Hybrid (biology) - Knowledge

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diversity. It has been proposed that hybridization could be a useful tool to conserve biodiversity by allowing organisms to adapt, and that efforts to preserve the separateness of a "pure" lineage could harm conservation by lowering the organisms' genetic diversity and adaptive potential, particularly in species with low populations. While endangered species are often protected by law, hybrids are often excluded from protection, resulting in challenges to conservation.

9337: 7923: 1799: 1460: 9361: 7933: 1573:. Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally, or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts, such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination. Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species. Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease resistance or 1951: 1476: 747: 9373: 9349: 1104: 467:(the red-spotted purple). The white admiral has a bright, white band on its wings, while the red-spotted purple has cooler blue-green shades. Hybridization occurs between a narrow area across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, the "suture region". It is at these regions that the subspecies were formed. Other hybrid zones have formed between described species of plants and animals. 33: 282:, individuals with more than two copies of each chromosome. Whole genome doubling has occurred repeatedly in plant evolution. When two plant species hybridize, the hybrid may double its chromosome count by incorporating the entire nuclear genome of both parents, resulting in offspring that are reproductively incompatible with either parent because of different chromosome counts. 322: 1053:

each case on its merits, depending on detecting hybrids within the population. It is nearly impossible to formulate a uniform hybridization policy, because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs "naturally", and when hybrid swarms are the only remaining evidence of prior species, they need to be conserved as well.

1157:. Since the indigenous breeds are often well-adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens, this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding. Therefore, commercial plant geneticists strive to breed "widely adapted" cultivars to counteract this tendency. 1052:

Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm, or to try and save the still existing pure individuals. Once a population becomes a complete mixture, the goal becomes to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss. Conservationists treat

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and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non-native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare

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Huerta-Sánchez, Emilia; Jin, Xin; Asan; Bianba, Zhuoma; Peter, Benjamin M.; Vinckenbosch, Nicolas; Liang, Yu; Yi, Xin; He, Mingze; Somel, Mehmet; Ni, Peixiang; Wang, Bo; Ou, Xiaohua; Huasang; Luosang, Jiangbai; Cuo, Zha XiPing; Li, Kui; Gao, Guoyi; Yin, Ye; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Xiuqing; Xu, Xun; Yang,

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Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups. However, homoploid hybrid speciation (not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes) may be rare: by 1997, only eight natural examples had been fully described. Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route

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A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization, including the large genetic difference between most species. Barriers include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act

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homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other. Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents). Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids

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Hybridization between species plays an important role in evolution, though there is much debate about its significance. Roughly 25% of plants and 10% of animals are known to form hybrids with at least one other species. One example of an adaptive benefit to hybridization is that hybrid individuals

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Hybridization between reproductively isolated species often results in hybrid offspring with lower fitness than either parental. However, hybrids are not, as might be expected, always intermediate between their parents (as if there were blending inheritance), but are sometimes stronger or perform

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The conservation impacts of hybridization between species are highly debated. While hybridization could potentially threaten rare species or lineages by "swamping" the genetically "pure" individuals with hybrids, hybridization could also save a rare lineage from extinction by introducing genetic

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When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other, the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits (e.g., one plant parent has red flowers, the other has white, and the hybrid, pink flowers). Commonly, hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other

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have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are

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phenotype, it is ordinarily considered that the two parental mutant organisms are defective in different genes. If the hybrid organism displays a distinctly mutant phenotype, the two mutant parental organisms are considered to be defective in the same gene. However, in some cases the hybrid

1041:(highly variable populations with much interbreeding as well as backcrossing with the parent species). Depending on where a population falls along this continuum, the management plans for that population will change. Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within 868:

are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the

1827:, is of Neanderthal heritage. Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20% of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population. Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals, 1085:

when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing. Hybridization and introgression, which can happen in natural and hybrid populations, of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local

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result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids. Top cross (or "topcross") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average.

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In plants, some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes.

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Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally balanced

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There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization: hybridization without introgression, hybridization with widespread introgression (backcrossing with one of the parent species), and

340:, used for crosses such as of a tame sow and a wild boar. The term came into popular use in English in the 19th century, though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century. Conspicuous hybrids are popularly named with 1312:, where an egg is laid in the nest of another species to be raised by non-biological parents. The chick imprints upon and eventually seeks a mate among the species that raised it, instead of the species of its biological parents. 5426:

McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012).

1153:. The replacement of locally indigenous breeds, compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic mixing), has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of 4930: 1900:, and a white bull. More often, they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, as in the 1187:

are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids.

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Káldy, Jenő; Mozsár, Attila; Fazekas, Gyöngyvér; Farkas, Móni; Fazekas, Dorottya Lilla; Fazekas, Georgina Lea; Goda, Katalin; Gyöngy, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Balázs; Semmens, Kenneth; Bercsényi, Miklós (6 July 2020).

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Hailer, F.; Kutschera, V. E.; Hallstrom, B. M.; Klassert, D.; Fain, S. R.; Leonard, J. A.; Arnason, U.; Janke, A. (2012). "Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage".

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have 63 chromosomes. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during

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vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes. A few animal species and many plant species, however, are the result of

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contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry from only four to six generations earlier. All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers.

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Todesco, Marco; Pascual, Mariana A.; Owens, Gregory L.; Ostevik, Katherine L.; Moyers, Brook T.; Hubner, Sariel; Heredia, Sylvia M.; Hahn, Min A.; Caseys, Celine; Bock, Dan; Reiseberg, Loren (2016).

108:, sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent. The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding, where there is interest in the individual parentage. In 4466: 701:

Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents, but are often

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del Olmo, Valentina; Mixão, Verónica; Fotedar, Rashmi; Saus, Ester; Al Malki, Amina; Księżopolska, Ewa; Nunez-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos; Boekhout, Teun; Gabaldón, Toni (30 October 2023).

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to speciation, a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes, meaning that once hybridization has occurred, the new

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Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons, including geographical isolation, differences in flowering period, or differences in

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were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a

88:. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a different organism is called a 1453:, unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own. 6368: 1532:

Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often. Many plant species are the result of hybridization, combined with

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widely hybridize with many other species, and the genetic relationships between ducks are further complicated by the widespread gene flow between wild and domestic mallards.

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with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds. In biology, the result of crossing of two populations is called a

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Hybridization is a particularly common mechanism for speciation in plants, and is now known to be fundamental to the evolutionary history of plants. Plants frequently form

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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011

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Grula, John W.; Taylor, Orley R. (1980). "The Effect of X-Chromosome Inheritance on Mate-Selection Behavior in the Sulfur Butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. Philodice".

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were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a

4965: 4662: 1713:. While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. 1393:

are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago.

275:, either because the hybrids are genetically incompatible with their parents and not each other, or because the hybrids occupy a different niche than either parent. 3660: 1854:. Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human-Neanderthal hybrids. A 37,000- to 42,000-year-old 1343:

and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan.

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Libkind, Diego; Hittinger, Chris Todd; Valério, Elisabete; Gonçalves, Carla; Dover, Jim; Johnston, Mark; Gonçalves, Paula; Sampaio, José Paulo (30 August 2011).

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Grenier, Cécile; Cao, Tuong-Vi; Ospina, Yolima; Quintero, Constanza; Châtel, Marc Henri; Tohme, Joe; Courtois, Brigitte; Ahmadi, Nourollah (27 August 2015).

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In a hybrid, any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation (and is thus not simply intermediate between its parents) is considered heterotic.

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Ries, Leslie; Mullen, Sean P. (2008). "A Rare Model Limits the Distribution of Its More Common Mimic: A Twist on Frequency-Dependent Batesian Mimicry".

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species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains.

705:, preventing gene flow between the species. Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species. For example, 365:

From the point of view of animal and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species, such as between different

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by strong barriers to hybridization, which include genetic and morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and

5728: 1005:, and unintentionally, as with accidental escapes of individuals. Introductions can drastically affect populations, including through hybridization. 931:

use several techniques to produce hybrids, including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids. An economically important example is hybrid

730:, meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father. 5837: 5133:

Yue, Jia-Xing; Kozmikova, Iryna; Ono, Hiroki; Nossa, Carlos W.; Kozmik, Zbynek; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Yu, Jr-Kai; Holland, Linda Z. (12 July 2016).

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is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization.

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Hirasheiki, Claire; Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle (2021). "Concern over hybridization risks should not preclude conservation interventions".

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refers to weaker or smaller hybrids. Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids. For example, hybrids between a lion and a tigress ("

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organism may display a phenotype that is only weakly (or partially) wild-type, and this may reflect intragenic (interallelic) complementation.

5807:"University of Colorado Principles of Genetics (MCDB 2150) Lecture 33: Chromosomal changes: Monosomy, Trisomy, Polyploidy, Structural Changes" 2177:"'Hybrids and Chimeras: A Consultation on the Ethical and Social Implications of Creating Human/Animal Embryos in Research' 2007, by the HFEA" 1281:

Hybridization between species is common in birds. Hybrid birds are purposefully bred by humans, but hybridization is also common in the wild.

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A form of often intentional human-mediated hybridization is the crossing of wild and domesticated species. This is common in both traditional

7969: 6643: – Creation of new species through hybridization was thought to be common only in plants, and rare in animals (archived 3 December 2008) 4340:

Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids:A report for RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program

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butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring. Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse

625:, are reliably described but extremely rare. Interordinal hybrids (between different orders) are few, but have been engineered between the 5806: 3323: 3023: 2509:

Miller, Joshua M.; Hamilton, Jill A. (2016). "Interspecies hybridization in the conservation toolbox: response to Kovach et al. (2016)".

435:(e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism. 5926:"Saccharomyces pastorianus : genomic insights inspiring innovation for industry: Saccharomyces pastorianus : genomic insights" 3869: 2627: 9377: 1285:

have a particularly high incidence of hybridization, with at least 60% of species known to produce hybrids with another species. Among

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Allendorf, Fred W.; Leary, R. F.; Spruell, P.; Wenburg, J. K. (2001). "The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines".

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Stokes, David (July 2007). "Evaluating the utility of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for understanding heterosis in hybrid crops".

9258: 8295: 7908: 7363: 6360: 5539:"Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives" 3971: 3753: 2774: 492:

From the point of view of genetics, several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished. A genetic hybrid carries two different

5444: 2713: 605:; these sometimes result in hybrid speciation. Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera, such as between 500:, where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other. A structural hybrid results from the fusion of 8990: 8944: 3388:

Rong, R.; Chandley, A. C.; Song, J.; McBeath, S.; Tan, P. P.; Bai, Q.; Speed, R. M. (1988). "A fertile mule and hinny in China".

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and polyploidy. It is also more occasionally done in the livestock and pet trades; some well-known wild × domestic hybrids are

4957: 4908: 8017: 7671: 7431: 6039: 2560: 9133: 5473: 4338: 9058: 9028: 8980: 8824: 7028: 6302:"The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia" 1562: 163:; many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs, and trees have been produced by hybridization. One such flower, 7754: 6674: 819:; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species. Cave paintings indicate that the 6490: 939:

dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States, Canada and many other major maize-producing countries.

505: 7416: 7076: 4798:"Identifying hybrids & the genomics of hybridization: Mallards & American black ducks of Eastern North America" 3280: 2129: 2083: 453:

where the geographical ranges of species, subspecies, or distinct genetic lineages overlap. For example, the butterfly

5668: 1536:, which duplicates the chromosomes. Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced. 970:) are larger than either of their parents, as are those produced between the common pheasant and hen golden pheasant ( 7962: 6588: 6557: 5652: 5509: 5438: 4619: 4351: 4101: 3910: 3516: 3372: 3317: 3219: 3194: 3017: 2961: 2878: 2621: 1491: 9137: 7483: 5515: 4555:"Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow" 1001:. Humans have introduced species worldwide to environments for a long time, both intentionally for purposes such as 9401: 7488: 7086: 1459: 9416: 8057: 7733: 7723: 7647: 6922: 4232:

Vitousek, Peter; et al. (1997). "Introduced Species: A Significant Component of Human-cause Global Change".

853:), so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets, causing immediate genetic isolation. 290: 2581:"When the sire is a lion the result is termed a Liger, while the converse is a Tigon." Edward George Boulenger, 845:: some have four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid), while other wheat species have (like most 394: 8062: 7861: 7728: 7508: 7252: 7050: 6954: 6843: 3788: 3771: 3107: 390: 1475: 9421: 8789: 7926: 7513: 7257: 6996: 4988: 3661:"Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America" 2154:

Signs of Neanderthal lineage include a wide jaw and large teeth that get bigger toward the back of the mouth.

874: 630: 7458: 5189: 9426: 9411: 8288: 7992: 7955: 7866: 7368: 5732: 4931:"Godzilla vs. Godzilla—How the Chinese Giant Salamander is taking a toll on its Japanese Comic Counterpart" 4853:

Ottenburghs, Jente; van Hooft, Pim; van Wieren, Sipke E.; Ydenberg, Ronald C.; Prins, Herbert H.T. (2016).

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Ottenburghs, Jente; van Hooft, Pim; van Wieren, Sipke E.; Ydenberg, Ronald C.; Prins, Herbert H.T. (2016).

4635: 186: 9365: 9353: 8037: 7936: 7530: 2798:"Accuracy of Genomic Selection in a Rice Synthetic Population Developed for Recurrent Selection Breeding" 1013: 190: 5829: 9254: 7632: 6806: 5135:"Conserved Noncoding Elements in the Most Distant Genera of Cephalochordates: The Goldilocks Principle" 1820: 1566:, with the female parent's name given first, or if not known, the parent's names given alphabetically. 661: 559: 263:

can form a "bridge" transmitting potentially helpful genes from one species to another when the hybrid

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has resulted in an increase in the interbreeding between regional species, and the proliferation of

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Green, R.E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A.W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; et al. (2010).

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Gornicki, Piotr; et al. (2014). "The chloroplast view of the evolution of polyploid wheat".

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Rawlings, J. O.; Cockerham, C. Clark (June 1962). "Analysis of Double Cross Hybrid Populations".

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Hybridization is greatly influenced by human impact on the environment, through effects such as

9313: 9269: 9202: 9171: 9089: 9063: 8676: 8649: 8007: 7893: 7542: 7411: 7373: 7274: 7245: 7218: 7213: 6811: 6071:"Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast" 5814: 5810: 3935: 885: 702: 696: 639: 370: 124: 41: 7399: 3307: 3007: 2292:

Soltis, Pamela S; Soltis, Douglas E. (2009). "The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation".

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and anatomically modern humans are thought to have interbred as recently as 40,000 years ago.

9194: 9147: 9129: 9125: 9109: 9053: 8954: 8554: 8461: 8373: 8249: 8143: 8138: 8042: 7834: 7708: 7627: 7622: 7607: 7592: 7582: 7498: 7473: 7308: 7264: 7228: 7196: 7137: 7115: 7096: 6959: 6912: 6863: 6858: 6816: 3710:"An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses" 2870: 2864: 2611: 2104: 1996: 1839:. Thus, Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression. 1684: 1656: 1581: 1556: 1527: 1255:. In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the 994: 990: 870: 518: 480: 165: 1239:

The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The

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and others after it. Similar barriers exist in plants, with differences in flowering times,

9161: 8446: 8095: 7808: 7703: 7637: 7438: 7353: 7269: 7181: 7164: 7091: 7081: 6791: 6699: 6683: 6456: 6403: 6313: 6256: 6198: 6141: 5872: 5267: 4809: 4501: 4264: 4198: 3824: 3709: 3675: 3186: 3180: 2809: 2518: 2432: 2375: 2336: 2006: 935:(corn), which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties. 927:

is a phenotype that displays more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines.

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Baker, H. G. (1959). "Reproductive methods as factors in speciation in flowering plants".

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worldwide has also resulted in an increase in hybridization. This has been referred to as

8: 9341: 9198: 9014: 8888: 8810: 8729: 8239: 8115: 8002: 7978: 7871: 7829: 7779: 7698: 7546: 7538: 7468: 7448: 7394: 7238: 6991: 6934: 6796: 6779: 6757: 5095: 2066: 2026: 1985: 1965: 1905: 1867: 1824: 1550: 1366: 1308:). One potential mechanism for the occurrence of hybrids in these geese is interspecific 1042: 1023: 972: 960: 773: 602: 222: 85: 7149: 6460: 6447:

Wang, C. C.; Farina, S. E.; Li, H. (2013) . "Neanderthal DNA and modern human origins".

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Warschefsky, E.; Penmetsa, R. V.; Cook, D. R.; von Wettberg, E. J. B. (8 October 2014).

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There is evidence of hybridization between modern humans and other species of the genus

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Rhymer, J. M.; Simberloff, D. (1996). "Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression".

4059: 4010: 3900: 3845: 3812: 3793: 3743:"Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act" 3572: 3489: 3253: 3236: 3099: 3091: 2919: 2840: 2797: 2705: 2685: 2666: 2486: 2461: 2396: 2363: 2269: 2244: 2220: 2195: 2124: 1980: 1929: 1574: 1406: 1290: 1002: 586: 455: 294: 242: 182: 89: 8883: 6545:

Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era

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is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different

9431: 9360: 9264: 9236: 9218: 9184: 8985: 8857: 8220: 8215: 8153: 8080: 8072: 8047: 7932: 7886: 7612: 7560: 7338: 7154: 7055: 7018: 7013: 6969: 6964: 6917: 6883: 6635: 6584: 6553: 6512: 6429: 6341: 6336: 6301: 6282: 6224: 6159: 6110: 6092: 6045: 6035: 6002: 5984: 5945: 5906: 5888: 5648: 5560: 5505: 5434: 5408: 5348: 5295: 5236: 5166: 5115: 5076: 5058: 4996: 4886: 4835: 4778: 4719: 4615: 4584: 4527: 4403: 4357: 4347: 4292: 4287: 4252: 4214: 4097: 4051: 3949: 3906: 3850: 3610: 3512: 3481: 3440: 3405: 3368: 3313: 3258: 3215: 3190: 3146: 3138: 3013: 2957: 2911: 2907: 2874: 2845: 2827: 2617: 2534: 2491: 2401: 2309: 2274: 2225: 2016: 1921: 1305: 1154: 1091: 1062: 1029: 976:). Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type, although present in both parents. 958:" (lioness × tiger) are smaller. Similarly, the hybrids between the common pheasant ( 782: 298: 145: 6171: 5861:"Origin of fungal hybrids with pathogenic potential from warm seawater environments" 4539: 4416: 4323: 4014: 3797: 3576: 3493: 3103: 2923: 2709: 522:, because all homozygous combinations are lethal. In the early history of genetics, 309:

in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding.

9189: 8779: 8686: 8179: 8090: 7478: 7045: 7023: 6831: 6464: 6419: 6411: 6331: 6321: 6272: 6264: 6214: 6206: 6149: 6100: 6082: 6027: 5992: 5976: 5937: 5896: 5880: 5625: 5590: 5550: 5398: 5390: 5338: 5330: 5285: 5275: 5220: 5156: 5146: 5107: 5066: 5048: 4904: 4876: 4866: 4825: 4817: 4768: 4758: 4574: 4566: 4517: 4509: 4391: 4319: 4282: 4272: 4206: 4168: 4063: 4041: 4002: 3945: 3840: 3832: 3783: 3721: 3683: 3602: 3564: 3471: 3432: 3397: 3248: 3083: 2903: 2835: 2817: 2697: 2658: 2526: 2481: 2473: 2440: 2391: 2383: 2344: 2301: 2264: 2256: 2215: 2207: 2114: 2096:, a bacterium well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants. 1678: 1604:, is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses. Several commercial fruits including 1424: 1418: 1362: 1340: 1146: 1142: 1108: 898: 341: 206: 69: 7323: 5466: 4553:

Kutschera, V. E.; Bidon, T.; Hailer, F.; Rodi, J.; Fain, S. R.; Janke, A. (2014).

4210: 2552: 1560:(American sycamore). The parent's names may be kept in their entirety, as seen in 1512: 601:) are called intra-specific hybrids. Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from 9309: 9151: 9083: 8913: 8893: 8709: 8629: 8491: 7997: 7839: 7463: 7290: 7279: 7233: 7176: 7125: 6905: 6709: 6629: 6574: 6543: 6468: 4958:"Print Email Facebook Twitter More World-first hybrid sharks found off Australia" 4636:"Part donkey, part wild ass, the kunga is the oldest known hybrid bred by humans" 4604: 4424: 4365: 3687: 3547:

Hermsen, J. G. Th.; Ramanna, M. S. (January 1976). "Barriers to hybridisation of

2822: 2072: 2021: 1881: 1402: 1328: 1309: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1213: 763: 685:

might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other).

669: 614: 302: 52:. Mules are smaller than horses but stronger than donkeys, making them useful as 6021: 4346:. Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation, Australian Government. 3436: 807:, although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy. The European 9317: 9141: 8898: 8847: 8765: 8456: 8353: 8244: 8234: 8148: 8027: 7679: 7551: 7493: 6853: 6848: 6786: 6764: 6245:"Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA" 5884: 5578: 5366:

Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants

5096:"Keeping amphioxus in the laboratory: an update on available husbandry methods" 4720:"Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis" 4117: 3276: 2041: 2036: 1956: 1744:. Yeast hybrids are widely found and used in human-related activities, such as 1356: 1209: 1068: 1046: 946:

produces more robust hybrids, they might be stronger or bigger; while the term

928: 820: 606: 6026:, Advances in Applied Microbiology, vol. 69, Elsevier, pp. 159–182, 5334: 4871: 4763: 4395: 4382:

Farmer, B. H. (1986). "Perspectives on the 'Green Revolution' in South Asia".

4006: 2477: 2211: 656: 9395: 9321: 8959: 8862: 8624: 8549: 8530: 8403: 8184: 8174: 8130: 7881: 7759: 7718: 7564: 7318: 6986: 6981: 6096: 5988: 5892: 5062: 5000: 4361: 3235:

Kelk, Dawn A.; Gartley, Cathy J.; Buckrell, Brian C.; King, W. Allan (1997).

3063: 3045: 2831: 2099: 2093: 2056: 1932: 1917: 1832: 1725: 1661: 1650: 1450: 1389: 1228:

equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago in

1225: 1197: 1136: 1072: 998: 966: 904: 598: 523: 485: 301:

out of concern that it may threaten many species with extinction. Similarly,

268: 136: 128: 6482: 6326: 6210: 6154: 6129: 6087: 5980: 4570: 4513: 9155: 9104: 9099: 8934: 8852: 8774: 8701: 8619: 8584: 8539: 8511: 8431: 8408: 8348: 8200: 8052: 7876: 7824: 7769: 7602: 7597: 7191: 6949: 6433: 6345: 6286: 6228: 6163: 6114: 6049: 6006: 5949: 5910: 5672: 5564: 5412: 5352: 5299: 5280: 5240: 5170: 5119: 5080: 4890: 4839: 4782: 4663:"This Ancient Wild Ass Was the Earliest Known Animal Hybrid Bred by Humans" 4588: 4531: 4296: 4277: 4186: 4055: 4046: 4029: 3854: 3614: 3444: 2915: 2849: 2538: 2495: 2405: 2313: 2278: 2229: 2011: 1975: 1936: 1847: 1763: 1370: 1256: 1229: 1217: 1205: 1184: 1132: 1038: 1018: 828: 792: 424: 420: 382: 264: 246: 156: 5111: 5053: 4218: 3485: 3409: 3262: 3150: 3142: 8908: 8903: 8720: 8466: 8383: 7903: 7774: 7503: 7038: 6868: 6774: 6732: 5499: 5151: 4364:. RIRDC Publication No. 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A. Archived from 3726: 3476: 3459: 2460:

Quilodran, Claudio S.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Currat, Matthias (2020).

2194:

Quilodran, Claudio S.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Currat, Matthias (2020).

2134: 1970: 1851: 1806: 1597: 1539: 1498: 1410: 1316: 1301: 1276: 936: 865: 837:

hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization. Many

808: 786: 710: 682: 635: 589:, hybrids differ according to their parentage. Hybrids between different 580: 527: 508:. A numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different 504:

that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of

450: 444: 428: 306: 216: 170: 160: 53: 7343: 6415: 6268: 5555: 5538: 5394: 4028:

Rieseberg, Loren H.; Archer, Margaret A.; Wayne, Robert K. (July 1999).

3836: 2260: 1897: 1885: 92:. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents such as in 9240: 9179: 9094: 9037: 8949: 8833: 8691: 8609: 8589: 8363: 7764: 7665: 7587: 7574: 7208: 7008: 6895: 6873: 6826: 6821: 6769: 6737: 6652: 6392:"An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor" 5602: 5232: 4522: 3568: 3095: 2701: 2670: 2530: 2445: 2420: 2051: 2001: 1828: 1749: 1721: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1570: 1533: 1430: 1383: 1193: 1189: 1124: 1116: 1082: 846: 816: 758: 754: 626: 618: 590: 409: 378: 272: 202: 113: 73: 7947: 6243:

Huanming; Li, Yingrui; Wang, Jian; Wang, Jun; Nielsen, Rasmus (2014).

6130:"Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes" 4852: 4821: 4744: 3606: 3401: 2387: 1823:

showed that 1–4% of DNA from all people living today, apart from most

1798: 8668: 8395: 8205: 7898: 7749: 7358: 6976: 6724: 5941: 2419:

Chan, Wing Yan; Hoffmann, Ary A.; van Oppen, Madeleine J. H. (2019).

2348: 2031: 1909: 1596:

hybrid. Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids;

1585: 1434: 1324: 1282: 1120: 1087: 920: 913: 889: 812: 800: 567: 547: 484:

is a permanent natural hybrid, studied intensively by the geneticist

398: 374: 279: 105: 5594: 5224: 3813:"Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison" 3067: 2662: 919:

better than either parental lineage or variety, a phenomenon called

8929: 8867: 8681: 8614: 8496: 8329: 8323: 8317: 7801: 7003: 5536: 3087: 2119: 1950: 1925: 1893: 1877: 1843: 1793: 1714: 796: 622: 539: 513: 238: 226: 198: 109: 97: 1724:

are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also

1149:'s use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding 9244: 9079: 8639: 8604: 8599: 8576: 8564: 8501: 8483: 8471: 8441: 8423: 8413: 8358: 8340: 8273: 7186: 6900: 6361:"Animal hybrids may hold clues to Neandertal-human interbreeding" 5185: 3460:"The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populations" 2088: 1901: 1892:

Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids; the

1745: 1482: 1466: 1264: 1260: 1201: 1078: 896:

hybrids (top centre, with flowers) are taller than their parents

850: 824: 746: 727: 344:, starting in the 1920s with the breeding of tiger–lion hybrids ( 230: 178: 174: 117: 77: 61: 6068: 4490: 4337:

Potts, Brad M.; Barbour, Robert C.; Hingston, Andrew B. (2001).

4189:; Holdren, John (26 March 1971). "Impact of population Growth". 2075: – Transfer of blood from one animal's veins into another's 116:. In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent 8740: 8644: 8451: 8436: 8378: 5671:. Lange Laboratory, Washington State University. Archived from 5094:

Carvalho, João E.; Lahaye, François; Schubert, Michael (2017).

3926:

Rieseberg, Loren H. (1997). "Hybrid Origins of Plant Species".

2046: 1913: 1855: 1802: 1737: 1717: 1710: 955: 951: 804: 706: 563: 543: 538:

Genetic complementation is a hybridization test widely used in

509: 501: 493: 432: 386: 366: 234: 140: 132: 45: 5253: 4796:

Lavretsky, Philip; Jansen, Thijs; McCracken, Kevin G. (2019).

4135:

Spicer, J. W. G. (1854). "Note on hybrid gallinaceous birds".

3870:"Cave Paintings Help Unravel the Mystery of the 'Higgs Bison'" 1103: 954:") are much larger than either of the two progenitors, while " 209:) are sometimes also imprecisely referred to as "hybrids". 9006: 8802: 8654: 8634: 8594: 8544: 8519: 7107: 5254:

Mallet, J.; Beltrán, M.; Neukirchen, W.; Linares, M. (2007).

2459: 2193: 1884:

was (in one version of the myth) supposedly the offspring of

1753: 1741: 1320: 1297: 1286: 1233: 1221: 1200:

among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the

993:

and species introductions. Such impacts make it difficult to

932: 842: 834: 750: 722: 714: 349: 345: 325: 194: 149: 81: 49: 5377:

Goulet, Benjamin E.; Roda, Federico; Hopkins, Robin (2016).

4158: 1660:, a flower that was the subject of important experiments by 8559: 6241: 5830:"How do seedless fruits arise and how are they propagated?" 5581:(1987). "Triticale: A Case of Nomenclatural Mistreatment". 3129:

Fincham, J. R. S. (April 1968). "Genetic Complementation".

1815: 1351:

Among fish, a group of about fifty natural hybrids between

1098: 873:

confirmed the existence of naturally occurring and fertile

838: 718: 610: 555: 551: 497: 377:(first filial generation). The cross between two different 37: 32: 4989:"Scientists Accidentally Bred the Fish Version of a Liger" 4689:"Scientists Find Rare Hybrid of Two Other Dolphin Species" 3789:

10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2

2361: 791:

A few animal species are the result of hybridization. The

8368: 5643:

Carrington, Sean; Fraser, Henry C. (2003). "Grapefruit".

5425: 5184:

Hall, H. Glenn; Zettel-Nalen, Catherine; Ellis, James D.

4688: 4440:

Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science, 27 February 2004.

3555:

Schlechtd. and structural hybridity in their F1 plants".

3281:"Hybridisation & Zoogeographic Patterns in Pheasants" 2069: – Transplantation of cells or tissue across species 1740:

species is common and well established, particularly in

1654:, a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division, and 1593: 594: 369:. Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two 6184: 5858: 5025: 4795: 4552: 3275: 2795: 2326: 1315:

Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as

512:. A permanent hybrid results when only the heterozygous 321: 229:, blends of animals, humans and mythical beasts such as 5033:, Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish ( 4438:

Breeding Widely Adapted Cultivars: Examples from Maize.

3387: 3234: 1224:. The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the 690: 5093: 4907:. Severn Counties Foreign & British Bird Society. 4030:"Transgressive segregation, adaptation and speciation" 2462:"Harmonizing hybridization dissonance in conservation" 2196:"Harmonizing hybridization dissonance in conservation" 1850:, had features of both anatomically modern humans and 1756:

for instance are known to be carried out by the yeast

1584:

from different genera (intergeneric hybrids), such as

1111:

of the 20th century relied on hybridization to create

761:

wheat, which is a hybrid of two diploid wild grasses,

566:

of two different mutant parental organisms displays a

389:, one contributed by each parent and typically one is 5616:

Darrow, G.M. (1955). "Blackberry—raspberry hybrids".

2597:

Quantitative genetics and selection in plant breeding

2418: 1196:

are another case of a hybridizing species pairs, and

841:

species are hybrids, including notably the polyploid

408:

result from the crossing of plants or animals in one

5379:"Hybridization in Plants: Old Ideas, New Techniques" 5132: 4336: 4027: 3928:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

2945: 1946: 1842:

In 1998, a complete prehistorical skeleton found in

152:, where the number of chromosomes has been doubled. 5433:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner. 5319:

butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence"

4122:

Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication

3052:(in German). Vol. I and II. Leipzig: Von Veit. 2175:Taddeo, Sarah; Robert, Jason S. (4 November 2014). 1522:, is a natural hybrid, popular for street planting. 921:

heterosis, hybrid vigour, or heterozygote advantage

355: 225:appear in human culture in forms as diverse as the 5100:The International Journal of Developmental Biology 4603: 3776:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3511:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Omega. pp. 874–879. 2610:Runge, Marschall S.; Patterson, Cam, eds. (2006). 1778:, which allows fermentation at low temperatures. 5376: 5183: 4079:Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production 3811:Soubrier, Julien; et al. (18 October 2016). 2648: 2421:"Hybridization as a conservation management tool" 2245:"Next-generation hybridization and introgression" 1920:mentions a first generation of half-human hybrid 1204:family tree. Among many other mammal crosses are 267:with one of its parent species, a process called 193:has also resulted in the development of distinct 9393: 5828:Burr, Benjamin; Burr, Frances (2 October 2000). 5642: 5037:, Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny" 4452:"That Reciprocal Cross — Is It a Mule or Hinny?" 4309: 3630:"Study: Eastern wolves are hybrids with coyotes" 2946:Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M. M. (1991). 1359:was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012. 1296:One of the most common interspecific hybrids in 1056: 651: 423:, the term stable hybrid is used to describe an 6075:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5962: 4717: 3457: 3283:. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. p. 5. 1788:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans 1577:for both agricultural and horticultural crops. 562:article). If a hybrid organism containing the 6606:God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict 5924:Gibson, Brian; Liti, Gianni (September 2014). 4417:"Genetic Pollution: The Great Genetic Scandal" 4185: 3902:Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species 3546: 3309:Developmental Biology of the Sea Urchin Embryo 2609: 2508: 1664:that produced an understanding of polyploidy. 1542:that include an "×" (not in italics), such as 1440:The two closely related harvester ant species 984: 169:, was central to early genetics research into 9022: 8818: 8289: 7963: 6668: 6300:Duarte, Cidalia; et al. (22 June 1999). 5729:"The Secret History of the London Plane Tree" 4253:"The evolutionary impact of invasive species" 4250: 3044: 2949:Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular 1935:describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of 1115:, along with increased reliance on inputs of 542:to determine whether two separately isolated 6446: 5963:Gonzalez, Ramon; Morales, Pilar (May 2022). 3506: 3166:Conservation and the Genetics of Populations 3001: 2999: 2990:Conservation and the Genetics of Populations 2291: 2242: 2174: 923:. This is most common with plant hybrids. A 360: 6632: – Artificial Hybridisation in orchids 6390:Fu, Qiaomei; et al. (13 August 2015). 6187:"A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome" 5210: 4661:Magazine, Smithsonian; Gamillo, Elizabeth. 4660: 3770:Frost, Grant; et al. (15 March 2006). 3588: 3586: 2594: 1628:) are hybrids, as are garden herbs such as 1247:) is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the 459:has two major subspecies in North America, 334: 131:rejection of sperm cells or the developing 9029: 9015: 8825: 8811: 8296: 8282: 7970: 7956: 6675: 6661: 6127: 5923: 5504:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 5370: 5186:"African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know" 3352:. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17. 2893: 2869:. American Horticultural Society. p. 1856:human jawbone found in Romania's Oase cave 1548:for the London plane, a natural hybrid of 533: 148:, including important crop plants such as 6423: 6335: 6325: 6276: 6218: 6153: 6104: 6086: 5996: 5900: 5554: 5402: 5342: 5289: 5279: 5160: 5150: 5070: 5052: 4880: 4870: 4829: 4772: 4762: 4578: 4521: 4449: 4443: 4286: 4276: 4045: 3939: 3925: 3844: 3787: 3740: 3725: 3708:Chambers, Steven M.; et al. (2012). 3475: 3252: 3163: 2996: 2987: 2952:(5th ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2839: 2821: 2485: 2444: 2395: 2268: 2219: 1300:occurs between Greylag and Canada geese ( 112:, attention is focused on the numbers of 7909:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 6682: 5827: 5726: 5497: 5188:. University of Florida IFAS Extension. 4312:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4231: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4091: 3810: 3707: 3659:Rutledge, Linda Y.; et al. (2012). 3658: 3592: 3583: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3214:. Oxford University Press. p. 232. 3062: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2683: 2595:Wricke, Gunter; Weber, Eberhard (1986). 1871: 1797: 1511: 1102: 1099:Effect on biodiversity and food security 1012: 884: 745: 655: 474: 320: 31: 8991:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 8945:Inheritance of acquired characteristics 7977: 5647:. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 90–91. 4955: 4601: 4096:. Oxford University Press. p. 17. 3898: 3531: 3305: 3128: 2862: 1648:). Among many natural plant hybrids is 1540:Plant hybrids are generally given names 734:before fertilization; others after it. 397:. Typically, the F1 generation is also 328:, a lion/tiger hybrid bred in captivity 27:Offspring of cross-species reproduction 14: 9394: 8263:Index of evolutionary biology articles 6371:from the original on 12 September 2017 6299: 5615: 5312: 4686: 4610:. Columbia University Press. pp. 4381: 4251:Mooney, H. A.; Cleland, E. E. (2001). 4134: 4116: 4094:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World 3992: 3362: 3350:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World 3237:"The interbreeding of sheep and goats" 3209: 3178: 2930: 332:The term hybrid is derived from Latin 9010: 8806: 8277: 7951: 7672:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 6656: 6572: 6541: 6358: 6023:Chapter 6 The Genomes of Lager Yeasts 5761:from the original on 26 December 2016 5630:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106521 5577: 5518:from the original on 20 November 2018 5447:from the original on 25 December 2018 4147: 4076: 3769: 3458:Barton, N.; Bengtsson, B. O. (1986). 3422: 3338: 3005: 2970: 2630:from the original on 15 December 2019 2306:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039 9348: 8981:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 6019: 5708:from the original on 6 December 2019 5693: 5467:"'Columbia' and 'Liberty' Planetree" 5029:"Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon ( 4986: 4956:Voloder, Dubravka (3 January 1012). 3880:from the original on 21 October 2016 3697:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3627: 3536:(3rd ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer. 3110:from the original on 18 January 2021 2764: 691:Mechanisms of reproductive isolation 381:lines produces an F1 hybrid that is 215:existed in prehistory. For example, 96:(a now discredited theory in modern 9372: 5696:"A Short Guide to the London Plane" 4968:from the original on 5 January 2012 3287:from the original on 17 August 2017 3212:Natural Hybridisation and Evolution 1699:An ornamental lily hybrid known as 1376: 811:is a semi-permanent hybrid between 427:that, if grown and bred in a small 24: 8303: 7077:Evolutionary developmental biology 6641:Scientists Create Butterfly Hybrid 6523:from the original on 22 March 2017 6493:from the original on 22 March 2021 6389: 5840:from the original on 20 March 2017 5813:. 21 November 2000. Archived from 5787:from the original on 11 March 2015 5479:from the original on 15 March 2017 4855:"Hybridization in geese: a review" 4747:"Hybridization in geese: a review" 4687:Bhanoo, Sindya (13 January 2014). 4472:from the original on 20 March 2017 3640:from the original on 22 March 2017 3026:from the original on 20 March 2017 2777:from the original on 21 March 2017 2746:from the original on 21 March 2017 2716:from the original on 10 April 2017 2585:, B. T. Batsford ltd., 1937, p. 40 2563:from the original on 16 March 2016 2130:Genetic use restriction technology 2084:Inferring horizontal gene transfer 979: 795:is a natural hybrid. The American 285: 25: 9443: 6616: 5669:"Mint Genomics Resource: Species" 5472:. U.S. National Arboretum. 1999. 5192:from the original on 23 June 2008 5007:from the original on 16 July 2020 4726:from the original on 11 June 2020 4161:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3974:from the original on 22 June 2006 3964:"Hybrid bear shot dead in Canada" 3867: 3367:. New York: Norton. p. 800. 3326:from the original on 11 July 2020 2329:Conservation Science and Practice 2243:Twyford, A D; Ennos, R A (2012). 1563:Prunus persica × Prunus americana 1160: 613:. Interfamilial hybrids, such as 488:. Illustration by De Vries, 1913. 9371: 9359: 9347: 9336: 9335: 7931: 7922: 7921: 6603: 6597: 6566: 6535: 6505: 6475: 6440: 6383: 6352: 6293: 6235: 6178: 6128:Vernot, B.; Akey, J. M. (2014). 6121: 6062: 6013: 5956: 5917: 5852: 5821: 5799: 5773: 5747: 5720: 4933:. Amphibians.org. Archived from 4699:from the original on 29 May 2020 3950:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359 3425:Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2908:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00401.x 2613:Principles of Molecular Medicine 2148: 1949: 1692: 1669: 1499:domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid 1490: 1474: 1458: 1017:Examples of hybrid flowers from 880: 668:) and another species, probably 546:that have the same (or similar) 356:As seen by different disciplines 245:described as the wicked sons of 7734:Extended evolutionary synthesis 6923:Gene-centered view of evolution 6647:What is a human admixed embryo? 6359:Bower, Bruce (5 October 2016). 5687: 5661: 5636: 5609: 5571: 5530: 5491: 5459: 5419: 5359: 5306: 5247: 5204: 5177: 5126: 5087: 5019: 4980: 4949: 4923: 4911:from the original on 5 May 2017 4897: 4846: 4789: 4738: 4718:Kovrind, Mikkel; eight others. 4711: 4680: 4654: 4628: 4595: 4559:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4546: 4484: 4430: 4410: 4375: 4330: 4324:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 4303: 4244: 4225: 4179: 4128: 4110: 4085: 4070: 4021: 3986: 3956: 3919: 3892: 3861: 3804: 3763: 3734: 3701: 3652: 3621: 3540: 3525: 3500: 3451: 3416: 3381: 3356: 3299: 3269: 3228: 3203: 3172: 3157: 3122: 3056: 3038: 2887: 2856: 2789: 2758: 2728: 2677: 2642: 2603: 2588: 2575: 2545: 449:Hybridization can occur in the 438: 291:Human impact on the environment 257: 252: 205:between them (without any wild 9036: 8832: 8063:Constructive neutral evolution 7862:Hologenome theory of evolution 7729:History of molecular evolution 6955:Evolutionarily stable strategy 6844:Last universal common ancestor 4234:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 3741:Dumbacher, J. (January 2014). 3390:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 3168:. Blackwell. pp. 421–448. 2502: 2453: 2412: 2364:"Hybridization and extinction" 2355: 2320: 2294:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2285: 2236: 2187: 2168: 1896:was the offspring of a human, 799:appears to be a hybrid of the 510:haploid numbers of chromosomes 13: 1: 7656:Renaissance and Enlightenment 6032:10.1016/s0065-2164(09)69006-7 5727:Venables, B. (4 March 2015). 4450:Griesbach, Robert J. (1986). 4211:10.1126/science.171.3977.1212 4173:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X 2599:. W. de Gruyter. p. 257. 2161: 1334: 1216:. There are many examples of 1167: 1057:Genetic mixing and extinction 1008: 767:and a wild goatgrass such as 741: 652:Expression of parental traits 631:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 8304: 8013:Fisher's fundamental theorem 7867:Missing heritability problem 7494:Gamete differentiation/sexes 6608:. IVP Academic. p. 177. 6469:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.027 5139:Genome Biology and Evolution 4987:Roth, Annie (15 July 2020). 4124:. Vol. II. p. 125. 4092:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). 3772:"The amphibian tree of life" 3688:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.017 3348:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). 2823:10.1371/journal.pone.0136594 2616:. Humana Press. p. 58. 1861: 1781: 1507: 316: 7: 9366:Evolutionary biology Portal 8038:Coefficient of relationship 6649:(archived 25 February 2012) 5731:. Londonist. Archived from 3437:10.1101/sqb.1959.024.01.019 3363:Keeton, William T. (1980). 3241:Canadian Veterinary Journal 3179:Keeton, William T. (1980). 2557:Online Etymology Dictionary 2183:. Arizona State University. 1942: 1731: 1339:Among amphibians, Japanese 999:introgressive hybridization 985:Anthropogenic hybridization 823:is a natural hybrid of the 574: 470: 10: 9448: 7499:Life cycles/nuclear phases 7051:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 5885:10.1038/s41467-023-42679-4 5543:American Journal of Botany 3899:Hancock, James F. (2004). 3628:Esch, Mary (31 May 2011). 3306:Giudice, Giovanni (2012). 2686:"Triple-cross hybrid kale" 1865: 1821:Neanderthal genome project 1791: 1785: 1525: 1396: 1274: 1178: 1171: 1130: 1066: 1060: 997:of populations undergoing 911: 875:grizzly–polar bear hybrids 780: 694: 646: 585:From the point of view of 578: 560:Complementation (genetics) 550:are defective in the same 442: 9331: 9278: 9227: 9170: 9118: 9072: 9044: 8996:Politicization of science 8968: 8922: 8876: 8840: 8790:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 8785:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 8763: 8738: 8718: 8700: 8667: 8575: 8528: 8510: 8482: 8422: 8394: 8339: 8311: 8258: 8193: 8167: 8129: 8104: 8071: 8033:Coefficient of inbreeding 7985: 7917: 7817: 7742: 7646: 7573: 7529: 7384: 7288: 7105: 7064: 6997:Parent–offspring conflict 6933: 6802:Earliest known life forms 6723: 6690: 5335:10.1007/s10709-010-9530-4 5313:Brower, A. V. Z. (2011). 5031:Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 4872:10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 4764:10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 4396:10.1017/s0026749x00013627 4007:10.1007/s10681-007-9362-1 3507:Strickberger, M. (1978). 3312:. Elsevier. p. 171. 3012:. Springer. p. 408. 2992:. Blackwell. p. 534. 2863:Toogood, A., ed. (1999). 2478:10.1038/s42003-020-1116-9 2368:Evolutionary Applications 2212:10.1038/s42003-020-1116-9 1831:, and at least one other 1759:Saccharomyces pastorianus 1676:A sterile hybrid between 1640:), and trees such as the 1401:Among insects, so-called 1353:Australian blacktip shark 894:Salvia jurisicii x nutans 717:have 64 chromosomes, and 361:Animal and plant breeding 271:. Hybrids can also cause 201:in reference to plants); 9209:Nonecological speciation 8211:Evolutionary game theory 7993:Hardy–Weinberg principle 7850:Cultural group selection 7714:The eclipse of Darwinism 7686:On the Origin of Species 7661:Transmutation of species 6623:Artificial Hybridisation 6581:Harvard University Press 6573:Kugel, James L. (1997). 6550:Harvard University Press 6542:Kugel, James L. (2009). 6449:Quaternary International 5783:. Pacific Bulb Society. 5757:. Pacific Bulb Society. 5645:A~Z of Barbados Heritage 5498:Gledhill, David (2008). 5260:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4077:Smith, C. Wayne (2004). 3164:Allendorf, Fred (2007). 2988:Allendorf, Fred (2007). 2684:Thompson, K. F. (1964). 2141: 2079:Horizontal gene transfer 1769:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1469:", a zebra/donkey hybrid 1437:, but that is disputed. 1270: 1090:if the hybrids are more 1045:and habitat management. 506:structural abnormalities 465:L. a. astyanax 463:(the white admiral) and 461:L. a. arthemis 9402:Hybridisation (biology) 8976:Bourgeois pseudoscience 8023:Shifting balance theory 7855:Dual inheritance theory 7694:History of paleontology 6327:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604 6211:10.1126/science.1188021 6155:10.1126/science.1245938 6088:10.1073/pnas.1105430108 5981:10.1111/1751-7915.13848 5969:Microbial Biotechnology 4606:The Camel and the Wheel 4602:Bulliet, R. W. (1975). 4514:10.1126/science.1216424 3752:. NCEAS. Archived from 3668:Biological Conservation 2110:List of genetic hybrids 2062:Interspecific pregnancy 1992:Eukaryote hybrid genome 1775:Saccharomyces eubayanus 1582:crop plants are hybrids 1485:", a jaguar/lion hybrid 1346: 1174:List of genetic hybrids 1151:high-yielding varieties 1113:high-yielding varieties 1081:can be threatened with 925:transgressive phenotype 666:Chrysolophus amherstiae 662:Lady Amherst's pheasant 534:Genetic complementation 371:true-breeding organisms 125:reproductively isolated 102:particulate inheritance 18:Hybridisation (biology) 9417:Botanical nomenclature 9314:Punctuated equilibrium 9270:Character displacement 9090:Reproductive isolation 9059:Laboratory experiments 8650:Congolese spotted lion 8008:Linkage disequilibrium 7543:Punctuated equilibrium 6864:Non-adaptive radiation 6812:Evolutionary arms race 5811:University of Colorado 5315:"Hybrid speciation in 5281:10.1186/1471-2148-7-28 4278:10.1073/pnas.091093398 4047:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886170 3210:Arnold, M. L. (1996). 2466:Communications Biology 2200:Communications Biology 1939:and attractive women. 1889: 1810: 1736:Hybridization between 1523: 1128: 1033: 909: 778: 697:Reproductive isolation 677: 640:Dendraster excentricus 489: 335: 329: 249:and attractive women. 57: 9195:Ecological speciation 9110:Evidence of evolution 8955:Mendelian inheritance 8750:Polecat–ferret hybrid 8250:Quantitative genetics 8159:Balding–Nichols model 8144:Population bottleneck 8139:Small population size 8043:Selection coefficient 7835:Evolutionary medicine 7709:Mendelian inheritance 7417:Biological complexity 7405:Programmed cell death 7097:Phenotypic plasticity 6817:Evolutionary pressure 6807:Evidence of evolution 6705:Timeline of evolution 6636:Domestic Fowl Hybrids 6020:Bond, Ursula (2009), 5965:"Truth in wine yeast" 5865:Nature Communications 5112:10.1387/ijdb.170192ms 5106:(10–11–12): 773–783. 5054:10.3390/genes11070753 4905:"British Mule/Hybrid" 4802:Ecology and Evolution 4571:10.1093/molbev/msu186 4081:. Wiley. p. 332. 3817:Nature Communications 3549:Solanum bulbocastanum 3070:Oenothera rubrinervis 3006:Sirks, M. J. (2013). 2583:World natural history 2105:List of plant hybrids 1997:Endogenous retrovirus 1875: 1805:skull may be a human- 1801: 1657:Oenothera lamarckiana 1554:(oriental plane) and 1528:List of plant hybrids 1526:Further information: 1515: 1442:Pogonomyrmex barbatus 1357:common blacktip shark 1183:Familiar examples of 1172:Further information: 1106: 1077:Regionally developed 1067:Further information: 1047:Global climate change 1016: 995:conserve the genetics 991:habitat fragmentation 964:) and domestic fowl ( 888: 871:Northwest Territories 849:organisms) two sets ( 749: 659: 593:(such as between the 519:Oenothera lamarckiana 481:Oenothera lamarckiana 478: 443:Further information: 324: 166:Oenothera lamarckiana 35: 9422:Evolutionary biology 8121:Background selection 8108:on genomic variation 8106:Effects of selection 8058:Population structure 7809:Teleology in biology 7704:Blending inheritance 7082:Genetic assimilation 6945:Artificial selection 6684:Evolutionary biology 6628:8 March 2021 at the 4859:Frontiers in Zoology 4751:Frontiers in Zoology 4667:Smithsonian Magazine 4436:Troyer, A. Forrest. 4384:Modern Asian Studies 3727:10.3996/nafa.77.0001 3714:North American Fauna 3636:. Associated Press. 3534:Evolutionary Biology 3532:Futuyma, D. (1998). 3477:10.1038/hdy.1986.135 3050:Die mutationstheorie 2767:"Hybrid Populations" 2765:McCarthy, Eugene M. 2511:Conservation Biology 2425:Conservation Letters 2007:Reticulate evolution 1825:Sub-Saharan Africans 1752:. The production of 1685:T. grandiflorum 1646:Platanus × hispanica 1545:Platanus × hispanica 1519:Platanus × hispanica 1446:Pogonomyrmex rugosus 1208:, crosses between a 526:supposed these were 414:synthetic population 223:Mythological hybrids 187:domesticated animals 94:blending inheritance 9427:Population genetics 9412:Biology terminology 9199:Parallel speciation 8889:Georgii Karpechenko 8755:Polecat–mink hybrid 8240:Population genomics 8116:Genetic hitchhiking 8003:Identity by descent 7979:Population genetics 7872:Molecular evolution 7830:Ecological genetics 7699:Transitional fossil 7489:Sexual reproduction 7329:endomembrane system 7258:pollinator-mediated 7214:dolphins and whales 6992:Parental investment 6576:The Bible as It Was 6461:2013QuInt.295..126W 6416:10.1038/nature14558 6408:2015Natur.524..216F 6318:1999PNAS...96.7604D 6269:10.1038/nature13408 6261:2014Natur.512..194H 6203:2010Sci...328..710G 6146:2014Sci...343.1017V 6140:(6174): 1017–1021. 6081:(35): 14539–14544. 5877:2023NatCo..14.6919D 5834:Scientific American 5817:on 14 October 2012. 5618:Journal of Heredity 5556:10.3732/ajb.1400116 5501:The Names of Plants 5395:10.1104/pp.16.01340 5272:2007BMCEE...7...28M 4814:2019EcoEv...9.3470L 4506:2012Sci...336..344H 4423:18 May 2009 at the 4269:2001PNAS...98.5446M 4203:1971Sci...171.1212E 4197:(3977): 1212–1216. 3905:. CABI Publishing. 3837:10.1038/ncomms13158 3829:2016NatCo...713158S 3680:2012BCons.155..186R 2814:2015PLoSO..1036594G 2523:2016ConBi..30..431M 2437:2019ConL...12E2652C 2380:2016EvApp...9..892T 2341:2021ConSP...3E.424H 2261:10.1038/hdy.2011.68 2067:Xenotransplantation 2027:Grex (horticulture) 1986:Chloroplast capture 1966:AquAdvantage salmon 1908:(goat/lion/snake), 1868:Mythological hybrid 1367:American paddlefish 1319:between species of 1141:In agriculture and 1043:wildlife management 1024:Aquilegia pubescens 973:Chrysolophus pictus 961:Phasianus colchicus 861:can remain stable. 674:Chrysolophus pictus 603:interspecies mating 86:sexual reproduction 9279:Speciation in taxa 9214:Assortative mating 8555:Lord Morton's mare 8226:Landscape genetics 7845:Cultural evolution 6960:Fisher's principle 6889:Handicap principle 6879:Parallel evolution 6743:Adaptive radiation 5755:"Legacy Bulbs Six" 5735:on 2 February 2016 5152:10.1093/gbe/evw158 4993:The New York Times 4693:The New York Times 4371:on 2 January 2004. 3569:10.1007/BF00041523 3365:Biological Science 3277:Johnsgard, Paul A. 3185:. Norton. p. 3182:Biological Science 2702:10.1007/BF00033306 2531:10.1111/cobi.12677 2446:10.1111/conl.12652 2181:The Embryo Project 2125:Selective breeding 1981:Chimera (genetics) 1916:(woman/lion). The 1912:(fish/horse), and 1890: 1811: 1575:climate resilience 1524: 1407:European honey bee 1129: 1034: 1003:biological control 948:negative heterosis 944:Positive heterosis 910: 779: 678: 528:caused by mutation 490: 456:Limenitis arthemis 406:Population hybrids 373:which produces an 330: 295:introduced species 243:Biblical apocrypha 183:selective breeding 135:. Some act before 58: 9387: 9386: 9265:Secondary contact 9237:Hybrid speciation 9185:Natural selection 9172:Isolating factors 9004: 9003: 8986:Pavlovian session 8858:Nikita Khrushchev 8800: 8799: 8462:Jackal–dog hybrid 8374:Sheep–goat hybrid 8271: 8270: 8221:Genetic genealogy 8216:Fitness landscape 7945: 7944: 7561:Uniformitarianism 7514:Sex-determination 7019:Sexual dimorphism 7014:Natural selection 6918:Unit of selection 6884:Signalling theory 6604:Boyd, Gregory A. 6402:(7564): 216–219. 6312:(13): 7604–7609. 6255:(7513): 194–197. 6197:(5979): 710–722. 6041:978-0-12-374824-9 5694:Hull, R. (2009). 5549:(10): 1791–1800. 5035:Polyodon spathula 4822:10.1002/ece3.4981 4642:. 14 January 2022 4500:(6079): 344–347. 4263:(10): 5446–5451. 3607:10.1111/nph.12931 3402:10.1159/000132531 3076:Botanical Gazette 2866:Plant Propagation 2388:10.1111/eva.12367 2017:Genetic admixture 1888:and a white bull. 1602:Triticum aestivum 1516:The London plane 1341:giant salamanders 1306:Branta canadensis 1155:genetic diversity 1063:Genetic pollution 1030:Aquilegia formosa 902:(centre tray) or 783:Hybrid speciation 634:(female) and the 431:free of external 342:portmanteau words 299:genetic pollution 146:hybrid speciation 44:hybrid of a male 16:(Redirected from 9439: 9407:Hybrid organisms 9375: 9374: 9363: 9351: 9350: 9339: 9338: 9190:Sexual selection 9119:Geographic modes 9031: 9024: 9017: 9008: 9007: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8780:ABC Islands bear 8710:Macropod hybrids 8687:Hybrid orangutan 8447:Dingo–dog hybrid 8298: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8274: 8180:J. B. S. Haldane 7972: 7965: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7724:Modern synthesis 7484:Multicellularity 7479:Mosaic evolution 7364:auditory ossicle 7046:Social selection 7029:Flowering plants 7024:Sexual selection 6677: 6670: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6329: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6157: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6090: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5975:(5): 1339–1356. 5960: 5954: 5953: 5942:10.1002/yea.3033 5921: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5781:"Lilium Hybrids" 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5675:on 21 March 2017 5665: 5659: 5658: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5613: 5607: 5606: 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4307: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4280: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4156: 4145: 4144: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4001:(1–2): 157–171. 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3759:on 11 June 2014. 3758: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3256: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3137:(222): 165–177. 3131:Science Progress 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3072:: A Half Mutant" 3066:(January 1919). 3060: 3054: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3009:General Genetics 3003: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2968: 2967: 2943: 2928: 2927: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2843: 2825: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349:10.1111/csp2.424 2324: 2318: 2317: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2172: 2155: 2152: 2115:Macropod hybrids 1959: 1954: 1953: 1696: 1679:Trillium cernuum 1673: 1494: 1478: 1462: 1419:Colias eurytheme 1377:Cephalochordates 1363:Russian sturgeon 1253:striped dolphins 1245:Stenella clymene 1220:, including the 1147:Green Revolution 1143:animal husbandry 1109:Green Revolution 899:Salvia jurisicii 769:Aegilops searsii 615:between chickens 554:or in different 338: 197:(usually called 104:), but can show 21: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9383: 9327: 9310:Paleopolyploidy 9274: 9229:Hybrid concepts 9223: 9166: 9114: 9084:Species complex 9068: 9040: 9035: 9005: 9000: 8969:Soviet policies 8964: 8918: 8914:Nikolai Vavilov 8894:Zhores Medvedev 8884:Wacław Gajewski 8872: 8836: 8831: 8801: 8796: 8759: 8734: 8714: 8696: 8663: 8630:Panthera hybrid 8571: 8524: 8520:Elephant hybrid 8506: 8492:Clymene dolphin 8478: 8418: 8390: 8335: 8334: 8307: 8302: 8272: 8267: 8254: 8189: 8163: 8125: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8067: 7998:Genetic linkage 7981: 7976: 7946: 7941: 7913: 7840:Group selection 7813: 7738: 7642: 7569: 7531:Tempo and modes 7525: 7380: 7284: 7101: 7060: 6936: 6929: 6906:Species complex 6719: 6710:History of life 6686: 6681: 6630:Wayback Machine 6619: 6614: 6613: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6583:. p. 110. 6571: 6567: 6560: 6552:. p. 198. 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6445: 6441: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6298: 6294: 6240: 6236: 6183: 6179: 6126: 6122: 6067: 6063: 6054: 6052: 6042: 6018: 6014: 5961: 5957: 5922: 5918: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5641: 5637: 5614: 5610: 5595:10.2307/1221447 5576: 5572: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5424: 5420: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5311: 5307: 5252: 5248: 5225:10.2307/2408022 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5182: 5178: 5131: 5127: 5092: 5088: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4937:on 30 June 2017 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4851: 4847: 4794: 4790: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4600: 4596: 4551: 4547: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4425:Wayback Machine 4415: 4411: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4354: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4308: 4304: 4249: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4184: 4180: 4167:(11): 613–622. 4157: 4148: 4133: 4129: 4118:Darwin, Charles 4115: 4111: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4075: 4071: 4026: 4022: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3970:. 13 May 2006. 3962: 3961: 3957: 3941:10.1.1.718.9871 3924: 3920: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3809: 3805: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3622: 3595:New Phytologist 3591: 3584: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3456: 3452: 3421: 3417: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3158: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3061: 3057: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3004: 2997: 2986: 2971: 2964: 2944: 2931: 2902:(7): 1798–803. 2892: 2888: 2881: 2861: 2857: 2808:(8): e0136594. 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2740:Merriam-Webster 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2682: 2678: 2663:10.2307/2527461 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2624: 2608: 2604: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2507: 2503: 2458: 2454: 2417: 2413: 2360: 2356: 2325: 2321: 2290: 2286: 2241: 2237: 2192: 2188: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2073:Xenotransfusion 2022:Genetic erosion 1955: 1948: 1945: 1882:Greek mythology 1870: 1864: 1819:. In 2010, the 1796: 1790: 1784: 1766:hybrid between 1734: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1674: 1557:P. occidentalis 1530: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1479: 1470: 1463: 1399: 1381:The two genera 1379: 1355:and the larger 1349: 1337: 1310:nest parasitism 1279: 1273: 1241:clymene dolphin 1181: 1176: 1170: 1163: 1139: 1131:Main articles: 1101: 1075: 1065: 1059: 1011: 987: 982: 980:Human influence 916: 883: 789: 781:Main articles: 764:Triticum urartu 757:, derived from 744: 699: 693: 670:golden pheasant 660:Hybrid between 654: 649: 583: 577: 536: 473: 447: 441: 363: 358: 319: 303:genetic erosion 288: 286:In conservation 260: 255: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9445: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9318:Macroevolution 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9252: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9219:Haldane's rule 9216: 9211: 9206: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9145: 9142:Founder effect 9122: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9076: 9074: 9073:Basic concepts 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8899:Georgii Nadson 8896: 8891: 8886: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8848:Trofim Lysenko 8844: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8536: 8534: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8457:Eastern coyote 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8428: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8354:American Breed 8345: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8305:Mammal hybrids 8301: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8245:Phylogeography 8242: 8237: 8235:Microevolution 8232: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8194:Related topics 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8149:Founder effect 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8028:Price equation 8025: 8020: 8018:Neutral theory 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7680:Charles Darwin 7677: 7676: 7675: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7618:Non-ecological 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7549: 7535: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7391: 7389: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7369:nervous system 7366: 7361: 7356: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869:Origin of life 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Microevolution 6851: 6849:Macroevolution 6846: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6787:Common descent 6784: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6765:Baldwin effect 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6633: 6618: 6617:External links 6615: 6612: 6611: 6596: 6589: 6565: 6558: 6534: 6504: 6474: 6439: 6382: 6351: 6292: 6234: 6177: 6120: 6061: 6040: 6012: 5955: 5916: 5851: 5820: 5798: 5772: 5746: 5719: 5686: 5660: 5653: 5635: 5608: 5589:(2): 445–452. 5570: 5529: 5510: 5490: 5458: 5439: 5418: 5369: 5358: 5329:(2): 589–609. 5305: 5246: 5203: 5176: 5125: 5086: 5018: 4979: 4948: 4922: 4896: 4845: 4788: 4737: 4710: 4679: 4653: 4627: 4620: 4594: 4545: 4483: 4442: 4429: 4409: 4390:(1): 175–199. 4374: 4352: 4329: 4302: 4243: 4224: 4178: 4146: 4127: 4109: 4102: 4084: 4069: 4040:(4): 363–372. 4020: 3985: 3955: 3918: 3911: 3891: 3868:Daley, Jason. 3860: 3803: 3782:(297): 1–291. 3762: 3733: 3700: 3651: 3620: 3601:(3): 704–714. 3582: 3539: 3524: 3517: 3499: 3470:(3): 357–376. 3450: 3415: 3380: 3373: 3355: 3337: 3318: 3298: 3268: 3247:(4): 235–237. 3227: 3220: 3202: 3195: 3171: 3156: 3121: 3088:10.1086/332396 3064:de Vries, Hugo 3055: 3046:De Vries, Hugo 3037: 3018: 2995: 2969: 2962: 2929: 2886: 2879: 2855: 2788: 2771:Macroevolution 2757: 2727: 2676: 2657:(2): 229–244. 2641: 2622: 2602: 2587: 2574: 2544: 2517:(2): 431–433. 2501: 2452: 2411: 2374:(7): 892–908. 2354: 2319: 2284: 2255:(3): 179–189. 2235: 2186: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042:Hybridogenesis 2039: 2037:Intergradation 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957:Biology portal 1944: 1941: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1786:Main article: 1783: 1780: 1733: 1730: 1726:parthenocarpic 1706: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1675: 1668: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1398: 1395: 1378: 1375: 1348: 1345: 1336: 1333: 1272: 1269: 1232:, present-day 1210:bactrian camel 1180: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161:Different taxa 1159: 1100: 1097: 1069:Genetic mixing 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1010: 1007: 986: 983: 981: 978: 929:Plant breeders 912:Main article: 882: 879: 821:European bison 774:Ae. speltoides 743: 740: 695:Main article: 692: 689: 653: 650: 648: 645: 576: 573: 535: 532: 516:occurs, as in 472: 469: 440: 437: 399:phenotypically 393:and the other 362: 359: 357: 354: 318: 315: 287: 284: 259: 256: 254: 251: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9444: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9390: 9380: 9379: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9323: 9322:Chronospecies 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9255:Reinforcement 9253: 9250: 9249:Recombination 9246: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9009: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8960:Vernalization 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8940:Hybridization 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8863:Joseph Stalin 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8816: 8814: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8625:Serengeti cat 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8292: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8185:Sewall Wright 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8131:Genetic drift 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7882:Phylogenetics 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7785:Structuralism 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7760:Catastrophism 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719:Neo-Darwinism 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Reinforcement 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7565:Catastrophism 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Macromutation 7553: 7552:Micromutation 7550: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:Immune system 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319:symbiogenesis 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6987:Kin selection 6985: 6983: 6982:Genetic drift 6980: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6590:9780674069411 6586: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6559:9780674039766 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5654:9780333920688 5650: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5511:9780521685535 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5440:9783874294256 5436: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219:(4): 688–95. 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4621:9780674091306 4617: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4427:; Bulletin 28 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4353:9780642583369 4349: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187:Ehrlich, Paul 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4137:The Zoologist 4131: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4103:9780195183238 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3912:9780851996851 3908: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:S. Verrucosum 3550: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3518:9788428203692 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3374:9780393950212 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3325: 3321: 3319:9780323148788 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3221:9780195099751 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3196:9780393950212 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3048:(1901–1903). 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3019:9789401575874 3015: 3011: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2963:9780387520544 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2880:9780789455208 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2623:9781588292025 2619: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2100:Gene delivery 2098: 2095: 2094:Agrobacterium 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057:Breeding back 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2012:Felid hybrids 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1937:fallen angels 1934: 1933:Book of Enoch 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Old Testament 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904:(man/horse), 1903: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662:Hugo de Vries 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1651:Iris albicans 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:Triticosecale 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551:P. orientalis 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1390:Branchiostoma 1386: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1263:, dubbed the 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:felid hybrids 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:hybrid camels 1203: 1199: 1198:introgression 1195: 1191: 1186: 1185:equid hybrids 1175: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1137:Food security 1134: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1073:Introgression 1070: 1064: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:hybrid swarms 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019:hybrid swarms 1015: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 977: 975: 974: 969: 968: 967:Gallus gallus 963: 962: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 907: 906: 905:Salvia nutans 901: 900: 895: 891: 890:Hybrid vigour 887: 881:Hybrid vigour 878: 876: 872: 867: 862: 860: 859:hybrid genome 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 788: 784: 776: 775: 770: 766: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 739: 735: 731: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 698: 688: 686: 684: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 644: 642: 641: 637: 633: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Eurasian wolf 596: 592: 588: 582: 572: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 531: 529: 525: 524:Hugo de Vries 521: 520: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 487: 486:Hugo de Vries 483: 482: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457: 452: 446: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385:; having two 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 337: 327: 323: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 283: 281: 276: 274: 270: 269:introgression 266: 250: 248: 247:fallen angels 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 218: 214: 213:Hybrid humans 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 142: 138: 137:fertilization 134: 130: 129:physiological 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 51: 48:and a female 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9389: 9376: 9364: 9352: 9340: 9228: 9156:Ring species 9105:Cospeciation 9100:Cladogenesis 9049:Introduction 8939: 8935:Heritability 8853:J. D. Bernal 8775:Ursid hybrid 8764: 8739: 8730:Iron Age pig 8719: 8702:Macropodinae 8620:Savannah cat 8585:Felid hybrid 8540:Equid hybrid 8529: 8512:Elephantidae 8432:Canid hybrid 8349:Bovid hybrid 8201:Biogeography 8175:R. A. Fisher 8053:Heritability 7986:Key concepts 7894:Polymorphism 7877:Astrobiology 7825:Biogeography 7780:Saltationism 7770:Orthogenesis 7755:Alternatives 7684: 7670: 7603:Cospeciation 7598:Cladogenesis 7547:Saltationism 7504:Mating types 7427:Color vision 7412:Avian flight 7334:mitochondria 7072:Canalisation 6950:Biodiversity 6695:Introduction 6605: 6599: 6575: 6568: 6544: 6537: 6525:. Retrieved 6516: 6507: 6495:. Retrieved 6486: 6483:"Minotauros" 6477: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6373:. Retrieved 6364: 6354: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6252: 6248: 6237: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6053:, retrieved 6022: 6015: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5936:(1): 17–27. 5933: 5929: 5919: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5833: 5823: 5815:the original 5801: 5789:. Retrieved 5775: 5763:. Retrieved 5749: 5737:. Retrieved 5733:the original 5722: 5710:. Retrieved 5689: 5677:. Retrieved 5673:the original 5663: 5644: 5638: 5624:(2): 67–71. 5621: 5617: 5611: 5586: 5582: 5579:Stace, C. A. 5573: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5500: 5493: 5481:. Retrieved 5461: 5449:. Retrieved 5429: 5421: 5389:(1): 65–78. 5386: 5382: 5372: 5361: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5194:. Retrieved 5179: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 4992: 4982: 4970:. Retrieved 4961: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4935:the original 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4899: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4728:. Retrieved 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4692: 4682: 4672:13 September 4670:. Retrieved 4666: 4656: 4644:. Retrieved 4640:Science News 4639: 4630: 4605: 4597: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4462: 4458: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4412: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4366:the original 4339: 4332: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4164: 4160: 4143:: 4294–4296. 4140: 4136: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4072: 4037: 4033: 4023: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3976:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3901: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3873: 3863: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3754:the original 3749: 3736: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3642:. Retrieved 3633: 3623: 3598: 3594: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3508: 3502: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3396:(3): 134–9. 3393: 3389: 3383: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3328:. Retrieved 3308: 3301: 3289:. Retrieved 3271: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3211: 3205: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3079: 3075: 3069: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3008: 2989: 2948: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2865: 2858: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2770: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2739: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2693: 2689: 2679: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2632:. Retrieved 2612: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2565:. Retrieved 2556: 2547: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2472:(391): 391. 2469: 2465: 2455: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2206:(391): 391. 2203: 2199: 2189: 2180: 2170: 2150: 1976:Canid hybrid 1928:, while the 1891: 1852:Neanderthals 1848:Lapedo child 1841: 1834: 1814: 1812: 1773: 1767: 1764:cryotolerant 1757: 1735: 1707: 1703:'Citronella' 1700: 1683: 1677: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1642:London plane 1637: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1614:loganobaccus 1613: 1609: 1601: 1589: 1579: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1517: 1504: 1451:haplodiploid 1445: 1441: 1439: 1429: 1425:C. philodice 1423: 1417: 1415: 1400: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1371:sturddlefish 1361: 1350: 1338: 1314: 1295: 1280: 1257:beluga whale 1244: 1238: 1230:Umm el-Marra 1182: 1164: 1140: 1133:Biodiversity 1076: 1051: 1035: 1028: 1022: 988: 971: 965: 959: 947: 943: 941: 917: 903: 897: 893: 866:hybrid zones 863: 855: 833: 829:steppe bison 793:Lonicera fly 790: 772: 768: 762: 736: 732: 700: 687: 679: 673: 665: 638: 629: 584: 537: 517: 496:of the same 491: 479: 464: 460: 454: 451:hybrid zones 448: 439:Biogeography 425:annual plant 421:horticulture 418: 413: 405: 404: 383:heterozygous 364: 333: 331: 311: 289: 277: 261: 258:In evolution 253:Significance 221: 217:Neanderthals 211: 164: 157:horticulture 154: 123:Species are 122: 106:hybrid vigor 65: 59: 54:pack animals 29: 9378:WikiProject 9138:Centrifugal 8909:Tan Jiazhen 8904:Hans Stubbe 8841:Lysenkoists 8677:Denisova 11 8467:Sulimov dog 8154:Coalescence 7904:Systematics 7775:Mutationism 7593:Catagenesis 7521:Snake venom 7454:Eusociality 7432:in primates 7422:Cooperation 7350:In animals 7170:butterflies 7143:Cephalopods 7133:Brachiopods 7065:Development 7039:Mate choice 6792:Convergence 6775:Coevolution 6733:Abiogenesis 6455:: 126–129. 6365:Sciencenews 5871:(1): 6919. 5522:20 November 4523:10261/58578 3934:: 359–389. 3874:Smithsonian 3674:: 186–192. 3563:(1): 1–10. 3431:: 177–191. 3082:(1): 1–26. 2300:: 561–568. 2135:Gynogenesis 1971:Bird hybrid 1880:of ancient 1807:Neanderthal 1754:lager beers 1722:watermelons 1598:bread wheat 1571:pollinators 1435:butterflies 1411:African bee 1403:killer bees 1302:Anser anser 1277:Bird hybrid 1194:brown bears 1190:Polar bears 1117:fertilizers 937:Hybrid seed 908:(top left). 817:marsh frogs 809:edible frog 787:Hybrid zone 711:chromosomes 683:bird hybrid 636:sand dollar 581:Hybrid name 445:Hybrid zone 429:monoculture 307:monoculture 265:backcrosses 203:crossbreeds 171:mutationism 161:agriculture 159:and modern 114:chromosomes 9396:Categories 9241:Polyploidy 9203:Allochrony 9180:Adaptation 9148:Parapatric 9130:Peripatric 9126:Allopatric 9095:Anagenesis 9038:Speciation 8950:Lamarckism 8877:Dissidents 8834:Lysenkoism 8692:Koolakamba 8610:Kellas cat 8590:Bengal cat 8364:Dwarf Lulu 8096:Ecological 8086:Artificial 7765:Lamarckism 7743:Philosophy 7666:David Hume 7628:Peripatric 7623:Parapatric 7608:Ecological 7588:Anagenesis 7583:Allopatric 7575:Speciation 7539:Gradualism 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