South Ossetia - Knowledge

923: 14026: 1477:, which was not under Georgian control, cost the country significant amounts of custom revenues. Georgia proposed to bring the Roki tunnel under joint control and monitoring, which was refused by the South Ossetian side. The antismuggling operation against the market resulted in a breakdown of South Ossetian trust in Georgia's intentions. A wave of violence erupted between Georgian peacekeepers and South Ossetian militiamen and freelance fighters from Russia. This included hostage taking of dozens of Georgian peacekeepers, shootouts and shelling of Georgian controlled villages, which left dozens dead and wounded. A ceasefire deal was reached on 13 August though it was repeatedly violated. 2184: 264: 1951: 970: 2702:. Furthermore, Russia has established nearly 20 so called "militarized border guard bases" near the boundary line with Tbilisi controlled Georgia, which fall under the command and responsibility of the Russian FSB and are tasked with enforcing a "state border" between South Ossetia and Georgia. An estimated 3,000–3,500 Russian servicemen are deployed in South Ossetia, while an estimated 1,500 FSB personnel are deployed at the border guard bases. According to South Ossetian de facto authorities, about 450 South Ossetian citizens are employed at the 4th Russian Military Base. 3788: 13518: 2802: 1157: 15517: 15491: 12981: 1109: 1730:. Russian politicians reacted positively and said Russian law would permit (parts of) foreign nations to join the federation. They highlighted the necessity to "express the will of the Ossetian people" through a referendum. Ossetian leader Bibilov said in a lengthy interview that he planned to hold two referendums, one on annexation by Russia, and the second vote on joining North Ossetia, for which he set the election proceedings in motion on April 7, 2022. On May 13, the annexation referendum was scheduled to take place on July 17. 739: 1177: 6171:"The local ‘security’ institutions in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria are often headed by Russians or officials who are de facto delegated by state institutions of the Russian Federation. This most often includes staff in the local intelligence services and the defence ministries. Examples of Russians de facto delegated to the secessionist entities include defence ministers Anatoli Barankevich (South Ossetia) and Sultan Sosnaliev (Abkhazia), local intelligence chief Iarovoi (South Ossetia) and Interior Minister 689: 213: 13046: 13123: 13099: 199: 2260: 12966: 13187: 13135: 15504: 13175: 13163: 1756: 3582: 1881: 14331: 13691: 11565: 13152: 13029: 2219:

the conflict; de-occupation or humanitarian purposes." The law also bans any type of economic activity – entrepreneurial or non- entrepreneurial, if such activities require permits, licences or registration in accordance with Georgian legislation. It also bans air, sea and railway communications and international transit via the regions, mineral exploration and money transfers. The provision covering economic activities is retroactive, going back to 1990.

13082: 2718: 1013: 1428: 1165: 3394: 14343: 13703: 13111: 13058: 3760: 15541: 13017: 13070: 1625: 13005: 12993: 3425:, South Ossetia's industry consisted of 22 small factories, with a total production of 61.6 million rubles in 2006. In 2007, only 7 factories were functioning. In March 2009, it was reported that most of the production facilities were standing idle and were in need of repairs. Even successful factories have a shortage of workers, are in debt and have a shortage of working capital. One of the largest local enterprises is the 2223:

inflicted on Georgian citizens, stateless persons and foreign citizens, who are in Georgia and enter the occupied territories with appropriate permits. The law also says that de facto state agencies and officials operating in the occupied territories are regarded by Georgia as illegal. The law will remain in force until "the full restoration of Georgian jurisdiction" over the breakaway regions is realised.

1216:) loyalty in fighting the Democratic Republic of Georgia and favouring local separatists, since this area had never been a separate entity prior to the Russian invasion. The drawing of administrative boundaries of the South Ossetian AO was quite a complicated process. Many Georgian villages were included within the South Ossetian AO despite numerous protests by the Georgian population. While the city of 3466: 2150:, a Russian federal subject. Tibilov furthermore suggested holding a referendum on joining the Russian Federation prior to April 2017, which would lead to a united "Ossetia–Alania". In April 2016, Tibilov said he intended to hold the referendum before August of that year. However, on 30 May, Tibilov postponed the referendum until after the presidential election due in April 2017. At the 3445:

South Ossetia by 2010. By 2021 this has been reduced to 83%. A new backup power transmission line running from Russia to South Ossetia was put into operation in November 2021, helping to ensure uninterrupted power supply to the region. It cost more than 1.3 billion rubles ($ 17m) to construct and was built within the framework of the Russian Investment program in South Ossetia.

3774: 1341:'s "Round Table" block. On 11 December 1990, Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government declared the Ossetian election illegitimate and abolished South Ossetia's autonomous status altogether. Gamsakhurdia rationalised the abolition of Ossetian autonomy by saying, "They have no right to a state here in Georgia. They are a national minority. Their homeland is North Ossetia 1528: 5917:"By mid-June relations between ethnic Georgians and Ossetians living in villages on the outskirts of Tskhinvali had reached a low point. The antismuggling operation had a direct effect on the security environment, as the Georgian checkpoints and increasing numbers of armed men in the zone shattered the peaceful environment and co-existence" 6669: 5874:"Georgia lost significant customs revenue due to smuggling; some calculated as much as 80 per cent. Estimates of the value vary widely from 5 to 20 million lari ($ 2.5 to $ 10 million) monthly. While some analysts consider that "the greatest part of the smuggled goods entering Georgia came from South Ossetia" 3410:

Tskhinvali. Following the war in the 1990s, South Ossetia struggled economically. South Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002. In 2017, the Administration of South Ossetia estimated its GDP to be nearly 100 million US dollars. South Ossetia's

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ICG "Georgia’s South Ossetia Conflict: Make Haste Slowly", I. Introduction: "The leadership of the former oblast retained control over the districts of Tskhinvali, Java, Znauri and parts of Akhalgori. The Tbilisi central government had authority over the rest of Akhalgori and the Georgian villages in

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adopted a resolution supporting the Georgian peace plan. Prior to the Ministerial Council, the Russian Foreign Ministry rejected the Georgian plan, saying it differed from the plan Saakashvili presented at the UN General Assembly in September 2004, which was favoured by the South Ossetian side. After

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The average temperature in South Ossetia in January is around +4 degrees Celsius, and the average temperature in July is around +20.3 degrees Celsius. The average yearly liquid precipitation in South Ossetia is around 598 millimetres. In general, summer temperatures average 20 °C (68 °F) to

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influences from the West. The Greater Caucasus range moderates the local climate by serving as a barrier against cold air from the north, which results in the fact that, even at great heights, it is warmer there than in the Northern Caucasus. Climatic zones in South Ossetia are determined by distance

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became the President of Georgia in 2004. Ahead of the 2004 parliamentary and presidential elections, he promised to restore the territorial integrity of Georgia. During one of his early speeches, Saakashvili addressed the separatist regions, saying, "either Georgia nor its president will put up with

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backed ethnic Georgian aristocrats, who were legal owners. Although the Ossetians were initially discontented with the economic policies of the central government, the tension soon transformed into ethnic conflict. The first Ossetian rebellion began in February 1918, when three Georgian princes were

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The Georgian 2002 census was incomplete with regard to South Ossetia, as it only took place in areas under effective Georgian control at the time. This concerned the Georgian populated areas of Akhalgori district and the Georgian communities around Tskhinvali, in the Patara Liachvi and Didi Liakhvi

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The law says that the Russian Federation – the state which has carried out military occupation – is fully responsible for the violation of human rights in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Russian Federation, according to the document, is also responsible for compensation of material and moral damage

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The South Ossetian and Russian presidents signed an "alliance and integration" treaty on 18 March 2015. The agreement includes provisions to incorporate the South Ossetian military into Russia's armed forces, integrate the customs service of South Ossetia into that of Russia's, and commit Russia to

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on 12 November 2006, after its first referendum in 1992 was not recognised by most governments as valid. According to the Tskhinvali election authorities, the referendum turned out a majority for independence from Georgia where 99% of South Ossetian voters supported independence and the turnout for

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mountain range. The wettest periods of the year in South Ossetia generally occur during spring and autumn while the winter and summer months tend to be the driest. Elevation plays an important role in South Ossetia where climatic conditions above 1,500 m (4,921 ft) are considerably colder

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The Georgian government protested against the allegedly increasing Russian economic and political presence in the region and against the uncontrolled military of the South Ossetian side. Georgian government officials have stated South Ossetian key security positions are occupied by (former) Russian

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was held in South Ossetia on 19 January 1992, with voters being asked two questions: "Do you agree that South Ossetia should be an independent country?" and "Do you agree with the South Ossetian parliament's solution of 1 September 1991 on reunion with Russia?" Both proposals were approved, but the

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When the Georgian parliament declared a state of emergency in the territory of South Ossetian AO on 12 December 1990, troops from both Georgian and Soviet interior ministries were sent to the region. After the Georgian National Guard was formed in early 1991, Georgian troops entered Tskhinvali on 5

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ICG, "South Ossetia: The Burden of Recognition", page 6, "Electricity and gas, which prior to the war came from the adjacent Dusheti region, have been shut off by Tbilisi, which says it cannot control their use in Akhalgori.57 Electricity is now supplied from Tskhinvali, where authorities say they

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By far the most widely used currency in South Ossetia, and one of the Republic's official currencies, is the Russian ruble, which have been used in the day to day lives of South Ossetians since their independence in 1991. Additionally, since the South Ossetian ruble is pegged to the Russian ruble,

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Since the 2008 war, South Ossetia and its economy are critically dependent on Russian economic assistance, and a year after the war, former President Edurard Kokoity was grateful for the Russian aid for reconstruction work. According to reports Russian donations made up nearly 99% of the budget of

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The Georgian legislation, however, also lists "special" cases in which entry into the breakaway regions will not be regarded as illegal. It stipulates that a special permit on entry into the breakaway regions can be issued if the trip there "serves Georgia's state interests; peaceful resolution of

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announced that Russian forces would begin to pull out of Georgia the following day. Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August. In response to Russia's recognition, the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia. Russian forces left the buffer

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in April 2008. A bomb explosion on 1 August 2008 targeted a car transporting Georgian peacekeepers. South Ossetians were responsible for instigating this incident, which marked the opening of hostilities and injured five Georgian servicemen. In response, several South Ossetian militiamen were hit.

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in January 1991. In March and April 1991, Soviet interior troops were reported actively disarming militias on both sides, and deterring the inter-ethnic violence. Zviad Gamsakhurdia asserted that the Soviet leadership was encouraging South Ossetian separatism in order to force Georgia not to leave

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The Georgian Supreme Council adopted a law barring regional parties in summer 1990. The South Ossetian regional council interpreted this as a move against Ademon Nykhas and subsequently passed a "declaration of national sovereignty", proclaiming the South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic within

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chapter Between pragmatism and idealism: businesses coping with conflict in the South Caucasus: "Customs duties on the import and export of goods to and from Russia make up 90 percent of the republic’s budget", via footnote 11 citing Dzhikaev, V. and Parastaev, A. (2004) ‘Economy and Conflict in

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Geomorphology of Georgia, Chapter 12 "Eastern Georgia (Iveria) Intermountain Plain", page 206 "According to the orographic and morphogenetic features, the Iveria Plain is divided into several regions as follows: (1) the Shida Kartli Plain, (2) the Kvemo Kartli Plain, (3) the Iori Upland, (4) the

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South Ossetia's economy is primarily agricultural, although less than 10% of South Ossetia's land area is cultivated. Cereals, fruit and vines are the major produce. Forestry and cattle industries are also maintained. A number of industrial facilities also exist, particularly around the capital,

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According to the 2015 census conducted by the South Ossetian authorities, the region's total population was 53,532, including 48,146 Ossetians (89.9%), 3,966 Georgians (7.4%), and 610 Russians. The Georgian authorities have questioned the accuracy of these data. Estimates based on official birth

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in May 2004, he pledged to seek a similar solution in South Ossetia. After the 2004 clashes, the Georgian government has intensified its efforts to bring the problem to international attention. On 25 January 2005, President Saakashvili presented a Georgian vision for resolving the South Ossetian

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In late October 2008, President Saakashvili signed into law legislation on the occupied territories passed by the Georgian Parliament. The law covers the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali (territories of former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast). The law spells out restrictions on free

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The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. The South Ossetian authorities planned to improve finances by boosting the local production of flour and thus reducing the need for flour imports. For this purpose, the area planted with wheat was increased tenfold in 2008 from 130

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The foothills and mountainous areas (including the Greater Caucasus Mountains) experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters, with snow cover often exceeding two meters in many regions. The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea to the west of South Ossetia is often blocked by the

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was conducted by South Ossetians, with Georgian villages around Tskhinvali being destroyed after the war had ended. The war displaced 192,000 people, and while many were able to return to their homes after the war, a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians remained displaced. In an interview

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has been one of the causes of conflict. Although Georgian historiography believes that Ossetian mass migration to the South Caucasus (Georgia) began in the 17th century, Ossetians claim to have been residing in the area since the ancient times, which is not supported by available sources. Some

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in September 1990. Towards the end of 1990, the situation for ethnic Georgians in the region worsened sharply. There were reports of multiple cases of lootings and beatings committed both by Georgian and Ossetian forces and paramilitaries. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South

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from Germany, Austria, Poland, Sweden and other countries at 78 polling stations. However, it was not recognised internationally by the UN, European Union, OSCE, NATO and the Russian Federation, given the lack of ethnic Georgian participation and the illegality of such a referendum without

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On 30 August 2008, Tarzan Kokoity, the Deputy Speaker of South Ossetia's parliament, announced that the region would soon be absorbed into Russia, so that South and North Ossetians could live together in one united Russian state. Russian and South Ossetian forces began giving residents in

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By the end of 2021, the number of employed people was determined at 20,734 while 2,449 persons were registered as unemployed, on a total working age population of 34,308 (men 18–65, women 18–60). Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the

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which comes in the following denominations; 20, 25, and 50 Zarin coins, and a 100 Zarin bar. Despite being the official currency, the Zarin is not in circulation, and are used for ceremonial purposes, depicting key events and people in South Ossetian history and are either pure

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due to the violation of Georgia's territorial integrity. The EU's diplomatic response to the news was delayed by disagreements between eastern European states, the UK wanting a harsher response and Germany, France and other states' desire not to isolate Russia. Former US envoy

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De Waal et al, Beyond Frozen Conflict, chapter 6. South Ossetia Today, page 192: "From 1992 to 2004, de facto, South Ossetia remained part of the Georgian economy and the conflict resembled that over Transdniestria, being much more a non-violent political dispute than a toxic

2107:, the then president of South Ossetia, later stated that South Ossetia would not give up its independence by joining Russia: "We are not going to say no to our independence, which has been achieved at the expense of many lives; South Ossetia has no plans to join Russia." 10528:

ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 11, "With regards to the Ergneti market, South Ossetian authorities claim the trade was legal because they imposed custom duties on the goods from Russia. "A large part of our budget" was financed by these duties, one

1488:(consisting in equal parts of South Ossetians, North Ossetians, Russians and Georgians) to be non-neutral and demanded its replacement. Various proposals were launched by the Georgian side to internationalise the peacekeeping in South Ossetia. According to U.S. senator 2709:, stating his troops "understand perfectly that they are going to defend Russia, they are going to defend Ossetia too". Roughly a quarter of these troops would desert and hitchhike back to South Ossetia. Bibilov later said that the deserters would face no punishment. 2565:

and most of the other Ossetian-inhabited communities were governed by the separatist government, while the Georgian-inhabited villages and towns were administered by the Georgian government. This close proximity and the intermixing of the two communities has made the

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24 °C (75.2 °F) across much of South Ossetia, and winter temperatures average 2 °C (35.6 °F) to 4 °C (39.2 °F). Humidity is relatively low and rainfall across South Ossetia averages 500 to 800 mm (19.7 to 31.5 in) per year, but

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The political dispute has yet to be resolved and the South Ossetian separatist authorities govern the region with effective independence from Tbilisi. Although talks have been held periodically between the two sides, little progress was made under the government of

2069:, to develop South Ossetia's autonomous status within the Georgian state. According to the Georgian officials, the status was to be elaborated within the framework of "an all-inclusive dialogue" with all the forces and communities within the Ossetian society. 1442:, brokered by Russia. The agreement included obligations to avoid the use of force, and Georgia pledged not to impose sanctions against South Ossetia. The Georgian government retained control over substantial portions of South Ossetia, including the town of 1361:

As a result of the war, about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled the territory and Georgia proper, most across the border into North Ossetia. A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia to other parts of Georgia. Many refugees went to the North Ossetian

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foreign minister in the 1990s said that the Ossetians first appeared in the area only in the early 17th century. Since it was created after the Russian invasion of 1921, South Ossetia was regarded as artificial creation by Georgians during the Soviet era.

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movement to, economic activity and concluding real estate transactions in these territories. In particular, according to the law, foreign citizens should enter the two breakaway regions only through Georgia. Entry into Abkhazia should be carried out from

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2009 population estimate: During the war, according to Georgian officials, 15,000 Georgians moved to Georgia proper; South Ossetian officials indicate that 30,000 Ossetians fled to North Ossetia, and a total of 500 citizens of South Ossetia were killed.

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simply Ossetia, while he wrote that Kartli (the areas of modern-day South Ossetia) was populated by Georgians and the mountainous areas were populated by both Georgians and Ossetians. Güldenstädt also wrote that the northernmost border of Kartli is the

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were administrative/state languages. Under the rule of Georgia's government during Soviet times, Ossetians enjoyed minority cultural autonomy, including speaking the Ossetian language and teaching it in schools. In 1989, two-thirds of Ossetians in the

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disintegration of Georgia. Therefore, we offer immediate negotiations to our Abkhazian and Ossetian friends. We are ready to discuss every model of statehood by taking into consideration their interests for the promotion of their future development."

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Georgian Foreign Ministry, 22 Sep 2005: "The Georgian side has stated numerous times that the presence of uncontrolled militias is the main reason for provocations in the conflict zone and it is necessary to strengthen international control in this

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ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 13 "The antismuggling operation had a direct effect on the security environment, as the Georgian checkpoints and increasing numbers of armed men in the zone shattered the peaceful environment and

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and called for peace talks. However, escalating assaults against Georgian villages (located in the South Ossetian conflict zone) were soon matched with gunfire from Georgian troops, who then proceeded to move in the direction of the capital of the

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was assigned as the leader of the Entity. It was intended that this provisional administration would negotiate with central Georgian authorities regarding its final status and conflict resolution. On 10 May 2007, Sanakoyev was appointed by the

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The Russian troops who patrol the borders of South Ossetia have reportedly been expanding the boundaries of the region through “encroaching occupation”, meaning they surreptitiously advance several feet at a time into Georgian-held territory.

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and head of the executive branch of government. The president of the republic is elected for five years by direct popular vote, with a maximum of two consecutive terms for the same person. South Ossetia's legislative body is the unicameral

1153:, but even so, were defeated. According to allegations made by Ossetian sources, the crushing of the 1920 uprising caused the death of 5,000 Ossetians, while ensuing hunger and epidemics were the causes of death of more than 13,000 people. 1682:

stated that, while preceded by months of mutual provocations, "open hostilities began with a large-scale Georgian military operation against the town of Tskhinvali and the surrounding areas, launched in the night of 7 to 8 August 2008."

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South Ossetia Statistical digest for January–December 2021, Table 17.1, page 169-170: Financial assistance to the Republic of South Ossetia of the Russian Federation 7.3 billion rubles ($ 85m) on a total budget of 8.8 billion rubles ($

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ICG, "South Ossetia: The Burden of Recognition", page 4, " The budget may have increased by half, from 2.7 billion roubles ($ 87 million) in 2009 to 4.3 billion roubles ($ 140 million) in 2010, but 98.7 per cent of the total is Russian

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The socio-economic development program of South Ossetia for the 2022–2025 period is financed by Russia.The Aim of the program is for South Ossetia to reach the socio-economic indicators of the North Caucasus Federal District in 2025.

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hectares to 1,500 hectares. The wheat harvest in 2008 was expected to be 2,500 tons of grain. The South Ossetian Agriculture ministry also imported some tractors in 2008, and was expecting delivery of more farm machinery in 2009.

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for premeditated Russian military invasion. According to Georgian intelligence, and several Russian media reports, parts of the regular (non-peacekeeping) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the

962:'s armies, who massacred much of the Alanian population. The survivors among the Alans retreated into the mountains of the central Caucasus and gradually started migration to the south, across the Caucasus Mountains into the 1424:

results were not recognised internationally. Nonetheless, the South Ossetian regional council subsequently passed an "act of state independence" and declared the independence of the Republic of South Ossetia on 29 May 1992.

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ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 11, based on Mamuka Areshidze, "Current Economic Causes of Conflict in Georgia", unpublished report for UK Department for International Development (DFID), 2002 (footnote

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The first round of voting was accompanied by a referendum in which the Ossetians were to decide whether Russian should become the second official language of South Ossetia. Nearly 85 per cent of the voters supported the

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was held on 9 April 2017; over three-quarters of those who voted supported amendments to the South Ossetian constitution which gave the names "Republic of South Ossetia" and "State of Alania" equal status under the law.

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South Ossetia covers an area of about 3,900 km (1,506 sq mi), separated by the mountains from the more populous North Ossetia (which is a republic within Russia) and extending southwards almost to the

10205:, Georgian Academy of Sciences: Institute of Demographic and Sociological Research (Tbilisi, 2002). This source reports that in January 2002 there were 37,000 Ossetians living in Georgia but excluding South Ossetia. 1396:. The ensuing heavy fighting resulted in over 200 casualties and left the center of the Georgian capital in ruins. On 6 January, Gamsakhurdia and several of his supporters fled the city for exile. Afterwards, the 11040: 8304: 6149: 1512:

sponsored a resolution in June 2008 accusing Russia of attempting to undermine Georgia's territorial integrity and called for replacing the Russian-comprised peacekeeping force operating under CIS mandate.

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said the conflict could encourage separatist movements in other former Soviet states along Russia's western border. Several days later, Nicaragua became the second country to recognise South Ossetia.

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was characterised by general disregard for international humanitarian law by uncontrollable militias, with both sides reporting atrocities. The Soviet military facilitated a ceasefire as ordered by

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factory, which has 130 employees. Additionally, after the 2008 war, Georgia cut off supplies of electricity to the Akhalgori region, which aggravated the socio-economic situation in that area.

11134: 252: 5239: 1485: 1447: 9860: 8956: 8334: 7695: 10334: 7815: 774:. It has an officially stated population of just over 56,500 people (2022), who live in an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), with 33,000 living in the capital city, 5913:"Humanitarian aid from Tbilisi was received with deep suspicion. EU Special Envoy Heikki Talvitie noted "they are very much afraid. They do not have much trust towards the Georgian aid" 740: 10677: 3437:

that is used to link Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtained a large part of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic before the

903:; if successful, this would end its proclaimed independence. The prospect of a referendum on this matter has been raised multiple times in domestic politics, but none have taken place. 10180: 1708: 4695: 4607: 2158:– against the incumbent, Tibilov, who had been supported by Moscow and who, unlike Bibilov, was ready to heed Moscow's wish for the integration referendum not be held any time soon. 2038:) organised their own elections contemporaneously in Georgian-controlled areas within South Ossetia, in which Georgian and some Ossetian inhabitants of the region voted in favour of 1145:

retaliated by sending the National Guard to the area. However, the Georgian unit retreated after they had engaged the Ossetians. Ossetian rebels then proceeded to occupy the town of

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district, has been closed by South Ossetia since 2019. Furthermore, the South Ossetian authorities only allow entry of foreigners "through the territory of the Russian Federation".

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The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range forms the northern border of South Ossetia with Russia. There is only one main road through the mountain range from South Ossetia to Russia, the

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could also use its facilities: "I would like to assure you, my dear friends, that this is your home, as well, and here you will always be able to find support and understanding".

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the two are often used interchangeably, and due to the lack of South Ossetian paper money, it is common South Ossetians to use Russian paper money, but South Ossetian coins.

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South Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages on 1 August. These artillery attacks caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically from 1 August.

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announced his intention to begin legal proceedings in the near future to integration with the Russian Federation, although he subsequently lost the presidency in the

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authorities reacted by saying the plan is "not realistic" and "contains nothing new for the South Ossetian side". On 6 December, the OSCE Ministerial Council in

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stood at 3,062 rubles a month in the fourth quarter of 2007, or 23.5 per cent below Russia's average, while South Ossetians have incomparably smaller incomes.

9918: 9540: 1314:) was created in 1988. On 10 November 1989, the South Ossetian regional council asked the Georgian Supreme Council to upgrade the region to the status of an " 14834: 6579: 5851: 4494: 9893: 8663: 7427: 7351: 6379: 4913: 14695: 13741: 10597: 10418: 9618: 7066: 6526: 1974: 1492:, the United States supported Georgia's call in 2006 for the withdrawal of Russian "peacekeepers" from the conflict zones. Later, EU South Caucasus envoy 1469:

Since 2004, tensions began to rise as the Georgian authorities strengthened their efforts to bring the region back under their rule, after it succeeded in

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in Tskhinvali. After the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, education officials attempted to place most university-bound students from South Ossetia in Russian

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was mounting against Gamsakhurdia in Georgia due to his intolerance of critics and attempts to concentrate political power. On 22 December 1991, after a

10247: 6788: 5655:"He was invited by the triumphant but politically inexperienced rebels – Ioselani, Kitovani, and Tengiz Sigua – to reestablish order and keep them safe" 4797: 4437: 2620:

the OSCE resolution, the South Ossetian side surprised many with their own initiative reminiscent to the Georgian plan, triggering optimism in Tbilisi.

2103:, the biggest town in the predominantly ethnic Georgian eastern part of South Ossetia, the choice of accepting Russian citizenship or leaving. However, 15611: 12360: 11175: 7255: 4386: 3687: 3474: 2046: 1585:

Russia accused Georgia of "aggression against South Ossetia", and launched a large-scale land, air, and sea invasion of Georgia with the pretext of a "

10970: 10896: 8511: 7489: 6929: 6097: 5759: 15656: 11131: 7982: 6989: 6473: 5034: 2790:, was predominantly Georgian, while the center and west were predominantly Ossetian. Much of the mountainous north is sparsely inhabited (see map at 10948: 10901: 5231: 2817:

rates and school attendance suggest it may have been around 39,000 inhabitants, and an independent estimate from 2009 put the population at 26,000.

1901:

from the Black Sea and by altitude. The plains of eastern Georgia are shielded from the influence of the Black Sea by mountains that provide a more

263: 14923: 9856: 8933: 8330: 7687: 546: 244: 8092: 6605: 4540: 2561:, South Ossetia consisted of a checkerboard of Georgian-inhabited and Ossetian-inhabited towns and villages. The largely Ossetian capital city of 1914:

than in any lower-lying areas. The regions that lie above 2,000 m (6,562 ft) frequently experience frost even during the summer months.

14914: 14889: 14810: 14805: 14800: 10328: 7807: 5392: 2596: 1497: 1282:

Tensions in the region began to rise amid rising nationalism among both Georgians and Ossetians in 1989. Before this, the two communities of the

2820:

According to the South Ossetian Statistical agency the population estimate was 56,520 per 1 January 2022. Of these, 33,054 lived in Tskhinvali.

12922: 12229: 11798: 11064: 1633: 1287: 1125: 10760:"The program of socio – economic development, security issues were discussed in Tskhinval with the participation of representatives of Russia" 10669: 8767: 2042:

as the alternative President of South Ossetia. The alternative elections of Sanakoyev claimed full support of the ethnic Georgian population.

1392:, Gamsakhurdia and his supporters were besieged by the opposition, which was backed by the national guard, in several government buildings in 1374:

in 1944. In the 1990s the new wave of South Ossetians migrating to the former Ingush territory fuelled conflict between Ossetians and Ingush.

15474: 14904: 12531: 11685: 11680: 11672: 11421: 10162: 9983:. Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts project (RULAC) of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. 22 February 2021. 9955: 3816: 2488: 1363: 14590: 14580: 10827: 10215: 8534: 6881: 899:

South Ossetia relies heavily on military, political, and financial aid from Russia. Since 2008, the South Ossetian government has expressed

15038: 14824: 14625: 14595: 12355: 11645: 10026: 8274: 7020: 6956: 6819: 5129: 4675: 4603: 3841: 3426: 2504: 2475: 2207:

leading to South Ossetia from the rest of Georgia passes through the Gori Municipality. However, this road is closed in both directions at

2093: 2010: 1741:, suspended the referendum on May 30. Gagloyev announced in August 2022 that border crossings with Georgia would be open ten days a month. 1727: 1664: 1150: 900: 11117: 4135: 1454:(OSCE) set up a mission in Georgia to monitor the peacekeeping operation. From then until mid-2004, South Ossetia was generally peaceful. 1240:(western Georgia) were also included within the South Ossetian AO. All these territories historically had been indigenous Georgian lands. 13238: 12702: 12275: 12182: 11188: 10297: 9130: 5573: 5304: 5260:

De Waal, "Beyond Frozen Conflict", 2.3.4 South Ossetia scenarios, page 44-45; 6.2 background, page 190; 6.6 Links with Georgia, page 201.

3514:. South Ossetia mints 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Kopeck coins, as well as 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ruble coins. South Ossetia does not print any 2457: 2440: 2151: 2111:

has said that this statement contradicts previous ones made by Kokoity earlier that day, when he indicated that South Ossetia would join

1783:

shapes the western geographic boundary of South Ossetia, although the northwestern corner of South Ossetia is located west of the range.

1149:

and began attacking the ethnic Georgian civilian population. During uprisings in 1919 and 1920, the Ossetians were covertly supported by

9324: 8468: 4578: 12090: 11701: 10857: 2798:

valleys. although according to some estimates there were 47,000 ethnic Ossetians and 17,500 ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia in 2007.

2386: 2381: 2338: 1692: 9837:[An agreement was signed on the entry of part of the units of the South Ossetian army into the RF Armed Forces] (in Russian). 9283: 7960: 4429: 4072: 14844: 14819: 12675: 12302: 11610: 10100: 9214: 9103: 8685: 7652: 5992: 2661: 2414: 2406: 2369: 2364: 2208: 2166: 2131:. The Georgian Foreign Ministry described the signing of the treaty as "actual annexation" of the disputed region by Russia, and the 1734: 17: 9355: 5336: 1322:

by the South Ossetian authorities escalated the conflict. On 11 November, this decision was revoked by the Georgian parliament, the

15676: 15616: 14864: 14685: 14381: 13734: 12524: 11605: 11533: 10797: 5691: 2586:(elected 2004) made the reassertion of Georgian governmental authority a political priority. Having successfully put an end to the 888:

control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast. Since the 2008 war, Georgia and a significant part of the

9980: 7897: 1389: 14829: 14035: 13650: 13527: 12547: 12027: 11869: 11661: 5536:

Getting Back Home? Towards Sustainable Return of Ingush Forced Migrants and Lasting Peace in Prigorodny District of North Ossetia

5083: 3846: 2537: 1668: 1033:. By the end of 18th century, the ultimate sites of Ossetian settlement on the territory of modern South Ossetia were in Kudaro ( 893: 873: 281: 14316:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

7459: 6847: 6757: 4358: 15666: 14934: 14635: 12057: 11844: 11655: 11543: 11477: 11168: 10862: 9507: 6495: 5603: 3680: 1691:

In 2016, a referendum on integration with Russia was proposed during an election campaign, but was put on hold indefinitely. A

922: 300: 10448: 8150:"Любители альпинизма и туризма зафиксировали рост Халацы (Fans of mountaineering and tourism recorded the growth of Khalatsa)" 2517: 1601:, held by Georgia. Tskhinvali was seized by the Russian military by 10 August. Russian forces occupied the Georgian cities of 1334:

on 20 September 1990. Ossetians boycotted subsequent Georgian parliamentary elections and held their own contest in December.

877: 12736: 12033: 11885: 11549: 10366: 10020: 9809: 7946: 5634: 5123: 4791: 4735: 4689: 4630: 4159: 1569:

wanted to demonstrate that Georgia would not tolerate the killing of Georgian citizens. According to Russian military expert

1535: 1319: 1315: 11089: 11024: 9161: 9013: 8711: 8210: 8011: 4966: 4472: 4271: 4229: 15661: 15567: 12819: 12012: 11783: 11635: 11523: 10392: 10270: 9752: 9726: 9674: 9648: 9592: 9566: 9245: 8788:

ICG "Georgia’s South Ossetia Conflict: Make Haste Slowly", Chapter II.C. "The New Temporary Administrative Unit", page 7-8.

8364: 7405: 7281: 7128: 6718: 6409: 6349: 6297: 6271: 6245: 6193: 6056: 6027: 5716: 3811: 3733: 3448:

In 2016, Armenia tried to persuade Georgia to open a transit route between Georgia and South Ossetia, but Georgia refused.

2500: 9778: 9700: 9077: 9047: 8988: 8828: 8802: 8741: 8641: 8591: 8442: 8416: 8390: 7369: 7204: 7042: 6635: 6219: 5962: 5933: 5890: 5020:

From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh

4332: 4014: 828:. The Georgian constitution designates the area as "the former autonomous district of South Ossetia", in reference to the 15166: 14790: 14745: 14660: 14585: 13727: 12714: 12626: 12570: 11650: 11640: 8123: 7996:

Gombori Range, and (5) the Alazani Plain"; 12.2.2 Foothill Mountainous-Hilly Relief (of the Shida Kartli Plain), page 208

7095: 1559:) on the night of 8 August, reaching its center in the morning of 8 August. One Georgian diplomat told Russian newspaper 1201: 934:

region. Modern South Ossetia is located below the green "Ossia", which approximately corresponds to modern North Ossetia.

10488: 7867: 7597: 7223: 15096: 14899: 14219: 12858: 12338: 12222: 11625: 11600: 11590: 11467: 10057: 7565: 7048:. Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia. September 2009. p. 27. Archived from 6145: 5821: 3831: 2530: 2430: 1945: 1481:

security officials, while some political researchers speak of institutions being outsourced to the Russian Federation.

1260: 1220:

did not have a majority Ossetian population, it was made the capital of the South Ossetian AO. In addition to parts of

1181: 856: 641: 10627: 8613: 8244: 8149: 6431: 5483: 4721: 1001:, at the beginning of the 17th century there was already a small group of Ossetians living near the headwaters of the 844:

region. Lacking effective control over the territory, Georgia maintains an administrative body called the Provisional

14650: 12885: 12394: 12307: 12122: 12044: 11917: 11771: 11751: 11436: 11317: 11161: 11083: 11018: 10729: 8231:

By 2014 the number of glaciers in the Greater Caucasus were established at 2,020 of which 637 are in Georgia (31.5%).

7533: 7178: 5028: 4960: 4523: 4265: 4037: 3745: 3673: 3398: 2127:

described the treaty as calling for "nearly full integration" and compared it to a 2014 agreement between Russia and

2035: 1965:, Russia recognised South Ossetia as independent. This unilateral recognition by Russia was met by condemnation from 1350: 1081: 861: 746: 696: 5734: 5512: 15031: 14909: 14760: 12831: 12655: 12643: 12260: 11834: 11776: 10767: 10620:"Кокойты рассчитывает на расширение признания Юж.Осетии (Kokoity counts on expanding recognition of South Ossetia)" 9530: 8930: 3722: 2706: 1667:

assumed authority over the buffer areas. Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are

1283: 1244: 1205: 1169: 829: 14879: 8858: 8059: 7156: 6903: 6554: 5543: 14839: 14655: 14575: 14284: 13231: 12897: 12348: 12270: 12079: 11992: 11793: 11766: 11712: 11487: 11374: 11364: 10589: 9882: 9842: 9423: 8671: 7528: 7355: 7352:"Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia on the Occupation of the Georgian Territories by the Russian Federation" 6691: 6562: 6375: 5446: 5358: 4920: 3706: 2300: 2178: 2120: 845: 833: 806: 430: 35: 10519:

South Ossetia Statistical digest for January–December 2021, Table 1.3, page 14; Table 2.1 & 2.3, pages 23–24

10077: 7074: 6518: 5170: 212: 30:

This article is about the partially recognised state in the South Caucasus. For the ethnolinguistic region, see

15465: 15432: 15303: 15116: 14765: 14555: 13630: 13156: 12265: 12052: 11879: 11756: 11573: 11452: 10548: 8561: 5417: 5298: 4189: 3806: 2775: 2567: 2470: 1798:, which was completed in 1986. The Transkam section located in South Ossetia is nominally part of the Georgian 1750: 1272: 1121: 821: 10707: 10243: 9393: 7785: 7755: 7725: 7307: 5848:"Speech delivered by President Mikheil Saakashvili at the Parade dedicated to the Independence Day of Georgia" 4301: 4112: 15671: 15646: 15391: 15141: 14965: 14690: 14615: 12795: 12416: 12406: 12333: 12215: 12017: 11739: 9135: 8902: 6780: 4773: 4467: 3659: 2677: 2629: 2464: 2271: 1719: 1021: 523: 218: 9191: 7845: 6933: 6323: 4383: 1298:

Ossetian historians accept that the migration of Ossetian ancestors to modern South Ossetia began after the

1290:. Both ethnicities had a normal degree of interaction and there were many Georgian-Ossetian intermarriages. 15636: 15313: 14940: 14894: 14725: 14374: 14132: 13634: 12590: 12476: 12255: 12175: 11900: 11874: 11822: 11761: 11462: 11196: 9615:"Statement on Georgia at the 13th OSCE Ministerial Council, Ljubljana, 5 and 6 December 2005 (MC.DOC/4/05)" 8508: 2493: 1189: 825: 631: 9622: 15626: 15406: 15358: 15228: 15223: 15024: 14985: 14884: 14735: 14570: 14310:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

12807: 12719: 12631: 12614: 12375: 12343: 11859: 11849: 11585: 11528: 11359: 11337: 11216: 10930: 10888: 8055: 5539: 5327: 4010: 3631: 2650: 2642: 2319: 2280: 2154:, nearly 80 per cent of those who voted endorsed the name-change, while the presidential race was won by 1723: 1598: 1299: 852: 450: 8920: 7259: 14874: 14776: 14720: 14665: 13224: 12602: 12380: 12191: 12084: 12022: 11997: 11518: 11271: 8188: 8088: 8015: 6609: 5764: 4544: 4433: 4144: 3603: 2633: 2350: 2289: 2031: 1397: 617: 496: 415: 402: 13683:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

5384: 2645:, which consists of 34 members who are elected by popular vote for five years in a mixed system of 17 198: 15363: 15188: 14815: 12748: 12446: 12370: 12127: 11808: 11788: 11426: 11399: 5689:

Süd-Ossetien (Georgien), 19. Januar 1992 : Unabhängigkeit von Georgien und Anschluss an Russland

4899:Гильденштедт И. А. Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770–1773 гг. – СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 2002. 3826: 3624: 2791: 2730: 2705:

On 26 March 2022, president Bibilov said that South Ossetia had sent troops to aid Russia during the

2250: 1810:

because it is the only direct route through the Caucasus Mountains between Russia and South Ossetia.

1243:

Historical Ossetia in the North Caucasus did not have its own political entity before 1924, when the

1061: 396: 10551:. Local business, local peace: The peacebuilding potential of the domestic private sector (Report). 1385: 15368: 15330: 14928: 14754: 14700: 14680: 14630: 13168: 12421: 12196: 11839: 11538: 11384: 11342: 11327: 11261: 8763: 3917: 3765: 3710: 3589: 3572: 2687: 2147: 2112: 1795: 1069: 1025: 49: 10074:"10 years since the signing of the Agreement on the United Russian military base in South Ossetia" 9944: 5730: 15631: 15288: 14990: 14919: 14771: 14749: 14645: 14367: 13592: 12142: 11864: 11389: 11312: 11221: 10819: 10226: 10050:

The Military Balance. The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics

8538: 8089:"Статистический сборник за январь-декабрь 2021 г. (Statistical digest for January–December 2021)" 7926: 7495:[CEC of South Ossetia announces final results of presidential elections and referendum]. 7012: 6979: 6948: 6873: 6811: 5930:"Tbilisi Says "No" to the Use of Force, Despite Attacks on Georgian Checkpoints in South Ossetia" 3969: 3895: 3836: 3526:, however, are in far less circulation than the Russian ruble, and are also largely ceremonial. 2699: 2483: 2211:

since 2008. The main crossing point that remained open for Georgians and South Ossetians, to the

1420: 889: 15443: 10007: 8270: 5109: 1950: 1573:, the Ossetian provocation was aimed at triggering the Georgian response, which was needed as a 1416:, a former Soviet minister, to come to Georgia to assume control of the Georgian State Council. 15606: 15258: 15218: 15198: 15178: 15081: 14794: 14730: 14715: 14671: 13805: 12557: 12492: 12451: 12280: 11287: 9857:"Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces of Russia arrived on a working visit to South Ossetia" 4132: 3638: 3563: 3554: 2646: 2570:

particularly dangerous, since any attempt to create an ethnically pure territory would involve

2558: 2212: 1962: 1807: 1787: 1700: 1594: 950:

tribe. In the 8th century a consolidated Alan kingdom, referred to in sources of the period as

564: 12965: 11075:

Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered

8478: 8091:(in Russian). Department of State Statistics of the Republic of South Ossetia. 29 March 2022. 5847: 5565: 5288: 2183: 1802:

even though Tbilisi effectively does not control that part. The Roki Tunnel was vital for the

1326:. The Georgian authorities removed the First Party Secretary of the oblast from his position. 860:

Ossetia's autonomy and dispatching its troops to the region. The escalating crisis led to the

15396: 15193: 15005: 14641: 14288: 14151: 14122: 13624: 12426: 11394: 10935: 9889: 9320: 6138:'Outsourcing' de facto Statehood: Russia and the Secessionist Entities in Georgia and Moldova 5822:"Saakashvili promises Georgians NATO membership in 2014 | Democracy & Freedom Watch" 5018: 4567: 3654: 2204: 1897: 1865: 1799: 1378: 204: 9184:"President: South Ossetia plans to hold referendum on becoming part of Russia before August" 1990:

recognised South Ossetia on 10 September 2009, becoming the third UN member state to do so.

1726:. Bibilov announced on 30 March 2022 that South Ossetia would initiate the legal process to 1500:

have damaged its credibility as a neutral peacekeeper in the EU's Black Sea neighbourhood."

15416: 15401: 15348: 15318: 15273: 15268: 15243: 15101: 14955: 14785: 14710: 14560: 14545: 13492: 11803: 11297: 8192: 7928: 6665: 4384:

Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Violations of humanitarian law in the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict

4068: 3801: 2683: 2305: 2193: 2059: 2005:) and most UN member countries do not recognise South Ossetia as an independent state. The 1819: 1089: 851:

The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, established by Soviet authorities in Moscow in 1922,

436: 15386: 8689: 7838:"South Ossetia to hold referendum on accession to Russia on July 17 — presidential decree" 5984: 5670:

Georgia's struggles : Conflict resolution through entrepreneurship in a fragile state

2142:

In another move towards integration with the Russian Federation, South Ossetian President

1699:

South Ossetia was rocked by its most significant protests from 2020 to 2021 following the

8: 15546: 15308: 15298: 15248: 15208: 15161: 15156: 15146: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15106: 15091: 15086: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 14980: 14706: 14620: 14540: 14535: 14526: 14244: 14077: 13875: 13569: 13128: 12436: 11977: 11954: 11615: 11457: 11431: 11354: 11307: 11211: 10971:"South Ossetia: How CONIFA European Football Cup Finalists Went From Violence to Victory" 10552: 9832:"Podpisano soglasheniye o vkhozhdenii chasti podrazdeleniy armii Yuzhnoy Osetii v VS RF" 8961: 7625: 7228: 6723: 5115: 4661: 4499: 2695: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2231: 1902: 1893: 1830: 1648: 1543: 1462: 1413: 1237: 969: 14223: 12914: 11050: 10789: 10047: 8196: 2826:

is the major religion practised in South Ossetia, by Ossetians, Georgians and Russians.

1818:

river in Georgia. More than 89% of South Ossetia lies over 1,000 m (3,281 ft)

1366:. In 1944, many South Ossetians were resettled in areas of North Ossetia from which the 15458: 15411: 15353: 15293: 15283: 15263: 15253: 15238: 15233: 15213: 15183: 15151: 15136: 15111: 15047: 15000: 14970: 14960: 14945: 14850: 14676: 14531: 14143: 13719: 13548: 13104: 12692: 12002: 11497: 11482: 11411: 11379: 11369: 11332: 11302: 11292: 11058: 8957:"South Ossetian police tell Georgians to take a Russian passport, or leave their homes" 8618: 8297:"Near Russian-controlled areas of Georgia, people are watching what happens in Ukraine" 8152:. Administration of the President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 20 September 2015. 7976: 7952: 7868:"Georgian breakaway territory suspends announced referendum on joining Russia – decree" 6984: 5688: 5087: 4379: 4042: 3610: 3438: 3422: 2801: 2015: 1885: 1522: 1470: 1431: 1338: 1229: 1117: 963: 881: 810: 767: 7490:"TSIK Yuzhnoy Osetii ozvuchil okonchatelnyie itogi vyiborov prezidenta i referenduma" 7067:"Amnesty International Satellite Images Reveal Damage to South Ossetian Villages After 6491: 5651:"On March 7th, 1992, the 64-year-old pensioner Eduard Shevardnadze flew into Tbilisi." 2611:, to which the US government and the OSCE expressed their support. The South Ossetian 15323: 15278: 15203: 15173: 14995: 14975: 14950: 14869: 14780: 14610: 14605: 14550: 14434: 14342: 13850: 13702: 13327: 13216: 13075: 12431: 12411: 12072: 12067: 11963: 11932: 11564: 11406: 11347: 11322: 11251: 11184: 11079: 11014: 10940: 10172: 10053: 10016: 9499: 8896: 7956: 7942: 6841: 6751: 6575: 5630: 5294: 5119: 5024: 4956: 4787: 4731: 4685: 4519: 4354: 4261: 3940: 3907: 3868: 3411: 2823: 2197: 1998: 1983: 1586: 1570: 1354: 1255: 1251: 1108: 1006: 994: 986: 814: 460: 338: 269: 124: 92: 10849: 10274: 5595: 4160:"South Ossetia Referendum on Name Change Steers Clear of Thornier Unification Issue" 2226:

In November 2009, during the opening ceremony of a new Georgian Embassy building in

1829:

Out of the roughly 2,000 glaciers that exist in the Greater Caucasus, approximately

1654:

negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008. On 17 August, Russian president

1176: 1156: 15621: 14859: 14740: 14565: 14280: 13587: 12132: 11937: 11912: 11620: 11513: 11231: 11226: 10440: 10356: 10132:"Georgian breakaway region says it sent troops to Ukraine to 'help protect Russia'" 8504: 8200: 7934: 7657: 7620:"Georgian breakaway region says it sent troops to Ukraine to 'help protect Russia'" 6571: 6172: 3960: 3886: 3779: 3617: 2604: 2155: 2124: 2066: 2054: 2039: 1978: 1803: 1776: 1772: 1030: 711: 658: 343: 156: 12516: 9801: 5668: 2146:

proposed in December 2015 a name change to South Ossetia–Alania – in analogy with

2065:

On 13 July 2007, Georgia set up a state commission, chaired by the Prime Minister

973:

Historical Russian map of the Caucasus region at the beginning of the 19th century

954:, emerged in the northern Caucasus Mountains. Around 1239–1277 Alania fell to the 14854: 14600: 14335: 14248: 14056: 13935: 13762: 13543: 13259: 12814: 12154: 11630: 11492: 11472: 11416: 11266: 11138: 11126: 11073: 11008: 10730:"Armenia, Georgia Considered South Ossetia as Trade Route to Russia | Eurasianet" 9416:"Entry procedures for foreign citizens arriving to the Republic of South Ossetia" 9157: 8515: 8331:"Nicaragua joins Russia in recognizing South Ossetia, Abkhazia, 3 September 2008" 8176: 6468: 5695: 5388: 4950: 4462: 4390: 4255: 4221: 4139: 3487: 3479: 3469:

A 20 Zarin coin commemorating Russia's recognition of South Ossetian independence

2783: 2665: 2162: 2081: 1715: 1704: 1655: 1651: 1618: 1552: 1458: 1439: 1405: 947: 869: 10388: 9748: 9722: 9670: 9644: 9588: 9562: 9275: 9069: 9039: 8980: 8824: 8798: 8737: 8637: 8587: 8438: 8412: 8386: 8356: 7927:

Levan Tielidze; Ramin Gobejishvili; Levan Maruashvili; Nikoloz Astakhov (2019).

7395: 7273: 7120: 6401: 6345: 6293: 6267: 6241: 6215: 6189: 6052: 6023: 5708: 5111:

Beyond Frozen Conflict – Scenarios for the Separatist Disputes of Eastern Europe

1509: 993:, often settled in the lands of Georgian feudal lords. The Georgian King of the 912: 14424: 14390: 14313: 14010: 13825: 13192: 13140: 12561: 11949: 10330:

Beyond Frozen Conflict: Scenarios for the Separatist Disputes of Eastern Europe

9834:Подписано соглашение о вхождении части подразделений армии Южной Осетии в ВС РФ 9696: 8880: 8520: 7592: 7560: 7373: 7208: 7049: 6631: 5958: 5929: 5886: 4324: 4096:

Page 9, Statistical Digest 2021, State Statistics of Republic of South Ossetia.

3550: 3507: 2444: 2143: 2136: 2104: 2027: 1994: 1919: 1861: 1823: 1675: 1642: 1401: 1294: 1193: 1073: 1065: 1042: 990: 982: 782: 771: 7938: 7088: 6464:"Countdown in the Caucasus: Seven days that brought Russia and Georgia to war" 5508: 1872:, Medzhuda, Tlidon, Canal Saltanis, Ptsa River and host of other tributaries. 1450:

of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians was established. On 6 November 1992, the

15600: 15582: 15569: 15451: 14347: 14095: 13895: 13695: 12112: 12007: 11984: 11942: 11854: 11004: 10944: 10480: 10176: 7587: 7556:"Beating of a resident of Tskhinvali by militaries reminds of Djabiev's case" 7492:ЦИК Южной Осетии озвучил окончательные итоги выборов президента и референдума 5712: 4946: 4681: 4251: 3793: 3535: 3503: 2637: 2132: 2119:

paying state worker salaries in South Ossetia at rates equal to those in the

2108: 2014:

the vote was 95%. The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international

1966: 1923: 1834: 1711:

resulting in months of protests and sacking of several government ministers.

1614: 1505: 1493: 1489: 1371: 1367: 1141:

killed and their land was seized by the Ossetians. The central government of

1054: 1038: 1002: 997:

permitted Ossetians to immigrate. According to Russian ambassador to Georgia

955: 601: 315: 302: 10670:"Anatoly Bibilov took part in the ceremony of launching a backup power line" 7555: 4677:

Near Abroad – Putin, the West, and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus

1286:

of the Georgian SSR had been living in peace with each other except for the

15522: 14510: 14100: 14066: 14015: 13608: 13487: 13452: 12880: 12731: 12137: 11970: 11922: 11142: 10619: 9951: 9774: 8921:"Kremlin announces that South Ossetia will join 'one united Russian state'" 8623: 8248: 7898:"South Ossetia to partially reopen crossing points for Akhalgori Georgians" 4635: 4006: 3519: 2657: 2294: 2187:"The Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories" (in Georgian), 23 October 2008 2073: 1845: 1779:, a geographic plateau that is roughly in the center of South Ossetia. The 1771:

at the juncture of Asia and Europe. It occupies the southern slopes of the

1738: 1438:

On 24 June 1992, Shevardnadze and the South Ossetian government signed the

1409: 1331: 1318:". The decision to transform the South Ossetian AO into the South Ossetian 1225: 1129: 927: 841: 421: 353: 10850:"The New Alliance and Integration Treaty between Russia and South Ossetia" 9802:"Бибилов признал поражение во втором туре выборов президента Южной Осетии" 8205: 7523: 4047: 2682:

South Ossetia's armed forces in 2017 were partially incorporated into the

2259: 1755: 14478: 14178: 13995: 13930: 13707: 13437: 13377: 13372: 13267: 12650: 12638: 12207: 12107: 10889:"Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Collision of Georgian and Russian Interests" 8177:"The Greater Caucasus Glacier Inventory (Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan)" 7432: 6843:СМИ: российские войска вошли в Южную Осетию еще до начала боевых действий 5887:"Georgian State Minister to Discuss Roki Pass with North Ossetian Leader" 5475: 3515: 3434: 3402: 2805: 1910: 1880: 1853: 1791: 1780: 1680:

Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia

1617:(the last one after the ceasefire agreement was negotiated). The Russian 1579: 1474: 1077: 623: 9919:"Border guards completed the arrangement of the border in South Ossetia" 3581: 2786:. The eastern quarter of South Ossetia, around the town and district of 2698:, where a branch of the base is hosted at the village Ugardanta for the 989:. Ossetian peasants, who were migrating to the mountainous areas of the 14409: 13965: 13925: 13905: 13885: 13790: 13497: 13472: 13387: 13367: 13317: 13287: 13277: 13087: 13034: 12892: 12149: 10759: 9831: 9215:"South Ossetia Postpones Referendum on Accession To Russian Federation" 8850: 8239: 8237: 8051: 7460:"South Ossetia Postpones Referendum On Accession To Russian Federation" 7150: 6319: 6090:

Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Collision of Georgian and Russian Interests

5596:""Mountains collided in the air" – 30 years after the Racha earthquake" 5535: 5063: 5061: 2691: 2600: 2562: 1561: 1556: 1377:

On 29 April 1991, the western part of South Ossetia was affected by an

1233: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1146: 1137: 1133: 978: 868:

involvement on the Ossetian side. After the war, the conflict remained

775: 294: 41:"State of Alania" redirects here. For the former medieval kingdom, see 10298:"South Ossetian Authorities Release Results of 1st Census in 26 Years" 9415: 9356:"Life Through Barbed Wire: The Georgia–South Ossetia Demarcation Line" 6947:

Schwirtz, Michael; Barnard, Anne; Kramer, Andrew E. (11 August 2008).

5450: 5362: 3393: 1164: 1064:, including the territory of modern South Ossetia, was annexed by the 1024:

who visited Georgia in 1772. The Baltic German explorer called modern

15016: 14449: 14307:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

14128: 13900: 13661: 13462: 13457: 13337: 12441: 12062: 11595: 10538:

De Waal et al, Beyond Frozen Conflict, chapter 6. South Ossetia Today

10167: 10073: 9883:"Behind barbed wire: Human rights toll of "borderization" in Georgia" 8925: 8040:

ICG, "South Ossetia: The Burden of Recognition", page 4, footnote 29.

7179:"Rights Groups Say South Ossetian Militias Burning Georgian Villages" 5190: 5188: 5160: 5150:

De Waal et al, Beyond Frozen Conflict, chapter 6. South Ossetia Today

3596: 2850: 2840: 2835: 2787: 2779: 2722: 2717: 2616: 2100: 2050: 1987: 1849: 1590: 1547: 1501: 1443: 1221: 1093: 1012: 939: 884:

of August 2008, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full

794: 790: 383: 371: 365: 8234: 7428:"EU Report: Independent Experts Blame Georgia for South Ossetia War" 5058: 4106: 2607:

presented the Georgian action plan at the OSCE Permanent Council at

2087: 1624: 1427: 1160:

Creation of South Ossetian AO on historical Georgian regions in 1922

15496: 14500: 14469: 14419: 14320: 14270: 14240: 14161: 14156: 14046: 13980: 13975: 13950: 13810: 13680:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

13538: 13477: 13432: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13302: 13116: 13063: 13051: 12986: 12946: 12785: 12117: 11720: 11153: 10699: 10244:"Georgia: UN continues to press for humanitarian access to victims" 9385: 7777: 7747: 7717: 7400: 7329: 7303: 6242:"Parliament Instructs the Government to Cease Russian Peacekeeping" 4293: 4194: 3523: 2845: 2235: 2128: 2077: 1768: 1760: 1660: 1358:

the Soviet Union. Georgia declared its independence in April 1991.

1293:

The dispute surrounding the presence of the Ossetian people in the

1197: 1085: 931: 785:(UN) recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state – 605: 377: 14215: 10005: 9125: 8851:"OSCE: De Gucht Discusses Montenegro Referendum, Frozen Conflicts" 8638:"S.Ossetia Says 'International Observers' Arrive to Monitor Polls" 8113:

South Ossetia Statistical digest for January–December 2021, page 7

8052:

The Russian Military and the Georgia War: Lessons and Implications

7808:"Breakaway region of Georgia to hold referendum on joining Russia" 7748:"Bibilov on Two Referendums, Unlikely 'Provocations' from Tbilisi" 6555:"Russia resurgent? Moscow's campaign to 'coerce Georgia to peace'" 5359:"The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict, chapter 8 & appendix" 5185: 4832: 4830: 4516:

The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests

4513: 4108:

Moscow Says Abkhazia, S. Ossetia Shall be Less Dependent on Russia

3518:. The South Ossetian ruble is pegged to the Russian ruble, and is 1381:, which killed more than 200 and left tens of thousands homeless. 1337:

In October 1990, the parliamentary election in Georgia was won by

15473: 14484: 14459: 14454: 14439: 14429: 14414: 14404: 14359: 14265: 14005: 13955: 13915: 13870: 13865: 13855: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13815: 13800: 13795: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13502: 13417: 13397: 13282: 13272: 13022: 12585: 12503: 12471: 11690: 11246: 11241: 10590:"If History Is a Guide, Crimeans' Celebration May Be Short-Lived" 10163:"Deserting South Ossetian troops hitchhike home in 'mass mutiny'" 10048:

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2018).

9535: 9183: 8463: 8439:"OSCE Chair Condemns Russia's Recognition of Abkhazia, S.Ossetia" 7837: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4851:С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом, Москва, 1889, с. 508 2062:

as the Head of South Ossetian Provisional Administrative Entity.

2020: 1815: 1602: 1574: 1566: 1393: 1142: 1097: 1076:

to come under Russian domination, starting in 1774. The capital,

31: 10674:

Administration of the President of the Republic of South Ossetia

9697:"Saakashvili Proposes 'Stage-by-Stage' Conflict Settlement Plan" 9614: 8174: 4786:(in Georgian). Sak'art'velos Saxalxo Damc'veli. pp. 9, 63. 820:

The political status of South Ossetia is a central issue of the

15642:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

14474: 14464: 14444: 14173: 14051: 14025: 14000: 13990: 13970: 13960: 13945: 13940: 13920: 13890: 13860: 13845: 13820: 13754: 13558: 13482: 13447: 13382: 13362: 13352: 13312: 13297: 13292: 13010: 12998: 12802: 12709: 12621: 12609: 11927: 11695: 11256: 11236: 8492: 8473: 7688:"Breakaway Georgian Region Seeks to Be Putin's Next Annexation" 6053:"Georgia's UN Envoy Slams Russia over Arming Breakaway Regions" 5566:"Aftershocks in Soviet Georgia; Death Toll Said to Rise to 300" 5212: 4866: 4854: 4827: 4815: 4727: 3511: 2608: 2591: 2026:

Parallel to the secessionist held referendum and elections, to

2009:

republic governed by the secessionist government held a second

1606: 1050: 1034: 981:

princes, Ossetians started a second wave of migration from the

951: 865: 786: 42: 10481:"A Testing Ground for Modernization and a Showcase of Success" 9500:"Yuschenko, Saakashvili open new building of Georgian Embassy" 9246:"South Ossetia's Bibilov Wins Election, Puts Moscow in a Bind" 9040:"Putin Endorses Draft Treaty on 'Integration' with Tskhinvali" 7778:"Tskhinvali Registers Group for Russian Annexation Referendum" 5850:. The Administratin of the President of Georgia. 26 May 2004. 4993: 3465: 2694:, with training sites north from the city (Dzartsem) and near 2660:

has been the president of the republic, winning the contested

2023:. The European Union, OSCE and NATO condemned the referendum. 1703:. Djabiev, a vocal member of the South Ossetian opposition to 1212:

granted this autonomy to the Ossetians in exchange for their (

1103: 723: 14275: 13985: 13910: 13880: 13666: 13507: 13467: 13442: 13422: 13357: 13332: 13322: 13307: 12597: 10963: 9723:"S.Ossetian Leader Pushes Joint Plan For Conflict Resolution" 8712:"Georgia: Results of S.Ossetia 'alternative' polls announced" 1869: 1857: 1838: 1046: 959: 943: 802: 798: 9420:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia

8049: 6658:"The Goals Behind Moscow's Proxy Offensive in South Ossetia" 4568:"The Five-Day War: Managing Moscow After the Georgia Crisis" 872:

throughout 1990s and saw two major escalations in 2000s: in

14166: 13517: 13427: 13392: 13347: 13342: 13251: 12743: 11112: 10037:– via Rowman & Littlefield International, London. 9838: 9777:(in Russian). Government of the Republic of South Ossetia. 7224:"Bush, European Leaders Urge Quick Withdrawal From Georgia" 6216:"Resolution on Peacekeepers Leaves Room for More Diplomacy" 4190:"Referendum to rename South Ossetia 'Alania' set for April" 3741: 3737: 3483: 2855: 2227: 2002: 1970: 1954: 1610: 729: 679: 676: 670: 10327:

De Waal, Thomas; Von Twickel, Nikolaus (27 October 2020).

9749:"Kokoity's Proposal Triggers Cautious Optimism in Tbilisi" 9014:"Putin signs treaty integrating South Ossetia into Russia" 8766:. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2 February 2008. 7370:"Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory" 6489: 5263: 2778:

roughly two-thirds of the population of South Ossetia was

1767:

South Ossetia is a very mountainous region located in the

726: 714: 661: 12944: 10361: 9589:"S.Ossetian Negotiator Comments on Georgia's Action Plan" 8885:"Frozen Conflicts in the Black Sea-South Caucasus Region" 8738:"Parliament Sets Up S.Ossetia Provisional Administration" 8667: 6436: 5232:"Ethnic tensions: War in the Caucasus is Stalin's legacy" 4981: 2172: 1136:

and demanded ownership of the lands they worked, and the

1020:

This period has been documented in the travel diaries of

13749: 11147: 10417:. Republic of South Ossetia. 22 May 2014. Archived from 8670:.com. Associated Press. 13 November 2006. Archived from 8357:"West condemns Russia over Georgia, BBC, 26 August 2008" 7524:""Дело Инала". В Цхинвали не стихает бессрочный протест" 6190:"Georgian PM Outlines South Ossetia Action Plan at OSCE" 6024:"Russia's Separate Funding for S.Ossetia Angers Georgia" 6013:

ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 14."

5911:

ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 13:

5872:

ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 10:

5673:(Thesis). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. pp. 25–26. 5509:"The Ingush-Osettian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region" 1400:, an interim government, was formed by a triumvirate of 473:• As the South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic 11121: 10415:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation" 9100:"Russian treaty with rebel Georgian region alarms West" 8686:"Two Referendums and Two "Presidents" in South Ossetia" 5533: 4323:

Robinson, Matt; Mchedlishvili, Niko (24 October 2008).

1940:

International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

1775:

mountain range and its foothills which are part of the

1759:

Map of Georgia highlighting South Ossetia (purple) and

1192:

in 1921, created an autonomous administrative unit for

809:

and all other UN member states regard South Ossetia as

13246: 10510:

are still hopeful Georgia will resume the gas supply."

9645:"OSCE Ministerial Council Adopts Statement on Georgia" 9323:. The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 30 October 2008. 8981:"Kokoity Reverses Remarks on S.Ossetia Joining Russia" 8889:

Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies

8535:"Venezuela recognises Georgia rebel regions – reports" 8175:

Levan G. Tielidze; Roger D. Wheate (10 January 2018).

8124:"Factbox – Georgia's rebel regions one year after war" 7645: 7330:"Moscow Says EU Monitors Fully Control 'Buffer Zones'" 6519:"Georgia calls on EU for independent inquiry into war" 6268:"GUAM Ministerial Discusses Joint Peacekeeping Forces" 3999: 3953: 3921: 3879: 1527: 1200:(the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the 1188:

The Soviet Georgian government, established after the

1120:, the area of modern South Ossetia became part of the 110: 12685: 12578: 9671:"Moscow Rejects Tbilisi's South Ossetian Action Plan" 7304:"Russia Completes 'Most of Withdrawal' – EU Monitors" 6946: 6874:"I got my children out minutes before the bombs fell" 6320:"Russia 'not neutral' in Black Sea conflict, EU says" 5760:"Georgia's South Ossetia Conflict: Make Haste Slowly" 5084:"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia" 5055:

ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 3

4322: 3974: 3900: 1542:

At around 19:00 on 7 August 2008, Georgian president

1504:(Chairman, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee), 747: 720: 697: 667: 10216:"Georgia: a toponymic note concerning South Ossetia" 10101:"Georgia's Breakaway Region Sends Troops to Ukraine" 9563:"U.S. Hails Georgia's Peace Plan over South Ossetia" 7718:"Moscow Wants Referendum Before Annexing S. Ossetia" 7682: 7680: 7653:"Georgia's Breakaway Region Sends Troops to Ukraine" 6930:"Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia" 6632:"Saakashvili Appeals for Peace in Televised Address" 6294:"Senator: U.S. Not in Favor of Russian Peacekeeping" 4907: 4905: 4355:"Occupied Territories of Georgia. Tskhinvali region" 3755: 3498:

South Ossetia's official circulated currency is the

1975:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1536:

Tensions between Georgia and Russia began escalating

1452:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

673: 173: 142: 12546: 11113:

President of Republic of South Ossetia (in Russian)

10201:

G. Tsuladze, N. Maglaperidze, A. Vadachkoria, Eds.,

8799:"Some Details on 'S.Ossetia Administration' Emerge" 8614:"99% of South Ossetian voters approve independence" 8263: 6980:"Russia, in Accord With Georgians, Sets Withdrawal" 6781:"THE RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR WAS PREPLANNED IN MOSCOW" 6710: 5447:"The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict, chapter 4" 5290:

Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War

5282: 5280: 5278: 4919:. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University. Archived from 4911: 1634:

ethnic cleansing against Georgians in South Ossetia

1593:against targets within Georgia were also launched. 1005:. In the 1770s there were more Ossetians living in 917: 717: 664: 10326: 8559: 7612: 7256:"Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev" 6978:Kramer, Andrew E.; Barry, Ellen (12 August 2008). 6932:. Associated Press. 11 August 2008. Archived from 6904:"Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge" 6603: 5754: 5752: 5629:. I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan. 4538: 4038:"Presidential Elections in South Ossetia – Plan B" 3473:One of South Ossetia's official currencies is the 3405:from Russia to South Ossetia, went online in 2009. 2047:Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia 1826:at 3,938 m (12,920 ft) above sea level. 1565:on 8 August that by taking control of Tskhinvali, 1112:Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) in 1921 11049:] (in Russian). Tbilisi. 1994. Archived from 11039: 11010:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus 10588:Vartanyan, Olesya; Barry, Ellen (18 March 2014). 10389:"South Ossetia – Ethnic composition: 2015 census" 10268: 8509:Russia support for separatists could have ripples 8469:"UPDATE 1-EU faces tough test of unity on Russia" 7677: 7013:"Bush, Sending Aid, Demands That Moscow Withdraw" 6949:"Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia" 6922: 6778: 5731:"The independence precedent: If Kosovo goes free" 5286: 5218: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5118:: Rowman & Littlefield International (CEPS). 5067: 4952:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus 4902: 4887:Гюльденштедт. Путешествие в Грузию, Тбилиси, 1962 4872: 4860: 4836: 4821: 4325:"Georgia seeks to isolate Russian-backed regions" 4257:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus 4029: 3822:Donetsk People's Republic–South Ossetia relations 2088:Plans for integration with the Russian Federation 1128:between the landless Ossetian peasants living in 901:their intention of joining the Russian Federation 15598: 14924:German occupation of Estonia during World War II 10549:"Section 2: South Caucasus case study (English)" 9767: 7920: 7152:Эдуард Кокойты: мы там практически выровняли все 7010: 6650: 6098:IFRI French Institute of International Relations 5275: 4604:"South Ossetia Looking Much Like a Failed State" 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 2686:. The Russian armed forces have established the 2649:constituencies and 17 delegates elected through 1957:No. 1261 recognising South Ossetian independence 245:National Anthem of the Republic of South Ossetia 27:Partially recognized state in the South Caucasus 10897:Institut français des relations internationales 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9008: 9006: 8714:. UNA Georgia via Reliefweb. 16 November 2006. 8678: 8588:"S.Ossetia Sets Repeat Independence Referendum" 8562:"Georgian rebel region to vote on independence" 8553: 8349: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 6971: 6490:Marc Champion; Andrew Osborn (16 August 2008). 5953: 5951: 5749: 5709:"S.Ossetia Sets Repeat Independence Referendum" 5627:Georgia: A Political History Since Independence 5108:de Waal, Thomas; Twickel, Nikolaus von (2020). 4559: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 2597:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1250:Although the Ossetians had their own language ( 12564:provided by the articles linked in parentheses 10764:Государственное информационное агентство "Рес" 10587: 9276:"Bill on Occupied Territories Signed into Law" 9070:"Moscow, Tskhinvali Sign 'Integration Treaty'" 8688:. Caucaz.Com. 20 November 2006. Archived from 8050:Ariel Cohen; Robert E Hamilton (1 June 2011). 8006: 8004: 8002: 7344: 6812:"Georgia Offers Fresh Evidence on War's Start" 6373: 5649:Jones (2013), Chapter 4 Interregnum, page 75. 5412: 5410: 5200: 5107: 4771: 4063: 4061: 4046:. Translated by Bieroń, Tomasz. Archived from 3944: 3911: 2628:According to Article 47 of the South Ossetian 1302:of the 13th century, while one South Ossetian 233: 130: 98: 15475:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 15459: 15032: 14375: 13735: 13232: 12930: 12532: 12223: 11169: 11118:Crisis profile, Georgia, Abkhazia, S. Ossetia 10700:"Tskhinvali, Moscow Launch Backup Power Line" 10223:The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names 10006:Thomas de Waal; Nikolaus von Twickel (2020). 9921:(in Russian). Interfax Russia. 12 July 2012. 8914: 8912: 7981:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 7588:"Half of South-Ossetian MPs announce boycott" 7452: 7258:. The Kremlin. 26 August 2008. Archived from 7035: 6940: 6846:(in Russian). NEWSru.com. 11 September 2008. 6743: 6087: 5618: 4684:: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–131. 4514:Robert H. Donaldson; Joseph L. Nogee (2005). 3817:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 3681: 2590:independence of the southwestern province of 2538: 1645:said he would not allow Georgians to return. 1266: 1068:in 1801. Ossetia, the area comprising modern 162: 14101:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 9531:"Georgia-Russia conflict could be drawn out" 9298: 9003: 8891:. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. 8537:. Reuters. 10 September 2009. Archived from 8074: 6516: 6135: 5948: 5470: 5468: 4596: 4577:(November/December). Georgetown University. 4565: 4395: 4286: 4035: 3842:Vehicle registration plates of South Ossetia 2476:Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia 2094:Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia 2019:recognition from the Georgian government in 1864:. Major rivers in South Ossetia include the 1665:European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia 1196:Ossetians in April 1922 under pressure from 880:. The latter conflict led to the full-scale 11071: 10271:"The August War between Russia and Georgia" 9859:(in Russian). Vesti Kavkaza. 11 July 2012. 9126:"Breakaway Tskhinvali proposes name change" 8431: 8405: 7999: 7004: 6977: 6803: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6394: 6369: 6367: 6184: 6182: 5511:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. 1 May 1996. 5407: 5269: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5004: 4987: 4914:"Georgian-Ossetian ethno-historical review" 4436:. 26 November 2004. ICG Europe Report 159. 4058: 2458:Provisional Administration of South Ossetia 2234:stated that residents of South Ossetia and 1693:referendum on South Ossetia's official name 1132:(Interior Georgia), who were influenced by 1104:South Ossetia as a part of the Soviet Union 235:Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстоны Паддзахадон гимн 15652:States and territories established in 1991 15466: 15452: 15039: 15025: 14835:Czech resistance against German occupation 14382: 14368: 13742: 13728: 13239: 13225: 12937: 12923: 12539: 12525: 12237: 12230: 12216: 11176: 11162: 11063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10928: 10858:Finnish Institute of International Affairs 9981:"Military occupation of Georgia by Russia" 9489:Article 11.3, Law on Occupied Territories. 9462:Article 11.2, Law on Occupied Territories. 8909: 8527: 8328: 7372:. Civil.Ge. 28 August 2008. Archived from 7207:. Civil.Ge. 12 August 2008. Archived from 7155:(in Russian). Kommersant. 15 August 2008. 6716: 5503: 5501: 5329:Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994 5209:D.M. Lang, History of Modern Georgia, 1963 4294:"Syria Recognizes Abkhazia, South Ossetia" 4036:Wojtasiewicz, Wojciech (1 December 2011). 3688: 3674: 2545: 2531: 2080:are sometimes referred to as post-Soviet " 1860:ridges act as divide separating these two 1841:River basin are located in South Ossetia. 262: 15612:Autonomous republics of Georgia (country) 14494:Sovereign states with limited recognition 10578:South Ossetia’ in Champain et al op. cit. 10541: 10465: 10433: 9444:Article 4.3, Law on Occupied Territories. 9345:Article 4.1, Law on Occupied Territories. 8379: 8289: 8204: 6867: 6865: 6719:"A Two-Sided Descent into Full-Scale War" 6606:"The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia" 6432:"2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts" 6346:"Bush to Raise Georgia at U.S.-EU Summit" 5542:– Center for Policy Studies. p. 10. 5465: 5078: 5076: 4541:"The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia" 4373: 4092: 4090: 2167:2022 South Ossetian presidential election 15657:1991 establishments in Georgia (country) 14323:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 10478: 10320: 10295: 10076:(in Russian). RES Agency. 7 April 2020. 9321:"Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories" 8825:"Commission to Work on S.Ossetia Status" 8560:Niko Mchedlishvili (11 September 2006). 8413:"CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move" 8324: 8322: 8126:. Reuters via Reliefweb. 4 August 2009. 8012:South Ossetia: The Burden of Recognition 7248: 7094:. Amnesty International. November 2008. 6749: 6541: 6485: 6483: 6376:"Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?'" 6364: 6179: 6122:Georgian Foreign Ministry, 22 Sep 2005: 5293:. Cornell University Press. p. 98. 5094: 4715: 4713: 4260:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 123–144. 3464: 3392: 2800: 2716: 2636:of the Republic of South Ossetia is the 2182: 1949: 1879: 1754: 1623: 1526: 1426: 1175: 1163: 1155: 1107: 1011: 968: 921: 483:• As the Republic of South Ossetia 10939:(42). Higher Education Web Publishing. 10924: 10922: 9945:"EUMM Monitor Bulletin #7 October 2018" 9799: 9528: 9480:Article 8, Law on Occupied Territories. 9471:Article 7, Law on Occupied Territories. 9453:Article 6, Law on Occupied Territories. 8954: 7073:Reuters. 9 October 2008. Archived from 7059: 6871: 6809: 6692:"Georgian conflict puts U.S. in middle" 6604:Jean-Rodrigue Paré (13 February 2009). 6047: 6045: 5498: 5016: 4539:Jean-Rodrigue Paré (13 February 2009). 3847:List of states with limited recognition 3493: 1892:South Ossetia's climate is affected by 1663:and South Ossetia on 8 October and the 14: 15599: 15046: 9243: 9212: 8918: 8018:. 7 June 2010. ICG Europe Report 205. 7266: 7221: 7159:from the original on 16 September 2014 6910:from the original on 24 September 2015 6862: 6608:. Parliament of Canada. Archived from 6529:from the original on 13 September 2017 5666: 5660: 5325: 5073: 4955:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 82–83. 4631:"Georgia wary of Russian encroachment" 4628: 4584:from the original on 23 September 2014 4543:. Parliament of Canada. Archived from 4430:Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia 4170:from the original on 14 September 2017 4157: 4087: 3705:The country's principal university is 2173:Law on occupied territories of Georgia 2001:, North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( 1082:Georgia was part of the Russian Empire 15447: 15020: 14363: 13723: 13220: 12918: 12639:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 12520: 12507: 12211: 11157: 11092:from the original on 18 February 2023 11027:from the original on 18 February 2023 11003: 10951:from the original on 13 February 2012 10868:from the original on 26 February 2024 10830:from the original on 26 February 2024 10451:from the original on 7 February 2012. 10369:from the original on 19 February 2014 10308:from the original on 31 December 2017 10203:Demographic Yearbook of Georgia: 2001 10080:from the original on 28 December 2021 9987:from the original on 28 December 2021 9925:from the original on 28 December 2021 9899:from the original on 27 December 2021 9845:from the original on 11 October 2017. 9543:from the original on 18 February 2023 8936:from the original on 3 September 2008 8879: 8764:"Georgia's Showcase in South Ossetia" 8319: 8245:"About the Republic of South Ossetia" 7814:. Agence France-Presse. 13 May 2022. 7521: 7440:from the original on 2 September 2018 7215: 7185:from the original on 3 September 2014 7101:from the original on 22 February 2014 6498:from the original on 18 February 2021 6480: 6382:from the original on 3 September 2014 5854:from the original on 11 December 2012 5719:from the original on 31 October 2022. 5684: 5682: 5680: 5624: 5476:"Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia" 5441: 5439: 5339:from the original on 27 November 2012 5307:from the original on 18 February 2023 5086:. Library of Congress. Archived from 4969:from the original on 18 February 2023 4945: 4719: 4710: 4475:from the original on 18 November 2023 4274:from the original on 18 February 2023 4250: 2721:Ethnic map of the Caucasus from 1995 1848:with the northwestern part it in the 1686: 1669:Russian-occupied Georgian territories 1597:opened a second front on 9 August by 1589:operation" on 8 August 2008. Russian 1582:before the Georgian military action. 1263:lived outside the South Ossetian AO. 840:and considers it a part of Georgia's 836:informally refers to the area as the 781:As of 2024, only five members of the 508:3,885 km (1,500 sq mi) 11183: 10931:"Students seek refuge in Russian HE" 10919: 10907:from the original on 18 January 2024 10740:from the original on 8 December 2022 10491:from the original on 18 October 2015 10407: 10250:from the original on 7 December 2008 9961:from the original on 19 January 2022 9729:from the original on 7 November 2021 9699:. Civil Georgia. 22 September 2004. 9625:from the original on 21 January 2012 9510:from the original on 18 October 2015 9386:"105th IPRM Meeting Held in Ergneti" 9286:from the original on 28 January 2012 9102:. SWI. 18 March 2015. Archived from 8991:from the original on 28 January 2012 8861:from the original on 30 October 2023 8831:from the original on 31 January 2018 8718:from the original on 1 November 2022 8644:from the original on 14 October 2017 8590:. Civil Georgia. 11 September 2006. 8277:from the original on 5 November 2013 8095:from the original on 28 January 2023 7963:from the original on 16 October 2022 7848:from the original on 31 October 2022 7818:from the original on 27 October 2022 7023:from the original on 29 October 2017 6992:from the original on 9 November 2012 6779:Pavel Felgenhauer (14 August 2008). 6731:from the original on 6 November 2012 6698:from the original on 16 October 2014 6672:from the original on 26 October 2014 6638:from the original on 19 October 2014 6444:from the original on 16 October 2021 6374:Brian Whitmore (12 September 2008). 6352:from the original on 31 October 2022 6270:. Civil Georgia. 26 September 2006. 6222:from the original on 7 November 2017 6042: 5828:from the original on 18 October 2015 5737:from the original on 7 November 2015 5606:from the original on 14 January 2022 5576:from the original on 31 October 2022 5418:"Unrecognized states: South Ossetia" 5395:from the original on 18 October 2015 5173:from the original on 1 December 2017 4744:from the original on 6 February 2022 4698:from the original on 6 February 2022 4673: 4667: 4532: 4487: 2690:in South Ossetia, which is based in 2053:members of the separatist movement. 2034:, the Ossetian opposition movement ( 1084:and Ossetian settlements emerged in 977:In the 17th century, by pressure of 14830:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 12815:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 10770:from the original on 28 August 2022 10710:from the original on 28 August 2022 10680:from the original on 29 August 2022 10600:from the original on 6 October 2014 10183:from the original on 23 August 2022 10098: 9781:from the original on 2 October 2022 9751:. Civil Georgia. 13 December 2005. 9725:. Civil Georgia. 13 December 2005. 9327:from the original on 6 January 2022 9138:from the original on 5 January 2016 9020:from the original on 5 January 2016 8805:from the original on 8 October 2007 8770:from the original on 5 January 2016 8744:from the original on 8 October 2007 8664:"S. Ossetia: 99% back independence" 8640:. Civil Georgia. 11 November 2006. 8594:from the original on 13 August 2008 8568:from the original on 5 January 2016 8062:from the original on 26 August 2020 7908:from the original on 21 August 2022 7860: 7396:"Georgia 'started unjustified war'" 7284:from the original on 6 October 2014 7222:Kunkle, Fredrick (18 August 2008). 7011:Steven Lee Myers (13 August 2008). 6850:from the original on 2 January 2016 6810:Chivers, C.J. (15 September 2008). 6791:from the original on 20 August 2014 6760:from the original on 23 August 2008 6412:from the original on 15 August 2008 6218:. Civil Georgia. 16 February 2006. 5889:. Civil Georgia. 19 November 2004. 5733:. The Economist. 29 November 2007. 5546:from the original on 26 August 2020 5037:from the original on 5 January 2016 4443:from the original on 13 August 2008 4361:from the original on 23 August 2017 4017:from the original on 2 October 2022 2045:In April 2007, Georgia created the 1933: 1922:and highland regions have distinct 1496:said that "Russia's actions in the 1412:, and, in March 1992, they invited 1202:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1072:, was among the first areas of the 942:are believed to originate from the 24: 14935:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 14636:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 14389: 12964: 12508: 11468:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 10886: 10800:from the original on 1 August 2023 10337:from the original on 18 March 2020 10296:Svanidze, Tamar (12 August 2016). 10142:from the original on 26 March 2022 10111:from the original on 27 March 2022 10029:from the original on 28 March 2022 9863:from the original on 28 March 2022 9673:. Civil Georgia. 3 December 2005. 9647:. Civil Georgia. 5 December 2005. 9591:. Civil Georgia. 3 November 2005. 9565:. Civil Georgia. 29 October 2005. 9256:from the original on 12 April 2017 9194:from the original on 14 April 2016 9158:"South Ossetia profile – BBC News" 8969:from the original on 6 April 2018. 8955:McElroy, Damien (31 August 2008). 8622:. 13 November 2006. Archived from 8387:"Scheffer 'Rejects' Russia's Move" 8367:from the original on 20 April 2010 8213:from the original on 31 March 2023 8156:from the original on 26 April 2022 8130:from the original on 26 April 2022 7665:from the original on 27 March 2022 7633:from the original on 26 March 2022 7568:from the original on 15 March 2024 7470:from the original on 31 March 2022 7408:from the original on 20 April 2010 7131:from the original on 8 August 2014 7121:"Georgia Marks Anniversary of War" 6694:. Chicago Tribune. 9 August 2008. 6585:from the original on 23 April 2016 6192:. Civil Georgia. 27 October 2005. 6152:from the original on 24 March 2022 6146:Centre for European Policy Studies 5985:"South Ossetian Hostages Released" 5677: 5486:from the original on 4 August 2018 5436: 5132:from the original on 28 March 2022 4803:from the original on 8 August 2014 4463:"Russians Cope With Arc of Crises" 4455: 4075:from the original on 13 April 2018 3716: 2603:. Late in October, Prime Minister 2139:said they would not recognise it. 1946:Foreign relations of South Ossetia 1884:Topographic map of South Ossetia ( 1722:had been sent to assist Russia in 1707:had been tortured to death by the 1310:The South Ossetian Popular Front ( 1261:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1182:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 857:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 268:South Ossetia in dark green, with 25: 15688: 12881:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 11318:Unification of the Georgian realm 11150:made by Russian team of explorers 11106: 10981:from the original on 5 April 2024 10820:"Exonumia from the South Ossetia" 10630:from the original on 3 April 2022 10559:from the original on 1 April 2022 9755:from the original on 4 April 2022 9703:from the original on 4 April 2022 9677:from the original on 4 April 2022 9651:from the original on 4 April 2022 9595:from the original on 4 April 2022 9569:from the original on 4 April 2022 9396:from the original on 1 April 2022 9164:from the original on 29 July 2018 9080:from the original on 2 April 2015 9050:from the original on 5 April 2015 8441:. Civil Georgia. 26 August 2008. 8415:. Civil Georgia. 26 August 2008. 8389:. Civil Georgia. 26 August 2008. 8022:from the original on 3 April 2022 7788:from the original on 7 April 2022 7758:from the original on 6 April 2022 7728:from the original on 6 April 2022 7536:from the original on 4 April 2024 7503:from the original on 30 July 2017 7306:. Civil Georgia. 8 October 2008. 7274:"Georgia breaks ties with Russia" 7236:from the original on 30 June 2017 6959:from the original on 22 June 2017 6884:from the original on 5 March 2017 6822:from the original on 16 June 2017 6517:Luke Harding (19 November 2008). 6402:"Russia criticised over Abkhazia" 6300:from the original on 4 April 2022 6296:. Civil Georgia. 23 August 2006. 6274:from the original on 4 April 2022 6248:from the original on 4 April 2022 6196:from the original on 4 April 2022 6104:from the original on 30 June 2022 6059:from the original on 4 April 2022 6055:. Civil Georgia. 5 October 2005. 6030:from the original on 4 April 2022 5995:from the original on 4 April 2022 5965:from the original on 4 April 2022 5961:. Civil Georgia. 3 January 2005. 5936:from the original on 4 April 2022 5893:from the original on 4 April 2022 5772:from the original on 10 July 2022 5385:"Hastening The End of the Empire" 5242:from the original on 20 June 2018 4664:, The Georgians, New York, p. 239 4643:from the original on 6 March 2017 4232:from the original on 29 July 2018 4202:from the original on 24 July 2018 3746:2019 CONIFA European Football Cup 2036:People of South Ossetia for Peace 15539: 15515: 15502: 15489: 14890:German occupation in World War I 14341: 14330: 14329: 14024: 13701: 13690: 13689: 13516: 13185: 13173: 13161: 13150: 13133: 13121: 13109: 13097: 13080: 13068: 13056: 13044: 13027: 13015: 13003: 12991: 12979: 12832:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11563: 11437:Absorption by the Russian Empire 10880: 10842: 10812: 10782: 10766:(in Russian). 25 November 2021. 10752: 10722: 10692: 10676:(in Russian). 26 November 2021. 10662: 10652: 10642: 10612: 10581: 10571: 10532: 10522: 10513: 10503: 10479:Delyagin, Mikhail (March 2009). 10455: 10395:from the original on 6 July 2018 10381: 10349: 10289: 10262: 10236: 10208: 10195: 10160: 10154: 10123: 10092: 10066: 10041: 9999: 9973: 9937: 9911: 9875: 9849: 9824: 9800:Новости, Р. И. А. (8 May 2022). 9793: 9741: 9715: 9689: 9663: 9637: 9607: 9581: 9555: 9529:Baldwin, Chris (8 August 2008). 9522: 9492: 9483: 9474: 9465: 9456: 9447: 9438: 9426:from the original on 24 May 2022 9408: 9378: 9348: 9339: 9268: 9237: 9225:from the original on 31 May 2016 9206: 9176: 9150: 9118: 9092: 9062: 9032: 8973: 8948: 8873: 8843: 8817: 8801:. Civil Georgia. 27 March 2007. 8791: 8782: 8756: 8730: 8704: 8656: 8630: 8606: 8580: 8498: 8457: 8445:from the original on 7 June 2011 8419:from the original on 7 June 2011 8393:from the original on 7 June 2011 8337:from the original on 7 July 2012 8307:from the original on 27 May 2022 8225: 8168: 8142: 8116: 8107: 8043: 8034: 7989: 7890: 7878:from the original on 30 May 2022 7830: 7800: 7770: 7740: 7710: 7600:from the original on 3 June 2023 7580: 7548: 7515: 7482: 7420: 7388: 7362: 7354:. 29 August 2008. Archived from 7322: 7310:from the original on 9 July 2023 7296: 7205:"Russia Endorses Six-Point Plan" 7197: 7171: 7143: 7113: 7081: 6896: 6872:Harding, Luke (11 August 2008). 6834: 6772: 6750:Allenova, Olga (8 August 2008). 6684: 6624: 6597: 6576:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00762.x 6510: 6472:. 26 August 2008. Archived from 6456: 6424: 5534:Ekaterina Sokirianskaia (2006). 5515:from the original on 13 May 2007 5482:. Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. 4629:Smolar, Piotr (8 October 2013). 4610:from the original on 8 July 2010 4335:from the original on 31 May 2023 4304:from the original on 25 May 2022 4115:from the original on 15 May 2024 3812:Abkhazia–South Ossetia relations 3786: 3772: 3758: 3723:Public holidays in South Ossetia 3580: 3529: 2707:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2258: 1844:Most of South Ossetia is in the 1718:announced on 26 March 2022 that 1284:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 1245:North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 1206:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 1170:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 918:Medieval and early modern period 894:occupied by the Russian military 830:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 710: 657: 249: 211: 197: 15677:States with limited recognition 15617:Separatism in Georgia (country) 12548:States with limited recognition 10129: 9812:from the original on 8 May 2022 9366:from the original on 7 May 2022 9250:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8919:Halpin, Tony (30 August 2008). 8827:. Civil Georgia. 13 July 2007. 7698:from the original on 9 May 2022 7529:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7332:. Civil Georgia. 9 October 2008 7089:"Civilians in the line of fire" 6338: 6326:from the original on 5 May 2012 6322:. EUobserver. 10 October 2006. 6312: 6286: 6260: 6244:. Civil Georgia. 18 June 2006. 6234: 6208: 6164: 6129: 6116: 6081: 6071: 6026:. Civil Georgia. 17 June 2006. 6016: 6007: 5977: 5922: 5905: 5879: 5866: 5840: 5814: 5804: 5794: 5784: 5723: 5701: 5643: 5588: 5558: 5527: 5424:from the original on 5 May 2014 5420:(in Russian). 28 January 2014. 5377: 5351: 5319: 5254: 5224: 5153: 5144: 5049: 5010: 4939: 4930: 4890: 4878: 4842: 4765: 4756: 4655: 4622: 4507: 4347: 4316: 4244: 4214: 4164:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4158:Fuller, Liz (9 February 2017). 3931: 3707:South Ossetian State University 3506:, with the same denominations, 2725:live in North and South Ossetia 2712: 2301:Prime Minister of South Ossetia 2179:Occupied territories of Georgia 2121:North Caucasus Federal District 1345:.... Here they are newcomers." 892:have regarded South Ossetia as 846:Administration of South Ossetia 73:(official names are equivalent) 36:Administration of South Ossetia 34:. For the Georgian entity, see 13631:British Indian Ocean Territory 12290: 11453:Democratic Republic of Georgia 10790:"Coins from the South Ossetia" 10626:(in Russian). 26 August 2009. 10225:. January 2007. Archived from 6348:. Civil Georgia. 5 June 2008. 5932:. Civil Georgia. 8 July 2004. 4182: 4151: 4126: 4099: 4009:. The official website of the 3859: 3832:Russia–South Ossetia relations 3522:in South Ossetia, Russia, and 2230:, Ukraine, Georgian President 1831:30% are located within Georgia 1751:Geography of Georgia (country) 1621:blockaded the Georgian coast. 1122:Democratic Republic of Georgia 13: 1: 15667:1991 establishments in Europe 14761:People's Republic of Bulgaria 14285:country of the United Kingdom 12945:Countries and regions of the 12672:UN specialized agency members 12321: 11127:BBC overview of South Ossetia 10273:. Mdb.cast.ru. Archived from 9244:Fuller, Liz (11 April 2017). 9016:. AP / Yahoo. 18 March 2015. 8740:. Civil Georgia. 8 May 2007. 8271:"South Ossetia Maps: Climate" 7499:(in Russian). 12 April 2017. 7181:. RFE/RL. 30 September 2008. 6717:Peter Finn (17 August 2008). 6136:Nicu Popescu (20 July 2006). 5449:. Caucasus.dk. Archived from 5361:. Caucasus.dk. Archived from 4723:The Caucasus, an introduction 4468:The Christian Science Monitor 3988: 3399:Dzuarikau–Tskhinvali pipeline 2678:Armed Forces of South Ossetia 2623: 2559:armed conflict of August 2008 1896:influences from the East and 1733:Following Biblov's defeat in 1434:from October to December 1993 913:Ossetia § Recent history 14895:Estonian War of Independence 12276:2006 independence referendum 12247: 11713:Russian-occupied territories 11544:Timeline of Georgian history 9775:"Конституция (Constitution)" 9219:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 4912:Roland Topchishvili (2009). 4518:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 199. 4069:"Валовой внутренний продукт" 3993: 3700: 3381: 2437:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2419:Second level: Towns / cities 2196:and into South Ossetia from 2161:On 30 March 2022, President 1744: 1531:South Ossetia before the war 1277: 1208:(AO). Some believe that the 1190:Red Army invasion of Georgia 1016:Ossetian migration over time 144:Samkhret Osetis Resp’ublik’a 7: 15662:1991 establishments in Asia 14576:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 13209:Partially-recognized states 12356:Proposed Russian annexation 9213:Fuller, Liz (30 May 2016). 8056:Strategic Studies Institute 6753:Первая миротворческая война 6634:. Civil.Ge. 7 August 2008. 6494:. The Wall Street Journal. 6492:"Smoldering Feud, Then War" 6088:Tracey German (July 2006). 5540:Central European University 4495:"Russian threatens Georgia" 4011:Government of South Ossetia 3975: 3954: 3922: 3901: 3880: 3751: 3736:, which is not a member of 3455: 2671: 2651:proportional representation 2582:(1993–2003). His successor 2326:Parliament of South Ossetia 2241: 2115:in the Russian Federation. 1955:Russian Presidential Decree 1837:basin and a handful of the 1822:, and its highest point is 1555:Republic of South Ossetia ( 1516: 1351:1991–1992 South Ossetia War 862:1991–1992 South Ossetia War 175:Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya 174: 143: 111: 10: 15693: 14133:British Overseas Territory 13751:Countries and dependencies 13635:British Overseas Territory 13248:Countries and dependencies 12598:People's Republic of China 12266:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 11272:Christianization of Iberia 11148:South Ossetia travel guide 11072:Souleimanov, Emil (2013). 10996: 10269:Mikhail Barabanov (2008). 10246:. Un.org. 15 August 2008. 10052:. Routledge. p. 224. 9160:. Bbc.com. 21 April 2016. 8189:European Geosciences Union 8016:International Crisis Group 6906:. Reuters. 9 August 2008. 6756:(in Russian). Kommersant. 5765:International Crisis Group 5287:Stuart J. Kaufman (2001). 4434:International Crisis Group 4145:Collins English Dictionary 3807:2008 Georgia–Russia crisis 3720: 3548: 3544: 3533: 3388: 2776:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 2728: 2675: 2568:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 2471:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 2290:President of South Ossetia 2176: 2091: 2032:President of South Ossetia 1943: 1937: 1875: 1748: 1674:On 30 September 2009, the 1599:attacking the Kodori Gorge 1520: 1273:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1270: 1267:Georgian-Ossetian conflict 910: 906: 822:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 403:semi-presidential republic 282:Partially recognised state 47: 40: 29: 15531: 15481: 15425: 15377: 15339: 15054: 14816:History of Czechoslovakia 14616:First Republic of Armenia 14519: 14493: 14397: 14302: 14258: 14233: 14208: 14195: 14142: 14118: 14111: 14088: 14075: 14033: 14022: 13761: 13675: 13648: 13617: 13601: 13580: 13567: 13525: 13514: 13258: 13207: 12953: 12869: 12849:Republic of South Ossetia 12774: 12763: 12670: 12569: 12558:international recognition 12554: 12514: 12488: 12464: 12402: 12393: 12366:International recognition 12329: 12320: 12298: 12289: 12246: 12169: 12100: 12043: 11908: 11899: 11830: 11821: 11747: 11738: 11711: 11671: 11581: 11572: 11561: 11506: 11445: 11427:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 11400:Principality of Mingrelia 11280: 11204: 11195: 10929:Holdsworth, Nick (2008). 10445:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 9892:. July 2019. p. 14. 8901:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7941:(inactive 9 April 2024). 7939:10.1007/978-3-319-77764-1 5791:the Tskhinvali district." 3964: 3945: 3912: 3890: 3872: 3827:Military of South Ossetia 2862: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2792:Languages of the Caucasus 2731:Religion in South Ossetia 2452:International recognition 2251:Politics of South Ossetia 1833:. The 10 glaciers of the 1628:Tskhinvali in August 2008 1448:Joined Peacekeeping force 1440:Sochi ceasefire agreement 1398:Georgian military council 1062:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1049:River gorge, Guda (Tetri 757:Republic of South Ossetia 640: 630: 612: 597: 587: 577: 563: 559:13.7/km (35.5/sq mi) 553: 539: 529: 522: 512: 502: 495: 491: 481: 471: 467: 456: 446: 442: 427: 412: 408: 395: 352: 331: 287: 277: 261: 234: 227: 193: 163: 155: 133:სამხრეთ ოსეთის რესპუბლიკა 131: 123: 112:Respublikæ Xussar Iryston 101:Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон 99: 91: 61:Republic of South Ossetia 59: 18:Republic of South Ossetia 14626:Armenian–Azerbaijani war 12303:Administrative divisions 11681:Administrative divisions 11422:Shah Abbas I's invasions 11385:Principality of Abkhazia 11328:First Kingdom of Kakheti 11041: 10485:Russia in Global Affairs 10441:"население южной осетии" 10333:. 3DCFTAs. p. 187. 9833: 8855:Radio Free Europe RFE/RL 7930:Geomorphology of Georgia 7491: 7151: 6842: 6752: 5161: 5017:Saparov, Arsène (2014). 4780:Ethnic groups in Georgia 4774: 4720:Coene, Frederik (2010). 3852: 3766:Georgia (country) portal 3727: 3711:post-secondary education 3573:Culture of South Ossetia 3460: 2808:procession in Tskhinvali 2744: Ossetians (89.94%) 2688:4th Guards Military Base 2407:Administrative divisions 1641:, South Ossetian leader 1022:Johann Anton Güldenstädt 926:Fragment of 1856 map by 826:Georgia–Russia relations 48:Not to be confused with 14920:Estonia in World War II 14880:Estophile Enlightenment 14736:Second Bulgarian Empire 14289:British-Irish Agreement 13593:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11390:Principality of Svaneti 11313:Kingdom of the Iberians 11217:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 11137:20 January 2012 at the 10357:"South Ossetia profile" 8058:. p. 13,19,24,25. 5694:31 October 2022 at the 5625:Jones, Stephen (2013). 5326:Zverev, Alexei (1996). 4772:Merab Basilaia (2008). 4222:"South Ossetia profile" 4138:23 October 2018 at the 3837:South Ossetian passport 3486:(.999) and are largely 3423:2008 Russo-Georgian War 2762: Armenians (0.71%) 2750: Georgians (7.41%) 2700:Russian Airborne Forces 2011:independence referendum 1724:its invasion of Ukraine 1546:announced a unilateral 1484:It also considered the 1421:independence referendum 890:international community 832:disbanded in 1990. The 541:• 2015 census 332:Official languages 165:Республика Южная Осетия 15097:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14721:First Bulgarian Empire 14125:(Sovereign Base Areas) 13806:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13651:Special administrative 13627:(Sovereign Base Areas) 13169:North Ossetia – Alania 12970: 12893:Republic of Somaliland 12776:Recognised by at least 12686:Partially unrecognised 12579:Partially unrecognised 11288:Principality of Iberia 11078:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11013:. London: Bloomsbury. 10009:Beyond Frozen Conflict 7522:Голенкова, Екатерина. 5480:www.pesd.princeton.edu 5219:Ossetian Question 1994 5195:Ossetian Question 1994 5068:Ossetian Question 1994 4873:Ossetian Question 1994 4861:Ossetian Question 1994 4837:Ossetian Question 1994 4822:Ossetian Question 1994 3734:national football team 3555:Women in South Ossetia 3470: 3406: 2809: 2756: Russians (1.14%) 2726: 2664:of the then incumbent 2501:Diplomatic missions of 2188: 2152:name-change referendum 1963:2008 South Ossetia war 1958: 1889: 1808:2008 South Ossetia war 1764: 1701:Murder of Inal Djabiev 1629: 1532: 1435: 1185: 1173: 1161: 1113: 1017: 974: 935: 146:Alanetis Sakhelmts’ipo 14661:Stalinist repressions 14152:Bailiwick of Guernsey 14123:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13625:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 12968: 11432:1795 Persian Invasion 11395:Principality of Guria 10936:University World News 10136:www.timesofisrael.com 10099:AFP (26 March 2022). 10015:. CEPS. p. 196. 9890:Amnesty International 8987:. 11 September 2008. 8626:on 30 September 2007. 8514:13 April 2020 at the 8206:10.5194/tc-12-81-2018 7436:. 21 September 2009. 7404:. 30 September 2009. 6563:International Affairs 6476:on 20 September 2008. 5715:. 11 September 2006. 4936:Coene, pages 122–125 4775:ეთნოსები საქართველოში 4674:Toal, Gerard (2017). 4566:Charles King (2008). 3468: 3396: 2804: 2720: 2186: 1953: 1883: 1758: 1737:, the new president, 1728:become part of Russia 1720:South Ossetian troops 1709:South Ossetian Police 1627: 1530: 1430: 1370:had been expelled by 1179: 1167: 1159: 1111: 1015: 972: 925: 853:declared independence 514:• Water (%) 316:42.22500°N 43.97000°E 15672:Landlocked countries 15647:West Asian countries 14631:Turkish–Armenian War 13493:United Arab Emirates 12786:Republic of Abkhazia 12028:World Heritage Sites 11611:Environmental issues 11132:Border South Ossetia 10706:. 30 November 2021. 10277:on 15 September 2008 9506:. 19 November 2009. 9362:. 18 February 2018. 9134:. 29 December 2015. 8883:(18 February 2004). 8674:on 28 November 2006. 8301:Hawai'i Public Radio 7358:on 3 September 2008. 7262:on 2 September 2008. 7077:on 22 February 2014. 6666:Jamestown Foundation 6553:Roy Allison (2008). 5667:Engels, R.P (2009). 4926:on 24 December 2013. 4606:. Associated Press. 4389:5 March 2016 at the 3976:Tskhinvalskiy region 3802:North Ossetia-Alania 3732:South Ossetia has a 3500:South Ossetian ruble 3494:South Ossetian ruble 2684:Russian Armed Forces 2572:population transfers 2306:Konstantin Dzhussoev 2194:Zugdidi Municipality 2148:North Ossetia–Alania 2060:President of Georgia 2049:, staffed by ethnic 1868:and Little Liakhvi, 1364:Prigorodnyi District 1138:Menshevik government 1053:estuary) and Truso ( 1041:gorge, the gorge of 1031:Major Caucasus Ridge 1026:North Ossetia–Alania 765:partially recognised 531:• 2022 estimate 437:Konstantin Dzhussoev 50:North Ossetia–Alania 15637:Russian irredentism 15579: / 15340:States with limited 15048:Politics of Europe 14910:Soviet deportations 14651:Bronze and Iron Age 14621:Armeno-Georgian War 14536:Prehistoric Armenia 14245:unincorporated area 14174:Bailiwick of Jersey 14036:States with limited 13528:States with limited 13129:Karachay-Cherkessia 12586:Republic of Armenia 12556:Details concerning 12361:Government-in-exile 11478:Independent Georgia 11308:Kingdom of Abkhazia 11222:Kura–Araxes culture 11212:Prehistoric Georgia 10553:International Alert 9621:. 29 October 2005. 9282:. 31 October 2008. 8962:The Daily Telegraph 8692:on 28 November 2006 8197:2018TCry...12...81T 7626:The Times of Israel 7376:on 3 September 2008 7229:The Washington Post 6724:The Washington Post 5391:. 28 January 1991. 5070:, pp. 153–161. 5007:, pp. 112–113. 4662:David Marshall Lang 4500:The Washington Post 4198:. 7 February 2017. 3965:Цхинвальский регион 3744:. The team won the 2768: other (0.81%) 2656:Since 24 May 2022, 2584:Mikheil Saakashvili 2580:Eduard Shevardnadze 2465:Politics of Georgia 2232:Mikheil Saakashvili 1903:continental climate 1649:President of France 1544:Mikheil Saakashvili 1463:Mikheil Saakashvili 1457:Following the 2003 1414:Eduard Shevardnadze 1316:autonomous republic 1238:Kutaisi Governorate 834:Georgian government 811:sovereign territory 807:Georgian government 312: / 177:Gosudarstvo Alaniya 135:ალანეთის სახელმწიფო 15627:Post-Soviet states 14885:National awakening 14795:Kingdom of Bohemia 14716:Old Great Bulgaria 14691:Soviet repressions 14144:Crown Dependencies 13105:Kabardino-Balkaria 12971: 12959: 12871:Recognised only by 12710:Republic of Kosovo 12693:State of Palestine 12610:Republic of Cyprus 11870:Telecommunications 11498:Russo-Georgian War 11412:Kingdom of Kakheti 11380:Kingdom of Imereti 11375:Turkmen incursions 11370:Samtskhe atabegate 11333:Kingdom of Georgia 11303:Emirate of Tbilisi 11293:Bagrationi dynasty 10975:Sports Illustrated 10594:The New York Times 10421:on 18 October 2015 8363:. 26 August 2008. 8333:. Earthtimes.org. 8251:on 5 November 2013 7904:. 18 August 2022. 7280:. 29 August 2008. 7211:on 12 August 2008. 7055:on 7 October 2009. 7043:"Report. Volume I" 7017:The New York Times 6985:The New York Times 6953:The New York Times 6936:on 14 August 2008. 6816:The New York Times 6094:Russie.Nei.Visions 5238:. 17 August 2008. 4380:Human Rights Watch 4043:New Eastern Europe 3955:Tsxinvalis regioni 3502:, modeled off the 3471: 3407: 2810: 2727: 2574:on a large scale. 2413:First level: Four 2189: 1959: 1890: 1765: 1687:After the 2008 war 1630: 1533: 1523:Russo-Georgian War 1486:peacekeeping force 1436: 1432:Georgian Civil War 1349:January 1991. The 1339:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1230:Tiflis Governorate 1186: 1174: 1162: 1118:Russian revolution 1114: 1018: 1009:than ever before. 999:Mikhail Tatishchev 975: 964:Kingdom of Georgia 936: 882:Russo-Georgian War 768:landlocked country 755:), officially the 573:2021 estimate 354:Ethnic groups 321:42.22500; 43.97000 167:Государство Алания 15583:42.350°N 44.100°E 15562: 15561: 15556: 15555: 15441: 15440: 15014: 15013: 14825:German occupation 14696:German occupation 14656:Early Middle Ages 14611:Caucasus campaign 14606:Armenian genocide 14357: 14356: 14298: 14297: 14220:autonomous region 14191: 14190: 14187: 14186: 13717: 13716: 13644: 13643: 13214: 13213: 13202: 13201: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12803:Republic of China 12759: 12758: 12666: 12665: 12651:Republic of Korea 12562:foreign relations 12501: 12500: 12460: 12459: 12389: 12388: 12339:Foreign relations 12316: 12315: 12261:Autonomous Oblast 12205: 12204: 12165: 12164: 12058:Ethnic minorities 11987: 11980: 11973: 11966: 11895: 11894: 11817: 11816: 11799:Political parties 11762:Foreign relations 11734: 11733: 11559: 11558: 11463:Red Army invasion 11407:Kingdom of Kartli 11365:Timur's invasions 11348:Battle of Didgori 11323:Kingdom of Hereti 11252:Kingdom of Iberia 11047:Ossetian Question 11042:ОСЕТИНСКИЙ ВОПРОС 10022:978-1-5381-4418-3 9841:. 31 March 2017. 9076:. 18 March 2015. 8524:, 31 August 2008. 8495:, 31 August 2008. 8303:. 25 March 2022. 7948:978-3-319-77764-1 7724:. 31 March 2022. 7694:. 30 March 2022. 7661:. 26 March 2022. 7629:. 26 March 2022. 7464:Radio Free Europe 7127:. 7 August 2009. 6668:. 8 August 2008. 6612:on 2 January 2016 6440:. 25 March 2021. 6408:. 24 April 2008. 6175:(South Ossetia)." 6142:CEPS Policy Brief 5959:"Timeline – 2004" 5636:978-1-84511-338-4 5602:. 29 April 2021. 5600:Radio Tavisupleba 5197:, pp. 72–73. 5125:978-1-5381-4418-3 4793:978-9941-0-0901-3 4737:978-0-415-66683-1 4691:978-0-19-025330-1 4547:on 2 January 2016 3973: 3946:ცხინვალის რეგიონი 3899: 3878: 3698: 3697: 3412:poverty threshold 3386: 3385: 2824:Eastern Orthodoxy 2555: 2554: 2489:Visa requirements 2431:Foreign relations 2339:Political parties 2198:Gori Municipality 1999:Council of Europe 1984:Richard Holbrooke 1587:peace enforcement 1571:Pavel Felgenhauer 1355:Mikhail Gorbachev 995:Kingdom of Kartli 987:Kingdom of Kartli 958:and later to the 838:Tskhinvali region 650: 649: 589:• Per capita 477:20 September 1990 254: 185: 184: 75: 67: 16:(Redirected from 15684: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15545: 15543: 15542: 15521: 15519: 15518: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15495: 15493: 15492: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15445: 15444: 15378:Dependencies and 15314:Northern Ireland 15055:Sovereign states 15041: 15034: 15027: 15018: 15017: 14860:Livonian Crusade 14791:High Middle Ages 14786:Duchy of Bohemia 14726:Christianization 14711:Odrysian kingdom 14571:Mongol invasions 14566:Medieval Armenia 14561:Sasanian Armenia 14546:Artaxiad dynasty 14398:Sovereign states 14384: 14377: 14370: 14361: 14360: 14345: 14333: 14332: 14319:Governed by the 14281:Northern Ireland 14224:Åland convention 14206: 14205: 14116: 14115: 14086: 14085: 14028: 13763:Sovereign states 13744: 13737: 13730: 13721: 13720: 13705: 13693: 13692: 13653:regions of China 13588:Christmas Island 13578: 13577: 13520: 13260:Sovereign states 13241: 13234: 13227: 13218: 13217: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13127: 13125: 13124: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13062: 13060: 13059: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13009: 13007: 13006: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12956: 12955: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12916: 12915: 12772: 12771: 12683: 12682: 12576: 12575: 12571:UN member states 12541: 12534: 12527: 12518: 12517: 12505: 12504: 12480: 12400: 12399: 12327: 12326: 12296: 12295: 12256:Georgian history 12232: 12225: 12218: 12209: 12208: 12185: 12178: 11983: 11976: 11969: 11962: 11906: 11905: 11828: 11827: 11745: 11744: 11686:Cities and towns 11621:Greater Caucasus 11579: 11578: 11567: 11529:Military history 11514:Names of Georgia 11360:Mongol invasions 11232:Colchian culture 11227:Trialeti culture 11202: 11201: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11155: 11154: 11122:Reuters Alertnet 11101: 11099: 11097: 11068: 11062: 11054: 11053:on 21 June 2014. 11036: 11034: 11032: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10906: 10893: 10887:German, Tracey. 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10867: 10854: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10545: 10539: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 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October 2018. 9949: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9898: 9887: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9504:Interfax Ukraine 9496: 9490: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9472: 9469: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9392:. 4 March 2022. 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9317: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9046:. 6 March 2015. 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9010: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8916: 8907: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8541:on 9 August 2017 8531: 8525: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8477:. 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5402: 5400: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5365:on 10 March 2011 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5284: 5273: 5270:Souleimanov 2013 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5198: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5114:(1st ed.). 5105: 5092: 5091: 5090:on 16 July 2014. 5080: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5014: 5008: 5005:Souleimanov 2013 5002: 4991: 4988:Souleimanov 2013 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4785: 4769: 4763: 4762:Coene, page 151 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4726:(1st ed.). 4717: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4680:(1st ed.). 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4572: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4471:. 22 June 1992. 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4426: 4393: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4228:. 8 March 2023. 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4003: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3902:Yuzhnaya Osetiya 3894: 3892: 3883: 3877:romanized: 3876: 3874: 3863: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3780:Geography portal 3777: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3584: 3575: 3559: 3558: 3488:collectors items 2829: 2828: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2605:Zurab Noghaideli 2595:conflict at the 2547: 2540: 2533: 2505:in South Ossetia 2262: 2246: 2245: 2156:Anatoliy Bibilov 2125:Associated Press 2067:Zurab Noghaideli 2055:Dmitry Sanakoyev 2040:Dmitry Sanakoyev 1979:European Council 1934:Political status 1804:Russian military 1788:TransKAM highway 1773:Greater Caucasus 1659:areas bordering 1344: 1300:Mongol invasions 1288:1918–1920 events 1037:river estuary), 751: 745: 744: 743: 742: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 708: 701: 695: 694: 693: 692: 685: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 621: 570: 487:21 December 1991 463: 327: 326: 324: 323: 322: 317: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 290:and largest city 266: 256: 255: 241: 237: 236: 215: 201: 181: 180: 179: 170: 169: 150: 149: 148: 138: 137: 118: 117: 116: 106: 105: 89: 88: 83: 74: 71: 66: 63: 57: 56: 21: 15692: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15597: 15596: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15558: 15557: 15552: 15540: 15538: 15527: 15516: 15514: 15503: 15501: 15490: 15488: 15482:Current members 15477: 15472: 15442: 15437: 15421: 15379: 15373: 15359:Northern Cyprus 15341: 15335: 15229:North Macedonia 15050: 15045: 15015: 15010: 14905:Soviet invasion 14865:Danish conquest 14855:Ancient Estonia 14556:Arsacid dynasty 14541:Orontid dynasty 14515: 14489: 14393: 14388: 14358: 14353: 14326: 14314:Oceanic islands 14294: 14287:subject to the 14254: 14249:Svalbard Treaty 14247:subject to the 14229: 14222:subject to the 14202: 14200: 14198: 14183: 14138: 14107: 14082: 14079: 14071: 14057:Northern Cyprus 14040: 14037: 14029: 14020: 13936:North Macedonia 13757: 13748: 13718: 13713: 13686: 13671: 13655: 13652: 13640: 13613: 13597: 13574: 13571: 13563: 13544:Northern Cyprus 13532: 13529: 13521: 13512: 13254: 13245: 13215: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13195: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13151: 13149: 13144: 13143: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13098: 13096: 13091: 13090: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13069: 13067: 13066: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13045: 13043: 13038: 13037: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12980: 12978: 12973: 12972: 12969:Soviet Caucasia 12949: 12943: 12913: 12904: 12874: 12872: 12865: 12779: 12777: 12768: 12766: 12755: 12679: 12673: 12662: 12622:State of Israel 12565: 12550: 12545: 12510: 12502: 12497: 12484: 12478: 12456: 12385: 12312: 12285: 12242: 12236: 12206: 12201: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12161: 12096: 12039: 12013:Public holidays 11891: 11855:Lari (currency) 11813: 11784:Law enforcement 11730: 11707: 11667: 11646:Protected areas 11631:Lesser Caucasus 11568: 11555: 11502: 11493:Rose Revolution 11488:War in Abkhazia 11473:April 9 tragedy 11441: 11417:Safavid Georgia 11276: 11267:Sasanian Iberia 11191: 11182: 11139:Wayback Machine 11109: 11104: 11095: 11093: 11086: 11056: 11055: 11043: 11030: 11028: 11021: 10999: 10994: 10984: 10982: 10977:. 8 June 2019. 10969: 10968: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10927: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10788: 10787: 10783: 10773: 10771: 10758: 10757: 10753: 10743: 10741: 10728: 10727: 10723: 10713: 10711: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10624:Delovaya Gazeta 10618: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10555:. 1 July 2006. 10547: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10466: 10460: 10456: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10398: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10365:. 30 May 2012. 10355: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10229: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10200: 10196: 10186: 10184: 10159: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10023: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9866: 9864: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9835: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9815: 9813: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9782: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9706: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9690: 9680: 9678: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9628: 9626: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9596: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9527: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9475: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9429: 9427: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9399: 9397: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9369: 9367: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9226: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9141: 9139: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9107: 9106:on 2 April 2015 9098: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8917: 8910: 8894: 8893: 8881:Socor, Vladimir 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8857:. 23 May 2006. 8849: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8783: 8773: 8771: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8693: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8558: 8554: 8544: 8542: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8516:Wayback Machine 8503: 8499: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8327: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8010: 8009: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7964: 7949: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7874:. 30 May 2022. 7866: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7466:. 30 May 2016. 7458: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7220: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6870: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6557: 6551: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6488: 6481: 6469:Financial Times 6462: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6372: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5991:. 9 July 2004. 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5768:. 7 June 2007. 5758: 5757: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5696:Wayback Machine 5687: 5678: 5665: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5236:The Independent 5230: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5106: 5095: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4963: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4718: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4692: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575:Foreign Affairs 4570: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4512: 4508: 4503:. 16 June 1992. 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4427: 4396: 4391:Wayback Machine 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4300:. 29 May 2018. 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4140:Wayback Machine 4131: 4127: 4118: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4050:on 9 May 2013. 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3950: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717:Public Holidays 3703: 3694: 3665: 3664: 3650: 3649: 3571: 3557: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3496: 3482:(.925) or pure 3480:sterling silver 3463: 3458: 3391: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3034: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2966: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2782:and 25–30% was 2772: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2715: 2680: 2674: 2666:Anatoly Bibilov 2626: 2551: 2522: 2518:Other countries 2509: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2480: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2380:Parliamentary: 2374: 2353: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2293: 2283: 2253: 2244: 2181: 2175: 2163:Anatoly Bibilov 2096: 2090: 2082:frozen conflict 2072:South Ossetia, 1977:(OSCE) and the 1969:Blocs, such as 1948: 1942: 1936: 1878: 1820:above sea level 1753: 1747: 1716:Anatoly Bibilov 1705:Anatoly Bibilov 1689: 1656:Dmitry Medvedev 1652:Nicolas Sarkozy 1619:Black Sea Fleet 1553:self-proclaimed 1525: 1519: 1498:Georgia spy row 1459:Rose Revolution 1406:Tengiz Kitovani 1342: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1254:), Russian and 1106: 1039:Greater Liakhvi 920: 915: 909: 761:State of Alania 749: 738: 737: 713: 709: 706: 699: 688: 687: 660: 656: 616: 590: 580: 568: 556: 542: 532: 515: 505: 484: 474: 458: 433: 418: 391: 358: 348: 320: 318: 314: 311: 306: 303: 301: 299: 298: 297: 291: 273: 257: 250: 242: 239: 232: 223: 222: 221: 216: 208: 207: 202: 189: 188: 176: 172: 171: 166: 151: 145: 141: 140: 134: 119: 114:Paddzaxad Alani 113: 109: 108: 103:Паддзахад Алани 102: 85: 84: 81: 76: 72: 70: 69:State of Alania 68: 64: 62: 53: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15690: 15680: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15632:South Caucasus 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15588:42.350; 44.100 15560: 15559: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15535: 15533: 15532:Former members 15529: 15528: 15526: 15525: 15512: 15499: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15478: 15471: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15448: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15433:European Union 15429: 15427: 15426:Other entities 15423: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15383: 15381: 15380:other entities 15375: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15345: 15343: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15304:United Kingdom 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15117:Czech Republic 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15058: 15056: 15052: 15051: 15044: 15043: 15036: 15029: 15021: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14966:Ottoman Empire 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14932: 14926: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14848: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14788: 14783: 14777:Czech Republic 14774: 14769: 14763: 14758: 14752: 14743: 14741:Ottoman Empire 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14704: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14686:Russian Empire 14683: 14674: 14669: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14639: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14601:Russian Empire 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14529: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14516: 14514: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14482: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14425:Czech Republic 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14391:Eastern Europe 14387: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14364: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14339: 14325: 14324: 14317: 14311: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14259:United Kingdom 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14227: 14212: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14148: 14146: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14126: 14119: 14113: 14112:United Kingdom 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14092: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14070: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14043: 14041: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14011:United Kingdom 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13826:Czech Republic 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13767: 13765: 13759: 13758: 13747: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13724: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13711: 13699: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13658: 13656: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13638: 13628: 13621: 13619: 13618:United Kingdom 13615: 13614: 13612: 13611: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13584: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13535: 13533: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13264: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13244: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13221: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13193:Stavropol Krai 13148: 13147: 13145: 13141:Krasnodar Krai 13095: 13094: 13092: 13042: 13041: 13039: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12942: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12919: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12877: 12875: 12873:non-UN members 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12769: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12689: 12687: 12680: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12629: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12582: 12580: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12544: 12543: 12536: 12529: 12521: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509:Related topics 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12482: 12474: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12349:Prime Minister 12341: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12305: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12252: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12241: articles 12235: 12234: 12227: 12220: 12212: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12187: 12186: 12179: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12076: 12075: 12070: 12060: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11865:Stock Exchange 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11809:Prime Minister 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11717: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11677: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11641:National parks 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11340: 11338:Byzantine wars 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11208: 11206: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11181: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11145: 11129: 11124: 11115: 11108: 11107:External links 11105: 11103: 11102: 11084: 11069: 11037: 11019: 11005:Foltz, Richard 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10962: 10918: 10879: 10841: 10811: 10781: 10751: 10721: 10691: 10661: 10651: 10641: 10611: 10580: 10570: 10540: 10531: 10521: 10512: 10502: 10464: 10454: 10432: 10406: 10380: 10348: 10319: 10288: 10261: 10235: 10207: 10194: 10153: 10122: 10091: 10065: 10059:978-1857439557 10058: 10040: 10021: 9998: 9972: 9936: 9910: 9874: 9848: 9823: 9808:(in Russian). 9792: 9766: 9740: 9714: 9688: 9662: 9636: 9606: 9580: 9554: 9521: 9491: 9482: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9437: 9407: 9377: 9347: 9338: 9297: 9267: 9236: 9205: 9175: 9149: 9117: 9091: 9061: 9031: 9002: 8972: 8947: 8908: 8872: 8842: 8816: 8790: 8781: 8755: 8729: 8703: 8677: 8655: 8629: 8605: 8579: 8552: 8526: 8521:New York Times 8497: 8481:on 3 June 2010 8456: 8430: 8404: 8378: 8348: 8318: 8288: 8273:. ALTIUS.com. 8262: 8233: 8224: 8181:The Cryosphere 8167: 8141: 8115: 8106: 8073: 8042: 8033: 7998: 7988: 7947: 7919: 7889: 7859: 7829: 7799: 7769: 7739: 7709: 7676: 7644: 7611: 7593:Caucasian Knot 7579: 7561:Caucasian Knot 7547: 7514: 7481: 7451: 7419: 7387: 7361: 7343: 7321: 7295: 7265: 7247: 7214: 7196: 7170: 7142: 7112: 7080: 7058: 7034: 7003: 6970: 6939: 6921: 6895: 6861: 6833: 6802: 6771: 6742: 6709: 6683: 6649: 6623: 6596: 6540: 6509: 6479: 6455: 6423: 6393: 6363: 6337: 6311: 6285: 6259: 6233: 6207: 6178: 6163: 6128: 6115: 6100:. p. 12. 6080: 6070: 6041: 6015: 6006: 5976: 5947: 5921: 5904: 5878: 5865: 5839: 5813: 5811:co-existence." 5803: 5793: 5783: 5748: 5722: 5700: 5676: 5659: 5642: 5635: 5617: 5587: 5572:. 4 May 1991. 5557: 5526: 5497: 5464: 5435: 5406: 5376: 5350: 5318: 5299: 5274: 5272:, p. 119. 5262: 5253: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5184: 5169:(in Russian). 5152: 5143: 5124: 5093: 5072: 5057: 5048: 5029: 5009: 4992: 4980: 4961: 4947:Foltz, Richard 4938: 4929: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4826: 4814: 4792: 4764: 4755: 4736: 4709: 4690: 4666: 4654: 4621: 4595: 4558: 4531: 4524: 4506: 4486: 4454: 4394: 4372: 4346: 4315: 4285: 4266: 4252:Foltz, Richard 4243: 4213: 4181: 4150: 4125: 4098: 4086: 4057: 4028: 4007:"Constitution" 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3958: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923:samkhret oseti 3905: 3884: 3881:Xussar Iryston 3873:Хуссар Ирыстон 3865: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3783: 3769: 3753: 3750: 3729: 3726: 3721:Main article: 3718: 3715: 3713:institutions. 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3551:Ossetian music 3546: 3543: 3534:Main article: 3531: 3528: 3495: 3492: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2714: 2711: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2653:(article 57). 2625: 2622: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2445:Dmitry Medoyev 2434: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2363:Presidential: 2360: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2144:Leonid Tibilov 2137:European Union 2105:Eduard Kokoity 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2028:Eduard Kokoity 1995:European Union 1961:Following the 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1888:transcription) 1877: 1874: 1824:Mount Khalatsa 1746: 1743: 1688: 1685: 1676:European Union 1643:Eduard Kokoity 1632:A campaign of 1521:Main article: 1518: 1515: 1402:Jaba Ioseliani 1384:In late 1991, 1324:Supreme Soviet 1295:South Caucasus 1279: 1276: 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1204:), called the 1194:Transcaucasian 1126:conflict began 1116:Following the 1105: 1102: 1074:North Caucasus 1066:Russian Empire 1043:Little Liakhvi 991:South Caucasus 983:North Caucasus 919: 916: 908: 905: 783:United Nations 772:South Caucasus 648: 647: 644: 638: 637: 634: 628: 627: 614: 610: 609: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 574: 571: 561: 560: 557: 555:• Density 554: 551: 550: 543: 540: 537: 536: 533: 530: 527: 526: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 454: 453: 448: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 431:Prime Minister 428: 425: 424: 419: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 399: 393: 392: 390: 389: 386: 380: 374: 368: 361: 359: 356: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 335: 333: 329: 328: 292: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 267: 259: 258: 248: 225: 224: 217: 210: 209: 203: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 160: 153: 152: 139: 128: 121: 120: 107: 96: 82:Official names 80: 79: 78: 77: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15689: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15607:South Ossetia 15605: 15604: 15602: 15595: 15592: 15548: 15537: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15513: 15511: 15510:South Ossetia 15500: 15498: 15487: 15486: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15469: 15464: 15462: 15457: 15455: 15450: 15449: 15446: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15392:Faroe Islands 15390: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15376: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15364:South Ossetia 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15338: 15332: 15329: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15189:Liechtenstein 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15042: 15037: 15035: 15030: 15028: 15023: 15022: 15019: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14870:Terra Mariana 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14781:Great Moravia 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14681:Russification 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14551:Roman Armenia 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14506:South Ossetia 14504: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14483: 14480: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14385: 14380: 14378: 14373: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14350: 14349: 14348:Europe portal 14344: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14328: 14327: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14301: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14257: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14197:Special areas 14194: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14134: 14130: 14127: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14096:Faroe Islands 14094: 14093: 14091: 14087: 14084: 14081: 14074: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14062:South Ossetia 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14032: 14027: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13896:Liechtenstein 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13766: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13745: 13740: 13738: 13733: 13731: 13726: 13725: 13722: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13700: 13698: 13697: 13688: 13687: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13647: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13600: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13566: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13554:South Ossetia 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13524: 13519: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13237: 13235: 13230: 13228: 13223: 13222: 13219: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13182: 13181:South Ossetia 13170: 13158: 13146: 13142: 13130: 13118: 13106: 13093: 13089: 13077: 13065: 13053: 13040: 13036: 13024: 13012: 13000: 12988: 12975: 12967: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12935: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12921: 12920: 12917: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12868: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12778:one UN member 12773: 12770: 12765:Non-UN member 12762: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12669: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12649: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12563: 12559: 12553: 12549: 12542: 12537: 12535: 12530: 12528: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12513: 12506: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12392: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12271:1991–1992 war 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12245: 12240: 12239:South Ossetia 12233: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12168: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12113:Bolnisi cross 12111: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11888: 11887: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11727: 11726:South Ossetia 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11566: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11505: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11174: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11156: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11091: 11087: 11085:9781137280237 11081: 11077: 11076: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11026: 11022: 11020:9780755618453 11016: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10923: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10890: 10883: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10851: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10655: 10645: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10584: 10574: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10535: 10525: 10516: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10323: 10307: 10303: 10302:Georgia Today 10299: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10198: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10126: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10061: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9957: 9953: 9946: 9940: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9827: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9486: 9477: 9468: 9459: 9450: 9441: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9395: 9391: 9390:Civil Georgia 9387: 9381: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9285: 9281: 9280:Civil Georgia 9277: 9271: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9240: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9079: 9075: 9074:Civil Georgia 9071: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9044:Civil Georgia 9041: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9007: 8990: 8986: 8985:Civil Georgia 8982: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8915: 8913: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8785: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8556: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8494: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8037: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7782:Civil Georgia 7779: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7752:Civil Georgia 7749: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7722:Civil Georgia 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7331: 7325: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7097: 7090: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6866: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6484: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6167: 6151: 6148:. p. 6. 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5807: 5797: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5713:Civil Georgia 5710: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5394: 5390: 5389:Time Magazine 5386: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5266: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5221:, p. 42. 5220: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5030:9781317637844 5026: 5023:. Routledge. 5022: 5021: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4990:, p. 99. 4989: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4962:9780755618453 4958: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4893: 4881: 4875:, p. 37. 4874: 4869: 4863:, p. 40. 4862: 4857: 4845: 4839:, p. 39. 4838: 4833: 4831: 4824:, p. 38. 4823: 4818: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730:: Routledge. 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4714: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4525:9780765615688 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4298:Civil Georgia 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4267:9780755618453 4263: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3913:სამხრეთ ოსეთი 3909: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3794:Europe portal 3784: 3781: 3770: 3767: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3537: 3536:Russian ruble 3530:Russian ruble 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504:Russian ruble 3501: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3401:, delivering 3400: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3009: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2647:single-member 2644: 2639: 2638:head of state 2635: 2631: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133:United States 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2113:North Ossetia 2110: 2109:Civil Georgia 2106: 2102: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1924:microclimates 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1898:Mediterranean 1895: 1887: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1835:Liakhvi River 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:North Ossetia 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735:2022 election 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1637:published in 1635: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595:Abkhaz forces 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506:Richard Lugar 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Peter Semneby 1491: 1490:Richard Lugar 1487: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:Ademon Nykhas 1308: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247:was created. 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151:Soviet Russia 1148: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:North Ossetia 1067: 1063: 1060:The Georgian 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003:Great Liakhvi 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 971: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 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