173:
illegal resident spies can be difficult, sometimes involving ruses that are more expensive and complex to administer than paying a diplomatic official would be. Espionage agencies may arrange to pay a host country organization or corporation to allow the illegal resident spy to pose as a member of its staff and be nominally paid by that organization/corporation.
165:
Their intelligence status may be easy for counterintelligence agencies to discern or suspect. On the other hand, an illegal resident spy has the advantage of being unknown as a foreigner to the host country, and one among millions of the country's ordinary citizens. The disadvantage is the lack of diplomatic immunity to fall back upon in case of arrest.
172:
Also, an illegal resident spy can stay in the host country if diplomatic relations break down. Legal resident spies are forced to leave with the diplomatic mission. A legal resident spy is easier to pay, for the salary can be openly incorporated into the diplomatic payroll. Making arrangements to pay
168:
A legal resident spy has opportunities to meet high-level personnel of the host country as part of "official" business, and an illegal resident spy does not. However, conversely, illegal resident spies have easier access to a wide range of potential sources who would be put off by having to approach
123:
An illegal resident spy operates under non-official cover. They cannot claim immunity from prosecution when arrested. They may operate under a false name and have documents purportedly establishing them as a national of the country, or from a different country than the one for which they are spying.
176:
A legal resident spy has full and aboveboard access to embassy facilities for secure communications, meetings, and other services. An illegal resident spy has little to no access to such facilities, and communications arrangements are thus more difficult and time-consuming. An illegal resident spy
164:
The advantages and disadvantages of legal resident spies are generally the reverse of those for illegal resident spies. A legal resident spy has the advantage of diplomatic status, but the disadvantage of being a known foreigner to the host country and one of just a few official diplomatic staff.
177:
will usually have a falsified biography. A legal resident spy may be at risk by having an official biography that documents their diplomatic career and provides useful clues to counterintelligence services about their intelligence activities and connections.
27:
is an agent operating within a foreign country for extended periods of time. A base of operations within a foreign country with which a resident spy may liaise is known as a "station" in
English and a
114:
from prosecution and cannot be arrested by the host country if suspected of espionage. The host country can expel such a person, requiring them to return to their home country as
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132:, who was born in Russia, claimed to be Canadian, and operated in Britain. Other famous Soviet and Russian "illegals" include
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51:
880:
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110:). They are an official member of the consular staff, such as a commercial, cultural, or military attaché. They have
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A legal resident spy operates in a foreign country under official cover (such as from their country's
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Comrade
Kryuchkov's Instructions: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975–1985
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95:, illegal resident spy). In U.S. parlance, the same distinction is between "
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1021:
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and
Russian nomenclature, there were two types of resident spies:
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283:
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107:
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244:
242:
350:
Andrew, Christopher M.; Gordievsky, Oleg (1991). "Illegals".
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227:
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254:
239:
1257:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
325:
Silent
Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence
39:, 'residency') in Russian. What the U.S. would call a "
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215:
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208:
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349:
323:Shulsky, Abram N.; Schmitt, Gary James (2002).
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287:
272:
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233:
160:Comparison of illegal and legal resident spies
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124:Examples of two famous Soviet "illegals" are
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83:
76:
69:
44:
34:
28:
815:
169:and deal with an openly foreign official.
808:
794:
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58:
128:, who operated in the United States; and
1222:Scientific & Technical intelligence
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645:Chinese espionage in the United States
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376:
303:
221:
1044:By alliances, nations and industries
640:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
327:(3rd ed.). Potomac Books, Inc.
706:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
13:
343:
202:
16:Long-term spy in a foreign country
14:
1289:
541:Computer and network surveillance
576:Short-range agent communications
1192:Words of estimative probability
1054:Operational platforms by nation
296:
43:", the head spy, is known as a
1:
402:
197:
7:
1240:Intelligence cycle security
180:
84:
70:
45:
29:
10:
1294:
288:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
273:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
261:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
249:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
234:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
152:, who was also known as a
81:, legal resident spy) and
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899:
861:
841:
832:
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632:
601:
511:
488:
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356:Stanford University Press
91:
77:
50:
35:
1207:Intelligence assessment
1197:All-source intelligence
817:Intelligence management
526:Covert listening device
496:Intelligence assessment
59:Types of resident spies
891:Operational techniques
846:Special reconnaissance
304:Meier, Andrew (2010).
775:Targeted surveillance
92:нелегальные резиденты
85:nelegal'nye rezidenty
1212:Medical intelligence
1182:Competing hypotheses
992:Industrial espionage
977:Denial and deception
701:Industrial espionage
501:competing hypotheses
1245:Counterintelligence
1160:Technical (TECHINT)
1155:Open-source (OSINT)
1145:Geospatial (GEOINT)
1119:Casualty estimation
146:Alexander Ulanovsky
112:diplomatic immunity
78:легальные резиденты
71:legal'nye rezidenty
1217:Military geography
1202:Basic intelligence
1140:Financial (FININT)
1081:signature (MASINT)
1007:One-way voice link
943:Concealment device
652:Cold War espionage
619:Front organization
593:Surveillance tools
571:Phone surveillance
566:One-way voice link
521:Concealment device
101:non-official cover
1265:
1264:
1168:
1167:
1059:Direction finding
1049:In modern history
1030:
1029:
783:
782:
437:Agent provocateur
117:persona non grata
1285:
1064:Traffic analysis
1036:Signals (SIGINT)
871:Asset recruiting
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803:
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290:, p. 12–13.
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192:Illegals Program
138:Walter Krivitsky
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38:
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23:in the world of
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1150:Imagery (IMINT)
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1089:Electro-optical
1080:
1079:Measurement and
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1002:Numbers station
931:Black operation
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857:
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753:Sting operation
662:Black operation
628:
624:Limited hangout
606:
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561:Numbers station
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344:Further reading
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308:. Hachette UK.
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203:Cross-reference
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130:Gordon Lonsdale
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1187:Target-centric
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834:Human (HUMINT)
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514:communications
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431:Agent handling
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142:Vasily Zarubin
97:official cover
63:In the former
60:
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55:) in Russian.
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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1278:Spies by role
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1250:organizations
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1232:Dissemination
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1017:Steganography
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997:Interrogation
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982:Eavesdropping
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581:Steganography
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556:Invisible ink
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475:Sleeper agent
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334:9781574883459
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315:9780297856566
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275:, p. 13.
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187:Sleeper agent
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154:sleeper agent
151:
147:
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139:
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134:Richard Sorge
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41:station chief
31:
26:
22:
1022:Surveillance
1012:Resident spy
1011:
953:Cryptography
758:Surveillance
546:Cyber spying
531:Cryptography
470:Resident spy
469:
455:Double agent
435:
351:
324:
306:The Lost Spy
305:
297:Sources used
268:
256:
229:
175:
171:
167:
163:
150:Anna Chapman
122:
115:
105:
82:
68:
65:Soviet Union
62:
36:резиденту́ра
21:resident spy
20:
18:
1094:Geophysical
876:Cell system
863:Clandestine
748:Stay-behind
657:Recruitment
614:Canary trap
512:Devices and
460:Field agent
126:Rudolf Abel
30:rezidentura
1123:earthquake
987:False flag
825:Collection
743:Sexpionage
723:COINTELPRO
716:safe house
696:False flag
633:Operations
607:techniques
603:Tradecraft
222:Meier 2010
198:References
1114:Materials
968:Defection
963:Dead drop
936:black bag
901:Espionage
667:black bag
551:Dead drop
480:Spymaster
404:Espionage
52:резиде́нт
25:espionage
1272:Category
1174:Analysis
972:Turncoat
919:handling
733:SHAMROCK
586:microdot
489:Analysis
181:See also
46:rezident
1121: (
1099:Nuclear
1069:TEMPEST
728:MINARET
672:wetwork
108:embassy
99:" and "
958:Cutout
909:Agents
763:Global
689:MASINT
684:SIGINT
536:Cutout
420:Assets
415:Agents
362:
331:
312:
148:, and
1133:Other
1104:Radar
948:Cover
926:Asset
914:field
448:Agent
443:Cover
768:Mass
738:FVEY
465:Mole
360:ISBN
329:ISBN
310:ISBN
605:and
103:".
1274::
970:/
358:.
354:.
280:^
241:^
210:^
156:.
144:,
140:,
136:,
120:.
19:A
1125:)
809:e
802:t
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396:e
389:t
382:v
368:.
337:.
318:.
89:(
75:(
49:(
33:(
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