56:
849:
31:
1516:
1071:, the Thracian singer, who boasted that he could defeat even the Muses in song. He competed with them, was defeated, and was punished for his presumption with the loss of his ability to sing. Historically, the practice is first evident in Hesiod's claim that he performed a song at the funeral games for Amphidamas in Euboea and won a prize. Competitive singing is depicted vividly in the
1172:
made a law that the poems should be recited "with prompting". Many
Athenian laws were falsely attributed to early lawgivers, but it is at least clear that by the fourth century the Homeric poems were a compulsory part of the Panathenaea, and were to be recited in order. They are too long for a single
1004:
according to the preferred taste of a specific location's audience. However, the outer framework of the epic would remain virtually the same in every "singing", thus securing the projection of underlying themes such as of morality or honour. The performance of epic poetry was called in classical
1052:
in the course of performance. There are indications in Pindar and other authors that oral epic was still a living and popular tradition in the early fifth century BC; all the later evidence, however, is that rhapsodes worked from written texts, and in some cases were compelled by law to do so.
1040:(522–443 BC), who implies two different explanations of it, "singer of stitched verse", and "singer with the staff". Of these the first is etymologically correct; the second was suggested by the fact, for which there is early evidence, that the singer was accustomed to hold a staff (ῥάβδος
1044:) in his hand, perhaps, like the sceptre in the Homeric assembly, as a symbol of the right to a hearing or to "emphasize the rhythm or to give grandeur to their gestures". The etymological meaning is interesting because it is an exact metaphor for what
1134:
still better, since Argos was named in the first line of that poem. The incident seems to show that poems performed by rhapsodes had political and propagandistic importance in the
Peloponnese in the early sixth century BC.
964:, wearing their signature cloak and carrying a staff. This equipment is also characteristic of travellers in general, implying that rhapsodes were itinerant performers, moving from town to town. Rhapsodes originated in
1173:
rhapsode or for a single day's performance. Therefore, they had to be divided into parts, and each rhapsode had to take his assigned part (otherwise they would have chosen favourite or prize passages).
1061:
It is certain that rhapsodes performed competitively, contending for prizes at religious festivals, and that this practice was already well-established by the fifth century BC. The
1164:
adds that the law required the rhapsodists to follow on from one another in order, "as they still do". This recurs in a different form in the much later statement of
1000:, tales and jokes to include in the content of the epic poem. Thus it was possible, through experience and improvisatory skills, for him to shift the content of the
1176:
Complementary evidence on oral performance of poetry in classical Greece comes in the form of references to a family, clan, or professional association of
1541:
1536:
1182:(literally "children of Homer"). These certainly had an existence in the fifth and fourth centuries BC and certainly performed poems attributed to
1255:
1150:. Perhaps therefore such a custom was exceptional, and we do not know when or by whom it was introduced, although the Platonic dialogue
960:
confronts a star player rhapsode, remains the most coherent source of information on these artists. Often, rhapsodes are depicted in
877:
627:
1561:
1546:
1353:
1376:
1157:
1551:
528:
1556:
1472:
228b8. This, however, may be merely part of the historical romance of the
Pisistratids: it is telling that
1190:
seems to count the
Homeridae as rhapsodes; other sources do not specifically confirm this categorisation.
768:
753:
667:
1520:
914:
in the fifth and fourth centuries BC (and perhaps earlier). Rhapsodes notably performed the epics of
38:
17:
1566:
1476:(7.6), who knew about Hipparchus' literary activities, knows nothing about this. The author of the
870:
335:
1128:, in which "Argives" is one of the alternate names for the Greek warriors; it may have suited the
1453:
807:
778:
773:
238:
817:
259:
1152:
1098:
783:
748:
732:
703:
208:
1114:(600–560 BC) expelled the rhapsodes on account of the poems of Homer, because they promoted
1130:
1021:(ἀοιδός "singer") for performers in all genres, including this one. It has been argued by
518:
390:
55:
1249:
1165:
8:
1344:
863:
722:
430:
350:
325:
229:
1147:
798:
727:
712:
622:
482:
412:
407:
375:
365:
330:
203:
1142:, by 330 BC, there was a law that rhapsodes should perform the Homeric poems at every
992:(ῥαψῳδεῖν), meaning "to sew songs ". This word illustrates how the oral epic poet, or
1349:
961:
931:
853:
822:
812:
586:
487:
360:
345:
294:
191:
1302:(1987), "The making of Homer in the 6th century BC: rhapsodes versus Stesichorus",
907:
763:
509:
467:
370:
179:
1082:
837:
794:
538:
395:
385:
119:
63:
1571:
1394:
1299:
1022:
952:
895:
758:
662:
477:
400:
289:
196:
1156:(not really by Plato, but probably of the fourth century BC) attributes it to
1085:
in Cyprus and the festival of the
Cyprian Aphrodite, in the same way that the
1530:
1244:
1115:
1073:
832:
672:
632:
380:
355:
340:
279:
1339:
547:
472:
274:
174:
162:
1481:
1143:
1111:
1045:
1001:
943:
911:
694:
533:
523:
421:
264:
134:
124:
97:
1259:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
1485:
1403:
1286:
Tekstsamling I: litteraturhistorie: Litteraturhistoriske tekstpraksiser
1049:
684:
606:
462:
440:
82:
47:
1473:
1221:
1216:
1178:
1103:
973:
827:
224:
129:
87:
1068:
957:
717:
657:
447:
92:
72:
1449:
1372:
1248:
1119:
1013:. The word does not occur in the early epics, which use the word
939:
926:
689:
566:
452:
435:
316:
284:
269:
254:
112:
30:
27:
Refers to a classical Greek professional performer of epic poetry
1515:
1200:
1187:
1139:
1107:
1037:
1016:
935:
679:
652:
601:
596:
571:
556:
169:
141:
102:
1480:
makes (perhaps wilfully) all the mistakes about the family of
1206:
1183:
1169:
1124:
1090:
1063:
969:
965:
947:
920:
915:
576:
561:
457:
234:
186:
157:
77:
1211:
1146:; this law is appealed to as glory of Athens by the orator
997:
581:
107:
1081:. The latter of these may evidently be taken to belong to
591:
1029:
was by definition a performer of a fixed, written text.
1096:
An early historical mention of rhapsodes occurs in the
1448:
was also recited at the festival of the
Brauronia, at
976:, disciples of Homer, or "singers of stitched lays."
1269:
1528:
1048:do: they stitch together formulas, lines and
871:
1312:Inventing Homer: the early reception of epic
1122:. This description applies very well to the
1542:4th-century BC disestablishments in Greece
1488:notices in a well-known passage (6.54-59).
1406:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966) pp. 43-46.
1304:Papers on the Amasis Painter and his world
878:
864:
1309:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1158:Hipparchus, son of Peisistratos (Athens)
1106:(c. 440 BC). He tells the story that at
29:
1537:5th-century BC establishments in Greece
1314:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1298:
968:, which has been sometimes regarded as
14:
1529:
1306:, Malibu: Getty Museum, pp. 43–62
1274:. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess. p. 7.
996:, would build a repertoire of diverse
979:
972:'s birthplace, and were also known as
1338:
1234:
1325:Bahn, Eugene, and Margaret L. Bahn.
1329:Minneapolis, MN: Burgess, 1979, p.7
24:
1270:Bahn, E. & Bahn, M.L. (1970).
25:
1583:
1508:
1327:A History of Oral Interpretation.
1514:
1272:A History of Oral Interpretation
847:
54:
1491:
1463:
1434:
1425:
1409:
1386:
1362:
1332:
1319:
1291:
1278:
1263:
1056:
13:
1:
1009:(ῥαψῳδία), and its performer
1348:, New York, London: Norton,
7:
1193:
10:
1588:
1310:Graziosi, Barbara (2002),
1093:and the Delian gathering.
910:professional performer of
36:
1562:Entertainment occupations
1547:Ancient Greek epic poetry
1077:and mentioned in the two
899:
1288:. Oslo: Høgskolen i Oslo
1284:Ridderstrøm, H. (2006).
1227:
934:and catalogue poetry of
37:Not to be confused with
1256:Encyclopædia Britannica
1067:alludes to the myth of
1036:was in use as early as
902:) or, in modern usage,
1416:Homeric Hymn to Apollo
1074:Homeric Hymn to Apollo
34:
1552:Ancient Greek theatre
1398:650-662: see Hesiod,
900:ῥαψῳδός, "rhapsōidos"
854:Literature portal
33:
1557:Obsolete occupations
1523:at Wikimedia Commons
1375:on this passage and
1144:Panathenaic festival
1046:oral narrative poets
628:Groups and movements
1345:Rediscovering Homer
980:Etymology and usage
247:Short prose fiction
150:Major written forms
1250:"Rhapsodist"
1079:Hymns to Aphrodite
741:Lists and outlines
217:Long prose fiction
35:
1519:Media related to
1442:Against Leocrates
1166:Diogenes Laërtius
888:
887:
640:
639:
495:
494:
302:
301:
16:(Redirected from
1579:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1467:
1461:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1390:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1241:
988:is derived from
901:
880:
873:
866:
852:
851:
850:
506:
505:
313:
312:
214:
213:
58:
44:
43:
21:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1567:Oral epic poets
1527:
1526:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1468:
1464:
1439:
1435:
1431:Herodotus 5.67.
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1391:
1387:
1371:2.594-600; see
1367:
1363:
1356:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1300:Burkert, Walter
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1196:
1059:
982:
930:) but also the
908:classical Greek
884:
848:
846:
779:Literary awards
645:Dramatic genres
386:science fiction
64:Oral literature
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1509:External links
1507:
1504:
1503:
1490:
1462:
1433:
1424:
1408:
1395:Works and Days
1385:
1361:
1359:, pp. 157–168.
1354:
1331:
1318:
1290:
1277:
1262:
1247:, ed. (1911).
1245:Chisholm, Hugh
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1168:(1.2.57) that
1087:Hymn to Apollo
1058:
1055:
1023:Walter Burkert
981:
978:
906:, refers to a
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
868:
860:
857:
856:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
802:
801:
791:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
743:
742:
738:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
707:
706:
700:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
660:
655:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
617:
616:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
551:
550:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
513:
512:
502:
501:
497:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
425:
424:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
338:
333:
328:
320:
319:
309:
308:
304:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
249:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
232:
227:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
201:
200:
199:
189:
184:
183:
182:
177:
167:
166:
165:
152:
151:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1420:Homeric Hymns
1417:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1355:0-393-05788-7
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:Dalby, Andrew
1335:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
893:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
861:
859:
858:
855:
845:
844:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
792:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
744:
740:
739:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
705:
702:
701:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
644:
643:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
614:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:Poetry genres
499:
498:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:coming-of-age
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Flash fiction
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
188:
185:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
32:
19:
1498:
1493:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1343:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1254:
1199:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1151:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
993:
989:
985:
983:
951:
950:'s dialogue
946:and others.
925:
919:
903:
891:
889:
413:Encyclopedic
391:supernatural
307:Prose genres
163:closet drama
1499:Nemean Odes
1482:Pisistratus
1452:in Attica (
1377:Apollodorus
1112:Cleisthenes
1089:belongs to
1057:Performance
1050:type-scenes
990:rhapsōidein
956:, in which
944:Archilochus
912:epic poetry
818:Composition
695:Tragicomedy
534:Verse novel
422:Non-fiction
326:Speculative
265:Short story
135:spoken word
125:Performance
98:heroic epic
1531:Categories
1486:Thucydides
1478:Hipparchus
1470:Hipparchus
1440:Lycurgus,
1404:M. L. West
1162:Hipparchus
1153:Hipparchus
1110:the ruler
1034:rhapsōidos
1027:rhapsōidos
1011:rhapsōidos
1007:rhapsōidia
904:rhapsodist
733:Postmodern
668:historical
607:Villanelle
488:Travelogue
483:Persuasive
463:Journalism
441:philosophy
408:Historical
376:paranormal
336:Children's
209:Electronic
83:fairy tale
48:Literature
1474:Herodotus
1458:Brauronia
1454:Hesychius
1444:102. The
1418:165-173;
1222:Homeridae
1217:kitharode
1179:Homeridae
1104:Herodotus
1099:Histories
1032:The word
984:The term
974:Homeridai
962:Greek art
828:Narrative
813:Magazines
808:Sociology
799:criticism
769:Movements
728:Modernist
718:Classical
510:Narrative
346:adventure
290:Religious
260:Novelette
225:Anthology
180:narrative
130:audiobook
88:folk play
18:Rhapsodes
1521:Rhapsode
1497:Pindar,
1422:5 and 9.
1400:Theogony
1392:Hesiod,
1342:(2006),
1194:See also
1148:Lycurgus
1118:and the
1069:Thamyris
994:rhapsode
986:rhapsode
958:Socrates
938:and the
892:rhapsode
823:Language
754:Glossary
723:Medieval
658:Libretto
587:Limerick
539:National
529:Dramatic
519:Children
448:Anecdote
431:Academic
371:military
192:Nonsense
93:folksong
73:Folklore
39:rhapsody
1450:Brauron
1381:Library
1373:scholia
1131:Thebaid
1120:Argives
1083:Salamis
1042:rhabdos
940:satires
927:Odyssey
764:Writers
749:Outline
713:Ancient
704:History
690:Tragedy
567:Epigram
453:Epistle
436:history
396:western
381:romance
366:fantasy
331:Realist
317:Fiction
285:Parable
270:Drabble
255:Novella
239:romance
204:Ergodic
120:Oration
113:proverb
1501:2.1-5.
1484:which
1383:1.3.3.
1352:
1201:Aoidos
1188:Pindar
1160:. The
1140:Athens
1108:Sicyon
1038:Pindar
1017:aoidos
1005:Greek
936:Hesiod
932:wisdom
838:Estate
795:Theory
784:poetry
774:Cycles
685:Script
680:Satire
653:Comedy
602:Sonnet
597:Qasida
572:Ghazal
557:Ballad
478:Nature
468:Letter
401:horror
361:erotic
295:Wisdom
275:Sketch
230:Serial
170:Poetry
142:Saying
103:legend
1572:Poets
1456:s.v.
1446:Iliad
1369:Iliad
1297:E.g.
1228:Notes
1207:aulos
1184:Homer
1170:Solon
1125:Iliad
1116:Argos
1091:Delos
1064:Iliad
1025:that
998:myths
970:Homer
966:Ionia
948:Plato
921:Iliad
916:Homer
896:Greek
759:Books
673:moral
633:Poets
615:Lists
577:Haiku
562:Elegy
548:Lyric
458:Essay
356:crime
341:Genre
235:Novel
197:verse
187:Prose
175:lyric
158:Drama
78:fable
1402:ed.
1350:ISBN
1212:bard
1002:epos
924:and
833:Feud
797:and
663:Play
623:Epic
582:Hymn
524:Epic
473:Life
108:myth
1138:At
1102:of
953:Ion
942:of
592:Ode
1533::
1460:).
1379:,
1308:;
1253:.
1236:^
1186:.
898::
890:A
1316:.
918:(
894:(
879:e
872:t
865:v
237:/
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
