170:) – The success of reproduction is dependent on a female’s ability to correctly identify and respond to the advertisement call of a potential mate. At a breeding site with high densities of males, the male’s chorus may overlap with heterospecific calls, making it difficult for the female to successfully locate a mate. When the advertisement calls of the male gray treefrog and male Cope’s gray treefrog overlap, female gray treefrogs make mistakes and choose the heterospecific call. The amount of errors the female makes is dependent on the amount of overlap between signals. Female Cope’s gray treefrogs can better differentiate the signals and are only significantly affected when heterospecifics completely overlap conspecific male signals. However, female Cope’s gray treefrogs prefer conspecific male signals that have less overlap (i.e. less interference). Furthermore, females have longer response times to overlapped calls, where it takes longer for them to choose a mate. Signal jamming can affect both males and females as difficulties in identifying and locating a mate reduces their mating frequencies. Females may have more costs if they mate with a male of a lower quality, and may be susceptible to a higher risk of predation by predators within the breeding site if they take longer to choose and locate a male. Heterospecific mating between the gray treefrog and Cope’s gray treefrogs also can form an infertile hybrid which is highly costly to both parents due to the wastage of gametes.
496:) - The striped ground cricket and the Southern ground cricket are closely related species that have an overlapping distribution. Both crickets use calling songs in order to identify and locate potential mates. The songs of the two species have a different frequency and period. Females of both species show little preference between the songs from conspecific and heterospecific males. The minor preference disappears if the intensity of the calls are altered. The lack of ability to differentiate between the two songs can result in erroneous female choice. Erroneous female choice has costs, including energy wastage, and increases in predation risk when searching for a conspecific. Additionally, it is highly costly when the mistake leads to heterospecific mating, which involves the wastage of gametes. However, the cost of erroneous female choice may be small for the striped ground and Southern ground cricket due to their high abundance. The lack of ability to differentiate between the calling songs is proposed to be due to the weak selective pressure on the females.
655:) - California tiger salamanders are native to California, and were geographically isolated from Barred tiger salamanders. Barred tiger salamanders were then introduced by humans to California, and the mating between these two species led to the formation of a population of hybrids. The hybrids have since established in their parent habitat and spread into human modified environments. Within hybrids, the survivability of individuals with a mixed-ancestry is higher than individuals with a highly native or highly introduced genetic background. Stable populations can form as populations with a large native ancestry become mixed with more introduced genes, and vice versa. Hybrids pose both ecological and conservation consequences as they threaten the population viability of the native California tiger salamanders, which is currently listed as an endangered species. The hybrids may also affect the viability of other native organisms within the invaded regions, as they consume large quantities of aquatic invertebrate and tadpole.
547:
139:- Individuals of the American grapevine leafhopper communicate with each other through vibrational signals that they transmit through the host plant. American grapevine leafhoppers are receptive of signals within their receptor’s sensitivity range of 50 to 1000 Hz. The vibrations can be used to identify and locate potential female mates. To successfully communicate, a duet is performed between the male and female American grapevine leafhopper. The female replies within a specific timeframe after the male signal, and the male may use the timing of her reply to identify her. However, vibrational signals are prone to disruption and masking by heterospecific signals, conspecific signals, and background noise that are within their species-specific sensitivity range. The interference of the duet between a male and female American grapevine leafhopper can reduce the male’s success in identifying and locating the female, which can reduce the frequency of mating.
406:) – Naturally the distribution of the Cepero’s grasshopper and slender groundhopper overlap; however, they rarely co-exist. The reproductive success of the Cepero’s grasshopper decreases when housed within the same enclosure as high numbers of the slender groundhopper. The reduction of reproductive success stems from an increase in mating attempts by the Cepero's grasshopper towards the slender groundhopper, which may be due to their larger body size. However, these mating attempts are generally unsuccessful as the mate recognition of female slender groundhoppers are reliable, which may be due to the different courtship displays of the two species. The reduced reproductive success can cause the displacement in one of the species, potentially a factor as to why the species rarely co-exist despite sharing similar habitat preferences.
115:
of signals by another species. The process of mate attraction and acquisition involves signals to aid in locating and recognising potential mates. Signals can also give the receiver an indication of the quality of a potential mate. Signal jamming can occur in different types of communication. Auditory signal jamming, otherwise labelled as auditory masking, is when a noisy environment created by heterospecific signals causes difficulties in identifying conspecifics. Likewise in chemical signals, pheromones that are meant to attract conspecifics and drive off others may overlap with heterospecific pheromones, leading to confusion. Difficulties in recognising and locating conspecifics can result in a reduction of encounters with potential mates and a decrease in mating frequencies.
477:
244:, they are similarly pursued. The horsefly and butterfly do not compete over a common resource with the Eastern amberwing dragonfly, have not been seen interfering with the mating within the territory, and are neither a predator nor prey of the Eastern amberwing dragonfly. Instead, they are pursued potentially due to being mistaken for a rival conspecific as they share similar characteristics in size, colour, and flight height. The similar characteristics may be cues used by the male Eastern amberwing dragonfly to identify conspecifics. The heterospecific pursuit is costly for the male as they waste energy and time, have a higher risk of injury, and may lose opportunities to defend their territory against subsequent intruders.
362:. Chinook salmon interacted with Atlantic salmon the most, where male chinooks attempted to court female Atlantic salmon. Male chinooks also chased away, and in some interactions, behaved aggressively towards other Atlantic salmon that approached female Atlantic salmon. A male brown trout was also observed to court a female Atlantic salmon. Misdirected courtship towards the Atlantic salmon can cause problems in waters that the Atlantic salmon currently occupy, and towards conservation efforts to reintroduce the Atlantic salmon to Lake Ontario. Implications of misdirected courtship on the Atlantic salmon can cause the delay or prevention of spawning, and the hybridisation of the Atlantic salmon with other species.
262:
215:
689:) - The sika deer were originally introduced by humans to Britain and has since established and spread through deliberate reintroductions and escape. The red deer are native to Britain and hybridise with the sika deer in areas which they co-exist. Heterospecific mating between the red deer and sika deer can produce viable hybrids. Sika deer and the hybrids may outcompete and displace native deer from dense woodland. As the complete eradication of sika and the hybrids is impractical, management efforts are directed at minimising spread by not planting vegetation that would facilitate their spread into regions where the red deer still persist.
410:
189:, are closely related and can interfere with one another when attached to the same host. When two of the species of tick are attached on the same host, males have difficulties locating a female of the same species, potentially due to the mixing of pheromones. The pheromone that is not species-specific also has the capability of attracting males of all three species when they are in close proximity to the female. The presence of a heterospecific female can also reduce the time a male spends with conspecific females, leading to a reduction of reproductive success. Furthermore, when
629:
320:, which is the ability to produce offspring. Blue breast males prefer conspecifics over red cheek females that are smaller; however, have a weaker preference for conspecifics over blue breast females that are only slightly smaller. Red cheek males have no preference for conspecifics in the presence of a larger blue breast female or blue cap female. Blue cap males prefer conspecifics over red cheek females; however, have no preference for conspecifics in the presence of a larger blue breast male.
659:
124:
535:. Heterospecific mating occurs between the two species which can produce infertile eggs or infertile hybrid females. Furthermore, females are not able to produce female offspring after mating with a heterospecific. In addition to the wastage of energy, time, and gametes, the inability to produce female offspring after heterospecific mating skews the sex ratio of the co-existing populations. The high costs associated with heterospecific mating along with the higher reproductive rate of the
581:. Females of both species that mate heterospecifically have a large reduction in fecundity compared to conspecific pairings. Heterospecific mating either produces no eggs or male hybrids that may be sterile. Both individuals suffer a large fitness cost from the wastage of energy, time, and gametes, as they unsuccessfully pass on their genes. However, females may be able to offset this cost through multiple mating, as they receive nutritional benefits from consuming a
324:
440:, which is a type of mating position where the male grasps onto the female. The Italian agile frog and agile frog have been seen in amplexus when co-existing. The mating attempts by the agile frog reduces the reproductive success of the Italian agile frog. The Italian agile frog also produces a lower number of viable eggs in the presence of the agile frog, potentially due to sperm competition between the male Italian agile frog and agile frog.
143:
380:
177:– Female ticks produce a pheromone that is a species-specific signal to attract conspecific males that are attached to the host. Female ticks also produce a pheromone that is not species-specific which can attract males that are in a close proximity to her. Pheromones emitted from closely related species can mix and lead to interference. Three species of ticks:
206:
resources. Costs to the mistaken males can include the wastage of time and energy, and a higher risk of injury and predation if they leave their mating territory to pursue the heterospecific male. Males that chase off a heterospecific male may also leave females exposed to following intruders, whether it be a conspecific or heterospecific male.
436:) overlap naturally in ponds and drainage ditches. In the areas of overlap, the abundance of agile frogs is higher than Italian agile frogs. When there is a higher abundance of agile frogs, the mating between Italian agile frogs is interfered with. Male agile frogs attempt to displace male Italian agile frogs during
114:
Signal jamming refers to the interference of one signal by another. Jamming can occur by signals emitted from environmental sources (e.g. noise pollution), or from other species. In the context of reproductive interference, signal jamming only refers to the disruption of the transmission or retrieval
504:
Heterospecific mating is when two individuals from different species mate. After the male transfers his sperm into the heterospecific female, different processes can occur that may change the outcome of the copulation. Heterospecific mating may result in the production of a hybrid in some pairings.
205:
Heterospecific rivalry occurs between males, when a male of a different species is mistaken as a rival for mates (i.e. mistaken for a conspecific male). In particular, heterospecific rivalry is hard to differentiate from other interspecific interactions, such as the competition over food and other
252:
Misdirected courtship occurs when males display courtship towards individuals of a different species of either sex. The misdirection is caused by a mistake during species recognition, or by an attraction towards heterospecifics that possess desirable traits. Such desirable traits are those traits
603:
Hybridisation, in the context of reproductive interference, is defined as the mating between individuals of different species that can lead to a hybrid, an inviable egg, or an inviable offspring. The frequency of hybridisation increases if it is hard to recognise potential mates, especially when
105:
Reproductive interference can occur at different stages of mating, from locating a potential mate, to the fertilisation of an individual of a different species. There are seven causes of reproductive interference that each have their own consequences on the fitness of one or both of the involved
370:
Heterospecific mating attempts occur when males attempt to mate with females of a different species, regardless of whether courtship occurs. During each mating attempt, sperm transfer may or may not occur. Both sexes have costs when a heterospecific attempts to mate. Costs associated with
253:
that normally are an indicator of conspecific mate quality, such as body size. Costs associated with misdirecting courtship for males include the wasted energy investment in the attempt to court heterospecifics, and a decrease in mating frequency within species.
236:) – Male Eastern amberwing dragonflies are territorial as they defend mating territories from rival conspecific males. The male will perch around their territory and pursue conspecifics that fly near the perch. When the male is approached by a species of
316:), have differing strengths of preferences for conspecific females when also presented with a heterospecific female. The differing preferences is affected by the body size of the females, potentially due to body size being an indicator of
463:
Erroneous female choice refers to mistakes made by females when differentiating males of the same species from males of a different species. Female choice may occur at different stages of mating, including male courtship,
93:. Reproductive interference can have ecological consequences, such as through the segregation of species both spatially and temporally. It can also have evolutionary consequences, for example; it can impose a
468:, or after copulation. Female choice can depend on the availability of appropriate males. When there are less available conspecific males, females may make more mistakes as they become less ‘choosy’.
1379:
Scott, R. J.; Judge, K. A.; Ramster, K.; Noakes, D. L. G.; Beamish, F. W. H. (2005). "Interactions between naturalised exotic salmonids and reintroduced
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1699:"First record of interspecific amplexus between a Himalayan Toad, Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Bufonidae), and a Himalayan Paa Frog, Nanorana vicina (Dicroglossidae), from the Western Himalaya, India"
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Takafuji, Akio; Kuno, Eiji; Fujimoto, Hiroaki (1997-06-01). "Reproductive interference and its consequences for the competitive interactions between two closely related
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288:
suggest that both male and female waxbills should be ‘choosy’ and have strong preferences to reduce the chances of mating with a heterospecific female. Males of the three species of waxbill:
371:
heterospecific mating attempts include wasted energy, time, and potentially gametes if sperm transfer occurs. There is also a risk of injury and increased risk of predation for both sexes.
620:
that can be more adaptable and 'fit' within particular environments. If an inviable product is produced, both parents suffer from the cost of unsuccessfully passing on their genes.
1199:
Schultz, Jaime K.; Switzer, Paul V. (2001-09-01). "Pursuit of
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27:
in one or more of the individuals involved. The interactions occur when individuals make mistakes or are unable to recognise their own species, labelled as ‘incomplete
85:
Reproductive interference occurs between species that occupy the same habitat and can play a role in influencing the coexistence of these species. It differs from
612:
if they develop traits that make them more successful than their parent species in surviving within new and changing habitats, otherwise known as hybrid vigor or
82:. These costs are variable and dependent on numerous factors, such as the cause of reproductive interference, the sex of the parent, and the species involved.
546:
604:
heterospecifics share similarities, such as body size, colouration, and acoustic signals. Costs associated with hybridisation are dependent on the level of
2181:
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2291:"Hybridisation is associated with increased fecundity and size in invasive taxa: meta-analytic support for the hybridisation-invasion hypothesis"
1658:"New distribution record and intergeneric amplexus in the Malabar Tree Toad, Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther 1875 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)"
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Singer, Fred (1990). "Reproductive costs arising from incomplete habitat segregation among three species of
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1460:
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is eventually excluded. The exclusion is a result of reproductive interference and also due to the higher reproductive rate of the
830:
Cothran, Rickey D. (2015). "The importance of reproductive interference in ecology and evolution: from organisms to communities".
74:. All types have fitness costs on the participating individuals, generally from a reduction in reproductive success, a waste of
2126:"The effect of male coloration on female mate choice in closely related Lake Victoria cichlids (Haplochromis nyererei complex)"
1106:
Andrews RH, Petney TN, Bull CM (February 1982). "Reproductive interference between three parapatric species of reptile tick".
929:
197:
females to mate, despite being unsuccessful, they remain attached which physically inhibits following males from mating.
2046:
480:
Interspecific amplexus between a
Himalayan Toad (Duttaphrynus himalayanus) and a Himalayan Paa Frog (Nanorana vicina)
2520:
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930:"Auditory masking and effects of noise on responses of the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea) to synthetic mating calls"
527:, are generally geographically segregated and on occasion co-exist. However, the co-existence is not stable as the
957:
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2535:
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1162:"Reproductive Costs Arising From Incomplete Habitat Segregation Among Three Species of Leucorrhinia Dragonflies"
959:"Mate recognition and reproductive isolation in the sibling species Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera litura"
261:
2540:
284:, where both the mother and father contribute to the care of the offspring. The combination of monogamy and
2545:
2530:
476:
1980:"Reproductive Costs to Heterospecific Mating between Two Hybridizing Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)"
640:
1505:"Social environment and reproductive interference affect reproductive success in the frog Rana latastei"
214:
2525:
2028:
1889:
1842:
1243:
1060:
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2232:
Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan; Vaiman, Daniel; Veitia, Reiner A. (2010).
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on the affected species to evolve traits that better distinguish themselves from other species.
2401:"Hybrid vigor between native and introduced salamanders raises new challenges for conservation"
1740:"Natural Hybridization and Genetic Divergence Between the Toads Bufo boreas and Bufo punctatus"
1546:"The absence of species and sex recognition during mate search by male common toads, Bufo bufo"
486:
2555:
736:
Gröning J, Hochkirch A (September 2008). "Reproductive interference between animal species".
566:
409:
94:
86:
505:
Costs associated to heterospecific mating include the wastage of time, energy, and gametes.
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with species from other genera in the same family, and species belonging to other families.
2412:
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1843:"Mother species-father species: unidirectional hybridization in animals with female choice"
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839:
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465:
58:
There are seven causes of reproductive interference, namely signal jamming, heterospecific
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1061:"Effects of heterospecific call overlap on the phonotactic behaviour of grey treefrogs"
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616:. Compared to each individual parent species, they hold a different combination of
609:
1611:"Sex recognition and mate choice lacking in male Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans)"
1569:
1259:
1076:
898:
816:
608:
and on the product of the pairing (hybrid). Hybrids have the potential to become
399:
347:
335:
1545:
31:'. Reproductive interference has been found within a variety of taxa, including
2405:
Proceedings of the
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1715:
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391:
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1948:
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1212:
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1489:
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Marshall, Vincent T.; Schwartz, Joshua J.; Gerhardt, H. Carl (2006-08-01).
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44:
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437:
277:
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79:
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2030:
The
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379:
280:, where an individual only has one partner. Parents also display
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as reproductive interference does not occur due to a shared
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1459:
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447:are very well studied. Toads are known to have
127:Pair of mating American grapevine leafhoppers (
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1696:
1502:
1198:
2288:
2074:
1887:
927:
346:were reintroduced to the lake to study their
342:) – Atlantic salmon that were once native to
1784:
66:, heterospecific mating attempts, erroneous
2399:Fitzpatrick BM, Shaffer HB (October 2007).
1543:
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573:) – The two closely related species of
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585:from the male, otherwise known as the
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2342:
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13:
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1550:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1482:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01241.x
1401:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2005.00115.x
1030:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00911.x
781:Researches on Population Ecology
592:
539:lead to the displacement of the
2483:
2451:
2282:
2225:
2174:
2117:
2068:
2020:
1971:
1928:
1881:
1778:
1731:
1690:
1649:
1602:
1537:
1496:
1453:
1372:
1333:
1235:
1192:
738:The Quarterly Review of Biology
490:) and Southern ground cricket (
1099:
1052:
1001:
986:11858/00-001M-0000-0023-EA9B-3
883:"What do animal signals mean?"
874:
823:
772:
366:Heterospecific mating attempts
135:Vibrational signalling in the
1:
2039:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60162-5
1978:Shapiro, L. H. (2000-05-01).
1570:10.1080/08927014.2002.9522756
1462:The Journal of Animal Ecology
1260:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.026
1077:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.001
899:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.007
692:
632:California Tiger Salamander (
623:
508:
471:
374:
256:
209:
137:American grapevine leafhopper
70:, heterospecific mating, and
641:California Tiger Salamanders
7:
1160:Singer, Fred (1990-01-01).
559:Black-legged meadow katydid
154:Auditory signalling in the
118:
10:
2577:
1716:10.17161/randa.v28i2.15579
1675:10.17161/randa.v24i3.14209
1615:Italian Journal of Zoology
1381:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
1201:Journal of Insect Behavior
596:
383:The Cepero's grasshopper (
2459:"Ambystoma californiense"
1799:10.1017/S1464793105006809
1703:Reptiles & Amphibians
1662:Reptiles & Amphibians
1627:10.1080/11250000903376311
852:10.1007/s10144-015-0488-z
550:Handsome Meadow Katydid (
314:Uraeginthus cyanocephalus
17:Reproductive interference
1358:10.1163/1568539042360170
649:Barred Tiger Salamanders
484:Striped ground cricket (
2521:Hybridisation (biology)
2426:10.1073/pnas.0704791104
2353:Ecological Applications
1949:10.1023/A:1018423711166
1522:10.1093/beheco/14.2.294
1439:10.1163/156853990X00572
1213:10.1023/A:1012223217250
1178:10.1163/156853990X00572
976:10.3389/fevo.2014.00018
645:Ambystoma californiense
634:Ambystoma californiense
599:Hybridisation (biology)
567:handsome meadow katydid
459:Erroneous female choice
173:Chemical signalling in
2536:Botanical nomenclature
2250:10.1105/tpc.110.076133
1906:10.1006/anbe.1996.0101
1859:10.1006/anbe.1999.1144
671:
637:
555:
487:Allonemobius fasciatus
481:
418:
388:
332:
294:Uraeginthus angolensis
270:
267:Uraeginthus angolensis
223:
201:Heterospecific rivalry
191:Amblyomma albolimbatum
183:Amblyomma albolimbatum
151:
132:
2142:10.1007/s002650050405
1841:Wirtz P (July 1999).
661:
631:
571:Orchelimum pulchellum
552:Orchelimum pulchellum
549:
500:Heterospecific mating
479:
412:
382:
326:
286:biparental investment
264:
248:Misdirected courtship
217:
164:Cope's gray treefrogs
145:
126:
2541:Evolutionary biology
400:slender groundhopper
392:Cepero's grasshopper
302:Uraeginthus bengalus
2546:Population genetics
2531:Biology terminology
2417:2007PNAS..10415793F
2365:2007EcoAp..17..598F
2307:2014EcolL..17.1464H
2195:1984EEApp..35..221C
1562:2002EtEcE..14....1M
1474:2007JAnEc..76..633H
1393:2005EcoFF..14..402S
1120:1982Oecol..52..281A
1022:2009EEApp.133..174M
844:2015PopEc..57..339C
793:1992PopEc..34..275K
653:Ambystoma mavortium
606:parental investment
563:Orchelimum nigripes
493:Allonemobius socius
195:Aponomma hydrosauri
179:Aponomma hydrosauri
129:Scaphoideus titanus
29:species recognition
1509:Behavioral Ecology
1128:10.1007/BF00363851
832:Population Ecology
801:10.1007/BF02514797
672:
638:
556:
482:
422:Italian agile frog
419:
389:
333:
271:
226:Eastern amberwing
224:
187:Amblyomma limbatum
152:
133:
95:selective pressure
2315:10.1111/ele.12355
583:nuptial food gift
327:Atlantic salmon (
233:Perithemis tenera
220:Perithemis tenera
168:Hyla chrysoscelis
2568:
2526:Hybrid organisms
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2244:(7): 2105–2112.
2229:
2223:
2222:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1894:Animal Behaviour
1885:
1879:
1878:
1847:Animal Behaviour
1838:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1750:(4): 1089–1097.
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1433:(3–4): 188–202.
1422:
1413:
1412:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1352:(8): 1021–1039.
1337:
1331:
1330:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1254:(5): 1201–1211.
1248:Animal Behaviour
1239:
1233:
1232:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1172:(3–4): 188–201.
1157:
1148:
1147:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1065:Animal Behaviour
1056:
1050:
1049:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
978:
954:
945:
944:
934:
925:
919:
918:
887:Animal Behaviour
878:
872:
871:
827:
821:
820:
776:
770:
769:
733:
537:Panonychus citri
533:Panonychus citri
521:Panonychus citri
193:males attach to
49:marine organisms
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2496:www.jncc.gov.uk
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2411:(40): 15793–8.
2397:
2388:
2373:10.1890/06-0369
2349:
2340:
2301:(11): 1464–77.
2295:Ecology Letters
2287:
2283:
2230:
2226:
2179:
2175:
2122:
2118:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2025:
2021:
1976:
1972:
1933:
1929:
1886:
1882:
1839:
1832:
1783:
1779:
1756:10.2307/2407469
1736:
1732:
1695:
1691:
1654:
1650:
1607:
1603:
1542:
1538:
1501:
1497:
1458:
1454:
1423:
1416:
1377:
1373:
1338:
1334:
1303:10.2307/2410498
1287:
1283:
1240:
1236:
1197:
1193:
1158:
1151:
1104:
1100:
1057:
1053:
1006:
1002:
955:
948:
932:
926:
922:
879:
875:
828:
824:
777:
773:
734:
699:
695:
666:) x Sika deer (
626:
618:characteristics
601:
595:
541:Panonychus mori
529:Panonychus mori
525:Panonychus mori
511:
502:
474:
461:
404:Tetrix subulata
377:
368:
336:Atlantic salmon
282:biparental care
276:– Waxbills are
259:
250:
212:
203:
160:Hyla versicolor
148:Hyla versicolor
146:Gray treefrog (
121:
112:
103:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2482:
2450:
2386:
2359:(2): 598–608.
2338:
2281:
2238:The Plant Cell
2224:
2189:(3): 221–226.
2173:
2151:2027.42/149206
2116:
2087:(1): 209–218.
2067:
2047:
2019:
1990:(3): 440–446.
1970:
1943:(6): 379–391.
1927:
1900:(5): 981–990.
1880:
1830:
1777:
1730:
1709:(2): 270–273.
1689:
1668:(3): 193–196.
1648:
1621:(4): 476–480.
1601:
1536:
1515:(2): 294–300.
1495:
1452:
1414:
1387:(4): 402–405.
1371:
1332:
1297:(3): 921–925.
1281:
1234:
1207:(5): 607–620.
1191:
1149:
1114:(2): 281–286.
1098:
1071:(2): 449–459.
1051:
1016:(2): 174–185.
1000:
946:
920:
893:(2): 233–240.
873:
838:(2): 339–341.
822:
787:(2): 275–284.
771:
750:10.1086/590510
696:
694:
691:
679:Cervus elaphus
664:Cervus elaphus
625:
622:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
587:spermatophylax
510:
507:
501:
498:
473:
470:
460:
457:
434:Rana dalmatina
415:Rana dalmatina
396:Tetrix ceperoi
385:Tetrix ceperoi
376:
373:
367:
364:
352:chinook salmon
258:
255:
249:
246:
211:
208:
202:
199:
120:
117:
111:
110:Signal jamming
108:
102:
99:
62:, misdirected
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:9780120176090
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:(4): 559–71.
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:(4): 633–42.
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
942:
938:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:(3): 257–82.
743:
739:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
697:
690:
688:
687:Cervus nippon
684:
680:
676:
669:
668:Cervus nippon
665:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
630:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
593:Hybridisation
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Potomac River
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
506:
497:
495:
494:
489:
488:
478:
469:
467:
456:
454:
453:Hybridization
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Rana latastei
423:
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
381:
372:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
263:
254:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
221:
216:
207:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:gray treefrog
149:
144:
140:
138:
130:
125:
116:
107:
106:individuals.
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
72:hybridisation
69:
68:female choice
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2556:Reproduction
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2468:
2462:
2453:
2408:
2404:
2356:
2352:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2060:, retrieved
2029:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1850:
1846:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1430:
1426:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1169:
1165:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1013:
1009:
1003:
966:
962:
940:
936:
923:
890:
886:
876:
835:
831:
825:
784:
780:
774:
741:
737:
686:
678:
673:
667:
663:
652:
644:
639:
633:
602:
570:
562:
557:
551:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
512:
503:
491:
485:
483:
462:
442:
433:
425:
420:
414:
413:Agile frog (
403:
395:
390:
384:
369:
344:Lake Ontario
339:
334:
328:
313:
305:
301:
293:
272:
266:
251:
231:
225:
219:
204:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
167:
159:
153:
147:
134:
128:
113:
104:
84:
57:
16:
15:
2234:"Heterosis"
1853:(1): 1–12.
1579:10261/47656
519:mites: the
360:brown trout
356:coho salmon
340:Salmo salar
329:Salmo salar
290:blue breast
265:Red cheek (
87:competition
2515:Categories
2501:2020-05-24
2136:(1): 1–8.
2062:2020-04-24
1556:(1): 1–8.
693:References
662:Red deer (
565:) and the
516:Panonychus
466:copulation
445:true toads
430:agile frog
398:) and the
278:monogamous
162:) and the
45:amphibians
2561:Fertility
2258:1040-4651
2211:1570-7458
2160:1432-0762
2006:0013-8746
1957:1572-9702
1914:0003-3472
1744:Evolution
1725:2332-4961
1684:2332-4961
1635:1125-0003
1588:0394-9370
1531:1045-2249
1427:Behaviour
1409:1600-0633
1366:0005-7959
1346:Behaviour
1311:0014-3820
1291:Evolution
1268:0003-3472
1221:1572-8889
1186:0005-7959
1166:Behaviour
1108:Oecologia
1085:0003-3472
1038:1570-7458
995:2296-701X
907:0003-3472
860:1438-390X
809:1437-5613
683:sika deer
614:heterosis
318:fecundity
298:red cheek
242:butterfly
228:dragonfly
80:nutrients
64:courtship
2551:Breeding
2475:25 April
2445:17884982
2381:17489263
2333:25234578
2276:20622146
2219:84400211
2168:10118100
2111:37489257
2103:28568156
2057:13520442
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