Renewable energy commercialization

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have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.

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the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry. At the same time specifically US tax credits systems for renewable energy have been described as an "opaque" financial instrument dominated by large investors to reduce their tax payments while greenhouse gas reduction targets are being treated as a side effect.

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194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$ 65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in

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expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $ 140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $ 80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

3966: 3006: 12020: 10331: 3075: 3980: 3217:"National grids are usually tailored towards the operation of centralised power plants and thus favour their performance. Technologies that do not easily fit into these networks may struggle to enter the market, even if the technology itself is commercially viable. This applies to distributed generation as most grids are not suited to receive electricity from many small sources. Large-scale renewables may also encounter problems if they are sited in areas far from existing grids." 235: 1978: 11265: 3479: 2117: 3098: 10337: 2248: 2077: 11813: 11148: 10201: 9735: 826: 3952: 840: 10225: 9745: 3468: 10343: 3994: 4008: 36: 10189: 2828: 3121: 2983: 2415: 11160: 10213: 2285: 2836: 2138: 113: 1073:...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. 1784:

Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41

1190:'s 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. 2105:, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir or tank for heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, swimming pools, or homes and businesses. The heat can also be used for industrial process applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment. 1772:

fallen – by 18 percent per MW in the last two years – reflecting, as with solar, fierce competition in the supply chain. Further improvements in the levelised cost of energy for solar, wind and other technologies lie ahead, posing a growing threat to the dominance of fossil fuel generation sources in the next few years.

2411:, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result of this and the exploitation of domestic deep water oil sources, Brazil, which for years had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in liquid fuels. 3324:

the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.

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big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables.

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competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.

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Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security,

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Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is

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The obstacles to the widespread commercialization of renewable energy technologies are primarily political, not technical, and there have been many studies which have identified a range of "non-technical barriers" to renewable energy use. These barriers are impediments which put renewable energy at a

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Total investment in renewable energy reached $ 211 billion in 2010, up from $ 160 billion in 2009. The top countries for investment in 2010 were China, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Continued growth for the renewable energy sector is expected and promotional policies helped

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In the United Kingdom, for example, the Carbon Trust recently estimated the extent of the economically viable offshore resource at 55 TWh per year, about 14% of current national demand. Across Europe, the technologically achievable resource has been estimated to be at least 280 TWh per year. In 2003,

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Second-generation technologies have gone from being a passion for the dedicated few to a major economic sector in countries such as Germany, Spain, the United States, and Japan. Many large industrial companies and financial institutions are involved and the challenge is to broaden the market base for

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Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity.

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According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most

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is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of

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polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was "about

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In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for a variety of methods for addressing the problem of energy supply. These methods include promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power, requiring utilities to use more renewable energy, and providing tax incentives to

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Renewable energy continued its rapid growth in 2015, providing multiple benefits. There was a new record set for installed wind and photovoltaic capacity (64GW and 57GW) and a new high of US$ 329 Billion for global renewables investment. A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in

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and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany

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by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar

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As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables

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Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of

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Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of

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Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy

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Efficiency is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand

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legislation and the national policies of other European states. The policy objectives have been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 22.9% in 2012,

3448:. The reason given is: Describes situation from 2010's with early promises such as closure of coal power plants, when in reality new coal and gas plants are being built and Energiewende targets for 2020 have been missed. The original article is more up to date, so an excerpt template could be used.. 3422:

Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often

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Renewable energy targets in most countries are indicative and nonbinding but they have assisted government actions and regulatory frameworks. The United Nations Environment Program has suggested that making renewable energy targets legally binding could be an important policy tool to achieve higher

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A fair and efficient imposition of subsidies for renewable energies and aiming at sustainable development, however, require coordination and regulation at a global level, as subsidies granted in one country can easily disrupt industries and policies of others, thus underlining the relevance of this

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Inadequate workforce skills and training, which includes lack of adequate scientific, technical, and manufacturing skills required for renewable energy production; lack of reliable installation, maintenance, and inspection services; and failure of the educational system to provide adequate training

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biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as

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Today, renewables are seen not only as sources of energy, but also as tools to address many other pressing needs, including: improving energy security; reducing the health and environmental impacts associated with fossil and nuclear energy; mitigating greenhouse gas emissions; improving educational

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Several mining tragedies globally have underscored the human toll of the coal supply chain. New EPA initiatives targeting air toxics, coal ash, and effluent releases highlight the environmental impacts of coal and the cost of addressing them with control technologies. The use of fracking in natural

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supplied by renewables increases from 15% in 2020 to 60% in 2050 (median values across all published pathways). The proportion of primary energy supplied by biomass increases from 10% to 27%, with effective controls on whether land use is changed in the growing of biomass. The proportion from wind

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Voluntary markets, also referred to as green power markets, are driven by consumer preference. Voluntary markets allow a consumer to choose to do more than policy decisions require and reduce the environmental impact of their electricity use. Voluntary green power products must offer a significant

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Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate-disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $ 5.4 billion in 1989 to $ 2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered

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Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with

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states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing

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The wind industry is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet

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and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54% of the

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Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in

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Moving towards energy sustainability will require changes not only in the way energy is supplied, but in the way it is used, and reducing the amount of energy required to deliver various goods or services is essential. Opportunities for improvement on the demand side of the energy equation are as

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Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to

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has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by

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included more than $ 70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives.

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In 2001, Sweden launched a new 10-year environmental tax shift designed to convert 30 billion kroner ($ 3.9 billion) of income taxes to taxes on environmentally destructive activities. Other European countries with significant tax reform efforts are France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the

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The price of PV modules per MW has fallen by 60 percent since the summer of 2008, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimates, putting solar power for the first time on a competitive footing with the retail price of electricity in a number of sunny countries. Wind turbine prices have also

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The driving factors behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive, the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of

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A policy framework must be created that will level the playing field and redress the imbalance of traditional approaches associated with fossil fuels. The policy landscape must keep pace with broad trends within the energy sector, as well as reflecting specific social, economic and environmental

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The solar PV market has been growing for the past few years. According to solar PV research company, PVinsights, worldwide shipment of solar modules in 2011 was around 25 GW, and the shipment year over year growth was around 40%. The top 5 solar module players in 2011 in turns are Suntech, First

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Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Wind power could become cheaper than nuclear power. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to

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Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three

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Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to

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and 22 percent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore,

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said "subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits". The IEA's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable

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First proposed more than thirty years ago, systems to harvest utility-scale electrical power from ocean waves have recently been gaining momentum as a viable technology. The potential for this technology is considered promising, especially on west-facing coasts with latitudes between 40 and 60

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address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy. Obama said that he "will not walk away from the promise of clean energy." Obama called for a commitment by the Defense Department to purchase 1,000 MW of renewable energy. He also mentioned the long-standing Interior

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some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue." As of 2011, there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:

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Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps represented an estimated 30 GWth of installed capacity at the end of 2008, with other direct uses of geothermal heat (i.e., for space heating, agricultural drying and other uses) reaching an estimated 15 GWth. As of 2008, at least 76 countries use direct

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gas exploration is coming under scrutiny, with evidence of groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. Concerns are increasing about the vast amounts of water used at coal-fired and nuclear power plants, particularly in regions of the country facing water shortages. Events at the

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for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. The large energy companies have a disproportionately small share of the renewables market. However, in some cases poor investment designs have caused

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for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with

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The growing ethanol and biodiesel industries are providing jobs in plant construction, operations, and maintenance, mostly in rural communities. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, "the ethanol industry created almost 154,000 U.S. jobs in 2005 alone, boosting household income by $

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Investment: Companies, governments and households have been committing increasing amounts to decarbonization, including renewable energy (solar, wind), electric vehicles and associated charging infrastructure, energy storage, energy-efficient heating systems, carbon capture and storage, and

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still dominates, but there is now increasing activity from companies in China, India and Brazil. Chinese companies were the second largest recipient of venture capital in 2006 after the United States. In the same year, India was the largest net buyer of companies abroad, mainly in the more

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Lack of government policy support, which includes the lack of policies and regulations supporting deployment of renewable energy technologies and the presence of policies and regulations hindering renewable energy development and supporting conventional energy development. Examples include

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The economic viability of biomass is dependent on regulated tariffs, due to high costs of infrastructure and ingredients for ongoing operations. Biomass does offer a ready disposal mechanism by burning municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic waste products. First-generation biomass

2753:. Plans for scaled-up versions of demonstration models will allow significant power generation, and may allow development of other applications, such as water extraction or distillation, and agriculture or horticulture. To view a study on the solar updraft tower and its affects click here 2472:. Third-generation technologies are not yet widely demonstrated or have limited commercialization. Many are on the horizon and may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies, but still depend on attracting sufficient attention and research and development funding. 2003:; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the worlds total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. 3367:. Developing countries with renewable energy targets include China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brazil, Egypt, Mali, and South Africa. The targets set by many developing countries are quite modest when compared with those in some industrialized countries. 2055:(0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008. 2396:

expanded more than tenfold from less than 1 billion to almost 11 billion litres. Biofuels provide 1.8% of the world's transport fuel and recent estimates indicate a continued high growth. The main producing countries for transport biofuels are the US, Brazil, and the EU.

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First-generation technologies are widely used in locations with abundant resources. Their future use depends on the exploration of the remaining resource potential, particularly in developing countries, and on overcoming challenges related to the environment and social acceptance.

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Many plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations.

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origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by

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its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $ 750 million in 1993 to $ 240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.

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By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30%. Based on

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With such a wide range of non-technical barriers, there is no "silver bullet" solution to drive the transition to renewable energy. So ideally there is a need for several different types of policy instruments to complement each other and overcome different types of barriers.

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points out: "In a liberalised energy market, investors, operators and consumers should face the full cost of their decisions. But this is not the case in many economies or energy sectors. Many policies distort the market in favour of existing fossil fuel technologies." The

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Fossil-fuel energy systems have different production, transmission, and end-use costs and characteristics than do renewable energy systems, and new promotional policies are needed to ensure that renewable systems develop as quickly and broadly as is socially desirable.

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and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."

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The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $ 1.00/W mark. The $ 1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of

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have renewed doubts about the ability to operate large numbers of nuclear plants safely over the long term. Further, cost estimates for "next generation" nuclear units continue to climb, and lenders are unwilling to finance these plants without taxpayer guarantees.

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In 2008 for the first time, more renewable energy than conventional power capacity was added in both the European Union and United States, demonstrating a "fundamental transition" of the world's energy markets towards renewables, according to a report released by

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One factor that has inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure to bring the power to market. It is believed 8,300 km of power lines must be built or upgraded. The different

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of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".

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breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

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above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.

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as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the

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First-generation technologies are well established, second-generation technologies are entering markets, and third-generation technologies heavily depend on long-term research and development commitments, where the public sector has a role to play.

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Imperfect capital markets, which includes failure to internalize all costs of conventional energy (e.g., effects of air pollution, risk of supply disruption) and failure to internalize all benefits of renewable energy (e.g., cleaner air, energy

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billion per annum on energy research (2013 figure) in an effort to solve the technical and social issues raised by the transition. This includes a number of computer studies that have confirmed the feasibility and a similar cost (relative to

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cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The

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During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies, while actual production grew 1.2% overall. In 2011, UN under-secretary general

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Germany has made significant progress on its GHG emissions reduction target, achieving a 27% decrease between 1990 and 2014. However Germany will need to maintain an average GHG emissions abatement rate of 3.5% per annum to reach its

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Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the

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in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

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The IEA has stated that renewable energy and energy efficiency policies are complementary tools for the development of a sustainable energy future, and should be developed together instead of being developed in isolation.

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in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.

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are also driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries. According to a 2011 projection by the IEA, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing harmful

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Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

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is all forms of renewable energy derived from the sea including wave energy, tidal energy, river current, ocean current energy, offshore wind, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy.

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is contested. Material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences. Improved cook stove programs are alleviating some of these effects.

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limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

2339:, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three 1166:

The countries most reliant on fossil fuels for electricity vary widely on how great a percentage of that electricity is generated from renewables, leaving wide variation in renewables' growth potential.

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As of 2008, geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of

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The most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013

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priorities. Some resource-rich countries struggle to move away from fossil fuels and have failed thus far to adopt regulatory frameworks necessary for developing renewable energy (e.g. Russia).

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conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.

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Landowners in the US typically receive $ 3,000 to $ 5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.

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benefit and value to buyers to be successful. Benefits may include zero or reduced greenhouse gas emissions, other pollution reductions or other environmental improvements on power stations.

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for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat. Sunshine heats the air beneath a very wide greenhouse-like roofed collector structure surrounding the central base of a very tall

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In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy. As of 2009, China has 27 million rooftop solar water heaters.

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over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the US, Australia, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.

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Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations.

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As of 2011, new evidence has emerged that there are considerable risks associated with traditional energy sources, and that major changes to the mix of energy technologies is needed:

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and solar thermal power technologies are such advanced solar concepts as the solar updraft tower or space-based solar power. These concepts have yet to (if ever) be commercialized.

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of the 1970s but the enduring appeal of these technologies is due, at least in part, to environmental benefits. Many of the technologies reflect significant advancements in materials.

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cost £92.50/MWh, whereas offshore wind farms in the UK are supported with €74.2/MWh at a price of £150 in 2011 falling to £130 per MWh in 2022. In Denmark, the price can be €84/MWh.

1203:

investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".

8529: 1762:

Costs of producing renewable energy declined significantly, with 62% of total renewable power generation added in 2020 having lower costs than the cheapest new fossil fuel option.

7154:

Farah, Paolo Davide; Cima, Elena (2015). "World Trade Organization, Renewable Energy Subsidies and the Case of Feed-In Tariffs: Time for Reform Toward Sustainable Development?".

2674:

There are currently nine projects, completed or in-development, off the coasts of the United Kingdom, United States, Spain and Australia to harness the rise and fall of waves by

5951: 5671: 5417: 10085: 5062: 4408: 5334: 3228: 1776:

Hydro-electricity and geothermal electricity produced at favourable sites are now the cheapest way to generate electricity. Renewable energy costs continue to drop, and the

3623:, and unrealistic promises have been shown to be far from reality. Nuclear power plants were closed, and the existing nine plants will close earlier than planned, in 2022. 3179:

Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among Republicans (red).

6750: 6238: 5703: 3283:

has stated that "historical incentives for the conventional energy resources continue even today to bias markets by burying many of the real societal costs of their use".

4951: 1107:

Global Status Report says that renewable energies are no longer just energy sources, but ways to address pressing social, political, economic and environmental problems:

3208:

such as photovoltaics, because of technological lock-in, electricity markets designed for centralized power plants, and market control by established operators. As the

2897:

Solar, Yingli, Trina, and Sungen. The top 5 solar module companies possessed 51.3% market share of solar modules, according to PVinsights' market intelligence report.

5397: 5179: 3745:

suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company,

3240:

Inadequate financing options for renewable energy projects, including insufficient access to affordable financing for project developers, entrepreneurs and consumers.

8069: 7366: 6657: 3379:

The IEA has identified three actions which will allow renewable energy and other clean energy technologies to "more effectively compete for private sector capital".

6169: 3732:

New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President

9297: 9281: 5294: 2807:

instead of on Earth's surface. Some projected benefits of such a system are a higher collection rate and a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing

1849:. These are now entering markets as a result of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) investments since the 1980s. Initial investment was prompted by 8993: 8290: 4496: 4444: 9265: 5214: 3777:

Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

7607: 3861:, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with 3725: 8792: 4977:"Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" 4478: 2866:(from China) is in second place. Together Vestas and Sinovel delivered 10,228 MW of new wind power capacity in 2010, and their market share was 25.9 percent. 7367:

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi); Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (28 September 2010).

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has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about

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technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues. As part of the

970:

jobs. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include

4811:

IEA urges governments to adopt effective policies based on key design principles to accelerate the exploitation of the large potential for renewable energy

1160: 8868: 7562: 9145: 8329: 5685: 5374: 5155: 2526: 137: 49: 4423: 11849: 9258: 7981: 6135: 6079: 5958:. In: O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (Eds.), IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings, Luebeck, Germany, 20–25 January 2008, p. 59-80. 5750: 4520: 11229: 9056: 7243: 5039: 2051:

capacity. Estimates for the world potential capacity for geothermal power generation vary widely, ranging from 40 GW by 2020 to as much as 6,000 GW.

1078:

encourage the development and use of such technologies. It is expected that renewable energy investments will pay off economically in the long term.

7633: 6187: 9061: 9051: 9020: 8830: 7669:"Renewable power: Germany's energy gamble: an ambitious plan to slash greenhouse-gas emissions must clear some high technical and economic hurdles" 6958:

Indra Overland, ‘The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise for Renewable Energy?’, Sibirica Journal of Siberian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1-20.

4790: 3927: 7075: 6902: 6716: 6309: 11690: 8388: 5358: 5140: 4763: 4701: 7641:. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI). Archived from 4739: 4677: 3877:

Renewable projects must be sited at distant locations due to high land prices in urban areas or for the renewable resource itself which require

2444:, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market. 8460:

Discussion Paper by the Scientific and Technological Community for the 14th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

8268: 4047: 3737: 3274:

Public policy has a role to play in renewable energy commercialization because the free market system has some fundamental limitations. As the

7298: 6151: 5223: 4574: 7339: 5830: 3700:

A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed

7377: 7274: 6463: 895:

technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include

9221: 5268: 3839:

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by

871: 8047: 6326: 4932: 4432:

Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels

1788:(GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power. 12331: 9495: 9185: 7808: 2670:

the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimated the viable resource in the United States at 255 TWh per year (6% of demand).

7911: 12079: 12053: 9234: 9165: 9071: 8004: 6023:

Brian Norton (2011) Solar Water Heaters: A Review of Systems Research and Design Innovation, Green. 1, 189–207, ISSN (Online) 1869–8778

4052: 3855:

At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply.

3717:

and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

3041: 2146: 7933: 11695: 8092: 6446: 5948: 3844: 3631:

have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and so the increased costs of the

7869: 7316: 6288: 5663: 5425: 3204:

Difficulty overcoming established energy systems, which includes difficulty introducing innovative energy systems, particularly for

5069: 4400: 4096: 2258: 1049:, pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems, and addressing them requires major changes to energy infrastructures. 17: 8196:"Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies" 6773:"Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part II: Reliability, System and Transmission Costs, and Policies" 5341: 5098: 1945:

The industry remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, but demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many

9998: 9116: 9066: 6635: 6519: 4837: 2275: 55: 6742: 5699: 3414:

in green stimulus funding had been allocated to renewable energy and energy efficiency, to be spent mainly in 2010 and in 2011.

11842: 10841: 10269: 9606: 9455: 9442: 9229: 7031: 7000: 6098: 4958: 4131: 3410:, major governments made "green stimulus" programs one of their main policy instruments for supporting economic recovery. Some 3394:"Second, inefficient fossil fuel subsidies must be removed, while ensuring that all citizens have access to affordable energy". 366: 6357: 6259: 4907: 12356: 9653: 9591: 9216: 8949: 8919: 8881: 8843: 8805: 8775: 8745: 8715: 8685: 8110: 7959: 7601: 7525: 7416: 7257: 6795:

Benjamin K. Sovacool. "Rejecting Renewables: The Socio-technical Impediments to Renewable Electricity in the United States,"

6007: 5856: 5251: 5111: 4111: 3388: 1747: 7207: 7048:

Farah, Paolo Davide; Cima, Elena (2013). "Energy Trade and the WTO: Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel".

5926: 5291: 3397:"Third, governments must develop policy frameworks that encourage private sector investment in lower-carbon energy options". 2392:

production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion litres, while

1780:(LCOE) is declining for wind power, solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP) and some biomass technologies. 11763: 11198: 9781: 9738: 9679: 9674: 9201: 9180: 9013: 8561: 6864: 6408: 5394: 3706: 2600: 2279: 920: 8066: 1112:

opportunities; creating jobs; reducing poverty; and increasing gender equality... Renewables have entered the mainstream.

12346: 11350: 9520: 9410: 9155: 8983: 8417: 8376: 3387:) so that the positive and negative impacts of energy production and consumption are fully taken into account". Example: 2448:

5.7 billion. It also contributed about $ 3.5 billion in tax revenues at the local, state, and federal levels".

2132: 1969:

found in 2008 "there is no evidence to disprove that the primary objective of biofuel policy is to support farm income."

1182:

network based in Paris. In 2010, renewable power consisted about a third of the newly built power generation capacities.

979: 6376: 6341: 5779: 4557: 3231:, government underwriting for nuclear plant accidents, and complex zoning and permitting processes for renewable energy. 10018: 10003: 9160: 9121: 8353: 8285: 7141: 6975: 4637: 4485: 4136: 3847:'s reviews of scenarios of energy usage that would keep global warming to approximately 1.5 degrees, the proportion of 3280: 8762: 8311:

The Twin Pillars of Sustainable Energy: Synergies between Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology and Policy

7355:

Frequently Asked Questions on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation,

6688: 6537: 6036: 5313: 4656: 4608: 3175: 197: 12064: 11835: 11254: 10952: 10743: 10613: 9211: 9101: 8240: 5210: 2262: 2162: 693: 513: 234: 173: 155: 63: 6221: 12341: 10748: 10623: 9332: 9029: 8811: 8732: 8702: 8672: 8651: 8630: 8609: 8588: 8449: 4470: 3900:, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints. 907:

and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include

864: 301: 7440: 12145: 12069: 12042: 11922: 11892: 11234: 11133: 10813: 9836: 9684: 9350: 9150: 9081: 9006: 5897: 5881: 5719: 5021: 4345: 4037: 2891: 2308: 1954: 1730:

as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China's renewable energy sector is growing faster than its

557: 6886: 5967:

Islandsbanki Geothermal Research, United States Geothermal Energy Market Report, October 2009, accessed through

3935:

growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.

2377: 1126: 10683: 10289: 9638: 9510: 9385: 9355: 9327: 9175: 9140: 9076: 8906: 8887: 8441: 8433: 7356: 4265: 3930:

has explained that both resources must be developed in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions:

3714: 2157:, convert light into electricity. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most photovoltaic modules were used to provide 8324: 5371: 2007:

plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.

11164: 10957: 10831: 10368: 10095: 9705: 9669: 9505: 9405: 9380: 9106: 7895: 7668: 7405:

Flexibility concepts for the German power supply in 2050: ensuring stability in the age of renewable energies

4081: 3649: 3257:

Lack of stakeholder/community participation and co-operation in energy choices and renewable energy projects.

1989: 1796:

Renewable energy includes a number of sources and technologies at different stages of commercialization. The

1777: 386: 6129: 6076: 188: 12351: 11447: 9946: 9720: 9643: 9611: 9530: 9420: 9400: 9390: 9307: 9111: 9096: 9086: 8936: 8195: 7512: 6835:

Lathia, Rutvik Vasudev; Dadhaniya, Sujal (February 2017). "Policy formation for Renewable Energy sources".

6772: 5017: 4976: 4513: 4027: 3599: 2332: 6482: 5981: 5047: 3918:

A sustainable energy economy requires commitments to both renewables and efficiency. Renewable energy and

3537: 3200:

marketing, institutional, or policy disadvantage relative to other forms of energy. Key barriers include:

1086:

right" and 16 percent thought it was "too modest." In comparison, 19 percent said it was "too ambitious".

11927: 11793: 11783: 11710: 10718: 10708: 10217: 10127: 10105: 9878: 9601: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9490: 9480: 9470: 9465: 9450: 9425: 9322: 9317: 8973: 8512: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8465: 7642: 7485:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015. Archived from 6191: 4553: 4445:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report" 3878: 3541: 2862:(from Denmark) is the world's top wind turbine manufacturer in terms of percentage of market volume, and 2699: 2316: 2312: 2206: 1800:(IEA) has defined three generations of renewable energy technologies, reaching back over 100 years: 1797: 944: 857: 11502: 8849: 3720:

Investment capital flowing into renewable energy reached a record US$ 77 billion in 2007, with the

1029: 12285: 12224: 10978: 10688: 10473: 10450: 10413: 10262: 9951: 9883: 9710: 9689: 9648: 9633: 9596: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9540: 9525: 9485: 9475: 9415: 9365: 9360: 9289: 9091: 9046: 6674: 6306: 4240: 3750: 2658: 2432: 2202: 2166: 1950: 1095: 727: 3652:. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is 12280: 12265: 11998: 11882: 11768: 11476: 10515: 10152: 9901: 9715: 9535: 9515: 9500: 9395: 9375: 9370: 9312: 9302: 8517: 8504: 6566: 4872: 4810: 4746: 4684: 4270: 4126: 3512:, environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply. The new system will rely heavily on 3333: 2642: 2441: 2254: 1148: 943:. In 2019, nearly 75% of new installed electricity generation capacity used renewable energy and the 830: 406: 128: 11646: 9460: 7812: 5133: 3237:

Higher capital cost of renewable energy technologies compared with conventional energy technologies.

12270: 12214: 11983: 11968: 11942: 11858: 11742: 11715: 11191: 11061: 10663: 10583: 10530: 10465: 10172: 9774: 9342: 8215:

Hertz-Shargel, Ben. Ensuring Energy Security in a Renewables World. Atlantic Council, 2021. JSTOR,

7441:"Impact of the German nuclear phase-out on Europe's electricity generation — a comprehensive study" 4205: 4121: 4066: 4042: 3533: 2695: 2675: 2158: 2120: 1018: 888: 779: 717: 391: 346: 336: 266: 207: 202: 8130: 8078: 7336: 7091: 6391: 6188:"New Report a Complete Analysis of the Global Offshore Wind Energy Industry and its Major Players" 3825: 11993: 11978: 11963: 11343: 10769: 10728: 10698: 10693: 10553: 10299: 10294: 10231: 9748: 9170: 6917: 4275: 4116: 4071: 3957: 2768: 2102: 844: 722: 712: 416: 351: 7881: 2456:

Third-generation renewable energy technologies are still under development and include advanced

12336: 12260: 11988: 11957: 11947: 11872: 11700: 11297: 11128: 10808: 10738: 10713: 10703: 10678: 10673: 10628: 10618: 10593: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10565: 10423: 10373: 10167: 10162: 9926: 8115: 8052: 5004: 3834: 3765:

Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.

3614:

surpassing the OECD average of 18% usage of renewables. Producers have been guaranteed a fixed

3205: 2328: 2324: 2221: 2085: 959: 947:(IEA) has predicted that by 2025, renewable capacity will meet 35% of global power generation. 808: 617: 602: 550: 411: 331: 211: 7183: 7167: 7061: 5241: 2788:(using an "SPS", that is, a "solar-power satellite" or a "satellite power system") for use on 1053:

technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to

12172: 12139: 12008: 11152: 11014: 10983: 10803: 10733: 10668: 10658: 10643: 10633: 10603: 10598: 10255: 9961: 9956: 9921: 9906: 9873: 9816: 9811: 7908: 5947:

Fridleifsson, I.B., R. Bertani, E. Huenges, J. W. Lund, A. Ragnarsson, and L. Rybach (2008).

4340: 4290: 3971: 3915:

rich and diverse as those on the supply side, and often offer significant economic benefits.

3893: 3471:

Photovoltaic array and wind turbines at the Schneebergerhof wind farm in the German state of

3305:

United Kingdom. Asia's two leading economies, Japan and China, are considering carbon taxes.

3224: 2615: 2225: 2213: 1966: 1809: 652: 597: 587: 426: 341: 9250: 7842: 4424:"Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $ 1 Trillion for the First Time" 12310: 12240: 12230: 12167: 12103: 11917: 11887: 10753: 10723: 10653: 10648: 10638: 10608: 10548: 10360: 10008: 9911: 9821: 9806: 7676: 5949:

The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change

5619: 4335: 4101: 3919: 3909: 3620: 3529: 3364: 3185: 2457: 2266: 2084:, located on or near the buildings which they supply with energy, are a prime example of a 1864: 932: 786: 681: 525: 431: 291: 8425: 6440: 3570:

noted that "while the German approach is not unique worldwide, the speed and scope of the

2040:, a geothermal power field in northern California, with a total output of over 750 MW 2032: 8: 12295: 12290: 12245: 12204: 12134: 11798: 11184: 11108: 10882: 10798: 10525: 10439: 10433: 10388: 10205: 10157: 10115: 9990: 9916: 9868: 9826: 9767: 8549: 6465:

Industrial Biotechnology Is Revolutionizing the Production of Ethanol Transportation Fuel

6285: 4305: 4155: 4076: 3721: 3383:"First, energy prices must appropriately reflect the "true cost" of energy (e.g. through 2926: 2853: 2718: 2711: 2623: 2539: 2373: 2368: 2300: 2217: 1846: 1758: 1133: 971: 607: 473: 456: 401: 256: 244: 7680: 7551:

Understanding the Energiewende: FAQ on the ongoing transition of the German power system

6808:

Benjamin K. Sovacool. "The Cultural Barriers to Renewable Energy in the United States,"

5623: 3808:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3741:

Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs.

3683:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3450:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3363:

National targets are also an important component of renewable energy strategies in some

3251:

Lack of adequate codes, standards, utility interconnection, and net-metering guidelines.

2189: 2181: 1900: 90:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

12113: 12095: 12084: 12048: 12003: 11973: 11816: 11617: 11442: 11430: 11336: 11312: 10936: 10520: 10428: 9941: 7558: 7119: 6594: 5645: 5121: 4831: 3985: 3923: 3897: 3761: 3567: 3509: 2661:, and is the largest tidal power station in the world, in terms of installed capacity. 2606: 2424: 2403:

has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of

2081: 1946: 488: 316: 226: 11664: 7376:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Archived from 7092:"Rentiers of the low-carbon economy? Renewable energy's extractive fiscal geographies" 6630: 6514: 5445: 5443: 5063:"Toward a Sustainable Future for the U.S. Power Sector: Beyond Business as Usual 2011" 4902: 4200: 1081:

EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010,

12160: 12037: 11737: 11629: 11098: 11056: 10962: 10862: 10488: 10224: 10193: 9848: 9744: 8945: 8915: 8877: 8839: 8801: 8771: 8741: 8711: 8681: 8580: 8236: 7955: 7764: 7597: 7521: 7412: 7179: 7163: 7123: 7111: 7057: 6959: 6598: 6586: 5637: 5352: 5107: 4757: 4695: 4609:"IEA: More than a third of the world's electricity will come from renewables in 2025" 4582: 3749:, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's 3628: 3501: 2679: 1937: 1921: 562: 478: 123: 7026: 6995: 6095: 5292:

UNEP, Bloomberg, Frankfurt School, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011

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are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:

931:

efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced

12255: 12209: 12176: 12150: 12124: 12074: 12058: 11912: 11907: 11877: 11669: 11580: 11420: 11273: 11215: 11103: 10483: 10320: 10037: 8998: 7684: 7452: 7103: 6844: 6768: 6704:

M Bazilian; I Onyeji; M Liebreich; I MacGill; J Chase; J Shah; D Gielen... (2013).

6578: 6256: 5802: 5794: 5649: 5627: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5440: 4633: 4225: 3858: 3560: 3513: 3355:

has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 percent of the total EU

3314: 2727: 2683: 2619: 2513: 2320: 2044: 2012: 1996: 1985: 1824: 1703: 1062: 1050: 904: 900: 892: 669: 664: 498: 483: 444: 396: 371: 311: 12019: 11513: 7370:

Energy concept for an environmentally sound, reliable and affordable energy supply

6848: 6743:"Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think" 6004: 5243: 5242:

Data: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, and Ember Climate (3 November 2021).

12275: 12250: 12118: 12108: 11778: 11640: 11590: 11282: 10147: 10142: 10100: 8524: 8333: 8294: 8230: 8073: 7915: 7590:

Consulting with energy scenarios : requirements for scientific policy advice

7343: 7281: 7211: 7202: 7137: 7035: 7004: 6971: 6692: 6639: 6582: 6523: 6486: 6450: 6313: 6292: 6263: 6222:

http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf

6139: 6106: 6102: 6083: 6040: 6011: 5955: 5930: 5923: 5798: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5401: 5378: 5317: 5298: 5275: 4996: 4911: 4841: 4660: 4375: 4360: 4285: 4185: 4180: 4165: 4013: 3545: 3493: 3472: 3407: 3338:

through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand.

3087: 2428: 2381: 2343:

projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in

2161:, but from around 1995, industry efforts have focused increasingly on developing 2093: 1854: 1850: 1054: 421: 376: 306: 10330: 8027:"Growth of Global Solar and Wind Energy Continues to Outpace Other Technologies" 7479:

The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report — Summary

7456: 7439:

Bruninx, Kenneth; Madzharov, Darin; Delarue, Erik; D'haeseleer, William (2013).

4350: 3965: 2792:. It has been in research since the early 1970s. SBSP would differ from current 12199: 12181: 11952: 11932: 11897: 11287: 10836: 10511: 10418: 10122: 10110: 10059: 8364: 7833:

United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd. (2007), p. 11.

7224: 6887:

Increasing Global Renewable Energy Market Share: Recent Trends and Perspectives

6415: 6234: 5219:

Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart)

5022:"Public Opinion on Global Issues: Chapter 5b: World Opinion on Energy Security" 4715: 4325: 4235: 4230: 4220: 4150: 4106: 3848: 3840: 3710: 3615: 3610: 3556: 3352: 2995: 2742: 2232:

Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%.

2101:

systems are a well known second-generation technology and generally consist of

1884: 1046: 1013: 791: 764: 737: 705: 688: 567: 356: 326: 201:

Cost: With increasingly widespread implementation of renewable energy sources,

7860:

United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd. (2007), p. 3.

7107: 7050:

Journal of International Economic Law (JIEL), Georgetown University Law Center

5882:

http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf

4873:

New UN report points to power of renewable energy to mitigate carbon emissions

3757:

bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

2844:

the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors.

958:" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 12325: 11937: 11902: 11788: 11454: 11307: 11292: 11019: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10538: 10493: 10403: 10378: 10236: 10090: 9931: 7204:

Changing climates: The Role of Renewable Energy in a Carbon-constrained World

7115: 6821:

Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi. A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030,

6590: 5264: 4833:

Changing climates: The Role of Renewable Energy in a Carbon-constrained World

4586: 4365: 4330: 4320: 4260: 4250: 4190: 4160: 3999: 3979: 3579: 3521: 3074: 2757: 2618:

are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as

2436: 2336: 2128: 2098: 2004: 1962: 1924:. Unlike most renewable sources, biomass (and hydropower) can supply stable 1872: 1834: 1735: 1718:. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, 1711: 1199: 1195: 1179: 1082: 963: 950: 912: 908: 803: 769: 676: 659: 540: 530: 381: 8359:

Armstrong, Robert C., Catherine Wolfram, Robert Gross, Nathan S. Lewis, and

12300: 12219: 11827: 11730: 11600: 11437: 11395: 11375: 11302: 11264: 11077: 11040: 10916: 10908: 10846: 10393: 10278: 10132: 9893: 9831: 8575: 8544: 8536: 8165: 8163: 6685: 6626: 6618: 6212:

Center for National Policy, Washington DC: What States Can Do, 2 April 2012

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http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/media/sefi2011finallowres.pdf

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Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.

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report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are:

3733: 3701: 3488: 3384: 3288: 3275: 3209: 2746: 2634: 2469: 2465: 2404: 2142: 1977: 1880: 1876: 1731: 1727: 1066: 955: 940: 936: 742: 627: 296: 261: 8216: 7596:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering. 7411:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering. 2116: 27:

Deployment of technologies harnessing easily replenished natural resources

12235: 11773: 11725: 11720: 11705: 11491: 11464: 11425: 11410: 11385: 11317: 11244: 11239: 11082: 10903: 10444: 10351: 10336: 9973: 9131: 8571: 8540: 8383: 8360: 7712: 6658:"World Wind Market: Record Installations, But Growth Rates Still Falling" 6622: 5244:"Electricity consumption from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables, 2020" 4894: 4401:"Energy Transition Investment Hit $ 500 Billion in 2020 – For First Time" 4310: 4295: 4215: 3866: 3773: 3635:

have been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills.

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ranks fifth in the world, and is followed in sixth place by Indian-based

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Electricity from Renewable Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments

8160: 3638: 2076: 1904:

Biomass heating plant in Austria. The total heat power is about 1000 kW.

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Non-technical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature

8555: 7240:"Hinkley Point nuclear power plant to create 25,000 jobs, says Cameron" 7028:

Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble

6997:

Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble

6643: 6125: 6111: 6064: 4915: 4300: 4210: 4170: 3870: 3862: 3754: 3742: 3564: 3517: 3356: 2808: 2738: 2408: 2340: 2198: 2154: 2016: 2000: 1838: 1820: 1813: 1723: 1715: 916: 757: 582: 577: 545: 508: 493: 276: 7438: 6869:

Nontechnical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature

6766: 6703: 5901: 5855:

Rubin, Ofir D.; Carriquiry, Miguel; Hayes, Dermot J. (February 2008).

5807: 12305: 12028: 11758: 11674: 11575: 11400: 11359: 10931: 10478: 9978: 9860: 9037: 8935: 8905: 8867: 8829: 8791: 8761: 8731: 8701: 8671: 8650: 8629: 8608: 8587: 7786: 5741: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5040:"Large Majorities in US and Europe Endorse Focus on Renewable Energy" 4380: 4091: 3653: 3563:

target of 60% by 2050. These targets are ambitious. The Berlin-based

3467: 2867: 2804: 2393: 1925: 1842: 983: 924: 612: 592: 361: 271: 10342: 9240:

List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources

8988: 7738:

Latsch, Gunther; Seith, Anne; Traufetter, Gerald (30 January 2014).

7688: 6131:

The Clean Tech Revolution... the costs of clean energy are declining

5632: 5607: 5025: 4943: 3951: 2749:

placed in the chimney updraft or around the chimney base to produce

839: 11658: 11623: 11548: 11538: 11481: 10044: 9843: 3746: 3133: 2871: 2654: 2578: 2552: 2364: 2304: 2048: 2020: 1982: 1785: 1707: 987: 752: 637: 632: 286: 281: 251: 9207:

List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources

8581:

Clean Tech Nation: How the U.S. Can Lead in the New Global Economy

6885:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2005).

6239:"Wind Industry's New Technologies Are Helping It Compete on Price" 5831:"Congress Says Biomass Is Carbon-Neutral, but Scientists Disagree" 5686:"Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost" 4974: 2698:

and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable

2657:, France. Opened on 26 November 1966, it is currently operated by 1920:, the burning of organic materials for heat and power, is a fully 12129: 11565: 11559: 11508: 11390: 11367: 10054: 10031: 10026: 8994:

Bureau of Land Management 2012 Renewable Energy Priority Projects

8024: 4952:"Global Citizen Reaction to the Fukushima Nuclear Plant Disaster" 4195: 3993: 3525: 3505: 3110: 2875: 2863: 2827: 2734: 2565: 2499: 2389: 2352: 2123:

at Nellis Air Force Base. These panels track the sun in one axis.

1917: 1817: 995: 991: 896: 774: 732: 468: 451: 205:

have declined, most notably for energy generated by solar panels.

10188: 8530:

Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era

8193: 7275:

Offshore Wind Forecasts of future costs and benefits – June 2011

5778:

Carneiro, Patrícia; Carneiro, Paula Ferreira (30 January 2012).

2756:

A more advanced version of a similarly themed technology is the

2414: 11611: 11543: 11459: 11405: 10247: 10069: 10064: 10049: 9936: 6741:

Chiu, Allyson; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (3 October 2023).

6477: 4086: 4007: 3005: 2879: 2859: 2797: 2761: 2400: 2348: 1033:

Global public support for energy sources, based on a survey by

1007: 1003: 928: 463: 7767:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 March 2013 7586: 7401: 6375:

Worldwatch Institute and Center for American Progress (2006).

6257:

In California's Mojave Desert, Solar-Thermal Projects Take Off

3482:

Gross generation of electricity by source in Germany 1990–2020

2284: 11585: 11528: 11518: 11471: 11176: 9759: 9280: 8148: 7332: 6281: 6000: 5390: 5330: 5094: 4827: 4735: 4673: 3254:

Poor public perception of renewable energy system aesthetics.

3143: 3120: 3051: 3028: 2982: 2959: 2936: 2835: 2816: 2801: 2789: 2649:

power station. The facility is located on the estuary of the

2344: 2137: 1935:

emissions on combustion, and the issue of whether biomass is

1187: 1175: 1104: 1034: 698: 11328: 8409: 7740:"Gone with the wind: weak returns cripple German renewables" 6152:

UK offshore wind 'will lower energy bills' more than nuclear

6114:

Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble

5968: 5780:"The economic, environmental and strategic value of biomass" 5608:"Economics: Manufacture renewables to build energy security" 5180:"Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022" 5165:. International Energy Agency (IEA). June 2023. p. 19. 5016: 3559:(GHG) reductions of 80–95% by 2050 (relative to 1990) and a 11553: 11523: 8568:, Technical Report, NREL/TP-520-40116, September, 30 pages. 8473: 8396: 8025:

Matt Lucky; Michelle Ray & Mark Konold (30 July 2013).

7974:"U.N. Secretary-General: Renewables Can End Energy Poverty" 7237: 6871:, Technical Report, NREL/TP-520-40116, September, 30 pages. 6538:"Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential" 6501:

Jeff Scruggs and Paul Jacob. Harvesting Ocean Wave Energy,

5656: 4933:"Solar May Produce Most of World's Power by 2060, IEA Says" 4791:

Wind Shear: GE Wins, Vestas Loses in Wind-Power Market Race

2812: 2760:(AVE) which aims to replace large physical chimneys with a 2293: 2289: 796: 5211:"World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings" 5156:"Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024" 3843:

and other ecological as well as economic concerns. In the

3578:

also seeks a greater transparency in relation to national

11533: 11224: 10315: 8308:

American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (2007).

8228: 7156:

Georgetown International Environmental Law Review (GIELR)

5250:. Our World in Data consolidated data from BP and Ember. 4575:"New renewable energy capacity hit record levels in 2019" 3234:

Lack of information dissemination and consumer awareness.

2793: 2592:

Note: plants are either operational or under construction

1198:

said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the

8048:

Clean Energy Investment Headed for Second Annual Decline

5982:

Philippines targets $ 2.5 billion geothermal development

5863:(Report). Vol. 493. Iowa State University. Abstract 5060: 4471:"Solar power got cheap. So why aren't we using it more?" 3548:, to be complete by 2022, is a key part of the program. 1726:

technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and

8494:

Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies

8175: 7174:"WTO and Renewable Energy: Lessons from the Case Law". 5943: 5941: 5939: 5744:"Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview" 5692:. International Renewable Energy Agency. 22 June 2021. 4626: 3170: 2764:

of air created by a shorter, less-expensive structure.

210:(LCOE) is a measure of the average net present cost of 8484:

Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet

8326:

Global Best Practice in Renewable Energy Policy Making

7625: 7238:

Roland Gribben & Denise Roland (21 October 2013).

6392:

Going Against the Grain: Ethanol from Lignocellulosics

6378:

American energy: The renewable path to energy security

6358:

As Ethanol Booms, Critics Warn of Environmental Effect

5720:"Renewable energy becoming cost competitive, IEA says" 5670:. International Renewable Energy Agency. August 2023. 5605: 5032: 4559:

Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet

3590:

goal, equal to the maximum historical value thus far.

1992:, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world 7737: 7176:

49 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 6, Kluwer Law International

4033:

List of countries by renewable electricity production

3829:

Share of electricity production from renewables, 2022

3639:

Voluntary market mechanisms for renewable electricity

2796:

collection methods in that the means used to collect

1132:

Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by

1061:, and some also provide opportunities for mitigating 9028: 8974:

Investing: Green technology has big growth potential

8287:

Lighting the way: Toward a sustainable energy future

7580: 7395: 6918:

Fossil Fuels’ Hidden Cost Is in Billions, Study Says

6706:"Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power" 5936: 5895: 5854: 5189:. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8. 4949: 4462: 4415: 4393: 3947: 3928:

The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy

2047:

plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing

1791: 962:

by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable

9146:

List of concentrating solar thermal power companies

8249: 8005:"UN calls for universal access to renewable energy" 7520:. Oxford, UK: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. 5829:Harvey, Chelsea; Heikkinen, Niina (23 March 2018). 5606:John A. Mathews & Hao Tan (10 September 2014). 4407:. (Bloomberg New Energy Finance). 19 January 2021. 3602:and given that carbon is adequately priced) of the 2622:, are also promising cellulose sources that can be 1827:

and heat. These technologies are quite widely used.

8470:World Energy Outlook 2006: Summary and Conclusions 7870:Solar Energy Company Touted By Obama Goes Bankrupt 7707: 7705: 7632:Hillebrandt, Katharina; et al., eds. (2015). 7547: 7432: 7360: 7258:France & UK offshore costs higher than average 6960:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263524693 6734: 5285: 5213:. International Energy Agency (IEA). 25 May 2023. 4975:Jacobson, Mark Z. & Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). 1999:is the term referring to electricity generated by 927:. Third-generation technologies require continued 11230:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations 9057:List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom 8131:"Share of electricity production from renewables" 8067:Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2013 7731: 7660: 7587:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016). 7402:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016). 6740: 6565:Das, Pritam; Chandramohan, V. P. (1 April 2019). 5898:"Use and Capacity of Global Hydropower Increases" 5717: 5235: 2062: 1863:are still under development and include advanced 12323: 9062:List of offshore wind farms in the United States 9052:List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom 8194:Mark A. Delucchi & Mark Z. Jacobson (2011). 7848:, 16 October 2007. Retrieved on 15 January 2008. 5777: 4730: 4728: 4648: 4646: 4486:"Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Version 14.0" 4426:. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). Figure 1. 2451: 2380:on the left (A), gasoline on the right (G) at a 1895: 1598:Biodiesel production, fatty acid methyl ester 11691:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 9226:List of people associated with renewable energy 8389:Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 7925: 7811:. EKOenergy Network. March 2013. Archived from 7702: 7077:Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 6904:Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 6834: 6564: 5828: 5773: 5771: 4858:Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 3426: 3210:Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 2614:, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and 2239: 2011:hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the 8984:Global Renewable Energy: Policies and Measures 7934:"Obama: Sticking to "Promise of Clean Energy"" 7931: 7909:Solyndra files for bankruptcy, looks for buyer 7713:"Germany's energy transformation Energiewende" 7305:, 1 September 2009. Accessed: 22 October 2013. 6697: 6233: 5742:International Renewable Energy Agency (2012). 5678: 4506: 4048:List of notable renewable energy organizations 3738:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 3374: 2870:(USA) was in third place, closely followed by 2689: 2678:. The current maximum power output is 1.5 MW ( 2605:According to the International Energy Agency, 11843: 11344: 11192: 10263: 9775: 9266: 9014: 8056:, 14 October 2013. Accessed: 17 October 2013. 7541: 7096:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 6762: 6760: 6304:United Nations Environment Programme (2009). 6167: 6077:Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 6065:GWEC, Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 5996: 5994: 5412: 5410: 5323: 5061:Synapse Energy Economics (16 November 2011). 4926: 4924: 4725: 4643: 2885: 2741:causes a hot air updraft in the tower by the 2481:Selected Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plants 2475: 2435:are among the automobile companies that sell 865: 11857: 9222:List of largest hydroelectric power stations 8590:Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update 8255: 8235:. National Academies of Science. p. 4. 7504: 7470: 7201:United Nations Environment Program (2006). 6934:Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy 6462:Biotechnology Industry Organization (2007). 6034:Solar assisted air-conditioning of buildings 6005:Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update 5857:Implied Objectives of U.S. Biofuel Subsidies 5768: 5203: 4797:, 25 March 2009, accessed on 7 January 2010. 4483:● Chodosh's graphic is derived from data in 4437: 2822: 2358: 2027: 1554:Ethanol production (annual) (billion litres) 8458:International Council for Science (c2006). 8099:, 23 April 2013. Accessed: 17 October 2013. 8093:Renewables investment set to triple by 2030 7971: 7666: 7635:Pathways to deep decarbonization in Germany 7631: 7264:, 28 March 2013. Accessed: 22 October 2013. 7231: 6945:IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002). 6655: 6058: 6053:Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization 5737: 5735: 5733: 5357:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5269:Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update 5001:Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization 4805: 4803: 4762:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4700:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3417: 3345: 1812:at the end of the 19th century and include 1213:Selected renewable energy global indicators 1041: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 11850: 11836: 11351: 11337: 11199: 11185: 10270: 10256: 9782: 9768: 9273: 9259: 9235:List of renewable energy topics by country 9166:List of rooftop photovoltaic installations 9072:Lists of offshore wind farms by water area 9021: 9007: 8350:Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future 8187: 8082:, 12 June 2013. Accessed: 17 October 2013. 8020: 8018: 7217: 7138:Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future 6972:Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future 6897: 6895: 6757: 6342:New Rig Brings Brazil Oil Self-Sufficiency 6286:Renewables 2007 Global Status Report (PDF) 6116:(NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), p. 189. 5991: 5822: 5713: 5711: 5594:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2021 5582:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2019 5570:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2018 5558:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2017 5546:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2016 5534:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2015 5522:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2014 5510:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2013 5498:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2012 5486:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2011 5474:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2010 5462:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2009 5450:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2020 5407: 5304: 5147: 4921: 4634:Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future 4572: 4053:List of renewable energy topics by country 3401: 3269: 2705: 2147:DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center 1313:Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe) 872: 858: 233: 11696:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 9282:Renewable energy by country and territory 8377:The state of renewable energies in Europe 8111:"Solar and Wind Just Did the Unthinkable" 8002: 7863: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7153: 7047: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6791: 6789: 6277: 6275: 6075:American Wind Energy Association (2009). 5891: 5889: 5806: 5631: 5340:. pp. 13, 17, 21, 25. Archived from 4930: 4868: 4866: 4666: 4606: 3845:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3331:In November 2011, an IEA report entitled 2682:), with development underway for 100 MW ( 1706:production, with a total capacity of 378 214:for a generating plant over its lifetime. 174:Learn how and when to remove this message 156:Learn how and when to remove this message 11943:Environmentally healthy community design 8256:John Wiseman; et al. (April 2013). 7856: 7854: 6860: 6858: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6371: 6369: 5730: 5139:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4852: 4850: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4800: 4421: 4097:Energy security and renewable technology 3824: 3784: 3477: 3466: 3174: 2834: 2826: 2413: 2372: 2283: 2259:Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System 2229:nation's installed wind power capacity. 2188: 2185:Wind power: worldwide installed capacity 2180: 2136: 2115: 2075: 2031: 1976: 1899: 1757: 1401:Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) (GWe) 1028: 196: 187: 133:Lots of trivia and promotional language. 9117:List of wind farms in the United States 9067:Lists of offshore wind farms by country 8395: 8217:http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep31086 8181: 8169: 8154: 8108: 8015: 7288:, June 2011. Accessed: 22 October 2013. 7273:Christopher Willow & Bruce Valpy. " 6947:Renewable Energy... into the mainstream 6892: 6535: 6327:America and Brazil Intersect on Ethanol 6055:, Earth Policy Institute, 2009, p. 122. 5708: 5599: 5335:"Renewables 2014: Global Status Report" 4968: 4740:"Renewables 2011: Global Status Report" 4678:"Renewables 2011: Global Status Report" 4514:"Lazard LCOE Levelized Cost Of Energy+" 4468: 3342:issue at the World Trade Organization. 2847: 2276:Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert 2019:across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and 1649:Countries with renewable energy targets 1116: 14: 12324: 10842:Financial incentives for photovoltaics 9230:List of renewable energy organizations 8533:, Chelsea Green Publishing, 334 pages. 8304: 8302: 7893: 7510: 7326: 7225:"UK nuclear power plant gets go-ahead" 7190: 7010: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6874: 6786: 6505:, Vol. 323, 27 February 2009, p. 1176. 6272: 5886: 5718:Henning Gloystein (23 November 2011). 5418:"Renewables Investment Breaks Records" 4886: 4884: 4863: 3852:and solar increases from 1.8% to 21%. 3659: 367:List of low-energy building techniques 11831: 11332: 11180: 10251: 9763: 9254: 9217:Lists of hydroelectric power stations 9002: 7851: 7836: 7789:. Center for Resource Solutions. 2013 7667:Schiermeier, Quirin (10 April 2013). 7349: 7089: 6855: 6605: 6497: 6495: 6366: 6249: 6119: 5896:Worldwatch Institute (January 2012). 5384: 5329: 5254:from the original on 3 November 2021. 5093: 4950:Ipsos Global @dvisor (23 June 2011). 4847: 4816: 4783: 4734: 4672: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4502:from the original on 28 January 2021. 4481:from the original on 29 January 2021. 4422:Catsaros, Oktavia (26 January 2023). 4411:from the original on 19 January 2021. 4112:International Renewable Energy Agency 3922:are said to be the "twin pillars" of 3555:was passed in late 2010 and includes 3371:renewable energy market penetration. 3308: 2153:Photovoltaic (PV) cells, also called 1748:renewable energy in the United States 1262:Investment in new renewable capacity 11764:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 11159: 10212: 9202:List of books about renewable energy 9181:List of solar thermal power stations 8938:Renewables 2021 Global Status Report 8908:Renewables 2020 Global Status Report 8870:Renewables 2019 Global Status Report 8832:Renewables 2018 Global Status Report 8794:Renewables 2017 Global Status Report 8764:Renewables 2016 Global Status Report 8734:Renewables 2015 Global Status Report 8704:Renewables 2014 Global Status Report 8674:Renewables 2013 Global Status Report 8653:Renewables 2012 Global Status Report 8632:Renewables 2011 Global Status Report 8611:Renewables 2010 Global Status Report 8562:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 8323:International Energy Agency (2007). 8222: 7952:Renewables 2013 Global Status Report 7337:Renewables 2010 Global Status Report 6865:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 6753:from the original on 3 October 2023. 6686:Renewables 2012 Global Status Report 6439:International Energy Agency (2006). 6069: 5674:from the original on 29 August 2023. 5395:Renewables 2010 Global Status Report 5311:Renewables 2012 Global status report 5258: 5196:from the original on 25 March 2023. 5100:Renewables 2014 Global Status Report 4654:Renewables Global Status Report 2012 4526:from the original on 28 August 2024. 3903: 3788: 3707:United Nations Environment Programme 3663: 3430: 3171:Non-technical barriers to acceptance 2601:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 2280:List of solar thermal power stations 1738:capacity. Since 2005, production of 1494:Solar hot water capacity (existing) 1445:Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe) 1357:Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe) 106: 70: 29: 9156:List of photovoltaic power stations 8299: 8205:. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 1170–1190. 7514:The Energiewende — Germany's gamble 7314: 6981: 6508: 6471: 5172:from the original on 11 July 2023. 5153:Source for data beginning in 2017: 4881: 4770: 4607:Ellerbeck, Stefan (16 March 2023). 4573:Carrington, Damian (6 April 2020). 4455:from the original on 28 June 2024. 2874:, another Chinese supplier. German 2133:List of photovoltaic power stations 2080:Solar energy technologies, such as 1972: 24: 12332:Renewable energy commercialization 12080:waste-water treatment technologies 9186:People associated with solar power 9161:List of pioneering solar buildings 9122:List of wind turbine manufacturers 8944:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2021. 8914:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2020. 8876:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2019. 8838:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2018. 8800:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2017. 8770:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2016. 8740:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2015. 8710:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2014. 8680:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2013. 8354:International Solar Energy Society 8229:National Research Council (2010). 7932:Lindsay Morris (25 January 2012). 7894:McGrew, Scott (2 September 2011). 7142:International Solar Energy Society 7038:W.W. Norton & Co, pp. 234–235. 7007:W.W. Norton & Co, pp. 228–232. 6976:International Solar Energy Society 6799:, 37(11) (November 2009), p. 4500. 6675:Top 10 PV module suppliers in 2013 6492: 5696:from the original on 22 June 2021. 5217:from the original on 31 May 2023. 4638:International Solar Energy Society 4530: 4451:. Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024. 4430:from the original on 22 May 2023. 4137:World Council for Renewable Energy 3772:United Nations' Secretary-General 3281:International Solar Energy Society 1753: 885:Renewable energy commercialization 25: 12368: 12065:agricultural wastewater treatment 11255:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 10953:Building-integrated photovoltaics 9212:List of geothermal power stations 9102:List of wind farms in New Zealand 8967: 8507:: Best and Future Policy Practice 7765:"Voluntary and mandatory markets" 7242:. Daily Telegraph. Archived from 6526:Ocean Power Technologies Projects 6170:"Wind Power: China Picks Up Pace" 5046:. 18 January 2012. Archived from 4519:. Lazard. June 2024. p. 16. 3609:These initiatives go well beyond 3360:Switzerland, and some US States. 3295: 2263:San Bernardino County, California 2169:for grid connected applications. 2163:building integrated photovoltaics 1792:Three generations of technologies 45:This article has multiple issues. 12018: 11812: 11811: 11263: 11158: 11147: 11146: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10277: 10223: 10211: 10200: 10199: 10187: 9743: 9734: 9733: 9298:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9030:Lists of renewable energy topics 8659:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2012 8638:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2011 8617:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2010 8596:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2009 8317: 8278: 8209: 8123: 8109:Randall, Tom (14 January 2016). 8102: 8085: 8059: 8040: 7996: 7965: 7944: 7902: 7896:"Solyndra to Declare Bankruptcy" 7887: 7875: 7827: 7801: 7779: 7757: 7317:"Tracking Clean Energy Progress" 7308: 7291: 7267: 7250: 7147: 7130: 7090:Knuth, Sarah (6 December 2021). 7083: 7068: 7041: 6964: 6952: 6939: 6926: 6910: 6828: 6815: 6812:, 31(4) (November 2009), p. 372. 6802: 5424:. 29 August 2011. Archived from 5177:● Source for data through 2016: 4683:. pp. 11–13. Archived from 4469:Chrobak, Ula (28 January 2021). 4006: 3992: 3978: 3964: 3950: 3793: 3668: 3435: 3142: 3119: 3096: 3073: 3050: 3027: 3004: 2981: 2958: 2935: 2331:(Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW 2246: 2111: 2071: 2059:geothermal energy in some form. 1965:debate, several economists from 1702:In 2013, China led the world in 1159: 1147: 1125: 838: 825: 824: 302:Energy efficiency implementation 111: 75: 34: 12146:List of energy storage projects 12070:industrial wastewater treatment 11923:Environmental impact assessment 11893:Environmental impact assessment 11235:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity 9151:List of photovoltaics companies 9082:List of wind farms in Australia 8341: 7922:. Retrieved: 20 September 2011. 6679: 6668: 6649: 6558: 6529: 6456: 6433: 6401: 6384: 6350: 6335: 6320: 6298: 6227: 6215: 6206: 6180: 6168:David Beattie (18 March 2011). 6161: 6145: 6089: 6045: 6026: 6017: 5974: 5961: 5924:"What is Geothermal Potential?" 5916: 5875: 5848: 5664:"Renewable Power Costs in 2022" 5365: 5087: 5054: 5010: 4990: 4708: 4477:. Infographic by Sara Chodosh. 4132:The Third Industrial Revolution 4038:List of energy storage projects 3196:than engineering and science". 2892:List of photovoltaics companies 2780:) is the concept of collecting 2710:Beyond the already established 2629: 2418:Information on pump, California 2309:Solar Energy Generating Systems 558:Ocean thermal energy conversion 53:or discuss these issues on the 11206: 9789: 9176:List of solar powered products 9141:Index of solar energy articles 9077:Lists of wind farms by country 7972:Steve Leone (25 August 2011). 7954:, (Paris: REN21 Secretariat), 7299:No consensus on offshore costs 4600: 4566: 3729:established European markets. 3227:, insufficient consumer-based 2645:(240 MW) is the world's first 2303:stations include the 354 2063:Second-generation technologies 1831:Second-generation technologies 13: 1: 11358: 10958:Passive solar building design 10369:Passive solar building design 10096:Blade element momentum theory 9107:List of wind farms in Romania 8284:InterAcademy Council (2007). 8003:Mark Tran (2 November 2011). 6849:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.023 6837:Journal of Cleaner Production 6656:Tildy Bayar (4 August 2011). 6032:International Energy Agency. 4809:International Energy Agency. 4387: 4082:Cost of electricity by source 3650:Center for Resource Solutions 3540:will need to be retired. The 2724:The Solar updraft tower (SUT) 2452:Third-generation technologies 2327:(Spain, 20 MW), and the 2176: 1896:First-generation technologies 1861:Third-generation technologies 1806:First-generation technologies 1778:levelised cost of electricity 1024: 387:Passive solar building design 12357:Environmental social science 10086:2020s in wind power research 9112:List of wind farms in Sweden 9097:List of wind farms in Kosovo 9087:List of wind farms in Canada 8079:Bloomberg New Energy Finance 7809:"Frequently asked questions" 7227:. BBC News. 21 October 2013. 6583:10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.128 5799:10.1016/j.renene.2011.12.020 5225:World Energy Investment 2023 5018:Council on Foreign Relations 4931:Ben Sills (29 August 2011). 4745:. p. 35. Archived from 4028:Lists about renewable energy 3551:Legislative support for the 3427:Energy transition in Germany 2333:Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 2269:can be seen in the distance. 2240:Solar thermal power stations 2068:continued growth worldwide. 2036:One of many power plants at 1887:may also play a major role". 1871:technologies, concentrating 921:solar thermal power stations 7: 11928:Environmental impact design 11794:Issues relating to biofuels 11784:Energy return on investment 10106:Energy return on investment 8989:Missing the Market Meltdown 8513:International Energy Agency 8500:International Energy Agency 8490:International Energy Agency 8480:International Energy Agency 8466:International Energy Agency 7843:High oil price hits Wall St 7548:Agora Energiewende (2015). 7511:Buchan, David (June 2012). 7457:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.026 6096:"Stabilizing Climate" (PDF) 4957:. p. 3. Archived from 4554:International Energy Agency 4495:. Lazard. 19 October 2020. 3943: 3536:. Most if not all existing 3375:Levelling the playing field 3229:renewable energy incentives 2700:enhanced geothermal systems 2690:Enhanced geothermal systems 2317:Andasol solar power station 2313:Solnova Solar Power Station 2207:List of offshore wind farms 2167:photovoltaic power stations 1798:International Energy Agency 945:International Energy Agency 845:Renewable energy portal 563:Renewable energy transition 131:. The specific problem is: 10: 12373: 12347:Renewable energy economics 12286:High-performance buildings 10474:Concentrator photovoltaics 10451:Photovoltaic power station 10414:Concentrator photovoltaics 9092:List of wind farms in Iran 9047:List of onshore wind farms 8348:Aitken, Donald W. (2010). 7884:, Reason, 9 September 2011 7872:, ABC News, 31 August 2011 6489:EPRI Ocean Energy Web Page 5702:(with numerical data) and 3907: 3832: 3312: 3225:subsidies for fossil-fuels 2889: 2886:Photovoltaic market trends 2851: 2839:Monocrystalline solar cell 2766: 2716: 2598: 2476:New bioenergy technologies 2362: 2335:, located in California's 2273: 2203:List of onshore wind farms 2196: 2126: 2091: 1990:People's Republic of China 1912: 1692: 1648: 1643: 1597: 1553: 1548: 1493: 1488: 1444: 1400: 1356: 1312: 1307: 1261: 1256: 12281:Heat recovery ventilation 12266:Environmental remediation 12191: 12094: 12027: 12016: 11883:Climate smart agriculture 11865: 11807: 11769:Energy content of biofuel 11751: 11683: 11599: 11490: 11366: 11272: 11261: 11214: 11142: 11121: 11091: 11070: 11049: 11033: 11007: 10971: 10945: 10902: 10895: 10855: 10824: 10791: 10782: 10762: 10564: 10516:artificial photosynthesis 10502: 10464: 10402: 10359: 10350: 10327: 10308: 10285: 10181: 10153:Variable renewable energy 10078: 10017: 9989: 9892: 9859: 9797: 9729: 9698: 9662: 9626: 9549: 9441: 9434: 9341: 9288: 9194: 9130: 9036: 8518:Solar Energy Perspectives 8505:Deploying Renewables 2011 8448: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8408: 8371:, Vol 1, 11 January 2016. 7210:28 September 2007 at the 7108:10.1177/0308518x211062601 6932:Diesendorf, Mark (2007). 6545:www.geothermal-energy.org 6536:Bertani, Ruggero (2009). 6442:World Energy Outlook 2006 6101:26 September 2007 at the 5933:, IGA News, 53, page 1-3. 5222:— From pages 8 and 12 of 4143: 4127:The Clean Tech Revolution 4059: 3874:to today's energy costs. 3802:This section needs to be 3677:This section needs to be 3444:This section needs to be 3334:Deploying Renewables 2011 3152: 2823:Renewable energy industry 2696:binary cycle power plants 2643:Rance Tidal Power Station 2590: 2442:Energy Policy Act of 2005 2359:Modern forms of bioenergy 2028:Geothermal power and heat 1600:(annual) (billion litres) 954:has a commitment to the " 407:Sustainable refurbishment 84:This article needs to be 12271:Glass in green buildings 12215:sustainable architecture 11859:Environmental technology 11743:Thermal depolymerization 11716:Industrial biotechnology 11062:Solar water disinfection 10531:Thermoelectric generator 10173:Wind resource assessment 8418:Summary for policymakers 8293:28 November 2007 at the 8219:. Accessed 31 Oct. 2023. 7914:25 December 2011 at the 7882:Obama's Crony Capitalism 6691:15 December 2012 at the 6632:Clean Energy Trends 2009 6449:20 November 2009 at the 6312:22 November 2009 at the 5377:16 November 2013 at the 5316:15 December 2012 at the 4904:Clean Energy Trends 2008 4659:15 December 2012 at the 4122:Rocky Mountain Institute 4067:Environmental skepticism 4043:List of large wind farms 4020: 3760:In his 24 January 2012, 3724:continuing in 2008. The 3534:energy demand management 3418:Energy sector regulation 3346:Renewable energy targets 2676:Ocean Power Technologies 2288:Solar Towers from left: 2159:remote-area power supply 2121:Nellis Solar Power Plant 2103:solar thermal collectors 1720:solar photovoltaic power 1042:Rationale for renewables 1019:greenhouse gas emissions 891:of three generations of 392:Sustainable architecture 347:Glass in green buildings 337:Environmental technology 267:Compact fluorescent lamp 208:Levelized cost of energy 18:Renewable-energy economy 12342:Renewable energy policy 11711:Fischer–Tropsch process 11701:Biomass heating systems 10770:Solar Shade Control Act 10554:Space-based solar power 9171:List of solar car teams 8365:The Frontiers of Energy 8265:University of Melbourne 8172:, 2.4.2.1, Table 2.6.1. 8072:18 October 2013 at the 7280:23 October 2013 at the 6825:, November 2009, p. 45. 6485:31 October 2012 at the 6330:Renewable Energy Access 6262:5 November 2010 at the 6039:5 November 2012 at the 5320:Executive summary REN21 5297:1 November 2011 at the 5198:IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 4276:Leonard L. Northrup Jr. 4117:PV financial incentives 4072:Catching the Sun (film) 3958:Renewable energy portal 3711:climate change concerns 3402:Green stimulus programs 3270:Public policy landscape 2774:Space-based solar power 2769:Space-based solar power 2706:Advanced solar concepts 2311:power plant in the US, 1853:concerns linked to the 1096:Fukushima nuclear plant 1057:, reduce dependency on 1014:Climate change concerns 713:Human-powered transport 417:Tropical green building 352:Green building and wood 12261:Environmental movement 11958:Sustainability science 11948:Public interest design 11873:Appropriate technology 11298:Gorlov helical turbine 11134:Solar power by country 10809:Thermal energy storage 10424:Nanocrystal solar cell 10374:Solar air conditioning 10168:Wind profile power law 10163:Wind power forecasting 8258:"Post Carbon Pathways" 8116:Bloomberg Businessweek 8053:Bloomberg Businessweek 7978:Renewable Energy World 7938:Renewable Energy World 7920:Bloomberg Businessweek 7342:20 August 2010 at the 6767:Delucchi, Mark A. and 6662:Renewable Energy World 6396:Renewable Energy World 6174:Renewable Energy World 6138:31 August 2007 at the 5969:website of Islandbanki 5422:Renewable Energy World 5280:Renewable Energy World 5005:Earth Policy Institute 4778:Renewable Energy World 3937: 3830: 3574:are exceptional". The 3544:of Germany's fleet of 3483: 3475: 3219: 3206:distributed generation 3180: 2840: 2832: 2745:. This airflow drives 2672: 2468:geothermal power, and 2419: 2385: 2329:PS10 solar power tower 2325:PS20 solar power tower 2319:(Spain, 100 MW), 2315:(Spain, 150 MW), 2297: 2261:from Yates Well Road, 2194: 2186: 2150: 2124: 2089: 2086:soft energy technology 2041: 1993: 1905: 1879:geothermal power, and 1774: 1763: 1264:(annual) (billion USD) 1114: 1101: 1075: 1038: 939:geothermal power, and 923:, and modern forms of 809:Personal rapid transit 551:Tidal stream generator 412:Thermal energy storage 332:Environmental planning 215: 212:electricity generation 194: 12140:hydrogen technologies 12054:Solid waste treatment 11015:Salt evaporation pond 10984:Hybrid solar lighting 10804:Phase-change material 10194:Wind power portal 8374:EurObserv'ER (2012). 7144:, January 2010, p. 6. 6978:, January 2010, p. 4. 6936:, UNSW Press, p. 293. 6810:Technology in Society 6713:Renewable Energy (53) 6638:18 March 2009 at the 6082:20 April 2009 at the 5400:16 April 2012 at the 5347:on 15 September 2014. 5274:25 March 2015 at the 4640:, January 2010, p. 3. 4341:Thomas H. Stoner, Jr. 4291:Stanford R. Ovshinsky 3972:Global warming portal 3932: 3894:climate change denial 3835:100% renewable energy 3828: 3785:100% renewable energy 3619:bankruptcies and low 3538:coal-fired generation 3481: 3470: 3389:New UK nuclear plants 3215: 3178: 2838: 2831:A Vestas wind turbine 2830: 2737:tower. The resulting 2667: 2659:Électricité de France 2616:municipal solid waste 2417: 2376: 2287: 2192: 2184: 2140: 2119: 2079: 2035: 1980: 1967:Iowa State University 1903: 1810:industrial revolution 1769: 1761: 1178:, a global renewable 1109: 1091: 1071: 1065:. Climate-disrupting 1055:world energy security 1032: 960:100% renewable energy 653:Sustainable transport 598:Floating wind turbine 427:Zero heating building 342:Fossil fuel phase-out 200: 191: 12311:Water heat recycling 12241:Efficient energy use 12231:Conservation biology 12168:Sustainable lighting 12104:Efficient energy use 11918:Environmental Design 11888:Environmental design 10549:Solar thermal rocket 9999:Consulting companies 9807:Airborne wind energy 8356:, January, 54 pages. 7984:on 28 September 2013 7492:on 20 September 2016 7074:HM Treasury (2006). 7034:11 July 2007 at the 7025:Brown, L.R. (2006). 7003:11 July 2007 at the 6994:Brown, L.R. (2006). 6901:HM Treasury (2006). 6522:1 April 2012 at the 6409:"Building Cellulose" 6291:8 April 2008 at the 6267:Yale Environment 360 6010:12 June 2009 at the 5954:8 March 2010 at the 5929:26 July 2011 at the 5904:on 24 September 2014 5044:World Public Opinion 5028:on 29 November 2009. 4910:10 July 2018 at the 4856:HM Treasury (2006). 4840:11 June 2007 at the 4752:on 5 September 2011. 4690:on 5 September 2011. 4613:World Economic Forum 4336:Benjamin K. Sovacool 4102:Environmental tariff 3910:Efficient energy use 3890:Post Carbon Pathways 3881:construction costs. 3713:coupled with recent 3365:developing countries 3248:in new technologies. 3186:Benjamin K. Sovacool 2848:Wind power companies 2624:sustainably produced 2458:biomass gasification 2355:have been approved. 2267:Clark Mountain Range 1947:developing countries 1865:biomass gasification 1117:Growth of renewables 933:biomass gasification 787:Personal transporter 682:Wind-powered vehicle 526:Marine current power 432:Zero-energy building 292:Efficient energy use 138:improve this article 127:to meet Knowledge's 12352:Renewable resources 12296:Nature conservation 12291:Land rehabilitation 12246:Energy conservation 12135:carbon-neutral fuel 12043:dispersion modeling 11799:Sustainable biofuel 11109:Solar water heating 10883:Solar water heating 10799:Grid energy storage 10526:Solar updraft tower 10445:Photovoltaic module 10440:Photovoltaic effect 10389:Solar water heating 10228:Additional portals: 10158:Virtual power plant 9991:Wind power industry 9869:Lists of wind farms 8550:Clean Energy Trends 8426:Headline statements 8332:3 June 2016 at the 7681:2013Natur.496..156S 7648:on 9 September 2016 7557:. Berlin, Germany: 7246:on 21 October 2013. 6823:Scientific American 6747:The Washington Post 6421:on 11 February 2021 5922:Bertani, R., 2003, 5861:CARD Working Papers 5835:Scientific American 5624:2014Natur.513..166M 5428:on 18 February 2015 5282:, 9 September 2009. 5020:(18 January 2012). 4964:on 3 December 2011. 4795:Wall Street Journal 4156:Richard L. Crowther 4077:Clean Energy Trends 3660:Recent developments 3593:Germany spends €1.5 3406:In response to the 2927:Yingli Green Energy 2854:Wind power industry 2800:would reside on an 2719:Solar updraft tower 2712:solar photovoltaics 2484: 2369:Sustainable biofuel 2323:(USA, 64 MW), 2301:Solar thermal power 2082:solar water heaters 1931:Biomass produces CO 1847:solar photovoltaics 972:BrightSource Energy 474:Carbon-neutral fuel 402:Sustainable habitat 257:Building insulation 245:Energy conservation 221:Part of a series on 12114:Energy development 12096:Sustainable energy 12085:water purification 12049:Industrial ecology 11313:Cross-flow turbine 10937:Solar-powered pump 10521:Solar-pumped laser 10434:Photovoltaic array 10429:Organic solar cell 10407:and related topics 7613:on 9 November 2016 7559:Agora Energiewende 7262:Windpower Offshore 7136:Donald W. Aitken. 6970:Donald W. Aitken. 6923:, 20 October 2009. 6921:The New York Times 6398:, 22 January 2009. 6361:The New York Times 6307:Assessing Biofuels 6269:, 27 October 2010. 5988:, 5 November 2009. 5248:OurWorldInData.org 4878:, 8 December 2007. 4813:29 September 2008. 4632:Donald W. Aitken. 3986:Environment portal 3924:sustainable energy 3898:fossil fuels lobby 3831: 3762:State of the Union 3568:Agora Energiewende 3484: 3476: 3309:Shifting subsidies 3181: 2841: 2833: 2607:cellulosic ethanol 2480: 2420: 2386: 2298: 2195: 2187: 2151: 2125: 2090: 2042: 1994: 1928:power generation. 1906: 1841:, modern forms of 1764: 1134:solar photovoltaic 1039: 489:Geothermal heating 317:Energy saving lamp 227:Sustainable energy 216: 195: 12319: 12318: 12156:commercialization 11825: 11824: 11738:Sabatier reaction 11326: 11325: 11174: 11173: 11117: 11116: 11099:Solar combisystem 11057:Soil solarization 10963:Urban heat island 10891: 10890: 10863:Electric aircraft 10778: 10777: 10489:Solar power tower 10245: 10244: 9837:on public display 9757: 9756: 9622: 9621: 9248: 9247: 8951:978-3-948393-03-8 8921:978-3-948393-00-7 8883:978-3-9818911-7-1 8845:978-3-9818911-3-3 8807:978-3-9818107-6-9 8777:978-3-9818107-0-7 8747:978-3-9815934-6-4 8717:978-3-9815934-2-6 8687:978-3-9815934-0-2 8486:, OECD, 34 pages. 8434:Technical summary 8402:eradicate poverty 8135:Our World in Data 8046:Sally Bakewell. " 7960:978-3-9815934-0-2 7603:978-3-8047-3550-7 7527:978-1-907555-52-7 7418:978-3-8047-3549-1 7383:on 6 October 2016 7303:Windpower Monthly 6916:Matthew L. Wald. 6237:(20 March 2014). 6051:Lester R. Brown. 5618:(7517): 166–168. 5267:and Janet Sawin. 5113:978-3-9815934-2-6 5050:on 15 March 2012. 4780:, 2 January 2006. 4776:Top of the list, 3920:energy efficiency 3904:Energy efficiency 3823: 3822: 3698: 3697: 3600:business-as-usual 3530:energy efficiency 3498:energy transition 3465: 3464: 3159: 3158: 2680:Reedsport, Oregon 2626:in many regions. 2597: 2596: 2527:Gulf Coast Energy 2521:Multiple sources 1922:mature technology 1808:emerged from the 1700: 1699: 882: 881: 479:Geothermal energy 184: 183: 176: 166: 165: 158: 129:quality standards 120:This article may 105: 104: 68: 16:(Redirected from 12364: 12256:Energy recycling 12177:electric vehicle 12151:Renewable energy 12125:alternative fuel 12075:sewage treatment 12059:Waste management 12022: 11913:Energy recycling 11908:Electric vehicle 11878:Clean technology 11852: 11845: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11815: 11814: 11659:Pongamia pinnata 11353: 11346: 11339: 11330: 11329: 11274:Hydroelectricity 11267: 11216:Hydroelectricity 11201: 11194: 11187: 11178: 11177: 11162: 11161: 11150: 11149: 11104:Solar controller 10900: 10899: 10789: 10788: 10484:Parabolic trough 10357: 10356: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10321:Solar irradiance 10272: 10265: 10258: 10249: 10248: 10232:Renewable energy 10227: 10215: 10214: 10203: 10202: 10192: 10191: 10038:GE Offshore Wind 9784: 9777: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9747: 9737: 9736: 9680:French Polynesia 9439: 9438: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9252: 9251: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9000: 8999: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8913: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8886:. 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Archived from 5748: 5739: 5728: 5727: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5635: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5414: 5405: 5388: 5382: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5327: 5321: 5308: 5302: 5289: 5283: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5239: 5233: 5221: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5105: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5068:. Archived from 5067: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5024:. Archived from 5014: 5008: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4928: 4919: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4854: 4845: 4825: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4732: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4670: 4664: 4650: 4641: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4570: 4564: 4551: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4490: 4482: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4397: 4226:Mark Z. Jacobson 4016: 4011: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3859:Mark Z. Jacobson 3818: 3815: 3809: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3596: 3565:policy institute 3561:renewable energy 3546:nuclear reactors 3514:renewable energy 3460: 3457: 3451: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3315:Energy subsidies 3155: 3147: 3146: 3124: 3123: 3101: 3100: 3078: 3077: 3055: 3054: 3032: 3031: 3009: 3008: 2986: 2985: 2963: 2962: 2940: 2939: 2900: 2899: 2728:renewable-energy 2684:Coos Bay, Oregon 2593: 2570:Little Falls, MN 2514:BlueFire Ethanol 2485: 2479: 2321:Nevada Solar One 2250: 2045:Geothermal power 2013:Three Gorges Dam 1997:Hydroelectricity 1986:Three Gorges Dam 1973:Hydroelectricity 1825:geothermal power 1750:for US-figures. 1704:renewable energy 1210: 1209: 1163: 1151: 1129: 1063:greenhouse gases 1051:Renewable energy 905:geothermal power 901:hydroelectricity 893:renewable energy 874: 867: 860: 847: 843: 842: 833: 828: 827: 665:Electric vehicle 514:Run-of-the-river 499:Hydroelectricity 484:Geothermal power 445:Renewable energy 397:Sustainable city 372:Low-energy house 312:Energy recycling 237: 218: 217: 179: 172: 161: 154: 150: 147: 141: 115: 114: 107: 100: 97: 91: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12276:Green computing 12251:Energy recovery 12187: 12119:Energy recovery 12109:Electrification 12090: 12036:Air pollution ( 12023: 12014: 11861: 11856: 11826: 11821: 11803: 11779:Energy forestry 11747: 11679: 11641:Jatropha curcas 11602: 11595: 11503:Camelina sativa 11493: 11486: 11362: 11357: 11327: 11322: 11283:Francis turbine 11268: 11259: 11210: 11205: 11175: 11170: 11138: 11113: 11087: 11066: 11045: 11029: 11003: 10967: 10941: 10906: 10887: 10851: 10820: 10784: 10774: 10758: 10560: 10504: 10498: 10460: 10406: 10398: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10325: 10304: 10281: 10276: 10246: 10241: 10186: 10177: 10148:Tip-speed ratio 10143:Net energy gain 10101:Capacity factor 10074: 10013: 9985: 9888: 9874:Community-owned 9855: 9793: 9788: 9758: 9753: 9725: 9694: 9658: 9618: 9545: 9430: 9337: 9284: 9279: 9249: 9244: 9190: 9126: 9032: 9027: 8970: 8965: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8941: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8911: 8896: 8894: 8893:on 18 June 2021 8890: 8884: 8873: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8835: 8820: 8818: 8817:on 10 July 2021 8814: 8808: 8797: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8767: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8737: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8707: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8677: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8344: 8339: 8334:Wayback Machine 8322: 8318: 8307: 8300: 8295:Wayback Machine 8283: 8279: 8271: 8260: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8107: 8103: 8090: 8086: 8074:Wayback Machine 8064: 8060: 8045: 8041: 8029: 8023: 8016: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7985: 7970: 7966: 7950:REN21. (2013). 7949: 7945: 7930: 7926: 7916:Wayback Machine 7907: 7903: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7787:"About Green-e" 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7689:10.1038/496156a 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7350: 7344:Wayback Machine 7331: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7296: 7292: 7282:Wayback Machine 7272: 7268: 7255: 7251: 7236: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7212:Wayback Machine 7200: 7191: 7173: 7152: 7148: 7135: 7131: 7088: 7084: 7073: 7069: 7046: 7042: 7036:Wayback Machine 7024: 7011: 7005:Wayback Machine 6993: 6982: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6863: 6856: 6833: 6829: 6820: 6816: 6807: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6775: 6765: 6758: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6693:Wayback Machine 6684: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6654: 6650: 6640:Wayback Machine 6617: 6606: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6524:Wayback Machine 6513: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6487:Wayback Machine 6476: 6472: 6461: 6457: 6451:Wayback Machine 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6389: 6385: 6374: 6367: 6363:, 24 June 2010. 6355: 6351: 6345:Washington Post 6340: 6336: 6325: 6321: 6314:Wayback Machine 6303: 6299: 6293:Wayback Machine 6280: 6273: 6264:Wayback Machine 6254: 6250: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6194:on 15 July 2011 6186: 6185: 6181: 6166: 6162: 6150: 6146: 6140:Wayback Machine 6124: 6120: 6107:Lester R. Brown 6103:Wayback Machine 6094: 6090: 6084:Wayback Machine 6074: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6041:Wayback Machine 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6012:Wayback Machine 5999: 5992: 5980:Leonora Walet. 5979: 5975: 5966: 5962: 5956:Wayback Machine 5946: 5937: 5931:Wayback Machine 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5756:on 15 July 2019 5753: 5746: 5740: 5731: 5716: 5709: 5704:archive thereof 5684: 5683: 5679: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5633:10.1038/513166a 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5402:Wayback Machine 5389: 5385: 5379:Wayback Machine 5370: 5366: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5318:Wayback Machine 5309: 5305: 5299:Wayback Machine 5290: 5286: 5276:Wayback Machine 5263: 5259: 5240: 5236: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5193: 5182: 5178: 5174:IEA. CC BY 4.0. 5169: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5075:on 17 July 2016 5072: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5015: 5011: 5007:, 2009, p. 135. 4997:Lester R. Brown 4995: 4991: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4929: 4922: 4912:Wayback Machine 4889: 4882: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4848: 4842:Wayback Machine 4826: 4817: 4808: 4801: 4789:Keith Johnson, 4788: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4726: 4713: 4709: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4661:Wayback Machine 4651: 4644: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4571: 4567: 4563:OECD, 34 pages. 4552: 4531: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4475:Popular Science 4467: 4463: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4420: 4416: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4376:John I. Yellott 4361:Martin Vosseler 4286:Monica Oliphant 4201:Michael Grätzel 4186:Harrison Fraker 4181:Hans-Josef Fell 4166:Mark Diesendorf 4146: 4141: 4062: 4057: 4023: 4014:Business portal 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3912: 3906: 3837: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3715:high oil prices 3694: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3641: 3594: 3473:Rheinland-Pfalz 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3412:US$ 188 billion 3411: 3408:Great Recession 3404: 3377: 3348: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3272: 3173: 3153: 3141: 3118: 3095: 3088:Hanwha Solarone 3072: 3049: 3026: 3003: 2980: 2957: 2934: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2894: 2888: 2856: 2850: 2825: 2771: 2721: 2708: 2692: 2632: 2603: 2591: 2482: 2478: 2454: 2429:DaimlerChrysler 2382:filling station 2371: 2361: 2282: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2209: 2179: 2135: 2127:Main articles: 2114: 2096: 2094:Solar hot water 2074: 2065: 2030: 1975: 1934: 1915: 1898: 1851:energy security 1794: 1756: 1754:Economic trends 1599: 1537: 1536: 1500:, 2019-2020 EJ) 1499: 1495: 1263: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1119: 1044: 1027: 878: 837: 836: 823: 816: 815: 655: 645: 644: 447: 437: 436: 422:Waste-to-energy 377:Microgeneration 307:Energy recovery 247: 206: 180: 169: 168: 167: 162: 151: 145: 142: 135: 116: 112: 101: 95: 92: 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12370: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12182:hybrid vehicle 12179: 12173:Transportation 12170: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12148: 12143: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12040: 12033: 12031: 12025: 12024: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11955: 11953:Sustainability 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Green building 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11898:Eco-innovation 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11832: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11644: 11637: 11632: 11630:Chinese tallow 11627: 11620: 11615: 11607: 11605: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11498: 11496: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11477:Water hyacinth 11474: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11445: 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10886: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10837:Feed-in tariff 10834: 10832:Cost by source 10828: 10826: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10806: 10801: 10795: 10793: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10744:United Kingdom 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10614:Czech Republic 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10535:Space-related 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512:Solar chemical 10508: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10419:Floating solar 10416: 10410: 10408: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10123:Energy subsidy 10120: 10119: 10118: 10111:Energy storage 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10060:Siemens Gamesa 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10029: 10023: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9959: 9949: 9947:Unconventional 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9912:Crosswind kite 9909: 9904: 9898: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9879:Offshore farms 9876: 9871: 9865: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9607:United Kingdom 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9456:Czech Republic 9453: 9447: 9445: 9443:European Union 9436: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9026: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8969: 8968:External links 8966: 8964: 8963: 8950: 8933: 8920: 8903: 8882: 8865: 8855:on 8 June 2021 8844: 8827: 8806: 8789: 8776: 8759: 8746: 8729: 8716: 8699: 8686: 8669: 8648: 8627: 8606: 8585: 8569: 8559: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8497: 8487: 8477: 8463: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8430: 8422: 8414: 8413:, chapters I–V 8410:Report website 8393: 8381: 8372: 8357: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8316: 8298: 8277: 8248: 8241: 8221: 8208: 8186: 8184:, p. 111. 8174: 8159: 8147: 8122: 8101: 8084: 8058: 8039: 8014: 7995: 7964: 7943: 7924: 7901: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7835: 7826: 7815:on 4 July 2013 7800: 7778: 7756: 7730: 7719:. 28 July 2012 7701: 7659: 7624: 7602: 7579: 7568:on 2 June 2016 7540: 7526: 7503: 7469: 7431: 7417: 7394: 7359: 7348: 7325: 7307: 7290: 7266: 7249: 7230: 7216: 7189: 7146: 7129: 7082: 7067: 7040: 7009: 6980: 6963: 6951: 6938: 6925: 6909: 6891: 6873: 6854: 6827: 6814: 6801: 6785: 6756: 6733: 6722:on 31 May 2014 6696: 6678: 6667: 6648: 6604: 6557: 6528: 6507: 6491: 6470: 6455: 6432: 6400: 6390:Decker, Jeff. 6383: 6365: 6349: 6334: 6332:, 15 May 2006. 6319: 6297: 6271: 6248: 6243:New York Times 6235:Diane Cardwell 6226: 6214: 6205: 6179: 6160: 6144: 6118: 6088: 6068: 6057: 6044: 6025: 6016: 5990: 5973: 5960: 5935: 5915: 5885: 5874: 5847: 5821: 5767: 5729: 5707: 5677: 5655: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5439: 5406: 5383: 5364: 5322: 5303: 5284: 5257: 5234: 5202: 5146: 5112: 5086: 5053: 5031: 5009: 4989: 4967: 4942: 4920: 4880: 4876:UN News Centre 4862: 4846: 4815: 4799: 4782: 4769: 4724: 4707: 4665: 4652:REN21 (2012). 4642: 4625: 4599: 4565: 4529: 4505: 4461: 4436: 4414: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4326:Hermann Scheer 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4306:Hélène Pelosse 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Richard Levine 4238: 4236:Jeremy Leggett 4233: 4231:Stefan Krauter 4228: 4223: 4221:Tetsunari Iida 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Andrew Blakers 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4107:Feed-in Tariff 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4003: 3989: 3975: 3961: 3945: 3942: 3908:Main article: 3905: 3902: 3849:primary energy 3841:global warming 3833:Main article: 3821: 3820: 3801: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3751:administration 3696: 3695: 3676: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3640: 3637: 3616:feed-in tariff 3611:European Union 3557:greenhouse gas 3516:(particularly 3463: 3462: 3443: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3385:carbon pricing 3376: 3373: 3353:European Union 3347: 3344: 3310: 3307: 3297: 3296:Shifting taxes 3294: 3271: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3214: 3213: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3079:United States 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2998: 2996:Canadian Solar 2993: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2887: 2884: 2849: 2846: 2824: 2821: 2743:chimney effect 2707: 2704: 2691: 2688: 2631: 2628: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583:Auburndale, FL 2581: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557:Emmetsburg, IA 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531:Mossy Head, FL 2529: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2477: 2474: 2464:technologies, 2453: 2450: 2360: 2357: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2178: 2175: 2145:speaks at the 2113: 2110: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2029: 2026: 1974: 1971: 1938:carbon neutral 1932: 1914: 1911: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1885:nanotechnology 1883:. Advances in 1858: 1828: 1793: 1790: 1755: 1752: 1710:, mainly from 1698: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1047:Climate change 1043: 1040: 1026: 1023: 880: 879: 877: 876: 869: 862: 854: 851: 850: 849: 848: 834: 818: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 801: 800: 799: 792:Rail transport 789: 784: 783: 782: 777: 772: 767: 765:Roller skating 762: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 738:Cycle rickshaw 735: 725: 720: 710: 709: 708: 703: 702: 701: 694:Human-electric 689:Hybrid vehicle 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 673: 672: 656: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 580: 575: 570: 568:Renewable heat 565: 560: 555: 554: 553: 548: 543: 533: 528: 523: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 460: 459: 448: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Green building 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327:Energy storage 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 243: 242: 239: 238: 230: 229: 223: 222: 182: 181: 164: 163: 119: 117: 110: 103: 102: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12369: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12337:Energy policy 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12225:New Classical 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12190: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11999:refurbishment 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962:Sustainable ( 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11938:Green vehicle 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11903:Ecotechnology 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11841: 11839: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11818: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11789:Food vs. fuel 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11431:vegetable oil 11429: 11428: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11354: 11349: 11347: 11342: 11340: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11308:Turgo turbine 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11293:Tyson turbine 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11266: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11202: 11197: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11167: 11166: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11129:Photovoltaics 11127: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11092:Water heating 11090: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020:Solar furnace 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10878:Solar vehicle 10876: 10874: 10873:Solar balloon 10871: 10869: 10868:Electric boat 10866: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10823: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10781: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10749:United States 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10539:Magnetic sail 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10494:Solar tracker 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447:(solar panel) 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436:(and systems) 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10404:Photovoltaics 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10379:Solar chimney 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10261: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10019:Manufacturers 10016: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10004:Manufacturers 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9952:Vertical-axis 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9932:Pitch bearing 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9894:Wind turbines 9891: 9885: 9884:Onshore farms 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9822:Land vehicles 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9740: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699:South America 9697: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9654:United States 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627:North America 9625: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9024: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8923: 8917: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8779: 8773: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8576:Wilder, Clint 8573: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8537:Makower, Joel 8535: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8370: 8369:Nature Energy 8366: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8281: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8244: 8242:9780309137089 8238: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8212: 8204: 8203:Energy Policy 8197: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8151: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8097:BusinessGreen 8094: 8088: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8062: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7905: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7844: 7839: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7788: 7782: 7766: 7760: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7718: 7717:The Economist 7714: 7708: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7644: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7592: 7591: 7583: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7544: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7515: 7507: 7488: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7445:Energy Policy 7442: 7435: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7379: 7372: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6929: 6922: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6889:Final Report. 6888: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6818: 6811: 6805: 6798: 6797:Energy Policy 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780:Energy Policy 6774: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5596:, p. 40. 5595: 5590: 5584:, p. 19. 5583: 5578: 5572:, p. 19. 5571: 5566: 5560:, p. 21. 5559: 5554: 5548:, p. 19. 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5452:, p. 35. 5451: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5265:Eric Martinot 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5135: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4985: 4984:Energy Policy 4978: 4971: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4720:Nature Energy 4717: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Stuart Wenham 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Zhengrong Shi 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Jeremy Rifkin 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:Eric Martinot 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Gaspar Makale 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Chris Goodall 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161:James Dehlsen 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4001: 4000:Energy portal 3995: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3827: 3817: 3805: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3692: 3680: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629:German States 3624: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3580:energy policy 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522:photovoltaics 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3456:February 2022 3447: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908:Solar Module 2907: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2758:Vortex engine 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747:wind turbines 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2589: 2586:Citrus peels 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437:flexible-fuel 2434: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:Mojave Desert 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2129:Photovoltaics 2122: 2118: 2112:Photovoltaics 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2099:Solar heating 2095: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2072:Solar heating 2069: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2005:Hydroelectric 2002: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963:food vs. fuel 1958: 1956: 1952: 1949:, as well as 1948: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1902: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:solar thermal 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837:and cooling, 1836: 1835:solar heating 1832: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736:nuclear power 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:hydroelectric 1709: 1705: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496:(2008-2018 GW 1492: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200:green economy 1197: 1196:Achim Steiner 1191: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1180:energy policy 1177: 1162: 1150: 1135: 1128: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083:Eurobarometer 1079: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 967: 965: 964:energy policy 961: 957: 952: 951:Public policy 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:photovoltaics 910: 909:solar heating 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887:involves the 886: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 855: 853: 852: 846: 841: 835: 832: 822: 821: 820: 819: 810: 807: 806: 805: 804:Rapid transit 802: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 788: 785: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 770:Skateboarding 768: 766: 763: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 707: 704: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 691: 690: 687: 683: 680: 678: 677:Solar vehicle 675: 671: 668: 667: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660:Green vehicle 658: 657: 654: 649: 648: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 541:Tidal barrage 539: 538: 537: 534: 532: 531:Marine energy 529: 527: 524: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 458: 455: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 441: 440: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Passive house 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 241: 240: 236: 232: 231: 228: 225: 224: 220: 219: 213: 209: 204: 199: 190: 186: 178: 175: 160: 157: 149: 139: 134: 130: 126: 125: 118: 109: 108: 99: 96:February 2019 87: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 12301:Permaculture 12220:New Urbanism 12192:Conservation 12155: 11984:food systems 11969:architecture 11657: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11622: 11618:Big bluestem 11610: 11603:energy crops 11558: 11501: 11303:Pelton wheel 11163: 11151: 11078:Desalination 11071:Desalination 11050:Disinfection 11041:Solar cooker 11008:Process heat 10909:horticulture 10896:Applications 10856:Applications 10847:Net metering 10783:Distribution 10719:South Africa 10709:Saudi Arabia 10505:and proposed 10503:Experimental 10466:Concentrated 10394:Thermal mass 10279:Solar energy 10216: 10204: 10185: 10133:Hybrid power 9902:Aerodynamics 9675:Cook Islands 9333:South Africa 8977: 8955:. Retrieved 8937: 8925:. Retrieved 8907: 8895:. Retrieved 8888:the original 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8850:the original 8831: 8819:. Retrieved 8812:the original 8793: 8781:. Retrieved 8763: 8751:. Retrieved 8733: 8721:. Retrieved 8703: 8691:. Retrieved 8673: 8661:. Retrieved 8652: 8640:. Retrieved 8631: 8619:. Retrieved 8610: 8598:. Retrieved 8589: 8579: 8572:Pernick, Ron 8565: 8548: 8545:Clint Wilder 8528: 8516: 8503: 8493: 8483: 8469: 8459: 8400: 8392:, 575 pages. 8387: 8380:, 250 pages. 8375: 8368: 8349: 8342:Bibliography 8325: 8319: 8314:Report E074. 8310: 8286: 8280: 8269:the original 8264: 8251: 8231: 8224: 8211: 8202: 8189: 8177: 8157:, C.2.4.2.1. 8150: 8138:. Retrieved 8134: 8125: 8114: 8104: 8096: 8087: 8077: 8061: 8051: 8042: 8033: 8009:The Guardian 8008: 7998: 7986:. Retrieved 7982:the original 7977: 7967: 7951: 7946: 7937: 7927: 7919: 7904: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7817:. Retrieved 7813:the original 7803: 7791:. Retrieved 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7759: 7747:. 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Retrieved 6544: 6531: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6479:Ocean energy 6478: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6441: 6435: 6423:. Retrieved 6416:the original 6403: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6360: 6356:Erica Gies. 6352: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6322: 6305: 6300: 6266: 6255:Todd Woody. 6251: 6242: 6229: 6217: 6208: 6196:. Retrieved 6192:the original 6182: 6173: 6163: 6156:The Guardian 6154: 6147: 6130: 6121: 6110: 6091: 6071: 6060: 6052: 6047: 6028: 6019: 5985: 5976: 5963: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5902:the original 5877: 5865:. Retrieved 5860: 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5834: 5824: 5812:. Retrieved 5790: 5786: 5758:. Retrieved 5751:the original 5723: 5689: 5680: 5667: 5658: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5430:. Retrieved 5426:the original 5421: 5386: 5367: 5342:the original 5325: 5306: 5287: 5279: 5260: 5247: 5237: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5197: 5186: 5173: 5162: 5149: 5099: 5089: 5077:. 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Retrieved 4579:The Guardian 4578: 4568: 4558: 4508: 4492: 4474: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4431: 4417: 4405:BloombergNEF 4404: 4395: 4371:Clint Wilder 4356:John Twidell 4351:Félix Trombe 4346:Peter Taylor 4316:Phil Radford 4281:Arthur Nozik 4256:Joel Makower 4246:Amory Lovins 4206:Martin Green 4176:David Faiman 3938: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879:transmission 3876: 3857: 3854: 3838: 3811: 3803: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3734:Barack Obama 3731: 3722:upward trend 3719: 3702:clean energy 3699: 3686: 3678: 3646: 3642: 3633:Energiewende 3632: 3625: 3608: 3604:Energiewende 3603: 3592: 3588:Energiewende 3587: 3584: 3576:Energiewende 3575: 3572:Energiewende 3571: 3553:Energiewende 3552: 3550: 3497: 3489:Energiewende 3487: 3485: 3453: 3445: 3421: 3405: 3378: 3369: 3362: 3349: 3340: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3303: 3299: 3289:Lester Brown 3285: 3276:Stern Review 3273: 3264: 3260: 3216: 3198: 3194:institutions 3193: 3189: 3182: 3160: 3102:South Korea 2895: 2858:As of 2010, 2857: 2842: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2755: 2723: 2722: 2709: 2693: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2640: 2635:Ocean energy 2633: 2630:Ocean energy 2604: 2508:Wheat straw 2483:in the U.S. 2470:ocean energy 2466:hot-dry-rock 2455: 2446: 2421: 2405:ethanol fuel 2399: 2387: 2378:Neat ethanol 2299: 2234: 2231: 2224:, and 6% in 2210: 2171: 2152: 2143:Barack Obama 2107: 2097: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2009: 1995: 1959: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1916: 1907: 1890: 1881:ocean energy 1877:hot-dry-rock 1860: 1830: 1805: 1795: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1745: 1732:fossil fuels 1728:solar energy 1701: 1693: 1205: 1192: 1184: 1172: 1110: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067:fossil fuels 1059:fossil fuels 1045: 1012: 968: 956:Energiewende 949: 941:ocean energy 937:hot-dry-rock 884: 883: 743:Kick scooter 728:Land vehicle 297:Energy audit 262:Cogeneration 185: 170: 152: 146:October 2019 143: 136:Please help 132: 121: 93: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 12236:Ecoforestry 11994:procurement 11979:development 11964:agriculture 11774:Energy crop 11721:Pellet fuel 11706:Biorefinery 11670:Switchgrass 11514:Coconut oil 11492:Energy from 11426:Cooking oil 11411:Biogasoline 11386:Babassu oil 11318:Water wheel 11245:Micro hydro 11240:Small hydro 11083:Solar still 10979:Daylighting 10917:Agrivoltaic 10904:Agriculture 10689:New Zealand 10684:Netherlands 10352:Solar power 9685:New Zealand 9592:Switzerland 9521:Netherlands 9411:Philippines 9351:Afghanistan 9195:Other lists 9132:Solar power 8541:Ron Pernick 8476:, 11 pages. 8462:, 17 pages. 8384:HM Treasury 8361:M.V. 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