601:. Pick and Microdata sued each other for the right to market the database, the final judgment being that they both had the right. In addition to the Reality Sequoia and Pegasus series of computers, Microdata and CMC Ltd. sold the Sequel (Sequoia) series which was a much larger class able to handle over 1000 simultaneous users. The earlier Reality minicomputers were known to handle well over 200 simultaneous users, although performance was slow and it was above the official limit. Pegasus systems superseded Sequoia and could handle even more simultaneous users than its predecessors. The modern version of this original Pick implementation is owned and distributed by Northgate Information Solutions Reality.
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executed the monitor functions and the co-processor executed the Pick assembler instruction set. The efficiencies of this approach resulted in a 2Ă— performance improvement. The co-processor concept was used again to create a 5Ă—, 7Ă—, and dual-7Ă— versions for
Honeywell Level 6 systems. Dual ported memory with private busses to the co-processors were used to increase performance of the LSI11 and Level 6 systems.
518:
467:
682:. This was the first one to incorporate the ability to emulate other implementations of the system, such as Microdata's Reality Operating System, and Prime INFORMATION. Originally running on Unix, it was later also made available for Windows. It now is owned by Rocket Software. (The systems developed by Prime Computer and VMark are now owned by Rocket Software and referred to as "U2".)
730:, England. Written by former Microdata engineers, jBASE emulates all implementations of the system to some degree. jBASE compiles applications to native machine code form, rather than to an intermediate byte code. In 2015, cloud solutions provider Zumasys in Irvine, California, acquired the jBASE distribution rights from Mpower1 as well as the intellectual property from
389:". Dick Pick founded Pick & Associates, later renamed Pick Systems, then Raining Data, then (as of 2011) TigerLogic, and finally Rocket Software. He licensed "Pick" to a large variety of manufacturers and vendors who have produced different "flavors" of Pick. The database flavors sold by TigerLogic were D3, mvBase, and mv Enterprise. Those previously sold by
660:(ADDS) – First developed in 1981. This was the first implementation to be done in software only, so upgrades were accomplished by a tape load, rather than a new chip. The "Mentor" line was initially based on the Zilog Z-8000 chipset and this port set off a flurry of other software implementations across a wide array of processors with a large emphasis on the
347:-style language called ENGLISH allowed database retrieval and reporting, but not updates (although later, the ENGLISH command "REFORMAT" allowed updates on a batch basis). ENGLISH did not fully allow manipulating the 3-dimensional multivalued structure of data records. Nor did it directly provide common
407:
Pick
Systems often became tangled in licensing litigation, and devoted relatively little effort to marketing and improving its software. Subsequent ports of Pick to other platforms generally offered the same tools and capabilities for many years, usually with relatively minor improvements and simply
711:
Sequoia – Another software implementation, existing from 1984. Sequoia was most well known for its fault-tolerant multi-processor model, which could be dialed into with the user's permission and his switching terminal zero to remote with the key on the system consol. He could watch what was done by
613:
Ultimate took this concept further with the DEC LSI/11 family of products by implementing a co-processor in hardware (bit-slice, firmware driven). Instead of a single processor with a WCS microcode enhanced instruction set, this configuration used two independent but cooperating CPUs. The LSI11 CPU
604:
Ultimate – The second implementation of the Pick database was developed in about 1978 by an
American company called The Ultimate Corp, run by Ted Sabarese. Like the earlier Microdata port, this was a firmware implementation, with the Pick instruction set in firmware and the monitor in assembly code
609:
machine. The system had dual personalities in that the monitor/kernel functions (mostly hardware I/O and scheduling) were executed by the native
Honeywell Level 6 instruction set. When the monitor "select next user" for activation control was passed to the Honeywell WCS (writable control store) to
788:
such as Unix, Linux, or
Windows servers, with the data stored within the file system of the host operating system. Previous Unix or Windows versions had to run in a separate partition, which made interfacing with other applications difficult. The D3 releases opened the possibility of integrating
258:
model with linear probing. This structure comprises variable-length records, fields, and sub-fields, with unique naming conventions that reflect its multivalued database characteristics. Records are identified by unique keys that facilitate direct access to their storage locations.
367:
for file-system records was provided, but the editor was only suitable for system maintenance, and could not lock records, so most applications were written with the other tools such as Batch, RPL, or the BASIC language so as to ensure data validation and allow
789:
internet access to the database or interfacing to popular word processing and spreadsheet applications, which has been successfully demonstrated by a number of users. The D3 family of databases and related tools is owned and distributed by Rocket
Software.
625:. Ultimate also had versions of the Ultimate Operating System running on IBM 370 series systems (under VM and native) and also the 9370 series computers. Ultimate was renamed Allerion, Inc., before liquidation of its assets. Most assets were acquired by
712:
the support person who had dialed on his terminal 0, a printer with a keyboard. Pegasus came out in 1987. The
Enterprise Systems business unit (which was the unit that sold Pick), was sold to General Automation in 1996/1997.
327:
The first
Microdata implementation, called the Reality, came only with a procedural language (PROC), and a query language (ENGLISH). In 1975, Ken Simms of Pick Systems created an implementation of Dartmouth
1440:
692:
PI/open – Prime
Computer rewrote Prime INFORMATION in C for the Unix-based systems it was selling, calling it PI+. It was then ported to other Unix systems offered by other hardware vendors and renamed
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execute Pick assembler code (implemented in microcode) for the selected process. When the user's time slice expired control was passed back to the kernel running the native Level 6 instruction set.
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in 1984 stated that "Pick is simple and powerful, and it seems to be efficient and reliable, too ... because it works well as a multiuser system, it's probably the most cost-effective way to use an
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for the IOP and a 7X board. Ultimate enjoyed moderate success during the 1980s, and even included an implementation running as a layer on top of DEC VAX systems, the 750, 780, 785, and later the
251:
programming capabilities. Its database utilizes a hash-file system, enabling efficient data storage and retrieval by organizing data into dynamic associative arrays managed by associative files.
793:
Through the implementations above, and others, Pick-like systems became available as database, programming, and emulation environments running under many variants of Unix and
Microsoft Windows.
262:
Initially constrained by the era's technological limitations, the Pick system's capacity has expanded over time, removing earlier record-size limits and introducing dynamic file allocation and
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The Pick database was licensed to roughly three dozen licensees between 1978 and 1984. Application-compatible implementations evolved into derivatives and also inspired similar systems.
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Fujitsu Microsystems of America – Another software implementation, existing in the late 1980s. Fujitsu Microsystems of America was acquired by Alpha Microsystems on October 28, 1989.
1611:
273:, treating all data as character strings, which places the onus of data integrity on the applications developed for the system. This flexibility allows Pick to store data in
593:. The first commercial release was in 1973. Microdata acquired CMC Ltd. in the early 80s and were based in Hemel Hempstead, England. The Microdata implementations ran in
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909:
1902:
Database Management Approach to Operating Systems Development, by Richard A. Pick Chapter 5 of New Directions for Database Systems, Gad Ariav, James Clifford editors
71:
1933:
247:
The Pick Operating System is an integrated computing platform with a database, query and procedural operation languages, peripheral and multi-user management, and
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1580:
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1430:
1431:"Rocket Software Acquires Database and Tools Products of Zumasys, Inc.; Companies Partner to Drive Modernization of MultiValue Applications | Rocket Software"
401:
purchased IBM's U2 family of products in 2010 and Tiger Logic's D3 and mvBase family of products in 2014. In 2021, Rocket acquired OpenQM and jBASE as well.
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and database operations, and it was called Data/BASIC. At or near the same time, SMI of Chicago, created an extended procedural language and called it RPL.
281:
operations by containing all related data within single records. This approach can optimize storage and retrieval efficiency for specific kinds of datasets.
737:
UniVision – UniVision was a Pick-style database designed as a replacement for the Mentor version, but with extended features, released in 1992 by EDP in
1829:
876:
629:, and consisted of mostly maintaining extant hardware. Bull had its own problems and in approximately 1994 the US maintenance operation was sold to
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1228:
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412:). Licensees often developed proprietary variations and enhancements; for example, Microdata created an input processor called ScreenPro.
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301:, whose government contract for the Cheyenne Helicopter project required developing a database. It was supposed to be used by the
254:
Data within the Pick system is organized into a hierarchical structure of accounts, dictionaries, files, and sub-files based on a
2224:
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1919:
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439:
1296:
1060:
901:
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1710:; Michel Lallement, Jeanne-Françoise Beltzer; Aulnay-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis; Relais Informatique International, 1987.
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database product available both as a fully supported non-open source commercial product and in open source form under the
536:
528:
2219:
723:. Advanced Revelation is now owned by Revelation Technologies, which publishes a GUI-enabled version called OpenInsight.
359:
redefinitions for a field allowed joins via the execution of a calculated lookup in another file. The system included a
1887:
1992 Video of Dick and Zion Pick, who appeared in the Ross Perot campaign rally - includes entire unedited Perot speech
781:. Using ONware, MultiValue applications can be integrated with relational, object, and object-relational applications.
1994:
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2014:
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50-series systems. It was then sold to Prime Computer and renamed Prime INFORMATION. It was subsequently sold to
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317:
734:. On 14 Oct 2021, Zumasys announced they had sold their databases and tools, including jBASE to Rocket Software.
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had facilities to interact with other Windows applications. It is also owned and distributed by Rocket Software.
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1989:
1901:
597:, so each upgrade had to be accompanied by a new configuration chip. Microdata itself was eventually bought by
220:
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Revelation – In 1984, Cosmos released a Pick-style database called Revelation, later Advanced Revelation, for
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Reality – The first implementation of the Pick database was on a Microdata platform using firmware and called
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2009:
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Prime INFORMATION – Devcom, a Microdata reseller, wrote a Pick-style database system called INFORMATION in
17:
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1974:
1852:: introduction to and online training course in Universe developed by Pick software engineer Manny Neira.
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1984 PC Magazine article "Choosing the Pick of the Litter", by Jonathan E. Sisk and Steve VanArsdale
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2004:
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650:. This was the first of the guest operating environment implementations. INFO/BASIC, a variant of
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1969:
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ONware – ONware equips MultiValue applications with the ability to use common databases such as
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2119:
2054:
1697:; Bruno Beninca; Aulnay-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis; Relais Informatique International, 1990.
1019:"Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System (GIRLS) User Requirements Specification"
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D3 – Pick Systems ported the Pick Operating System to run as a database product utilizing host
488:
150:
1896:
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1119:
409:
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224:
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135:
1892:
An insightful early history of the Pick System, by Chandru Murthi, who was there at the time
1751:; Jonathan E Sisk;Blue Ridge Summit, PA : TAB Professional and Reference Books, 1987.
778:
162:
55:
1600:; Ian Jeffrey Sandler; Blue Ridge Summit, PA; TAB Professional and Reference Books; 1989.
8:
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1845:
Photo of Dick Pick in his anti-gravity boots on the cover of Computer Systems News, 1983.
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205:
187:
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231:, the system and its various implementations eventually spread to a large assortment of
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832:
Ramming, D; Bourdon, Roger J. (1989). "The pick operating system – a Practical Guide".
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340:
236:
1616:; Harvey Rodstein; Blue Ridge Summit, PA; TAB Professional and Reference Books; 1990.
1585:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Desk reference ed; Hasbrouck Heights, N.J.; Hayden Book Co. 1985.
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which employ this multivalued database and have some implementation of Pick/BASIC and
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1551:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Steve VanArsdale; Hasbrouck Heights, N.J.; Hayden Book Co. 1985.
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By the early 1980s observers saw the Pick Operating System as a strong competitor to
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131:
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1945:
1723:; Roger J Bourdon; Wokingham, England; Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1987.
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Altos – A software implementation on an 8086 chipset platform launched around 1983.
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95:
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1048:. 1986/09. Project Management Group, McDonnell Douglas Informations Systems Group.
316:(and its British distributor CMC) as the Reality Operating System now supplied by
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1656:; Joseph St John Bate; Mike Wyatt; New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.
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1979:
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1991 Pick Rap Show at COMDEX, co-written by Jonathan Sisk and John Treankler
1046:
Project Management Bulletin 1986/09 – "The Reality Operating System Revealed
1942:
759:
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228:
215:
The term "Pick system" has also come to be used as the general name of all
195:
1826:; Charles M. Somerville; Computer Language Magazine, May 1987, p. 34.
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jBASE – jBASE was released in 1991 by a small company of the same name in
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1785:
1770:
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1741:
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1702:
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1682:; Patrick Roussel, Pierre Redoin, Michel Martin; Paris: CEdi Test, 1988.
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1648:
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1621:
1605:
1590:
1556:
1353:"Sequoia Systems Reports Results for Second Quarter 1997 – Business Wire"
702:
General Automation "Zebra" – Another software implementation in the 1980s
626:
364:
755:. OpenQM is available from its exclusive worldwide distributor, Zumasys.
1984:
1708:
Le systeme PICK : mode d'emploi d'un nouveau standard informatique
954:
767:
748:
352:
278:
255:
39:
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renamed (for example, Data/BASIC became Pick/BASIC and ENGLISH became
404:
Dick Pick died at age 56 due to stroke complications in October 1994.
1849:
738:
686:
671:
481:
302:
270:
1907:
Doing More With Less Hardware, Computer History Museum piece on Pick
1765:; Linda Mui; Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly & Associates, 1990.
2044:
1061:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
622:
594:
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298:
198:
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WICAT/Pick – Another software implementation existing in the 1980s
2114:
2109:
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2039:
1528:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; JES & Associates, Inc.; 1981
1375:"Zumasys Acquires jBASE Database From Temenos Software | Zumasys"
639:
360:
1877:
1990 Interview with Jonathan Sisk in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
1669:; Malcolm Bull; London; New York : Chapman and Hall, 1987.
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2144:
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1999:
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1613:
Pick for Professionals : Advanced Methods and Techniques
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329:
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1872:
1990 Interview with Dick Pick in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
1867:
1987 Interview with Dick Pick in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
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1788:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1759:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1694:
Advanced PICK et UNIX : la nouvelle norme informatique
1624:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1608:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1148:"Computer Wiz Tries Harder to Get Users to Pick His System"
932:"PICK Operating System – brings Mainframe Power to your PC"
811:
675:
381:
376:
1777:
Programming with IBM PC Basic and the Pick database system
1462:
27:
Business data processing operating system released in 1965
1734:
Le Système d'éxploitation : réalités et perspectives
1401:"Zumasys Acquires jBASE Database From Temenos Software -"
716:
390:
344:
113:
339:
PROC, the procedure language was provided for executing
312:
Pick was subsequently commercially released in 1973 by
1250:"Alpha Micro Previews Apix Concurrent Pick+Unix V.4".
699:
Pyramid – Another software implementation in the 1980s
212:. It is named after one of its developers, Dick Pick.
1493:"Caché for Unstructured Data Analysis | InterSystems"
989:"Jonathan E. Sisk's Pick/BASIC: A Programmer's Guide"
332:
for the Reality, with numerous syntax extensions for
1321:
Fault-tolerant distributed computing – Google Boeken
955:"General Overview of Classic Pick – a short history"
1630:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; Pick Systems; 1992
1219:"Alpha Micro Says It Will Purchase Fujitsu Company"
674:, was created by VMark Software and operated under
1941:
1721:The Pick operating system : a practical guide
1543:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; Pick Systems; 1982
415:
266:indexing to enhance data management capabilities.
1085:
291:Generalized Information Retrieval Language System
2186:
1780:; Blue Ridge Summit, PA : TAB Books, 1990.
1548:Exploring The Pick Operating System, 2nd Edition
1079:
1190:"Pick Operating System Makes Converts of Users"
766:database, announced support for a broad set of
670:– Another implementation of the system, called
227:queries. Although Pick started on a variety of
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
831:
397:" umbrella are known as UniData and UniVerse.
1927:
1736:; Bernard de Coux; Paris : Afnor, 1988.
1317:
1058:
1318:Simons, Barbara; Spector, Alfred Z. (1990).
1052:
895:
893:
269:The Pick database operates without explicit
1858:: "History of the PICK System" made in 1990
1145:
972:
814:, a new Database-Oriented Operating System
454:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1934:
1920:
1804:
1282:
1115:"Software Developer Dick Pick Died at 56"
890:
869:"Software Developer Dick Pick Dies at 56"
573:Learn how and when to remove this message
555:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:
902:"Richard A "Dick" Pick (d. 19 Oct 1994)"
866:
825:
685:UniData – Very similar to UniVerse, but
2210:Proprietary database management systems
1160:from the original on September 28, 2017
1146:Lazzareschi, Carla (November 3, 1985).
1043:
297:in 1965 by Don Nelson and Dick Pick at
289:Pick was originally implemented as the
14:
2187:
1834:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Pick Systems, 1993
1748:Pick BASIC : A Programmer's Guide
1561:
1299:from the original on November 13, 2022
1271:ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
1231:from the original on November 13, 2022
1139:
1016:
912:from the original on 27 September 2017
208:. Pick is used primarily for business
1990:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
1915:
1824:Pick: A Multilingual Operating System
1805:Taylor, Martin; Rees, Stuart (1995).
1643:; Malcolm Bull; Paris: Masson, 1989.
1566:. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1411:from the original on February 6, 2015
1216:
1127:from the original on October 12, 2018
654:, was used for database applications.
599:McDonnell Douglas Information Systems
1443:from the original on October 1, 2022
1264:
1187:
1113:Woodyard, Chris (October 19, 1994).
1017:Nelson, Donald B. (March 19, 1965).
949:
947:
945:
511:
460:
419:
1763:Pick BASIC : a reference guide
1503:from the original on April 13, 2021
1473:from the original on April 16, 2021
899:
24:
1582:The Pick Pocket Guide, 5th Edition
1540:The PICK Pocket Guide, 5th edition
1381:from the original on March 2, 2021
1025:from the original on March 5, 2016
527:tone or style may not reflect the
74:), 1973 (Reality Operating System)
25:
2246:
1838:
1217:Olmos, David (October 28, 1989).
942:
770:extensions, Caché for MultiValue.
435:This article has multiple issues.
2168:
2167:
1850:Life the Universe and Everything
642:and assembler in 1979 to run on
537:guide to writing better articles
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465:
424:
2005:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
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1311:
1258:
1243:
1210:
1188:Gill, Philip (March 24, 1986).
1181:
1172:
1106:
1086:Rochkind, Marc J. (Fall 1985).
1044:Elleray, Dick (July 16, 1986).
999:from the original on 2023-03-04
961:from the original on 2018-08-08
879:from the original on 2023-03-15
443:or discuss these issues on the
416:Derivative and related products
318:Northgate Information Solutions
2225:Time-sharing operating systems
1641:Le Système d'exploitation PICK
1059:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
1037:
1010:
924:
867:Woodyard, Chris (1994-10-19).
860:
480:format but may read better as
13:
1:
2215:Proprietary operating systems
1957:Time-sharing system evolution
818:
938:. July 27, 1987. p. 80.
658:Applied Digital Data Systems
355:. This was because powerful
305:to control the inventory of
7:
1975:Berkeley Timesharing System
1088:"Pick, Coherent, and THEOS"
796:
617:Another version used a DEC
242:
10:
2251:
2220:Assembly language software
1862:Pick Publications Database
1792:An overview of PICK system
1277:(3). Portal.acm.org: 232.
1178:"Pick's lack of marketing"
846:10.1109/JPROC.1989.1203777
324:bought Microdata in 1981.
284:
235:, personal computers, and
2163:
1965:
1952:
1831:Encyclopedia Pick (EPICK)
1667:The Pick operating system
1654:The Pick operating system
1628:Encyclopedia PICK (EPICK)
156:
142:
124:
101:
89:
78:
66:
54:
38:
1526:The REALITY Pocket Guide
1497:InterSystems Corporation
1252:Computer Business Review
334:smart terminal interface
277:, avoiding the need for
1970:BBN Time-Sharing System
1794:;Shailesh Kamat; 1993.
1562:Taylor, Martin (1985).
1265:Mark, Peter B. (1985).
906:www.countyhistorian.com
834:Proceedings of the IEEE
489:converting this section
1267:"The Sequoia computer"
753:General Public License
217:operating environments
2230:X86 operating systems
1284:10.1145/327070.327218
1224:The Los Angeles Times
1153:The Los Angeles Times
1120:The Los Angeles Times
805:, the predecessor of
351:capabilities such as
314:Microdata Corporation
275:non-first-normal-form
172:Pick Operating System
136:operating environment
34:Pick operating system
1597:The Pick Perspective
174:, also known as the
1407:. January 5, 2015.
1377:. January 5, 2015.
307:Cheyenne helicopter
237:mainframe computers
206:MultiValue database
35:
648:VMark Software Inc
491:, if appropriate.
33:
2182:
2181:
1946:operating systems
1254:. March 11, 1990.
873:Los Angeles Times
786:operating systems
680:Microsoft Windows
607:Honeywell Level 6
583:
582:
575:
565:
564:
557:
531:used on Knowledge
529:encyclopedic tone
510:
509:
458:
322:McDonnell Douglas
168:
167:
61:Assembly language
16:(Redirected from
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2235:68k architecture
2171:
2170:
2070:ORVYL and WYLBUR
1936:
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1807:Unix and Unidata
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1505:. Retrieved
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1475:. Retrieved
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1447:November 11,
1445:. Retrieved
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1413:. Retrieved
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1303:November 13,
1301:. Retrieved
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1233:. Retrieved
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1202:November 13,
1200:. Retrieved
1198:. p. 93
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1164:November 13,
1162:. Retrieved
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1129:. Retrieved
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916:27 September
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760:InterSystems
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196:time-sharing
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91:Available in
18:Richard Pick
1415:February 6,
1359:January 21,
1337:January 21,
1071:January 30,
1029:February 6,
993:jonsisk.com
747:– The only
627:Groupe Bull
393:under the "
365:text editor
363:. A simple
176:Pick System
163:Proprietary
2189:Categories
1985:CDC Kronos
1003:2023-03-04
965:2017-09-27
883:2023-06-17
840:(2): 363.
819:References
779:SQL Server
768:MultiValue
749:MultiValue
741:, England.
545:April 2020
501:April 2020
440:improve it
349:relational
271:data types
256:hash-table
188:multi-user
178:or simply
151:Text-based
132:Monolithic
56:Written in
44:Don Nelson
1534:216178915
1098:March 19,
936:InfoWorld
739:Sheffield
446:talk page
303:U.S. Army
102:Platforms
82:Business
46:Dick Pick
40:Developer
2174:Category
2045:MUSIC/SP
1800:29287280
1786:19723037
1771:22147353
1757:16355134
1742:20078135
1729:13945808
1716:20877971
1703:23242884
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1636:28725247
1622:20452708
1606:18521562
1591:18872552
1557:12967951
1507:April 5,
1501:Archived
1477:April 5,
1471:Archived
1441:Archived
1409:Archived
1385:April 5,
1379:Archived
1297:Archived
1293:16954105
1229:Archived
1158:Archived
1125:Archived
1023:Archived
997:Archived
959:Archived
957:. 1995.
910:Archived
877:Archived
797:See also
693:PI/open.
672:UniVerse
668:UniVerse
623:MicroVAX
595:firmware
243:Overview
199:computer
2115:TOPS-20
2110:TOPS-10
2065:OpenVMS
2040:Multics
854:9328922
719:on the
687:UniData
640:FORTRAN
591:Reality
361:spooler
341:scripts
309:parts.
285:History
221:ENGLISH
182:, is a
158:License
144:Default
106:Solaris
96:English
2172:
2150:VPS/VM
2145:VP/CSS
2090:RSTS/E
2075:OS4000
2060:NOS/VE
2000:CP/CMS
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1467:OpenQM
1463:"Home"
1328:
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852:
775:Oracle
745:OpenQM
721:IBM PC
619:LSI-11
476:is in
410:ACCESS
264:B-tree
225:Access
126:Kernel
70:1965 (
2155:WAITS
2125:TSS/8
2095:TENEX
2050:NLTSS
2030:MCTSS
1856:Video
1289:S2CID
850:S2CID
807:Caché
803:MUMPS
764:Caché
605:on a
482:prose
353:joins
330:BASIC
249:BASIC
110:Linux
72:GIRLS
2130:Unix
2105:TSOS
2080:Pick
2025:LTSS
2015:EMAS
2010:DTSS
1811:ISBN
1796:OCLC
1782:OCLC
1767:OCLC
1753:OCLC
1738:OCLC
1725:OCLC
1712:OCLC
1699:OCLC
1684:OCLC
1671:OCLC
1658:OCLC
1645:OCLC
1632:OCLC
1618:OCLC
1602:OCLC
1587:OCLC
1568:ISBN
1553:OCLC
1530:OCLC
1509:2021
1479:2021
1449:2022
1417:2015
1387:2021
1361:2012
1339:2012
1326:ISBN
1305:2022
1237:2022
1204:2022
1166:2022
1133:2022
1100:2016
1092:BYTE
1073:2015
1065:BYTE
1031:2015
918:2017
812:DBOS
777:and
678:and
676:Unix
631:Wang
478:list
382:BYTE
377:Unix
343:. A
279:join
180:Pick
170:The
128:type
2135:UTS
2120:TSS
2100:TSO
2085:RAX
2055:NOS
2035:MTS
2020:ITS
1995:COS
1279:doi
842:doi
717:DOS
391:IBM
345:SQL
299:TRW
114:AIX
49:TRW
2191::
2140:VM
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552:(
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543:(
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503:)
499:(
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456:)
452:(
223:/
20:)
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