779:, this central theme of the king's two bodies unfolds in three main scenes: the scenes at the Coast of Wales, at Flint Castle, and at Westminster. At the coast of Wales, Richard has just returned from a trip to Ireland and kisses the soil of England, demonstrating his kingly attachment to his kingdom. This image of kingship gradually fades as Bolingbroke's rebellion continues. Richard starts to forget his kingly nature as his mind becomes occupied by the rebellion. This change is portrayed in the scene at Flint Castle during which the unity of the two bodies disintegrates and the king starts to use more poetic and symbolic language. Richard's body politic has been shaken as his followers have joined Bolingbroke's army, diminishing Richard's military capacity. He has been forced to give up his jewels, losing his kingly appearance. He loses his temper at Bolingbroke, but then regains his composure as he starts to remember his divine side. At Flint Castle, Richard is determined to hang onto his kingship even though the title no longer fits his appearance. However, at Westminster the image of the divine kingship is supported by the Bishop of Carlisle rather than Richard, who at this point is becoming mentally unstable as his authority slips away. Biblical references are used to liken the humbled king to the humbled Christ. The names of Judas and Pilate are used to further extend this comparison. Before Richard is sent to his death, he "un-kings" himself by giving away his crown, sceptre, and the balm that is used to anoint a king to the throne. The mirror scene is the final end to the dual personality. After examining his plain physical appearance, Richard shatters the mirror on the ground and thus relinquishes his past and present as king. Stripped of his former glory, Richard finally releases his body politic and retires to his body natural and his own inner thoughts and griefs. Critic
815:, Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray and ulteriorly attacks the government of King Richard. He keeps Northumberland by his side as a tool to control certain constituents. From the minute Bolingbroke comes into power, he destroys the faithful supporters of Richard such as Bushy, Green and the Earl of Wiltshire. Also, Bolingbroke is highly concerned with the maintenance of legality to the kingdom, an important principle of Machiavellian philosophy, and therefore makes Richard surrender his crown and physical accessories to erase any doubt as to the real heir to the throne. Yet, Irving Ribner still notes a few incidents where Bolingbroke does not follow true Machiavellian philosophy, such as his failure to destroy Aumerle, but such incidents are minuscule compared with the bigger events of the play. Even Bolingbroke's last statement follows Machiavellian philosophy as he alludes to making a voyage to the Holy Land, since Machiavellian philosophy states rulers must appear pious. Therefore, this particular play can be viewed as a turning point in the history of England as the throne is taken over by a more commanding king in comparison to King Richard II.
328:
367:
22:
382:
John of Gaunt's grieving face. Mowbray is banished permanently. The king's decision can be seen as the first mistake in a series leading eventually to his overthrow and death, since the error highlights many of his character flaws, including indecisiveness (in terms of whether to allow the duel to go ahead), abruptness (Richard waits until the last possible moment to cancel the duel), and arbitrariness (there is no apparent reason
Bolingbroke should be allowed to return and Mowbray not). In addition, the decision fails to dispel the suspicions surrounding Richard's involvement in the death of the Duke of Gloucester—in fact, by handling the situation so high-handedly and offering no coherent explanation for his reasoning, Richard only manages to appear more guilty. Mowbray correctly predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke.
406:. Aumerle and others plan a rebellion against the new king, but York discovers his son's treachery and reveals it to Henry. The King executes every conspirator except Aumerle, who is spared after the Duchess of York intervenes on his behalf. After interpreting King Henry's "living fear" as a reference to the still-living Richard, an ambitious nobleman, Exton, goes to the prison and murders him. King Henry is appalled by the murder and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richard's death. In his final lines, Henry completes the tragic structure of the play by mourning over Richard's coffin and affording the deposed king forgiveness.
415:
490:
2669:
3315:
2167:
3325:
731:, "I am Richard II, know ye not that?" In the same historical report the Queen is said to have complained that the play was performed forty times in "open streets and houses" but there is no extant evidence to corroborate this tale. At any rate, the Chamberlain's Men do not appear to have suffered for their association with the Essex group; but they were commanded to perform it for the Queen on
772:, from the exile of Bolingbroke to the deposition of King Richard II. The body natural is a mortal body, subject to all the weaknesses of mortal human beings. On the other hand, the body politic is a spiritual body which cannot be affected by mortal infirmities such as disease and old age. These two bodies form one indivisible unit, with the body politic superior to the body natural.
557:
because it has an ulterior political purpose. Shakespearean tragedy's normal structure is modified to portray a central political theme: the rise of
Bolingbroke to the throne and the conflict between Richard and Bolingbroke over the kingship. In Acts IV and V, Shakespeare includes incidents irrelevant to Richard's fate that are resolved in the future plays of the
573:
guided by God. Therefore, in his eyes, he is not subject to human frailty and may exert total control over his subjects. Elliott argues that mistaken notion of his role as king is what ultimately leads to
Richard's failure, adding that Bolingbroke's ability to relate and speak with those of the middle and lower classes allows him to take the throne.
394:), cousin of both Richard and Bolingbroke. When Richard leaves England to attend to the war in Ireland, Bolingbroke seizes the opportunity to assemble an army and invades the north coast of England. Executing both Bushy and Green, Bolingbroke wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence.
659:
699:, and when Essex was arrested for rebellion in February 1601 Hayward had already been imprisoned, to strengthen the case against the earl for "incitement to the deposing of the Queen". That Hayward had made his dedication was fortunate for Shakespeare; otherwise he too might have lost his liberty over the affair.
543:, and that the Folio version may better reflect Shakespeare's original intentions. But there is no external evidence for this hypothesis, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a "lately acted" deposition scene (although, again, this could be due to earlier censorship that was later relaxed).
480:
have usually called it by that name. This play treats the events leading up to the start of
Shakespeare's play (though the two texts do not have identical characters). This closeness, along with the manuscript's anonymity, have led certain scholars to attribute all or part of the play to Shakespeare,
572:
tend to fall more in line with the medieval view of the throne. Bolingbroke, on the other hand, represents a more modern view of the throne, arguing that not only bloodline but also intellect and political savvy contribute to the makings of a good king. Richard believes that as king he is chosen and
584:
follows this pattern. A long line of mistakes, mostly on the part of
Richard himself, lead to his incarceration and murder. But when his body is presented to Henry IV, the now-king declares, "although I did wish him dead, I hate the murderer, love the murderèd." This line affords Richard absolution
531:
exists in a number of variations. The quartos vary to some degree, and the folio presents further differences. The first three quartos (printed in 1597 and 1598, commonly assumed to have been prepared from
Shakespeare's holograph) lack the deposition scene. The fourth, published in 1608, includes a
556:
The play is divided into five acts and its structure is as formal as its language. It has a double complementary plot describing
Richard II's fall and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this play can be distinguished from the other history plays
381:
The tournament scene is very formal, with a long, ceremonial introduction, but as the combatants are about to fight, Richard interrupts and sentences both men to banishment from
England. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years' banishment, but Richard reduces this to six years upon seeing
810:
during a time of political chaos in Italy, and writes down a formula by which a leader can lead the country out of turmoil and return it to prosperity. Bolingbroke seems to be a leader coming into power at a time
England is in turmoil, and follows closely the formula stated by Machiavelli. At the
385:
After an impassioned invective against the visiting king from his sick-bed, John of Gaunt dies and
Richard seizes all his land and money. This angers the nobility, who accuse Richard of wasting England's money, of taking Gaunt's money (belonging by rights to his son, Bolingbroke) to fund war in
649:
is more eloquent than that of the earlier history plays, and serves to set the tone and themes of the play. Shakespeare uses lengthy verses, metaphors, similes and soliloquies to reflect Richard's character as a man who likes to analyse situations rather than act upon them. He always speaks in
386:
Ireland, of taxing the commoners, and of fining the nobles for crimes their ancestors committed. They then help Bolingbroke return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard. There remain, however, subjects loyal to the king. Among them are Bushy, Bagot, and Green, as well as the
783:
notes that Richard's double nature as man and martyr is the dilemma that runs through the play eventually leading to Richard's death. Richard acts the part of a royal martyr, and due to the spilling of his blood, England continually undergoes civil war for the next two generations.
2170:
678:
may not have been intended as political comment on the contemporary situation, with the weak Richard II analogous to Queen Elizabeth and an implicit argument in favour of her replacement by a monarch capable of creating a stable dynasty, but lawyers investigating
887:, with a foreign setting; he attempted to blunt his criticism of the Stuart court by highlighting Richard's noble qualities and downplaying his weaknesses. Neither expedient prevented the play from being "silenc'd on the third day," as Tate wrote in his preface.
726:
Elizabeth was aware of the political ramifications of the story of Richard II: according to a well-known but dubious anecdote, in August 1601 she was reviewing historical documents relating to the reign of Richard II when she supposedly remarked to her archivist
702:
Shakespeare's play appears to have played a minor role in the events surrounding the final downfall of Essex. On 7 February 1601, just before the uprising, supporters of the Earl of Essex, among them Charles and Joscelyn Percy (younger brothers of the
650:
tropes, using analogies such as the sun as a symbol of his kingly status. Richard places great emphasis on symbols that govern his behaviour. His crown serves as a symbol of his royal power and is of more concern to him than his actual kingly duties.
359:, 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, believes Richard himself was responsible for his brother's murder. After several attempts to calm both men, Richard acquiesces and it is determined that the matter be resolved in the established method of
536:, in the First Folio. The scant evidence makes explaining these differences largely conjectural. Traditionally, it has been supposed that the quartos lack the deposition scene because of censorship, by either the playhouse or the
21:
618:. There are also great differences in the characters' use of language. Traditionally, Shakespeare uses prose to distinguish social classes: the upper classes generally speak in poetry while the lower classes speak in prose. In
1611:
723:"above the ordinary" (i.e., above their usual rate) to stage this play, which the players felt was too old and "out of use" to attract a large audience. Eleven of Essex's supporters attended the Saturday performance.
695:, joking that "there is nothing like a hypothetical manuscript to resolve an awkwardness of chronology", as Hayward noted he had written the work several years before its publication. Hayward dedicated his version to
3578:
342:
The play spans only the last two years of Richard's life, from 1398 to 1400. It begins with King Richard sitting majestically on his throne in full state, having been requested to arbitrate a dispute between
397:
Upon Richard's return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to the throne. After a dramatic, public ceremony where he has the captive king publicly renounce his crown, he crowns himself
521:. The second and third quartos followed in 1598—the only time a Shakespeare play was printed in three editions in two years. Q4 followed in 1608 and Q5 in 1615. The play was next published in the
3519:
642:). The play contains a number of memorable metaphors, including the extended comparison of England with a garden in Act III, Scene iv and of its reigning king to a lion or to the sun in Act IV.
914:, who first played the role at the Old Vic in 1934 and then created a sensation in his 1937 Broadway performance, revived it in New York in 1940 and then immortalised it on television for the
1879:
1603:
966:
of the play, shown as part of "The Shakespeare Plays" (a several years-long project to put all of Shakespeare's plays on tape). This version, still available on DVD, starred
962:: nearly fifty years later this was still a standard by which performances were being judged. One of the most accessible versions was the 1978 television production by the
1762:
1798:
327:
792:
The play ends with the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne, marking the start of a new era in England. According to historical research, an English translation of
910:
in 1929, returning to the character in 1937 and 1953 in what ultimately was considered as the definitive performance of the role. Another legendary Richard was
3938:
1780:
506:
2969:
1082:
3943:
204:
3953:
3452:
366:
3928:
1870:
3592:
3533:
3072:
3125:
2211:
580:
is a tragedy. Most of Shakespeare's tragedies follow a similar arc: a series of catastrophes lead to a death, which resolves in forgiveness.
1106:
1662:
165:
802:
might have existed as early as 1585, influencing the reigns of the kings of England. Critic Irving Ribner notes that a manifestation of
674:, at a time when the queen's advanced age made succession an important political concern. The historical parallels in the succession of
2690:
2627:
2622:
269:
3948:
3027:
922:, who played it at the Old Vic in 1952, was considered the definitive Richard of more modern times. In the 1968–1970 seasons of the
1828:
3645:
351:, who has accused Mowbray of squandering money Richard gave him for the king's soldiers and of murdering Bolingbroke's uncle, the
3303:
2981:
704:
352:
209:
188:
3958:
3754:
3460:
3143:
3042:
344:
236:
134:
3138:
2570:
1584:
1350:
231:
93:
1754:
2639:
1629:
151:
3216:
2719:
2578:
1794:
824:
391:
253:
122:
1842:
3923:
1871:"The Tragedy of King Richard the Second, Almeida, review: a Simon Russell Beale masterclass, but an irksome production"
839:
696:
226:
3361:
3328:
3082:
3052:
2204:
2111:
2087:
1378:
1116:
3702:
3120:
3115:
3047:
199:
1776:
1739:
626:
language in his speeches, whereas Bolingbroke, also of the noble class, uses a more plain and direct language. In
3800:
3095:
3090:
3010:
1006:
3062:
2834:
2649:
2609:
1688:
3933:
3482:
2963:
1248:
Richmond, Hugh M. (March 1975). "Personal Identity and Literary Personae: A Study in Historical Psychology".
59:(ruled 1377–1399), it chronicles his downfall and the machinations of his nobles. It is the first part of a
3661:
3586:
3527:
3476:
3318:
3185:
3001:
2654:
2302:
2246:
2197:
1022:
1001:
at the Globe Theatre in 2003. An often overlooked production, the lead actor handles the character in, as
26:
The Entry of Richard and Bolingbroke into London (from William Shakespeare's 'Richard II', Act V, Scene 2)
3436:
2991:
2952:
2939:
2813:
2345:
803:
1714:
3835:
3812:
3667:
3159:
2877:
2705:
2644:
2604:
2295:
2274:
2181:
854:
472:
335:
247:
3793:
3178:
3173:
3130:
3006:
2804:
2093:
2005:(Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1963; revised edition, 1988; 2nd revised edition 1999)
1432:
1059:
1047:
959:
876:
712:
414:
883:
was suppressed for its perceived political implications. Tate attempted to mask his version, called
3037:
2986:
2976:
2957:
2944:
2684:
2316:
2140:
923:
827:
enjoyed "K. Richard" at Sir Edward Hoby's house in Canon Row, and it might have been Shakespeare's
756:
680:
128:
2760:
2324:
1475:, Arden Shakspeare Third Series, ed. by Charles R. Forker (Bloomsbury, 2009), 1–169, pp. 114–115.
892:
306:
3190:
2917:
2855:
2775:
2698:
2309:
2288:
2228:
1998:
1652:
1017:
955:
671:
455:
appears also to have been consulted, and scholars have also supposed Shakespeare familiar with
374:
1005:
noted, perhaps the most vulnerable way ever seen. The play returned to the Globe in 2015 with
906:
exploded onto the world's theatrical consciousness, through his performance as Richard at the
831:, although some suspected that it was a different play, a painting, or a historical document.
711:
on the eve of their armed rebellion. By this agreement, reported at the trial of Essex by the
3882:
3855:
3771:
3354:
3282:
3196:
3165:
3067:
2730:
2461:
2371:
2352:
2033:
1965:
915:
911:
569:
193:
111:
56:
48:
1552:, Arden Shakspeare Third Series, ed. by Charles R. Forker (Bloomsbury, 2009), 1–169, p. 121.
691:, made this connection. Samuel Schoenbaum contests that Hayward had written his work before
3707:
3675:
3600:
3541:
3105:
2892:
2870:
2450:
2401:
2380:
2360:
2260:
2237:
1604:"Paul Scofield: Oscar-winning actor whose phenomenal range was unmatched in his generation"
1488:, Arden Shakspeare Third Series, ed. by Charles R. Forker (Bloomsbury, 2009), 1–169, p. 10.
1321:
2nd ed. (London: Amaranth press, 1985), Richard II, Act V, scene VI, lines 39-40 (pg. 399).
537:
264:
1995:(The Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; 2nd edition 2003)
8:
3913:
3732:
3653:
3621:
3370:
3339:
3276:
3258:
3057:
2899:
2863:
2796:
2753:
2712:
2281:
2220:
1820:
1070:
1039:
includes a sub-plot featuring an amateur dramatics society performing the last scenes of
872:
399:
348:
178:
52:
765:
3890:
3847:
3737:
3637:
3570:
3511:
3468:
3270:
3228:
3110:
2848:
2746:
2551:
1981:
1960:
1531:
1523:
1414:
1297:
1230:
939:
751:
716:
533:
462:
A somewhat more complicated case is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as
443:
311:
144:
1058:
special worldwide movie event. Tennant reprised the role for his U.S. stage debut, at
481:
though many critics view it as a secondary influence on Shakespeare, not as his work.
3240:
2558:
2477:
2159:
2123:
2107:
2083:
1950:(The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1939; 2nd edition, 1951)
1580:
1535:
1515:
1374:
1366:
1346:
1112:
896:
761:
663:
639:
477:
434:
403:
3918:
3874:
3766:
3402:
3395:
3347:
3264:
3252:
3246:
2841:
2768:
2668:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2504:
2497:
2470:
2443:
2429:
1507:
1441:
1289:
1222:
987:
983:
935:
728:
607:
603:
598:
518:
182:
161:
75:
69:
3749:
3629:
3562:
3503:
3444:
3020:
2632:
2520:
2436:
2145:
1943:
1710:
1066:
1035:
907:
780:
387:
360:
140:
29:
1625:
284:(post held in 1399 by Duke of Surrey, though this is not recognised in the play)
3776:
3717:
3697:
3409:
2513:
2253:
1055:
991:
947:
888:
732:
635:
593:
467:
81:
1033:
No film version for cinema release has ever been made; however, the 1949 film
970:
as Richard, with John Gielgud making an appearance as John of Gaunt. In 1997,
849:
It is said that on 30 September 1607, the crew of Capt. William Keeling acted
3907:
3722:
3288:
3234:
2996:
2338:
2022:
1912:
1846:
1519:
1445:
1338:
1051:
951:
919:
835:
708:
658:
540:
489:
456:
356:
116:
1498:
Kliman, Bernice W. (2011). "At Sea about Hamlet at Sea: A Detective Story".
568:
The literary critic Hugh M. Richmond notes that Richard's beliefs about the
3712:
3222:
2924:
2588:
1657:
998:
979:
967:
931:
927:
903:
862:
532:
version of the scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a
281:
259:
155:
2029:(The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1969; revised edition 1997)
1511:
150:
Duchess of York – York's wife (an unnamed composite of York's first wife,
3015:
2827:
2583:
2331:
1027:
975:
793:
764:
describes medieval kings as containing two bodies: a body natural, and a
631:
522:
510:
502:
448:
89:
1735:
1527:
3742:
3100:
2387:
1418:
971:
880:
838:
on 7 Feb. 1601. This was the performance paid for by supporters of the
798:
241:
2189:
1926:(The Pelican Shakespeare; London, Penguin, 1957; revised edition 1970)
1575:
Shakespeare, William (2011). Dawson, Anthony B; Yachnin, Paul (eds.).
1301:
1277:
1234:
3761:
3032:
2884:
2820:
2408:
2267:
2071:
Bullough, Geoffrey. "Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare".
954:
alternated the roles of Richard and Bolingbroke in a production from
834:
Another commissioned performance of a different type occurred at the
514:
419:
60:
55:
believed to have been written around 1595. Based on the life of King
2154:
2047:(Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 1996)
1984:; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.)
1684:
902:
The play had limited popularity in the early twentieth century, but
505:, on 9 December 1595. The play was entered into the Register of the
466:. This play, which exists in one incomplete manuscript copy (at the
3727:
2176:
1430:
Ribner, Irving (1 June 1948). "Bolingbroke, A True Machiavellian".
1293:
1226:
720:
623:
3375:
2789:
2782:
2614:
2422:
2415:
1013:
64:
1957:(The New Penguin Shakespeare 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2008)
1020:
together with other plays in the Henriad under the series title
974:
played the role as a man. More recently, the play was staged by
139:
Queen – Richard's wife (an unnamed composite of his first wife,
2394:
1933:(The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)
1184:
Richard II, John Dover Wilson, Cambridge University Press, 1951
943:
453:
The Union of the Two Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York
291:
2057:
Barroll, Leeds. "A New History for Shakespeare and His Time."
687:, a book previously believed to have taken from Shakespeare's
1940:(The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London, Penguin, 2000)
1755:"Shakespeare's Richard II: which actor wears the crown best?"
1398:
The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology
768:. The theme of the king's two bodies is pertinent throughout
615:
585:
and cements this play's place among Shakespeare's tragedies.
2073:
Early English History Plays: Henry VI Richard III Richard II
1209:
Elliott, John R. Jr. (Spring 1968). "History and Tragedy in
891:
staged a successful and less troubled adaptation in 1719 at
363:
between Bolingbroke and Mowbray, despite Gaunt's objections.
596:, one of only four of his plays that are, the others being
441:; the publication of the second edition in 1587 provides a
3369:
2104:
Kings in the North – The House of Percy in British History
670:
The play was performed and published late in the reign of
92:(1623) includes the play among the histories, the earlier
1821:"David Tennant to play Richard II in RSC's winter season"
963:
2019:(The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1956)
2012:(The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1912)
1153:
1141:
2064:
Bergeron, David. "The Deposition Scene in Richard II."
2040:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd edn., 2005)
1986:
The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare
685:
The First Part of the Life and Raigne of King Henrie IV
1400:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957, 24–31.
67:, followed by three plays about Richard's successors:
1548:
Charles Forker, "Introduction", William Shakespeare,
1484:
Charles Forker, "Introduction", William Shakespeare,
1471:
Charles Forker, "Introduction", William Shakespeare,
930:
made a breakthrough performance as Richard, opposite
868:
The play was performed at the Globe on 12 June 1631.
1054:
in the lead role in 2013. It has been released as a
634:(unrhymed pentameters), there are long stretches of
1977:. The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series. London: Arden.
1742:
from the original on 7 March 2011 – via IMDb.
1579:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–89.
787:
2097:William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems
2080:Richard II: Literature Revision Notes and Examples
1869:
865:, but the authenticity of this record is doubted.
1462:. New York: Garland Publishing Inc, 1984, 95–103.
1171:Shapiro, I. A. "Richard II or Richard III or..."
147:, who was still a child at the time of his death)
3905:
2075:, volume III, Routledge: London, New York, 1960.
1969:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd edn., 1997)
895:; Shakespeare's original version was revived at
978:in modern costume at the Old Vic in 2005, with
622:, there is no prose, but Richard uses flowery,
2036:; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.)
1919:(The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2010)
1392:
1390:
938:, toured Britain and Europe, featuring in the
871:The play retained its political charge in the
806:may be seen in Bolingbroke. Machiavelli wrote
576:Although it is largely historically accurate,
501:was a private one, in Canon Row, the house of
439:Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande
433:, as for most of his chronicle histories, was
3355:
2205:
2118:Unconformities in Shakespeare's History Plays
371:Richard II Resigning the Crown to Bolingbroke
316:Attendants, lords, soldiers, messengers, etc.
38:The Life and Death of King Richard the Second
3939:Cultural depictions of Richard II of England
2043:Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.)
1929:Dawson, Anthony B. and Yachnin, Paul (eds.)
1359:
1215:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
1199:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, 845.
1069:, Islington, London, produced the play with
934:as Bolingbroke. The production, directed by
3152:
2099:. 2 Volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930.
1574:
1565:Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. 262, 412–413.
1387:
1192:
1190:
735:in 1601, the day before Essex's execution.
3944:Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England
3362:
3348:
2212:
2198:
2038:The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works
1373:. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 101–102.
1365:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1197:The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition.
719:, the conspirators paid the company forty
332:The Landing of Richard II at Milford Haven
1903:
1867:
551:
546:
3954:Biographical plays about English royalty
1409:Thompson, Karl F. "Richard II, Martyr."
1282:Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900
1247:
1187:
743:
657:
488:
413:
402:, and has Richard taken prisoner in the
365:
326:
20:
3929:Cultural depictions of English monarchs
2219:
1868:Cavendish, Dominic (19 December 2018).
1752:
1709:
1650:
1614:from the original on 25 September 2015.
1324:
1275:
1208:
166:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester
98:The Tragedie of King Richard the second
3906:
1972:
1924:The Tragedy of King Richard the Second
1783:from the original on 7 September 2015.
1497:
1429:
1159:
1147:
1104:
818:
185:, son of John of Gaunt, later Henry IV
63:, referred to by some scholars as the
3453:The Life and Death of King Richard II
3343:
2964:Complete Works of William Shakespeare
2193:
2120:, St. Martin's Press: New York, 1993.
1831:from the original on 24 January 2013.
1765:from the original on 2 February 2017.
1371:Richard II and the realities of Power
1345:. London: Penguin. pp. 256–286.
662:Coronation portrait of Richard II at
653:
497:The earliest recorded performance of
2129:, Chatto & Windus: London, 1944.
2051:
1882:from the original on 12 January 2022
1685:"Richard II archive of Ian McKellen"
1665:from the original on 3 February 2014
1337:
997:Additionally the role was played by
738:
509:on 29 August 1597 by the bookseller
3324:
1632:from the original on 10 August 2014
1278:"History and Tragedy in Richard II"
493:The title page from the 1608 quarto
16:History play by William Shakespeare
13:
3139:Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien
1777:"Richard II / Shakespeare's Globe"
1651:Coveney, Michael (26 April 2016).
1563:A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964,
1105:Forker, Charles (1 January 1998).
697:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
14:
3970:
2133:
2106:. Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd, 2002,
1801:from the original on 18 June 2012
707:), paid for a performance at the
429:Shakespeare's primary source for
349:Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV
3949:British plays adapted into films
3323:
3314:
3313:
2667:
2165:
1973:Forker, Charles R., ed. (2002).
1753:Gardner, Lyn (24 January 2013).
1691:from the original on 2 June 2016
788:The rise of a Machiavellian king
484:
117:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
3801:The Famous Victories of Henry V
2078:Huke, Ivan and Perkins, Derek.
1898:
1861:
1835:
1813:
1787:
1769:
1746:
1728:
1703:
1677:
1644:
1618:
1596:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1423:
1403:
1308:
1269:
1260:
135:Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
3144:Works titled after Shakespeare
2082:. Celtic Revision Aids. 1981.
1795:"The Hollow Crown: Richard II"
1241:
1202:
1178:
1165:
1132:
1098:
1083:List of screen adaptations of
1:
3959:Plays set in the 14th century
3304:Shakespeare and other authors
1591:Geilgud made the part his own
1316:The complete works of William
1091:
103:
3186:Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
2186:– Modern version of the play
1915:and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.),
1413:8.2 (Spring 1957), 159–166.
750:In his analysis of medieval
517:later that year, printed by
464:The First Part of Richard II
7:
2992:English Renaissance theatre
2835:The Second Maiden's Tragedy
2814:The Merry Devil of Edmonton
2346:The Two Gentlemen of Verona
2175:public domain audiobook at
2127:Shakespeare's History Plays
1460:Richard II: Critical Essays
1076:
775:Many critics agree that in
588:Unusually for Shakespeare,
459:'s poem on the civil wars.
322:
10:
3975:
3836:The Merry Wives of Windsor
3160:Folger Shakespeare Library
2706:The Phoenix and the Turtle
2296:The Merry Wives of Windsor
1626:"Prospect Theatre Company"
1073:in the lead role in 2019.
982:in the title role, and by
855:British East India Company
409:
3924:English Renaissance plays
3866:
3827:
3785:
3690:
3611:
3579:Henry the Fourth, Part II
3552:
3493:
3426:
3419:
3383:
3298:
3209:
3179:Royal Shakespeare Theatre
3174:Royal Shakespeare Company
3081:
2938:
2909:
2738:
2729:
2676:
2665:
2597:
2569:
2460:
2370:
2303:A Midsummer Night's Dream
2247:All's Well That Ends Well
2236:
2227:
1966:The Riverside Shakespeare
1653:"Toby Robertson obituary"
1610:. London. 21 March 2008.
1433:Modern Language Quarterly
1276:Elliott, John Rn (1968).
1048:Royal Shakespeare Company
960:Royal Shakespeare Theatre
513:; he published the first
96:edition of 1597 calls it
2317:Pericles, Prince of Tyre
1936:Dolan, Frances E. (ed.)
1922:Black, Matthew W. (ed.)
1446:10.1215/00267929-9-2-177
924:Prospect Theatre Company
823:On 9 December 1595, Sir
804:Machiavellian philosophy
355:. Bolingbroke's father,
3520:Henry the Fouth, Part I
3461:King Richard the Second
2325:The Taming of the Shrew
2183:King Richard the Second
1843:"Summer of Shakespeare"
1396:Kantorowicz, H. Ernst.
1108:Forker page 507 note 24
1050:produced the play with
875:: a 1680 adaptation at
592:is written entirely in
3794:Holinshed's Chronicles
3007:Lord Chamberlain's Men
2918:The Passionate Pilgrim
2691:comparison to Petrarch
2310:Much Ado About Nothing
2289:The Merchant of Venice
2008:Powell, Ivor B. (ed.)
1988:(London: Norton, 1997)
1953:Edmondson, Paul (ed.)
1721:. London. p. R6.
1628:. Ian McKellen Stage.
705:Earl of Northumberland
672:Elizabeth I of England
667:
614:. It thus contains no
552:Structure and language
547:Analysis and criticism
494:
426:
378:
347:and Richard's cousin,
339:
256:– favourite of Richard
250:– favourite of Richard
244:– favourite of Richard
196:– Northumberland's son
189:Earl of Northumberland
33:
3197:Shakespeare Institute
3166:Shakespeare Quarterly
2685:Shakespeare's sonnets
2353:The Two Noble Kinsmen
2059:Shakespeare Quarterly
1512:10.1353/shq.2011.0025
1500:Shakespeare Quarterly
1411:Shakespeare Quarterly
1314:William Shakespeare,
1173:Shakespeare Quarterly
918:in 1954. In England,
916:Hallmark Hall of Fame
757:The King’s Two Bodies
745:The King's Two Bodies
661:
570:divine right of kings
492:
476:, and scholars since
417:
369:
330:
194:Henry 'Hotspur' Percy
162:Duchess of Gloucester
57:Richard II of England
24:
3934:Plays set in England
3053:Spelling of his name
2893:Vortigern and Rowena
2871:Thomas Lord Cromwell
2451:Troilus and Cressida
2381:Antony and Cleopatra
2275:Love's Labour's Lost
2261:The Comedy of Errors
1797:. BBC Media Centre.
893:Lincoln's Inn Fields
885:The Sicilian Usurper
842:planned revolt (see
630:, besides the usual
538:Master of the Revels
418:The 1587 edition of
265:Abbot of Westminster
3813:Thomas of Woodstock
3371:William Shakespeare
3277:Richard Shakespeare
3259:Gilbert Shakespeare
3191:Shakespeare's Globe
3096:Authorship question
3091:Attribution studies
3058:Stratford-upon-Avon
2900:A Yorkshire Tragedy
2878:Thomas of Woodstock
2864:The Spanish Tragedy
2805:Love's Labour's Won
2797:The London Prodigal
2754:The Birth of Merlin
2713:The Rape of Lucrece
2699:A Lover's Complaint
2579:Quarto publications
2282:Measure for Measure
2221:William Shakespeare
2061:39 (1988), 441–444.
1991:Gurr, Andrew (ed.)
1982:Greenblatt, Stephen
1961:Evans, G. Blakemore
1876:The Daily Telegraph
1827:. 23 January 2013.
1713:(28 October 2022).
1458:Newlin, T. Jeanne.
1162:, pp. 112–114.
1150:, pp. 136–138.
1071:Simon Russell Beale
1009:in the title role.
994:in the title role.
819:Performance history
683:'s historical work
473:Thomas of Woodstock
305:Keeper – jailer at
168:, uncle to the king
152:Isabella of Castile
53:William Shakespeare
3891:Suite from Henry V
3883:At the Boar's Head
3856:Falstaff's Wedding
3848:Sir John Oldcastle
3638:Chimes at Midnight
3571:Chimes at Midnight
3512:Chimes at Midnight
3469:Richard the Second
3271:Edmund Shakespeare
3229:Hamnet Shakespeare
3126:Screen adaptations
2849:Sir John Oldcastle
2747:Arden of Faversham
2124:Tillyard, E. M. W.
2066:Renaissance Papers
1944:Dover Wilson, John
1738:. 1 January 2000.
1367:Schoenbaum, Samuel
946:in 1970. In 1974,
940:Edinburgh Festival
844:Historical Context
752:political theology
717:Augustine Phillips
668:
654:Historical context
507:Stationers Company
495:
444:terminus post quem
427:
379:
353:Duke of Gloucester
340:
270:Sir Stephen Scroop
260:Bishop of Carlisle
154:, and his second,
145:Isabella of Valois
143:, and his second,
41:, commonly called
34:
3901:
3900:
3686:
3685:
3337:
3336:
3241:Elizabeth Barnard
3205:
3204:
2934:
2933:
2663:
2662:
2361:The Winter's Tale
2160:Project Gutenberg
2116:Smitd, Kristian.
2102:Rose, Alexander.
2052:Secondary sources
2015:Ure, Peter (ed.)
1715:"Timothy O"Brien"
1586:978-0-19-818642-7
1352:978-0-670-91482-1
1111:. A&C Black.
1062:, in April 2016.
1018:filmed adaptation
762:Ernst Kantorowicz
739:Themes and motifs
713:Chamberlain's Men
664:Westminster Abbey
638:(pairs of rhymed
435:Raphael Holinshed
404:castle of Pomfret
232:Earl of Salisbury
179:Henry Bolingbroke
125:– Richard's uncle
119:– Richard's uncle
3966:
3662:The Hollow Crown
3593:Henry IV, Part 2
3587:The Hollow Crown
3554:Henry IV, Part 2
3534:Henry IV, Part 1
3528:The Hollow Crown
3495:Henry IV, Part 1
3477:The Hollow Crown
3424:
3423:
3403:Henry IV, Part 2
3396:Henry IV, Part 1
3364:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3265:Joan Shakespeare
3247:John Shakespeare
3150:
3149:
3131:Shakespeare and
2842:Sejanus His Fall
2809:
2769:Double Falsehood
2736:
2735:
2720:Venus and Adonis
2671:
2444:Titus Andronicus
2430:Romeo and Juliet
2234:
2233:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2032:Wells, Stanley;
1978:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1845:. Archived from
1839:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1711:Coveney, Michael
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1572:
1566:
1561:F. E. Halliday,
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1427:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1335:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1266:Elliott 253–267.
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1102:
1023:The Hollow Crown
1012:In summer 2012,
990:in 2011–12 with
988:Donmar Warehouse
984:Michael Grandage
936:Richard Cottrell
729:William Lambarde
645:The language of
519:Valentine Simmes
470:), is subtitled
336:William Hamilton
221:Richard's allies
183:Duke of Hereford
76:Henry IV, Part 2
70:Henry IV, Part 1
3974:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3862:
3823:
3781:
3682:
3646:Henry the Fifth
3630:An Age of Kings
3607:
3563:An Age of Kings
3548:
3504:An Age of Kings
3489:
3445:An Age of Kings
3437:King Richard II
3415:
3379:
3368:
3338:
3333:
3294:
3243:(granddaughter)
3201:
3148:
3077:
3043:Religious views
3021:Curtain Theatre
2942:
2930:
2905:
2856:Sir Thomas More
2802:
2776:Edmund Ironside
2725:
2672:
2659:
2633:Ghost character
2593:
2565:
2456:
2437:Timon of Athens
2366:
2223:
2218:
2166:
2152:
2146:Standard Ebooks
2136:
2094:Chambers, E. K.
2054:
2017:King Richard II
2010:King Richard II
1993:King Richard II
1975:King Richard II
1909:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1849:on 22 July 2014
1841:
1840:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1723:still unmatched
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1608:The Independent
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1343:Soul of the Age
1336:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1242:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:Gurr (1990: 55)
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1079:
1067:Almeida Theatre
1036:Train of Events
1030:as Richard II.
1007:Charles Edwards
942:in 1969 and on
908:Old Vic Theatre
840:Earl of Essex's
821:
790:
781:J. Dover Wilson
748:
741:
656:
636:heroic couplets
554:
549:
487:
412:
388:Duke of Aumerle
361:trial by battle
325:
320:
319:
217:
214:Sir Piers Exton
205:Lord Willoughby
141:Anne of Bohemia
129:Duke of Aumerle
112:King Richard II
106:
30:James Northcote
17:
12:
11:
5:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3777:Robert Shallow
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:Owen Glendower
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Doll Tearsheet
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Ancient Pistol
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Collaborations
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2571:Early editions
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2254:As You Like It
2250:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2163:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:External links
2132:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2091:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2030:
2023:Wells, Stanley
2020:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1951:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:Bate, Jonathan
1908:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1860:
1834:
1812:
1786:
1768:
1745:
1727:
1702:
1676:
1643:
1617:
1595:
1585:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1506:(2): 180–204.
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1440:(2): 177–184.
1422:
1402:
1386:
1379:
1358:
1351:
1339:Bate, Jonathan
1323:
1307:
1294:10.2307/449658
1288:(2): 253–271.
1268:
1259:
1240:
1227:10.2307/449658
1221:(2): 253–271.
1201:
1186:
1177:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1131:
1117:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1075:
1056:Cineplex Odeon
992:Eddie Redmayne
948:Ian Richardson
889:Lewis Theobald
859:The Red Dragon
820:
817:
789:
786:
747:
742:
740:
737:
733:Shrove Tuesday
655:
652:
553:
550:
548:
545:
486:
483:
468:British Museum
447:for the play.
411:
408:
345:Thomas Mowbray
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
309:
307:Pomfret prison
303:
302:Queen's ladies
300:
299:Gardener's man
297:
294:
288:
285:
278:
277:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
245:
239:
234:
229:
227:Duke of Surrey
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
212:
210:Lord Fitzwater
207:
202:
197:
191:
186:
175:
174:
170:
169:
159:
148:
137:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
107:
105:
102:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3971:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:Related music
3865:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:Related plays
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:Owain Glyndŵr
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3289:Thomas Quiney
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:(grandfather)
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:Judith Quiney
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:Anne Hathaway
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Globe Theatre
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Late romances
2608:
2606:
2605:Problem plays
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:Julius Caesar
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:Twelfth Night
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:1-84212-485-4
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:0-17-751304-7
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:Muir, Kenneth
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1380:0-521-83623-9
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1256:(2): 214–217.
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1175:9 (1958): 206
1174:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1120:
1118:9780485810028
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:David Tennant
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Richard Pasco
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Paul Scofield
917:
913:
912:Maurice Evans
909:
905:
900:
898:
897:Covent Garden
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:Globe Theatre
832:
830:
826:
816:
814:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
785:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
746:
736:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Globe Theatre
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
665:
660:
651:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
544:
542:
541:Edmund Tylney
539:
535:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
485:Date and text
482:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:Samuel Daniel
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
425:
421:
416:
407:
405:
401:
400:King Henry IV
395:
393:
389:
383:
376:
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
357:John of Gaunt
354:
350:
346:
338:(c.1793–1800)
337:
333:
329:
315:
313:
310:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
293:
289:
287:Welsh captain
286:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
237:Lord Berkeley
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
219:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
192:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:Although the
86:
84:
83:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3792:
3767:Nell Quickly
3713:Corporal Nym
3674:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3291:(son-in-law)
3285:(son-in-law)
3223:Susanna Hall
3164:
3153:Institutions
3132:
2977:Coat of arms
2970:Translations
2962:
2958:Bibliography
2925:To the Queen
2923:
2916:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2683:
2645:Performances
2589:Second Folio
2557:
2550:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2182:
2171:
2153:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2103:
2096:
2079:
2072:
2068:1974, 31–37.
2065:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2034:Taylor, Gary
2026:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1985:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1904:Editions of
1899:Bibliography
1884:. Retrieved
1875:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1837:
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1789:
1771:
1759:The Guardian
1758:
1748:
1736:"Richard II"
1730:
1722:
1719:The Guardian
1718:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:16 September
1667:. Retrieved
1658:The Guardian
1656:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1620:
1607:
1598:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1370:
1361:
1342:
1319:Shakespeare.
1318:
1315:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1107:
1100:
1084:
1064:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1016:broadcast a
1011:
1003:The Guardian
1002:
999:Mark Rylance
996:
980:Kevin Spacey
968:Derek Jacobi
932:Timothy West
928:Ian McKellen
904:John Gielgud
901:
884:
870:
867:
863:Sierra Leone
858:
850:
848:
843:
833:
828:
825:Robert Cecil
822:
812:
807:
797:
791:
776:
774:
769:
766:body politic
755:
749:
744:
725:
701:
692:
688:
684:
681:John Hayward
675:
669:
646:
644:
627:
624:metaphorical
619:
611:
597:
589:
587:
581:
577:
575:
567:
562:
558:
555:
528:
527:
498:
496:
471:
463:
461:
452:
442:
438:
430:
428:
423:
396:
392:Duke of York
390:(son of the
384:
380:
375:John Gilbert
370:
341:
331:
282:Lord Marshal
156:Joan Holland
131:– York's son
123:Duke of York
97:
87:
80:
74:
68:
49:history play
43:
42:
37:
36:
35:
25:
18:
3329:WikiProject
3016:The Theatre
3002:Handwriting
2828:The Puritan
2619:Characters
2584:First Folio
2552:Richard III
2332:The Tempest
1160:Forker 2002
1148:Forker 2002
1124:12 December
1028:Ben Whishaw
976:Trevor Nunn
956:John Barton
873:Restoration
853:aboard the
794:Machiavelli
666:, mid 1390s
640:pentameters
632:blank verse
565:tetralogy.
534:prompt-book
523:First Folio
511:Andrew Wise
503:Edward Hoby
449:Edward Hall
164:– widow of
90:First Folio
3914:1595 plays
3908:Categories
3772:Richard II
3743:Prince Hal
3708:Charles VI
3691:Characters
3649:(1979; TV)
3633:(1960; TV)
3582:(1979; TV)
3566:(1960; TV)
3537:(2012; TV)
3523:(1979; TV)
3507:(1960; TV)
3486:(2012; TV)
3483:Richard II
3464:(1979; TV)
3456:(1960; TV)
3448:(1960; TV)
3440:(1954; TV)
3428:Richard II
3389:Richard II
3253:Mary Arden
3237:(daughter)
3225:(daughter)
3101:Bardolatry
3011:King's Men
2953:Birthplace
2640:Chronology
2559:Henry VIII
2486:Richard II
2478:Edward III
2388:Coriolanus
2172:Richard II
2155:Richard II
2141:Richard II
2045:Richard II
2027:Richard II
2003:Richard II
1955:Richard II
1948:Richard II
1938:Richard II
1931:Richard II
1917:Richard II
1906:Richard II
1577:Richard II
1550:Richard II
1486:Richard II
1473:Richard II
1211:Richard II
1092:References
1085:Richard II
1041:Richard II
972:Fiona Shaw
881:Nahum Tate
877:Drury Lane
851:Richard II
829:Richard II
813:Richard II
808:The Prince
799:The Prince
777:Richard II
770:Richard II
693:Richard II
689:Richard II
676:Richard II
647:Richard II
628:Richard II
620:Richard II
590:Richard II
582:Richard II
578:Richard II
559:Richard II
529:Richard II
499:Richard II
478:F. S. Boas
431:Richard II
424:Chronicles
104:Characters
44:Richard II
3420:On screen
3283:John Hall
3273:(brother)
3261:(brother)
3193:(replica)
3133:Star Trek
3121:Memorials
3116:Influence
3106:Festivals
3048:Sexuality
3038:Portraits
3033:New Place
2885:Ur-Hamlet
2821:Mucedorus
2731:Apocrypha
2471:King John
2462:Histories
2409:King Lear
2372:Tragedies
2268:Cymbeline
1886:6 January
1536:192187966
1520:0037-3222
899:in 1738.
811:start of
721:shillings
610:parts of
599:King John
525:in 1623.
420:Holinshed
377:(1875-76)
200:Lord Ross
61:tetralogy
3875:Falstaff
3733:Henry IV
3728:Fluellen
3723:Falstaff
3703:Bardolph
3676:The King
3601:The King
3542:The King
3319:Category
3267:(sister)
3255:(mother)
3249:(father)
2761:Cardenio
2650:Settings
2598:See also
2521:Henry VI
2492:Henry IV
2238:Comedies
2177:LibriVox
1880:Archived
1829:Archived
1825:BBC News
1799:Archived
1781:Archived
1763:Archived
1740:Archived
1695:26 April
1689:Archived
1663:Archived
1636:26 April
1630:Archived
1612:Archived
1528:23025627
1369:(2004).
1341:(2008).
1077:See also
846:above).
612:Henry VI
602:and the
323:Synopsis
296:Gardener
3919:Henriad
3786:Sources
3738:Henry V
3668:Henry V
3654:Henry V
3622:Henry V
3613:Henry V
3410:Henry V
3376:Henriad
3111:Gardens
2987:Editors
2790:Locrine
2783:Fair Em
2615:Henriad
2514:Henry V
2423:Othello
2416:Macbeth
1853:19 July
1805:15 June
1419:2866958
1014:BBC Two
986:at the
958:at the
563:Henry V
410:Sources
292:heralds
82:Henry V
65:Henriad
47:, is a
3894:(1963)
3886:(1925)
3878:(1913)
3859:(1760)
3851:(1599)
3679:(2019)
3671:(2012)
3657:(1989)
3641:(1966)
3625:(1944)
3604:(2019)
3596:(2012)
3574:(1966)
3545:(2019)
3515:(1966)
3472:(2001)
3308:† Lost
3219:(wife)
3210:Family
3083:Legacy
2655:Scenes
2395:Hamlet
2110:
2086:
2025:(ed.)
2001:(ed.)
1963:(ed.)
1946:(ed.)
1583:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1417:
1377:
1349:
1302:449658
1300:
1235:449658
1233:
1115:
944:BBC TV
861:, off
715:actor
515:quarto
276:Others
173:Rebels
94:Quarto
79:; and
32:(1793)
3843:1597)
3820:1593)
3808:1585)
3762:Poins
3231:(son)
3073:Grave
3063:Style
3028:Music
2945:works
2910:Poems
2739:Plays
2677:Poems
2229:Plays
1532:S2CID
1524:JSTOR
1415:JSTOR
1298:JSTOR
1231:JSTOR
1026:with
857:ship
616:prose
608:third
604:first
594:verse
312:Groom
254:Green
248:Bagot
242:Bushy
3068:Will
2943:and
2940:Life
2108:ISBN
2084:ISBN
1888:2019
1855:2014
1807:2012
1697:2016
1671:2013
1638:2016
1581:ISBN
1516:ISSN
1375:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1250:PMLA
1126:2013
1113:ISBN
1065:The
1046:The
950:and
606:and
290:Two
3373:'s
2628:L–Z
2623:A–K
2158:at
2144:at
1508:doi
1442:doi
1290:doi
1223:doi
1213:".
1060:BAM
964:BBC
879:by
796:'s
451:'s
437:'s
422:'s
51:by
3910::
3841:c.
3818:c.
3806:c.
3665::
3590::
3531::
3480::
3302:✻
2764:✻†
1878:.
1874:.
1823:.
1779:.
1761:.
1757:.
1717:.
1687:.
1661:.
1655:.
1606:.
1589:.
1530:.
1522:.
1514:.
1504:62
1502:.
1436:.
1389:^
1326:^
1296:.
1284:.
1280:.
1254:90
1252:.
1229:.
1217:.
1189:^
1043:.
926:,
760:,
754:,
373:,
334:,
181:–
100:.
85:.
73:;
28:,
3839:(
3816:(
3804:(
3363:e
3356:t
3349:v
3009:/
2888:†
2859:✻
2808:†
2562:✻
2543:3
2536:2
2531:✻
2528:1
2505:2
2498:1
2481:✻
2356:✻
2320:✻
2213:e
2206:t
2199:v
2090:.
1890:.
1857:.
1809:.
1699:.
1673:.
1640:.
1538:.
1510::
1448:.
1444::
1438:9
1383:.
1355:.
1304:.
1292::
1286:8
1237:.
1225::
1219:8
1128:.
561:–
158:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_James_Northcote_(1746%E2%80%931831)_Royal_Albert_Memorial_Museum.jpg)