:1966
3141:1965
3128:1964
3120:1963
3078:2012
3070:2011
3062:2010
3043:2009
3035:2008
3027:2007
3019:2006
3011:2005
3003:2004
2995:2003
2987:2002
2979:2001
2971:2000
2952:1999
2944:1998
2931:1996
2923:1995
2915:1994
2907:1993
2894:1992
2876:1991
2863:1990
2839:1989
2821:1988
2803:1987
2785:1986
2767:1983
2754:1982
2715:1979
2697:1976
2674:1975
2656:1974
2643:1973
2635:1970
2616:1969
2603:1968
2590:1967
2582:1966
2564:1965
2551:1964
2538:1963
2530:1962
2488:2014
2480:2013
2467:2012
2454:2011
2441:2010
2417:2009
2404:2008
2396:2007
2383:2006
2375:2005
2367:2004
2359:2002
2346:2001
2333:2000
2304:1999
2291:1998
2278:1997
2270:1996
2257:1995
2249:1994
2236:1993
2228:1992
2205:1991
2187:1990
2153:1989
2135:1988
2117:1987
2094:1986
2076:1983
2063:1982
2044:1964
1992:2014
1984:2013
1971:2012
1953:2011
1940:2010
1916:2009
1898:2008
1885:2007
1867:2006
1854:2005
1836:2004
1818:2003
1805:2002
1767:2001
1749:2000
1720:1999
1707:1998
1694:1997
1686:1996
1678:1995
1665:1994
1652:1993
1639:1992
1596:1991
1563:1990
1519:1989
1486:1988
1458:1987
1430:1986
1407:1983
1389:1982
1381:1981
1332:1979
1309:1976
1286:1975
1263:1974
1250:1973
1237:1970
1213:1969
1185:1968
1162:1967
1139:1966
1121:1965
1108:1964
1100:1963
1058:2015
1050:2014
1042:2011
1023:2009
1015:2008
1007:2005
999:2004
991:2003
983:2000
964:1999
956:1998
948:1997
940:1996
932:1995
924:1994
916:1992
908:1991
895:1990
876:1988
863:1987
855:1986
836:1964
737:2010
717:2014
681:2011
653:ISBN
477:USAF
430:drag
408:Mach
318:drag
275:NASA
175:Died
154:Born
146:NASA
62:news
367:at
337:SST
45:by
4537::
758:.
728:.
705:.
672:.
633:.
597:.
572:.
436:.
277:.
263:BS
254:.
230:.
203:BS
797:e
790:t
783:v
739:.
719:.
683:.
659:.
637:.
601:.
582:.
293:.
205:)
201:(
162:)
158:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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