20:
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Retrograde tracing can be achieved through various means, including the use of viral strains as markers of a cell's connectivity to the injection site. The pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain), for example, may be used as a suitable tracer due to the propensity of the infection to spread upstream
161:
virus spreads through the CNS in both a retrograde and anterograde fashion, moving up the neural axon into the soma and dendrites in the retrograde application. Deletion of three key membrane protein genes in the PRV-Bartha strain of pseudorabies blocks anterograde spread of the virus and allows for
128:
rabies virus, the virus will continue to replicate and spread throughout the central nervous system until it has systemically infected the entire brain. Deletion of the gene encoding glycoprotein (G protein) in rabies limits the spread of the virus strictly to cells that were initially infected.
77:
Rabies has been shown to be effective for this system of circuit tracing because of its low level of damage to infected cells, specificity of infecting only neurons, and strict limitation of viral spread between neurons to synaptic regions. These factors allow for highly specific traces that can
582:
Naumann, T.; Härtig, W.; Frotscher, M. (2000-11-15). "Retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold: different methods of tracer detection at the ultrastructural level and neurodegenerative changes of back-filled neurons in long-term studies".
692:
Bácskai, TĂmea; Rusznák, Zoltán; Paxinos, George; Watson, Charles (2014-01-01). "Musculotopic organization of the motor neurons supplying the mouse hindlimb muscles: a quantitative study using Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing".
61:, which is used to trace neural connections from their source to their point of termination (i.e. from cell body to synapse). Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of
643:"Trace Fear Conditioning Differentially Modulates Intrinsic Excitability of Medial Prefrontal Cortex–Basolateral Complex of Amygdala Projection Neurons in Infralimbic and Prelimbic Cortices"
85:
nuclei of anaesthetized animals. The animals are allowed to survive for a few days and then euthanized. The cells in the origin of projection are visualized through an inverted
748:
Schwarz, Lindsay A.; Miyamichi, Kazunari; Gao, Xiaojing J.; Beier, Kevin T.; Weissbourd, Brandon; DeLoach, Katherine E.; Ren, Jing; Ibanes, Sandy; Malenka, Robert C. (2015).
174:, is a non-viral fluorescent retrograde tracer whose movement up the axon and across the dendritic tree can be visualized via fluorescent microscopy or immunohistochemistry.
365:
Katz, L. C.; Burkhalter, A.; Dreyer, W. J. (1984-08-09). "Fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker for in vivo and in vitro studies of visual cortex".
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virus. This virus was capable of infecting a single cell and jumping across one synapse; this allowed the researchers to investigate the local connectivity of neurons.
45:). Retrograde tracing techniques allow for detailed assessment of neuronal connections between a target population of neurons and their inputs throughout the
129:
Transsynaptic spread of the virus can be limited to monosynaptic transmission to a neuron of origin by pseudotyping the G protein and putting the gene under
801:"Organization of Multisynaptic Inputs to the Dorsal and Ventral Dentate Gyrus: Retrograde Trans-Synaptic Tracing with Rabies Virus Vector in the Rat"
215:"Interconnected Parallel Circuits between Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Thalamus Revealed by Retrograde Transynaptic Transport of Pseudorabies Virus"
535:"Exploiting Circuit-Specific Spread of Pseudorabies Virus in the Central Nervous System: Insights to Pathogenesis and Circuit Tracers"
23:
636:
Retrograde tracing has been extensively used in a broad array of neuroscience studies, including the following examples:
19:
474:
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additional manipulations to the viral DNA such as fluorescence to be added, allowing for retrograde circuit tracing.
117:
133:-control. This viral spread can be visualized through methods including addition of a fluorescence gene such as
266:"Circuit projection from suprachiasmatic nucleus to ventral tegmental area: a novel circadian output pathway"
49:. These techniques allow the "mapping" of connections between neurons in a particular structure (e.g. the
134:
78:
reveal individual neuronal connections in a circuit without inflicting physical damage on the cells.
498:
Huang, Z. Josh; Zeng, Hongkui (2013-07-10). "Genetic
Approaches to Neural Circuits in the Mouse".
86:
862:"Connectivity of mouse somatosensory and prefrontal cortex examined with trans-synaptic tracing"
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through a pathway of synaptically linked neurons, thus revealing the nature of their circuitry.
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193:
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Ohara, Shinya; Sato, Sho; Tsutsui, Ken-Ichiro; Witter, Menno P.; Iijima, Toshio (2013-11-06).
418:"Monosynaptic Restriction of Transsynaptic Tracing from Single, Genetically Targeted Neurons"
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A specialist technique was developed by
Wickersham and colleagues, which employed a modified
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750:"Viral-genetic tracing of the input–output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit"
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Technique for mapping neural circuits in the "upstream" direction, from target to source
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318:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Rabies Virus (But Were Afraid to Ask)"
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O'Donnell, P.; LavĂn, A.; Enquist, L. W.; Grace, A. A.; Card, J. P. (1997).
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DeNardo, Laura A; Berns, Dominic S; DeLoach, Katherine; Luo, Liqun (2015).
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Davis, Benjamin M.; Rall, Glenn F.; Schnell, Matthias J. (2015-11-06).
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Song, Chenghui; Ehlers, Vanessa L.; Moyer, James R. (2015-09-30).
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to trace neural connections from their point of termination (the
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Wickersham IR, Lyon DC, Barnard RJ, et al. (March 2007).
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Another technique involves injecting special "beads" into the
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of Long-Evans rat marked with retrograde tracer fluoro-gold
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which is transported towards the cell body via axonal
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539:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
232:10.1523/jneurosci.17-06-02143.1997
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270:European Journal of Neuroscience
53:) and the target neurons in the
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533:Enquist, L. W. (2002-12-01).
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465:TotalBoox; TBX (2011-01-01).
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33:is a research method used in
826:10.1371/journal.pone.0078928
695:Brain Structure and Function
434:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.033
104:After being taken up at the
57:. The opposite technique is
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545:(Supplement_2): S209–S214.
467:Research Advances in Rabies
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170:Fluoro-Gold, also known as
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112:of the target neuron, the
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322:Annual Review of Virology
135:green fluorescent protein
647:Journal of Neuroscience
219:Journal of Neuroscience
87:fluorescence microscope
41:) to their source (the
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22:
469:. Elsevier Science.
143:immunohistochemistry
866:Nature Neuroscience
817:2013PLoSO...878928O
774:10.1038/nature14600
766:2015Natur.524...88S
653:(39): 13511–13524.
379:1984Natur.310..498K
184:Anterograde tracing
172:hydroxystilbamidine
59:anterograde tracing
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149:Pseudorabies virus
116:is enveloped in a
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506:: 183–215.
166:Fluoro-Gold
141:or through
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69:Techniques
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725:1863-2653
667:0270-6474
605:0165-0270
561:0022-1899
485:968996286
124:. In the
43:cell body
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853:24223172
805:PLOS ONE
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126:wildtype
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