1863:
298:, which is when there is blood present in the urine, 2: flank pain, which is pain on the side of the body between the hip and ribs, and 3: an abdominal mass, similar to bloating but larger. It is now known that this classic triad of symptoms only occurs in 10â15% of cases, and is usually indicative that the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is in an advanced stage. Today, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often asymptomatic, meaning it presents no symptoms, and is commonly detected incidentally during examinations for unrelated medical conditions. The percentage of asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed RCC cases, particularly smaller tumors, has continued to rise in recent years.
746:
1619:
143:
560:
650:
2359:. Incidentally diagnosed renal cell cancer (no symptoms) differs in outlook from those diagnosed after presenting symptoms of renal cell carcinoma or metastasis. The five-year survival rate was higher for incidental than for symptomatic tumours: 85.3% versus 62.5%. Incidental lesions were significantly lower stage than those that cause symptoms, since 62.1% patients with incidental renal cell carcinoma were observed with Stage I lesions, against 23% were found with symptomatic renal cell carcinoma.
2221:
mRCC (sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab, sorafenib, everolimus, pazopanib and axitinib). These new treatments are based on the fact that renal cell carcinomas are very vascular tumours â they contain a large number of blood vessels. The drugs aim to inhibit the growth of new blood vessels in the tumours, hence slowing growth and in some cases, reducing the size of the tumours. Side effects unfortunately are quite common with these treatments and include:
1611:
1777:
1972:). These modalities are at a disadvantage compared to traditional surgery in that pathologic confirmation of complete tumor destruction is not possible. Therefore, long-term follow-up is crucial to assess completeness of tumour ablation. Ideally, percutaneous ablation is restricted to tumours smaller than 3.5 cm and to guide the treatment. However, there are some cases where ablation can be used on tumors that are larger.
29:
1662:. In a microscopic context, there are four major histologic subtypes of renal cell cancer: clear cell (conventional RCC, 75%), papillary (15%), chromophobic (5%), and collecting duct (2%). Sarcomatoid changes (morphology and patterns of IHC that mimic sarcoma, spindle cells) can be observed within any RCC subtype and are associated with more aggressive clinical course and worse prognosis. Under light microscopy, these
1442:. However this is not routinely performed because when the typical imaging features of renal cell carcinoma are present, the possibility of an incorrectly negative result together with the risk of a medical complication to the patient may make it unfavourable from a risk-benefit perspective. However, biopsy tests for molecular analysis to distinguish benign from malignant renal tumours is of investigative interest.
1847:. The partial nephrectomy involves the removal of the affected tissue only, sparing the rest of the kidney, Gerota's fascia and the regional lymph nodes. This allows for more renal preservation as compared to the radical nephrectomy, and this can have positive long-term health benefits. Larger and more complex tumors can also be treated with partial nephrectomy by surgeons with a lot of kidney surgery experience.
121:
1631:
1293:(ALT) are found to be at abnormally high levels. The staging of the cancer can also be determined by abnormal elevated levels of calcium, which suggests that the cancer may have metastasised to the bones. In this case, a doctor should be prompted for a CT scan. Blood chemistry tests also assess the overall function of the kidneys and can allow the doctor to decide upon further radiological tests.
1685:, which is named by the dissolving of the cells' high lipid content in the cytoplasm. The clear cells are thought to be the least likely to spread and usually respond more favourably to treatment. However, most of the tumours contain a mixture of cells. The most aggressive stage of renal cancer is believed to be the one in which the tumour is mixed, containing both clear and granular cells.
1903:
and quicker recovery time but there are still risks associated with the surgical procedure. These have the advantage of being less of a burden for the patient and the disease-free survival is comparable to that of open surgery. For small exophytic lesions that do not extensively involve the major vessels or urinary collecting system, a
193:, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90â95% of cases. It is more common in men (with a male-to-female ratio of up to 2:1). It is most commonly diagnosed in the elderly (especially in people over 75 years of age).
270:(PNS) which are conditions caused by either the hormones produced by the tumour or by the body's attack on the tumour and are present in about 20% of those with RCC. These syndromes most commonly affect tissues which have not been invaded by the cancer. The most common PNSs seen in people with RCC are:
5531:
Weight, Christopher J.; Crispen, Paul L.; Breau, Rodney H.; Kim, Simon P.; Lohse, Christine M.; Boorjian, Stephen A.; Thompson, R. Houston; Leibovich, Bradley C. (2013). "Practice-setting and surgeon characteristics heavily influence the decision to perform partial nephrectomy among
American Urologic
1858:
which is on the same side as the affected kidney, and the regional retroperitoneal lymph nodes, all at the same time. This method, although severe, is effective. But it is not always appropriate, as it is a major surgery that contains the risk of complication both during and after the surgery and can
1461:
is given to allow for a more detailed image. Patients on dialysis or those who have renal insufficiency should avoid this contrasting material as it may induce a rare, yet severe, side effect known as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. A bone scan or brain imaging is not routinely performed unless signs
6728:
Patil, Sujata; Manola, Judith; Elson, Paul; Negrier, Sylvie; Escudier, Bernard; Eisen, Tim; Atkins, Michael; Bukowski, Ronald; Motzer, Robert J. (2012). "Improvement in
Overall Survival of Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Factor Trend Analysis from an International Data Set of
2390:
The incidence of RCC varies between sexes, ages, races and geographic location around the world. Men have a higher incidence than women (approximately 1.6:1) and the vast majority are diagnosed after 65 years of age. Asians reportedly have a significantly lower incidence of RCC than whites and while
2115:
and axitinib, it probably results in more death, but it may slightly reduce serious unwanted effects. When compared with combinations of immunotherapy (nivolumab and ipilimumab), sunitinib may lead to more progression and serious effects. There may be little to no difference in progression, survival
1902:
techniques. Commonly referred to as key hole surgery, this surgery does not have the large incisions seen in a classically performed radical or partial nephrectomy, but still successfully removes either all or part of the kidney. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with shorter stays in the hospital
1301:
The characteristic appearance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a solid renal lesion which disturbs the renal contour. It will frequently have an irregular or lobulated margin and may be seen as a lump on the lower pelvic or abdomen region. Traditionally, 85 to 90% of solid renal masses will turn out
5181:
Kovacs, Gyula; Akhtar, Mohammed; Beckwith, Bruce J.; Bugert, Peter; Cooper, Colin S.; Delahunt, Brett; Eble, John N.; Fleming, Stewart; Ljungberg, Börje; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey; Moch, Holger; Reuter, Victor E.; Ritz, Eberhard; Roos, Göran; Schmidt, Dietmar; Srigley, John R.; Störkel, Stephan; Van Den
2343:
investments, the survivability reduces to near 60%. Factors as general health and fitness or the severity of their symptoms impact the survival rates. For instance, younger people (among 20â40 years old) have a better outcome despite having more symptoms at presentation, possibly due to lower rates
2263:
The prognosis is influenced by several factors, including tumour size, degree of invasion and metastasis, histologic type, and nuclear grade. Staging is the most important factor in the outcome of renal cell cancer. The following numbers are based on patients first diagnosed in 2001 and 2002 by the
2212:
by the time they are diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma. This high proportion is explained by the fact that clinical signs are generally mild until the disease progresses to a more severe state. The most common sites for metastasis are the lymph nodes, lung, bones, liver and brain. How this spread
1870:
In cases where the tumor has spread into the renal vein, inferior vena cava, and possibly the right atrium, this portion of the tumor can be surgically removed, as well. When the tumor involved the inferior vena cava, it is important to classify which parts of the vena cava are involved and to plan
1787:
The type of treatment depends on multiple factors and the individual, some of which include the stage of renal cell carcinoma (organs and parts of the body affected/unaffected), type of renal cell carcinoma, pre-existing or comorbid conditions and overall health and age of the person. Every form of
1673:
Recent studies have brought attention to the close association of the type of cancerous cells to the aggressiveness of the condition. Some studies suggest that these cancerous cells accumulate glycogen and lipids, their cytoplasm appear "clear", the nuclei remain in the middle of the cells, and the
5495:
Weight, Christopher J.; Larson, Benjamin T.; Fergany, Amr F.; Gao, Tianming; Lane, Brian R.; Campbell, Steven C.; Kaouk, Jihad H.; Klein, Eric A.; Novick, Andrew C. (2010). "Nephrectomy
Induced Chronic Renal Insufficiency is Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Death from Any
2386:
The incidence of the disease varies according to geographic, demographic and, to a lesser extent, hereditary factors. There are some known risk factors, however the significance of other potential risk factors remains more controversial. The incidence of the cancer has been increasing in frequency
3385:
Boffetta, P.; Fontana, L.; Stewart, P.; Zaridze, D.; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N.; Janout, V.; Bencko, V.; Foretova, L.; Jinga, V.; Matveev, V.; Kollarova, H.; Ferro, G.; Chow, W.-H.; Rothman, N.; Van Bemmel, D.; Karami, S.; Brennan, P.; Moore, L. E. (2011). "Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium,
2220:
The available treatments for RCC discussed in the "Treatment" section are also relevant for the metastatic form of the disease. Options include interleukin-2, which is a standard therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. From 2007 to 2013, seven new treatments have been approved specifically for
2216:
MRCC has a poor prognosis compared to other cancers, although average survival times have increased in the last few years due to treatment advances. Average survival time in 2008 for the metastatic form of the disease was under a year, and by 2013 this improved to an average of 22 months. Despite
1759:
et al. (2007) has shown that the
Fuhrman grading is ideal for clear cell carcinoma but may not be appropriate for chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and that the staging of cancer (accomplished by CT scan) is a more favourable predictor of the prognosis of this disease. In relation to renal cancer
1344:
The main imaging tests performed in order to identify renal cell carcinoma are pelvic and abdominal CT scans, ultrasound tests of the kidneys (ultrasonography), MRI scans, intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or renal angiography. Among these main diagnostic tests, other radiologic tests such as excretory
1944:
to treat localized tumors if a surgical procedure is not a good option. Although the use of laparoscopic surgical techniques for complete nephrectomies has reduced some of the risks associated with surgery, surgery of any sort in some cases will still not be feasible. For example, the elderly,
1808:
Active surveillance or "watchful waiting" is becoming more common as small renal masses or tumours are being detected and also within the older generation when surgery is not always suitable. Active surveillance involves completing various diagnostic procedures, tests and imaging to monitor the
1799:
or the main vein of the kidney, then multiple therapies are used including surgery and medications. RCC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in most cases but does respond well to immunotherapy with interleukin-2 or interferon-alpha, biologic, or targeted therapy. In early-stage cases,
2195:
is administered before the intended primary or main treatment. In some cases neoadjuvant therapy has been shown to decrease the size and stage of the RCC to then allow it to be surgically removed. This is a new form of treatment and the effectiveness of this approach is still being assessed in
1513:
in the kidneys. This diagnostic test relies on the contrasting agent which is injected in the renal artery to be absorbed by the cancerous cells. The contrasting dye provides a clearer outline of abnormally-oriented blood vessels believed to be involved with the tumour. This is imperative for
2391:
African countries have the lowest reported incidences, African
Americans have the highest incidence of the population in the United States. Developed countries have a higher incidence than developing countries, with the highest rates found in North America, Europe and Australia / New Zealand.
2033:
is a method that activates the person's immune system and uses it to their own advantage. It was developed after observing that in some cases there was spontaneous regression. Immunotherapy capitalises on this phenomenon and aims to build up a person's immune response to cancer cells. Other
1918:
can also be done on smaller lesions. Typically a biopsy is taken at the time of treatment. Intraoperative ultrasound may be used to help guide placement of the freezing probes. Two freeze/thaw cycles are then performed to kill the tumor cells. As the tumor is not removed followup is more
1191:
disease. In other words, these cancers are not detected usually because they do not cause pain or discomfort when they are discovered. Laboratory analysis can provide an assessment on the overall health of the patient and can provide information in determining the staging and degree of
6799:
Alasker, Ahmed; Meskawi, Malek; Sun, Maxine; Ismail, Salima; Hanna, Nawar; Hansen, Jens; Tian, Zhe; Bianchi, Marco; Perrotte, Paul; Karakiewicz, Pierre I. (2013). "A contemporary update on rates and management of toxicities of targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma".
1925:
If metastatic disease is present surgical treatment may still a viable option. Radical and partial nephrectomy can still occur, and in some cases, if the metastasis is small this can also be surgically removed. This depends on what stage of growth and how far the disease has spread.
1260:
whereby the patient exhibits deficiency in red blood cells. CBC tests are vital as a screening tool for examination the health of patient prior to surgery. Inconsistencies with platelet counts are also common amongst these cancer patients and further coagulation tests, including
1302:
to be RCC but cystic renal masses may also be due to RCC. However, the advances of diagnostic modalities are able to incidentally diagnose a great proportion of patients with renal lesions that may appear to be small in size and of benign state. Ten percent of RCC will contain
1993:
which is inserted into the affected tissue, to send radio frequencies to the tissue to generate heat through the friction of water molecules. The heat destroys the tumor tissue. Cell death will generally occur within minutes of being exposed to temperatures above 50 °C.
4679:
Sauk, Steven C.; Hsu, Margaret S.; Margolis, Daniel J. A.; Lu, David S. K.; Rao, Nagesh P.; Belldegrun, Arie S.; Pantuck, Allan J.; Raman, Steven S. (2011). "Clear Cell Renal Cell
Carcinoma: Multiphasic Multidetector CT Imaging Features Help Predict Genetic Karyotypes".
1493:. This procedure involves the injection of a contrasting dye into the arm of the patient. The dye travels from the blood stream and into the kidneys which in time, passes into the kidneys and bladder. This test is not necessary if a CT or MRI scan has been conducted.
2254:
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are more commonly used in the metastatic form of RCC to target the secondary tumours in the bones, liver, brain and other organs. While not curative, these treatments do provide relief for symptoms associated with the spread of tumours.
1430:
can help diagnose renal cell carcinoma based on the differences of sound reflections on the surface of organs and the abnormal tissue masses. Essentially, ultrasound tests can determine whether the composition of the kidney mass is mainly solid or filled with fluid.
1563:
Tumor of any size with involvement of a nearby lymph node but no metastases to distant organs. Tumour of this stage may be with or without spread to fatty tissue around the kidney, with or without spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart.
6684:
Buti, Sebastiano; Bersanelli, Melissa; Sikokis, Angelica; Maines, Francesca; Facchinetti, Francesco; Bria, Emilio; Ardizzoni, Andrea; Tortora, Giampaolo; Massari, Francesco (2013). "Chemotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma today? A systematic review".
385:
Hereditary factors have a minor impact on individual susceptibility with immediate relatives of people with RCC having a two to fourfold increased risk of developing the condition. Other genetically linked conditions also increase the risk of RCC, including
6605:
Ljungberg, Börje; Hanbury, Damian C.; Kuczyk, Marcus A.; Merseburger, Axel S.; Mulders, Peter F.A.; Patard, Jean-Jacques; Sinescu, Ioanel C.; European
Association of Urology Guideline Group for renal cell carcinoma (2007). "Renal Cell Carcinoma Guideline".
5940:
Santoni, M; De Tursi, M; Felici, A; Lo Re, G; Ricotta, R; Ruggeri, EM; Sabbatini, R; Santini, D; Vaccaro, V; Milella, M (June 2013). "Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with poor-risk features: current status and future perspectives".
3242:
HÀggström, Christel; Rapp, Kilian; Stocks, Tanja; Manjer, Jonas; BjÞrge, Tone; Ulmer, Hanno; Engeland, Anders; Almqvist, Martin; Concin, Hans; Selmer, R; Ljungberg, B; Tretli, S; Nagel, G; Hallmans, G; Jonsson, H; Stattin, P (2013). Miller, Todd W (ed.).
6201:
Motzer, Robert J.; Hutson, Thomas E.; Tomczak, Piotr; Michaelson, M. Dror; Bukowski, Ronald M.; Rixe, Olivier; Oudard, Stéphane; Negrier, Sylvie; Szczylik, Cezary; Kim, Sindy T.; Chen, Isan; Bycott, Paul W.; Baum, Charles M.; Figlin, Robert A. (2007).
4307:
Johann, Donald J.; Wei, Bih-Rong; Prieto, Darue A.; Chan, King C.; Ye, Xiaying; Valera, Vladimir A.; Simpson, R. Mark; Rudnick, Paul A.; Xiao, Zhen; Issaq, Haleem J.; Linehan, W. Marston; Stein, Stephen E.; Veenstra, Timothy D.; Blonder, Josip (2010).
1453:(MRI) scans provide an image of the soft tissues in the body using radio waves and strong magnets. MRI can be used instead of CT if the patient exhibits an allergy to the contrast media administered for the test. Sometimes prior to the MRI scan, an
1104:
Array-based karyotyping can be used to identify characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal tumors with challenging morphology. Array-based karyotyping performs well on paraffin embedded tumours and is amenable to routine clinical use. See also
2000:
also involves the insertion of a probe into the affected area, however, cold is used to kill the tumor instead of heat. The probe is cooled with chemical fluids which are very cold. The freezing temperatures cause the tumor cells to die by causing
1385:
regions. CT scans have the potential to distinguish solid masses from cystic masses and may provide information on the localization, stage or spread of the cancer to other organs of the patient. Key parts of the human body which are examined for
5610:
Ciancio, Gaetano; Livingstone, Alan S.; Soloway, Mark (2007). "Surgical
Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in the Renal and Inferior Vena Cava: The University of Miami Experience in Using Liver Transplantation Techniques".
4815:
Nishimura, Kazuo; Hida, Shuichi; Okada, Kenichiro; Yoshida, Osamu; Nishimuara, Kazumasa (1988). "Staging and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)".
1828:, surgical removal of all or part of the kidney. This may include some of the surrounding organs or tissues or lymph nodes. If cancer is only in the kidneys, which is about 60% of cases, it can be cured roughly 90% of the time with
1402:. According to a study conducted by Sauk et al., multidetector CT imaging characteristics have applications in diagnosing patients with clear renal cell carcinoma by depicting the differences of these cells at the cytogenic level.
2338:
of around 90â95% for tumors less than 4 cm. For larger tumors confined to the kidney without venous invasion, survival is still relatively good at 80â85%. For tumors that extend through the renal capsule and out of the local
1530:, where the size and extent of the tumour (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N) and metastases (M) are classified separately. Also, it can use overall stage grouping into stage IâIV, with the 1997 revision of AJCC described below:
6157:
Dranitsaris, G; Schmitz, S; Broom, RJ (November 2013). "Small molecule targeted therapies for the second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and indirect comparison of safety and efficacy".
3123:
Kim, Hyung L.; Belldegrun, Arie S.; Freitas, Danielo G.; Bui, Matthew H.T.; Han, KEN-RYU; Dorey, Frederick J.; Figlin, Robert A. (2003). "Paraneoplastic Signs and
Symptoms of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Prognosis".
2347:
Histological grade is related to the aggressiveness of the cancer, and it is classified in 4 grades, with 1 having the best prognosis (five-year survival over 89%), and 4 with the worst prognosis (46% of five-year survival).
6012:
Shoji, S; Nakano, M; Sato, H; Tang, XY; Osamura, YR; Terachi, T; Uchida, T; Takeya, K (January 2014). "The current status of tailor-made medicine with molecular biomarkers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma".
2370:
level, a high level of serum lactate dehydrogenase, and a high corrected level of serum calcium. For non-metastatic cases, the
Leibovich scoring algorithm may be used to predict post-operative disease progression.
4357:
Hatzaras, Ioannis; Gleisner, Ana L.; Pulitano, Carlo; Sandroussi, Charbel; Hirose, Kenzo; Hyder, Omar; Wolfgang, Christopher L.; Aldrighetti, Luca; Crawford, Michael; Choti, Michael A.; Pawlik, Timothy M. (2012).
3488:
Zucchetto, Antonella; Talamini, Renato; Dal Maso, Luigino; Negri, Eva; Polesel, Jerry; Ramazzotti, Valerio; Montella, Maurizio; Canzonieri, Vincenzo; Serraino, Diego; La Vecchia, Carlo; Franceschi, Silvia (2008).
7388:
7373:
2489:
origin of renal tumours to be unproved. Despite the compelling arguments against the theory postulated by Grawitz, the term hypernephroma, with its associated adrenal connotation, persisted in the literature.
4491:
Nakada, G; Machida, T; Masuda, F; Onishi, T; Yamazaki, H; Kiyota, H; Suzuki, M; Goto, H (1983). "A case of arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma accompanied by congestive heart failure".
1182:
Laboratory tests are generally conducted when the patient presents with signs and symptoms that may be characteristic of kidney impairment. They are not primarily used to diagnose kidney cancer, due to its
1875:
adapted liver mobilization techniques from liver transplant to address retrohepatic or even suprahepatic inferior vena caval thrombus associated with renal tumors. With this technique, the whole abdominal
1674:
cellular membrane is evident. Some cells may be smaller, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, resembling normal tubular cells. The stroma is reduced, but well vascularised. The tumour compresses the surrounding
6056:
Jonasch, E; Futreal, PA; Davis, IJ; Bailey, ST; Kim, WY; Brugarolas, J; Giaccia, AJ; Kurban, G; Pause, A; Frydman, J; Zurita, AJ; Rini, BI; Sharma, P; Atkins, MB; Walker, CL; Rathmell, WK (July 2012).
4097:
Lyons-Weiler M, Hagenkord J, Sciulli C, Dhir R, Monzon FA (2008). "Optimization of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0 Assay for routine clinical use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues".
6644:
Gupta, Kiran; Miller, Jeffrey D.; Li, Jim Z.; Russell, Mason W.; Charbonneau, Claudie (2008). "Epidemiologic and socioeconomic burden of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): A literature review".
1907:(also referred to as "nephron sparing surgery") can be performed. This may involve temporarily stopping blood flow to the kidney while the mass is removed as well as renal cooling with an ice slush.
1911:
can also be administered to help limit damage to the kidney. This is usually done through an open incision although smaller lesions can be done laparoscopically with or without robotic assistance.
7310:
Valladares Ayerbes, Manuel; Aparicio Gallego, Guadalupe; DĂaz Prado, Silvia; JimĂ©nez Fonseca, Paula; GarcĂa Campelo, Rosario; AntĂłn Aparicio, Luis Miguel (2008). "Origin of renal cell carcinomas".
3727:
Baldewijns, Marcella M.L.; Van Vlodrop, Iris J.H.; Schouten, Leo J.; Soetekouw, Patricia M.M.B.; De BruĂŻne, Adriaan P.; Van Engeland, Manon (2008). "Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer".
1859:
have a longer recovery time. It is important to note that the other kidney must be fully functional, and this technique is most often used when there is a large tumour present in only one kidney.
1809:
progression of the RCC before embarking on a more high risk treatment option like surgery. In the elderly, patients with co-morbidities, and in poor surgical candidates, this is especially useful.
1426:
imaging is inconclusive. This safe and non-invasive radiologic procedure uses high frequency sound waves to generate an interior image of the body on a computer monitor. The image generated by the
1835:
Small renal tumors (< 4 cm) are treated increasingly by partial nephrectomy when possible. Most of these small renal masses manifest indolent biological behavior with excellent prognosis.
1760:
staging, the Heidelberg classification system of renal tumours was introduced in 1976 as a means of more completely correlating the histopathological features with the identified genetic defects.
362:(high blood pressure) have been estimated to account for up to 50% of cases. Occupational exposure to some chemicals such as asbestos, cadmium, lead, chlorinated solvents, petrochemicals and PAH (
1888:. In cases of known metastases, surgical resection of the kidney ("cytoreductive nephrectomy") may improve survival, as well as resection of a solitary metastatic lesion. Kidneys are sometimes
399:
5097:
Rioux-Leclercq, Nathalie (November 2006). "Le grade nucléaire de fuhrman, facteur pronostique du cancer du rein depuis 25 ans" [The Fuhrman grading system for kidney cancer prognosis].
2217:
this improvement the five-year survival rate for mRCC remains under 10% and 20â25% of patients remain unresponsive to all treatments and in these cases, the disease has a rapid progression.
2173:
are not as successful in the case of RCC. RCC is resistant in most cases but there is about a 4â5% success rate, but this is often short-lived with more tumours and growths developing later.
387:
4005:
Hagenkord, Jill M; Parwani, Anil V; Lyons-Weiler, Maureen A; Alvarez, Karla; Amato, Robert; Gatalica, Zoran; Gonzalez-Berjon, Jose M; Peterson, Leif; Dhir, Rajiv; Monzon, Federico A (2008).
2038:
medications inhibit growth factors that have been shown to promote the growth and spread of tumours. Most of these medications were approved within the past ten years. These treatments are:
2847:
1700:(H&E staining). This system categorises renal cell carcinoma with grades 1, 2, 3, 4 based on nuclear characteristics. The details of the Fuhrman grading system for RCC are shown below:
5575:
Casey, R.G.; Raheem, O.A.; Elmusharaf, E.; Madhavan, P.; Tolan, M.; Lynch, T.H. (2013). "Renal cell carcinoma with IVC and atrial thrombus: A single centre's 10 year surgical experience".
4753:
Hricak, H; Demas, BE; Williams, RD; McNamara, MT; Hedgcock, MW; Amparo, EG; Tanagho, EA (1985). "Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of renal and perirenal neoplasms".
4056:
Monzon, Federico A; Hagenkord, Jill M; Lyons-Weiler, Maureen A; Balani, Jyoti P; Parwani, Anil V; Sciulli, Christin M; Li, Jia; Chandran, Uma R; Bastacky, Sheldon I; Dhir, Rajiv (2008).
4198:"Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis with emphasis on the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia-inducible factor pathway-related proteins"
2424:
Koenig published the first classification of renal tumours based on macroscopic morphology in 1826. Koenig divided the tumors into scirrhous, steatomatous, fungoid and medullary forms.
1321:
nature of the renal mass on the basis of its localized size is an issue as renal cell carcinoma may also be cystic. As there are several benign cystic renal lesions (simple renal cyst,
3832:
Catto, James W.F.; Shariat, Shahrokh F. (2013). "The Changing Face of Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Impact of Systematic Genetic Sequencing on Our Understanding of This Tumor's Biology".
207:
The body is remarkably good at hiding the symptoms and as a result people with RCC often have advanced disease by the time it is discovered. The initial symptoms of RCC often include
3342:
DhÎte, R.; Pellicer-Coeuret, M.; Thiounn, N.; Debré, B.; Vidal-Trecan, G. (2007). "Risk factors for adult renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and implications for prevention".
2362:
If it has metastasized to the lymph nodes, the five-year survival is around 5% to 15%. For metastatic renal cell carcinoma, factors which may present a poor prognosis include a low
1569:
Tumour with spread to fatty tissue around the kidney and/or spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart, but without spread to any lymph nodes or other organs.
3307:
Ljungberg, Börje; Campbell, Steven C.; Choi, Han Yong; Jacqmin, Didier; Lee, Jung Eun; Weikert, Steffen; Kiemeney, Lambertus A. (2011). "The Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma".
5697:
Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED (March 2004). "Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis".
6764:
Calvo, Emiliano; Ravaud, Alain; Bellmunt, Joaquim (2013). "What is the optimal therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who progress on an initial VEGFr-TKI?".
5138:; Bethwaite, Peter B.; McCredie, Margaret R. E.; Martignoni, Guido; Eble, John N.; Jordan, T. (2007). "Fuhrman Grading is not Appropriate for Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma".
1154:
2421:
in 1810. He described the case of Françoise Levelly, a 35-year-old woman, who presented to Brest Civic Hospital on April 6, 1809, supposedly in the late stages of pregnancy.
7023:
Leibovich, Bradley C.; Blute, Michael L.; Cheville, John C.; Lohse, Christine M.; Frank, Igor; Kwon, Eugene D.; Weaver, Amy L.; Parker, Alexander S.; Zincke, Horst (2003).
6476:
4896:
Kocak, Mehmet; Sudakoff, Gary S.; Erickson, Scott; Begun, Frank; Datta, Milton (2001). "Using MR Angiography for Surgical Planning in Pelvic Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma".
7259:
Oberling, CH.; RiviĂšre, M.; Haguenau, FR. (1960). "Ultrastructure of the Clear Cells in Renal Carcinomas and its Importance for the Demonstration of their Renal Origin".
6988:
Motzer, RJ; Mazumdar, M; Bacik, J; Berg, W; Amsterdam, A; Ferrara, J (1999). "Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma".
1333:), it may occasionally be difficult for the radiologist to differentiate a benign cystic lesion from a malignant one. The Bosniak classification system for cystic renal
4953:
Oto, A; Herts, B R; Remer, E M; Novick, A C (1998). "Inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: Staging by MR imaging and impact on surgical treatment".
476:
Although this disease lacks characterization in the early stages of tumor development, considerations based on diverse clinical manifestations, as well as resistance to
377:
are at more than double the risk of developing RCC than those who have not. Moderate alcohol consumption, on the other hand, has been shown to have a protective effect.
2378:, most often due to ectopic hormone production by the tumour. The treatment for these complications of RCC is generally limited beyond treating the underlying cancer.
1240:
The CBC provides a quantified measure of the different cells in the whole blood sample from the patient. Such cells examined for in this test include red blood cells (
6912:
Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin R, de Kernion JB, Belldegrun A (February 2000). "Renal cell carcinoma: prognostic significance of incidentally detected tumors".
2126:
More medications are expected to become available in the near future as several clinical trials are currently being conducted for new targeted treatments, including:
473:, kidney and liver function, and blood clotting times. Upon physical examination, palpation of the abdomen may reveal the presence of a mass or an organ enlargement.
1128:
6544:
2208:
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is the spread of the primary renal cell carcinoma from the kidney to other organs. Approximately 25â30% of people have this
469:
tests (using blood and/or urine samples) may also be considered as part of the screening process to provide sufficient quantitative analysis of any differences in
5048:
5114:
2111:
For patients with metastatic cancer, sunitinib probably results in more progression of the cancer than pembrolizumab, axitinib and avelumab. In comparison to
7403:
3019:
Almdalal, Tarik; Sundqvist, Pernilla; Harmenberg, Ulrika; Hellström, Mikael; Lindskog, Magnus; Lindblad, Per; Lundstam, Svan; Ljungberg, Börje (2022-05-01).
2458:
In 1893, Paul Sudeck challenged the theory postulated by Grawitz by publishing descriptions of renal tumours in which he identified atypical features within
4196:
Rohan, S. M.; Xiao, Y; Liang, Y; Dudas, M. E.; Al-Ahmadie, H. A.; Fine, S. W.; Gopalan, A; Reuter, V. E.; Rosenblum, M. K.; Russo, P; Tickoo, S. K. (2011).
1057:
Not well defined; Losses involving chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22 reported; 3p alterations and gain of chromosome 7, and 17 not present
1541:
Tumour of a diameter of 7 cm (approx. 2 3â4 inches) or smaller, and limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
7064:
BirkhÀuser, Frédéric D.; Kroeger, Nils; Pantuck, Allan J. (2013). "Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors".
2334:
of 85%. Taken as a whole, if the disease is limited to the kidney, only 20â30% develop metastatic disease after nephrectomy. More specific subsets show a
1365:, and bone scanning can also be used to aid in the evaluation of staging renal masses and to differentiate non-malignant tumours from malignant tumours.
1139:
2786:
1170:
1165:
6837:
5826:
Mogami T, Harada J, Kishimoto K, Sumida S (April 2007). "Percutaneous MR-guided cryoablation for malignancies, with a focus on renal cell carcinoma".
6562:
Lam, John S.; Leppert, John T.; Belldegrun, Arie S.; Figlin, Robert A. (2005). "Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma".
39:
4718:
Lane, Brian R.; Samplaski, Mary K.; Herts, Brian R.; Zhou, Ming; Novick, Andrew C.; Campbell, Steven C. (2008). "Renal Mass BiopsyâA Renaissance?".
2184:, which refers to therapy given after a primary surgery, had for a long time not been found to be beneficial in renal cell cancer. However in 2021
5654:
Ciancio, Gaetano; Soloway, Mark S. (2005). "Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending above diaphragm: Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass".
3970:
Lopez-Beltran, Antonio; Scarpelli, Marina; Montironi, Rodolfo; Kirkali, Ziya (2006). "2004 WHO Classification of the Renal Tumors of the Adults".
2839:
2700:
437:. There are two subtypes: sporadic (that is, non-hereditary) and hereditary. Both such subtypes are associated with mutations in the short-arm of
1159:
2668:
1688:
The recommended histologic grading schema for RCC is the Fuhrman system (1982), which is an assessment based on the microscopic morphology of a
7759:
6374:
Yang JC, Hughes M, Kammula U, Royal R, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Suri KB, Levy C, Allen T, Mavroukakis S, Lowy I, White DE, Rosenberg SA (2007).
5417:
Van Poppel H, Bamelis B, Oyen R, Baert L (September 1998). "Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma can achieve long-term tumor control".
4058:"Whole genome SNP arrays as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal epithelial tumors"
4992:
1642:
have bled, and cysts containing watery fluids. The body of the tumour shows large blood vessels that have walls composed of cancerous cells.
6895:
2872:
Singer, Eric A.; Gupta, Gopal N.; Marchalik, Daniel; Srinivasan, Ramaprasad (2013). "Evolving therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma".
1638:
The gross and microscopic appearance of renal cell carcinomas is highly variable. The renal cell carcinoma may present reddened areas where
1602:
At diagnosis, 30% of renal cell carcinomas have spread to the ipsilateral renal vein, and 5â10% have continued into the inferior vena cava.
1120:. Since the publication of the latest iteration of the WHO classification in 2004, several novel renal tumour subtypes have been described:
7513:
2646:
1149:
1438:
can be performed by a radiologist using ultrasound or computed tomography to guide sampling of the tumour for the purpose of diagnosis by
6283:
5200:
5183:
2920:
Syn, Nicholas L; Teng, Michele W L; Mok, Tony S K; Soo, Ross A (2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".
1755:
Nuclear grade is believed to be one of the most imperative prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma. However, a study by
1133:
1788:
treatment has both risks and benefits; a health care professional will provide the best options that suit the individual circumstances.
6454:
2244:
Bone marrow suppression â resulting in reduced white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections plus anemia and reduced platelets
1124:
7107:
3530:
Bellocco, R.; Pasquali, E.; Rota, M.; Bagnardi, V.; Tramacere, I.; Scotti, L.; Pelucchi, C.; Boffetta, P.; Corrao, G. (2012-09-01).
1871:
accordingly, as sometimes complete resection will involve an incision into the chest with increased morbidity. For this reason, Dr.
2327:
2147:
100:
5382:
Herr HW (January 1999). "Partial nephrectomy for unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney: 10-year followup".
898:
Variable results: LOH on chromosomes 1q, 6p, 8p,9p, 13q, 19q32 and 21q; c-erB2 amplification associated with unfavorable outcome
72:
6468:
6376:"Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) causes regression of metastatic renal cell cancer associated with enteritis and hypophysitis"
6307:
Hofmann, Fabian; Hwang, Eu Chang; Lam, Thomas BL; Bex, Axel; Yuan, Yuhong; Marconi, Lorenzo SO; Ljungberg, Börje (2020-10-14).
5869:
Boss A, Clasen S, Kuczyk M, Schick F, Pereira PL (March 2007). "Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma".
4936:
593:
442:
329:, which is seen in males as an enlargement of the pampiniform plexus of veins draining the testis (more often the left testis)
5308:
Smaldone, Marc C.; Canter, Daniel; Kutikov, Alexander; Uzzo, Robert G. (2013). "Active Surveillance of the Small Renal Mass".
797:
Clinical, Pathological and Genetic Features of Uncommon RCC Subtypes Included in the 2004 WHO Classification of RCC Pathology
7081:
5996:
5924:
5810:
5778:
5325:
5289:
4644:
Beck, AD (Oct 1997). "Renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava: radiologic evaluation and surgical management".
3897:
3816:
3226:
3201:
3168:
3159:
Birkhauser; Kroeger, Pantuck (2013). "Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors".
2683:
1266:
465:(the detailed medical review of past health state) to evaluate any risk factors. Based on the symptoms presented, a range of
367:
6430:
2637:
Curti, B; Jana, BRP; Javeed, M; Makhoul, I; Sachdeva, K; Hu, W; Perry, M; Talavera, F (26 February 2014). Harris, JE (ed.).
2387:
worldwide at a rate of approximately 2â3% per decade until the last few years where the number of new cases has stabilised.
79:
7726:
1551:
Tumour larger than 7.0 cm but still limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
5120:
1509:
also uses a contrasting dye. This radiologic test is important in diagnosing renal cell carcinoma as an aid for examining
1232:. A complete blood cell count can also provide additional information regarding the severity and spreading of the cancer.
196:
Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s). Where the cancer has not
8234:
7414:
2238:
1839:
is used when the tumor is small (less than 4 cm in diameter) or when the patient has other medical concerns such as
366:) has been examined by multiple studies with inconclusive results. Another suspected risk factor is the long term use of
2432:
Following the classification of the tumour, researchers attempted to identify the tissue of origin for renal carcinoma.
1581:
Tumour that has spread directly through the fatty tissue and the fascia ligament-like tissue that surrounds the kidney.
7803:
7752:
5040:
4614:
Jubelirer, SJ; Rubin, M (1993). "The use of modern radiologic methods in identifying incidental renal cell carcinoma".
2817:
5232:
4407:
Motzer, RJ (Apr 1, 2003). "Renal cell carcinoma: a priority malignancy for development and study of novel therapies".
1862:
784:
86:
5013:
Vasil'Eva, NN; Koriakina, RF (1976). "Morphological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histo-cytological parallels".
3954:
3929:
1952:
A probe is placed through the skin and into the tumor using real-time imaging of both the probe tip and the tumor by
1462:
or symptoms suggest potential metastatic involvement of these areas. MRI scans should also be considered to evaluate
1144:
58:
8284:
7586:
7506:
7162:
Delahunt, Brett; Eble, John N. (2005). "History of the Development of the Classification of Renal Cell Neoplasia".
612:
In 2009â2010, five new frequently mutated genes were discovered in CCRCC; KDM6A/UTX, SETD2, KDM5C/JARID1C, and MLL2
5769:
Russo (2013). "Radical Nephrectomy for Localised Renal Tumours: Oncological and Renal Functional Considerations".
3630:
Pavlovich, Christian P.; Schmidt, Laura S. (2004). "Searching for the hereditary causes of renal-cell carcinoma".
8288:
8121:
2675:
2213:
affects the staging of the disease and hence prognosis is discussed in the "Diagnosis" and "Prognosis" sections.
1682:
395:
363:
68:
1919:
complicated (see below) and overall disease-free rates are not as good as those obtained with surgical removal.
7909:
2234:
Neurological effects â intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain), thrombosis (blood clots) in the brain
1262:
294:
Historically, medical practitioners expected a person to present with three findings. This classic triad is 1:
421:
disease of the kidney requiring dialysis are 30 times more likely than the general population to develop RCC.
8226:
7745:
6506:
2981:
2479:
407:
6834:
5742:
Mulders PF, Brouwers AH, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa CA, van Lin EN, Osanto S, de Mulder PH (February 2008). "".
3764:"Reactive Hypertrophy of an Accessory Spleen Mimicking Tumour Recurrence of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma"
3386:
chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: A case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe".
2778:
8015:
1350:
1326:
6893:
4007:"Virtual karyotyping with SNP microarrays reduces uncertainty in the diagnosis of renal epithelial tumors"
1783:
of embolic material in a kidney removed because of renal cell carcinoma (cancer not shown). H&E stain.
8273:
8190:
7823:
7695:
7672:
7667:
7499:
2363:
1526:
of renal cell carcinoma is the most important factor in predicting its prognosis. Staging can follow the
620:
403:
157:(clear cell)âon right of the image; non-tumour kidney is on the left of the image. Nephrectomy specimen.
2351:
Some people have the renal cell cancer detected before they have symptoms (incidentally) because of the
749:
ChRCC consists of tumor cells with well demarcated borders and abundant pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm.
8330:
8312:
8222:
8173:
7622:
7025:"Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma"
2317:
Includes tumors that are invasive to adjacent organs (except the adrenal glands), or distant metastases
1961:
1450:
1286:
493:
446:
417:
The most significant disease affecting risk however is not genetically linked â patients with acquired
2101:(IL-2) has produced "durable remissions" in a small number of patients, but with substantial toxicity.
699:
8307:
8230:
8067:
7893:
7856:
7617:
6949:"Prognostic Factors for Survival in Previously Treated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma"
6259:
4788:
Janus, CL; Mendelson, DS (1991). "Comparison of MRI and CT for study of renal and perirenal masses".
4360:"A multi-institution analysis of outcomes of liver-directed surgery for metastatic renal cell cancer"
2544:
along the free borders. They concluded that these features indicated that the tumours arose from the
1330:
1113:
1006:
867:
745:
47:
7224:
Foot, NC; Humphreys, GA; Whitmore, WF (1951). "Renal tumors: Pathology and prognosis in 295 cases".
5711:
5280:
Simmons; Campbell (2012-09-26). "Assessment of Oncologic Risk for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Tumours".
4310:"Combined Blood/Tissue Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to Renal Cell Carcinoma"
1850:
Surgical nephrectomy may be "radical" if the procedure removes the entire affected kidney including
461:
The first steps taken to diagnose this condition are consideration of the signs and symptoms, and a
8335:
8268:
8203:
8077:
8057:
8024:
8002:
7964:
7428:
4988:
3439:
Cho, Eunyoung; Curhan, G; Hankinson, SE; Kantoff, P; Atkins, MB; Stampfer, M; Choueiri, TK (2011).
1976:
1667:
1623:
1618:
1290:
767:
712:
658:
267:
5231:
Lauby-Secretan, B; Scoccianti, C; Loomis, D; Grosse, Y; Bianchini, F; Straif, K (25 August 2016).
341:, which is elevation of calcium levels in the blood; sleep disturbance or night sweats; recurrent
93:
8388:
7813:
7700:
7627:
3020:
2375:
2335:
2331:
1965:
504:
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity, but rather a collection of different types of
201:
43:
2638:
2512:
Convincing evidence to settle the debate was offered by Oberling et al. in 1959 who studied the
2188:
was approved for adjuvant treatment after showing promising disease-free survival improvements.
8383:
8196:
8020:
7960:
6280:
5706:
1885:
1729:
Nuclei have an irregular appearance with signs of lobe formation, 15 ÎŒm; nucleoli are evident.
7468:
702:
54:
8358:
8082:
2029:
Cancers often grow in an unbridled fashion because they are able to evade the immune system.
1904:
1836:
1825:
1486:
430:
7491:
3021:"Clinical T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma, Not Always a Harmless DiseaseâA National Register Study"
8186:
8045:
7818:
7798:
7581:
7309:
7268:
6947:
Motzer, R. J.; Bacik, J; Schwartz, LH; Reuter, V; Russo, P; Marion, S; Mazumdar, M (2003).
3256:
2605:
2533:
1895:
142:
17:
7197:
Judd, E. Starr (1929). "Carcinoma of the Renal Cortex with Factors Bearing on Prognosis".
3491:"Reproductive, menstrual, and other hormone-related factors and risk of renal cell cancer"
2498:
2459:
1377:(CT) scanning is routinely used to determine the stage of the renal cell carcinoma in the
1042:
Affects predominantly female patients (male:female = 1:4) incidental finding in most cases
629:
517:
8:
8322:
7974:
7808:
7601:
7392:
7210:
7118:
5135:
2192:
2002:
1953:
1435:
1423:
1374:
1281:
has the potential to elevate levels of particular chemicals in blood. For example, liver
1208:
The presence of blood in urine is a common presumptive sign of renal cell carcinoma. The
927:
489:
411:
7272:
4943:
at Weill Cornell Medical College, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology
3260:
8155:
7987:
7950:
7846:
7828:
7677:
7408:
7292:
6710:
6587:
6400:
6375:
6351:
6183:
6134:
6109:
6082:
6057:
6038:
5966:
5894:
5851:
5557:
5477:
5257:
5213:
5163:
5151:
4873:
4852:
4593:
4550:
4468:
4443:
4384:
4359:
4334:
4309:
4173:
4146:
4122:
4033:
4006:
3903:
3805:
3709:
3655:
3607:
3580:
3465:
3440:
3421:
3367:
3279:
3244:
3053:
2897:
2585:
2485:
Vigorous criticism of Grawitz was provided by Oskar Stoerk in 1908, who considered the
1877:
1527:
1399:
1338:
7397:
7237:
7143:
Delahunt, Brett; Thornton A (1996). "Renal cell carcinoma. A historical perspective".
6925:
5720:
5430:
5395:
4657:
4285:
3780:
3763:
3697:
3137:
2933:
559:
211:(occurring in 40% of affected persons at the time they first seek medical attention),
8299:
7649:
7439:
7337:
7284:
7241:
7179:
7077:
7046:
7005:
6970:
6929:
6876:
6817:
6781:
6746:
6714:
6702:
6661:
6623:
6579:
6526:
6448:
6405:
6356:
6338:
6233:
6225:
6175:
6139:
6087:
6030:
5992:
5958:
5920:
5886:
5843:
5806:
5774:
5751:
5724:
5679:
5671:
5636:
5628:
5592:
5549:
5545:
5513:
5469:
5434:
5399:
5364:
5359:
5342:
5321:
5285:
5262:
5205:
5155:
5106:
5079:
5022:
4970:
4913:
4878:
4833:
4797:
4770:
4735:
4697:
4661:
4623:
4585:
4568:
Israel, Gary M.; Bosniak, Morton A. (2005). "How I Do It: Evaluating Renal Masses1".
4554:
4542:
4501:
4473:
4424:
4389:
4375:
4339:
4289:
4254:
4219:
4178:
4114:
4079:
4038:
3987:
3950:
3925:
3893:
3849:
3812:
3785:
3744:
3701:
3684:
Rini, Brian I; Campbell, Steven C; Escudier, Bernard (2009). "Renal cell carcinoma".
3647:
3612:
3561:
3553:
3512:
3470:
3413:
3359:
3355:
3324:
3284:
3222:
3197:
3164:
3141:
3100:
3058:
3040:
3001:
2937:
2889:
2813:
2760:
2720:
2701:"International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality"
2679:
2595:
2537:
2462:
and noted a gradation of these atypical features between the tubules and neighboring
2443:
when in 1883, he published his observations on the morphology of small, yellow renal
1975:
The two main types of ablation techniques that are used for renal cell carcinoma are
1768:
The risk of renal cell carcinoma can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight.
1643:
1187:
nature and are generally found incidentally during tests for other illnesses such as
1106:
720:
Less aggressive tumour than clear cell RCC, with 5-year survival rates of 80% to 85%.
601:
165:
6591:
6187:
6042:
5970:
5898:
5481:
5217:
5167:
4933:
4766:
4126:
3713:
3659:
3425:
3371:
3083:
Motzer, Robert J.; Bander, Neil H.; Nanus, David M. (1996). "Renal-Cell Carcinoma".
2901:
1880:
is able to be mobilized. This facilitates milking of the tumor down below the major
1489:(IVP) is a useful procedure in detecting the presence of abnormal renal mass in the
8260:
8178:
7992:
7904:
7558:
7479:
7327:
7319:
7296:
7276:
7233:
7206:
7171:
7069:
7036:
6997:
6960:
6921:
6902:
Renal Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. eMedicine Health. Retrieved on 2010-09-10
6866:
6809:
6773:
6738:
6694:
6653:
6615:
6571:
6518:
6395:
6387:
6346:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6215:
6167:
6129:
6121:
6077:
6069:
6022:
5950:
5878:
5855:
5835:
5716:
5663:
5620:
5584:
5541:
5505:
5461:
5426:
5391:
5354:
5313:
5252:
5244:
5195:
5147:
5071:
4962:
4905:
4868:
4860:
4825:
4762:
4727:
4689:
4653:
4597:
4577:
4532:
4463:
4455:
4416:
4379:
4371:
4329:
4321:
4281:
4246:
4209:
4168:
4158:
4106:
4069:
4028:
4018:
3979:
3907:
3885:
3841:
3775:
3736:
3693:
3639:
3602:
3592:
3543:
3502:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3403:
3395:
3351:
3316:
3274:
3264:
3189:
3133:
3092:
3048:
3032:
2993:
2929:
2881:
2752:
2712:
2505:. Their designation was slightly altered by Fetter to the now widely accepted term
2463:
2366:(a standard way of measuring functional impairment in patients with cancer), a low
2181:
2035:
2030:
1675:
1514:
surgeons as it allows the patient's blood vessels to be mapped prior to operation.
1109:
for CLIA certified laboratories offering array-based karyotyping of solid tumours.
1092:
649:
260:
256:
7737:
6073:
5667:
5561:
1470:, in the abdomen. MRI can be used to observe the possible spread of cancer to the
1212:
of the blood causes the urine to be rusty, brown or red in colour. Alternatively,
8278:
7941:
7687:
7641:
7596:
7576:
7433:
6899:
6841:
6698:
6619:
6423:
6391:
6308:
6287:
5624:
5317:
4940:
4110:
3983:
3845:
3320:
3269:
2885:
2756:
2716:
2439:
of renal epithelial tumours was debated for decades. The debate was initiated by
1872:
1354:
876:
780:
776:
than clear cell and papillary RCC, with 5-year survival rate of greater than 90%.
724:
462:
309:, which is a general feeling of unwellness; weight loss and/or loss of appetite;
190:
8029:
7073:
5588:
4864:
4459:
4145:
Crumley, S. M.; Divatia, M; Truong, L; Shen, S; Ayala, A. G.; Ro, J. Y. (2013).
3889:
3740:
3193:
3184:
Lane, Brian R. (2013). "Prognostic Factors for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma".
3096:
3036:
2104:
1884:
by the surgeon's fingers, bypassing the need for a thoracoabdominal incision or
484:
are important. The main diagnostic tools for detecting renal cell carcinoma are
200:(spread to other organs) or burrowed deeper into the tissues of the kidney, the
7955:
7884:
7705:
7659:
7591:
7530:
7526:
7444:
7001:
6813:
6777:
6742:
6657:
5509:
5452:
Mattar K, Jewett MA (January 2008). "Watchful waiting for small renal masses".
4731:
3532:"Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis"
2513:
2399:
2197:
1756:
1749:
Nuclei appear bizarre and multilobated, 20 ÎŒm or more; nucleoli are prominent.
1523:
1014:
434:
391:
322:
318:
314:
279:
271:
248:
212:
7323:
7175:
6575:
6171:
6026:
5882:
5839:
5465:
5075:
4966:
4909:
4581:
4214:
4197:
4074:
4057:
1719:
Nuclei appear round and uniform, 10 ÎŒm; nucleoli are inconspicuous or absent.
358:
The greatest risk factors for RCC are lifestyle-related: smoking, obesity and
8377:
7538:
6880:
6342:
6229:
5675:
5632:
3557:
3044:
2580:
2575:
2467:
2185:
2112:
2098:
2014:
1946:
1945:
people who already have severe renal dysfunction, or people who have several
1855:
1639:
1510:
1490:
1358:
1303:
1117:
1116:(WHO) classification of genitourinary tumours recognizes over 40 subtypes of
1052:
654:
568:
338:
275:
186:
7382:
6965:
6948:
5741:
5603:
5201:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199710)183:2<131::AID-PATH931>3.0.CO;2-G
4693:
4420:
4163:
3762:
Tjaden, Christin; Werner, Jens; Buechler, Markus W.; Hackert, Thilo (2011).
3548:
3531:
3399:
1277:
Blood chemistry tests are conducted if renal cell carcinoma is suspected as
8213:
8165:
8109:
8010:
7341:
7288:
7245:
7183:
7050:
7009:
6974:
6933:
6821:
6785:
6750:
6706:
6665:
6627:
6583:
6545:"FDA approves pembrolizumab for adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma"
6530:
6409:
6360:
6237:
6179:
6143:
6091:
6034:
5962:
5890:
5847:
5755:
5728:
5683:
5640:
5596:
5553:
5517:
5473:
5403:
5266:
5159:
5110:
5083:
4917:
4882:
4739:
4701:
4589:
4546:
4537:
4520:
4477:
4428:
4393:
4343:
4293:
4258:
4250:
4223:
4182:
4118:
4083:
4042:
4023:
3991:
3853:
3789:
3748:
3705:
3651:
3616:
3565:
3516:
3474:
3417:
3363:
3328:
3288:
3145:
3062:
3005:
2941:
2893:
2764:
2724:
2549:
2525:
2440:
2436:
2170:
2166:
2127:
2093:
2058:
1980:
1941:
1934:
1889:
1881:
1851:
1844:
1693:
1647:
1411:
1253:
1241:
1184:
998:
890:
842:
666:
586:
572:
481:
470:
438:
374:
359:
330:
228:
224:
158:
6871:
6854:
5915:
Davar; Fenton; Appleman (2013). "Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma".
5438:
5368:
5248:
5209:
5026:
4974:
4837:
4801:
4774:
4627:
4505:
3104:
1817:
Different procedures may be most appropriate, depending on circumstances.
8151:
7926:
7838:
7568:
7463:
6522:
6220:
6203:
6125:
5987:
Stroup (2013). "Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy and Consolidative Surgery".
4665:
2997:
2600:
2374:
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the cancers most strongly associated with
2367:
2155:
2078:
1969:
1915:
1899:
1821:
1792:
1502:
1478:
should the patient present symptoms that suggest this might be the case.
1475:
1454:
1307:
1209:
1188:
943:
739:
466:
283:
236:
216:
197:
7365:
6110:"Renal-Cell Cancer â Targeting an Immune Checkpoint or Multiple Kinases"
3408:
2699:
Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, Jemal A, Bray F (March 2015).
1022:
Present at advanced stage, but with indolent clinical course in children
204:
is 65â90%, but this is lowered considerably when the cancer has spread.
8062:
7931:
7921:
7777:
7041:
7024:
4829:
3597:
3441:"Prospective Evaluation of Analgesic Use and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer"
3217:
Metz; Davis (2013). "Palliative and Supportive Care for Renal Cancer".
2570:
2545:
2541:
2517:
2356:
2209:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2068:
2063:
1957:
1866:
Left renal tumor with inferior vena cava thrombus into the right atrium
1780:
1739:
Nuclei appear very irregular, 20 ÎŒm; nucleoli are large and prominent.
1655:
1610:
1458:
1427:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1362:
1322:
1245:
1213:
1193:
1085:
962:
907:
856:
728:
670:
513:
485:
326:
302:
295:
208:
150:
57:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
7332:
6333:
6252:"TORISELÂź (temsirolimus) -Safety Info- Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment"
5954:
4325:
3969:
3726:
3581:"Epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for renal cell cancer"
3507:
3490:
1990:
1776:
1410:
Ultrasonographic examination can be useful in evaluating questionable
8114:
8050:
7790:
7786:
7474:
7280:
6204:"Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma"
5133:
4519:
Pattamapaspong, Nuttaya; Muttarak, Malai; Sivasomboon, Chate (2011).
3880:
Zhou, Ming; He, Huiying (2013). "Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma".
3802:
2590:
2521:
2418:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2053:
2043:
2018:
2010:
1467:
1439:
1378:
1346:
1318:
1249:
893:
838:
773:
686:
of chromosomes 7 and 17, loss of chromosome Y in men in sporadic PRCC
662:
564:
531:
521:
477:
5230:
4272:
Bonn, Dorothy (31 Jan 2004). "Urine test for renal-cell carcinoma".
3643:
3018:
7710:
7522:
7115:
United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology 2009 Annual Meeting
4004:
2698:
2529:
2139:
2048:
1937:
1908:
1840:
1689:
1681:
The most common cell type exhibited by renal cell carcinoma is the
1659:
1651:
1225:
947:
635:
597:
170:
4356:
2669:"EAU Guidelines: Renal Cell Carcinoma â limited update March 2023"
1670:, tubules or nests, and are quite large, atypical, and polygonal.
1310:
fat (likely due to invasion and encasement of the perirenal fat).
625:
Most commonly affects male patients in their sixties and seventies
441:, with the implicated genes being either tumour suppressor genes (
8072:
7879:
7851:
6604:
5062:
LĂłpez, JI (Mar 2013). "Renal tumors with clear cells. A review".
4518:
4055:
3341:
2565:
2486:
2470:, who supported the theory postulated by Grawitz coined the term
2448:
2352:
2340:
1829:
1419:
1415:
1334:
1282:
1257:
1221:
1065:
Majority of patients remain disease free after surgical resection
689:
683:
509:
310:
306:
232:
7422:
7419:
5647:
4096:
3245:"Metabolic Factors Associated with Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma"
1630:
1466:
extension which has grown in major blood vessels, including the
1337:
classifies them into groups that are benign and those that need
8349:
8142:
7936:
7769:
7377:
5696:
2743:
Rini BI, Rathmell WK, Godley P (2008). "Renal cell carcinoma".
2553:
2502:
2444:
2407:
2403:
2225:
Gastrointestinal effects â nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
2151:
2143:
2006:
1663:
1382:
1314:
1278:
1229:
1197:
912:
2/3 patients succumb to the disease within 2 years of diagnosis
717:
PRCCs most commonly affect males in their sixties and seventies
4989:"Clear-cell Carcinoma, Hypernephroid Tumour, or Hypernephroma"
3487:
2871:
2228:
Respiratory effects â coughing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
1626:
and prognoses, including renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes
1155:
Acquired cystic kidney disease-associated renal cell carcinoma
7870:
7521:
6200:
5574:
5233:"Body Fatness and CancerâViewpoint of the IARC Working Group"
3384:
2452:
2295:
Extend through the renal capsule, confined to Gerota's Fascia
1697:
1506:
1471:
1463:
1217:
1048:
505:
450:
342:
334:
252:
244:
240:
220:
3578:
3529:
3306:
7022:
6683:
5825:
4752:
4237:
Wood, Laura S. (30 November 2009). "Renal Cell Carcinoma".
3761:
2231:
Cardiovascular effects â hypertension (high blood pressure)
1796:
1010:
418:
6561:
6251:
5939:
5416:
5180:
4895:
2807:
2552:, thus finally settling one of the most debated issues in
1596:
Distant metastases, such as in the lungs, bone, or brain.
987:
Affects adult patients with a striking female predominance
6946:
6290:
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2010-09-10
6058:"State of the science: an update on renal cell carcinoma"
6055:
5609:
5307:
4814:
4490:
3579:
Lipworth, L; Tarone, RE; Lund, L; McLaughlin, JK (2009).
3438:
3241:
2493:
Foot and Humphreys, and Foote et al. introduced the term
1129:
clear cell renal cell carcinoma with smooth muscle stroma
967:
Often succumb to the disease within 6 months of diagnosis
235:. When RCC metastasises, it most commonly spreads to the
7063:
4144:
1791:
If it has spread outside of the kidneys, often into the
1586:
Involvement of more than one lymph node near the kidney
7878:
7258:
6987:
6798:
6727:
6156:
3729:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
3302:
3300:
3298:
3122:
2447:. Grawitz concluded that only alveolar tumours were of
2417:
Miril published the earliest unequivocal case of renal
2123:
but it is not an approved medication for renal cancer.
2005:, which pulls the water out of the cell destroying the
1820:
The recommended treatment for renal cell cancer may be
6911:
6373:
6309:"Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma"
5868:
5494:
5012:
4717:
4147:"Renal cell carcinoma: Evolving and emerging subtypes"
2636:
950:, high-grade tumour cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm
926:
Exceedingly rare; almost exclusively in patients with
373:
Finally, studies have found that women who have had a
7223:
6679:
6677:
6675:
5530:
5496:
Cause in Patients with Localized cT1b Renal Masses".
5184:"The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours"
3811:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2812:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
1646:
often shows a yellowish, multilobulated tumor in the
1622:
Histopathologic types of kidney tumor, with relative
665:
and Type 2 PRCC consist of papillae covered by large
7355:
6643:
3945:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2015).
3683:
3295:
2451:
origin, whereas papillary tumours were derived from
1390:
involvement of renal cell carcinoma may include the
1079:
Mean age of RCC diagnosis is 13.5 years (range 2â35)
524:
features, and, to some extent, clinical phenotypes.
7767:
6763:
6011:
5914:
4952:
4306:
4195:
2237:Effects on the skin and mucous membranes â rashes,
2176:
2116:and serious effects between pazopanib and sunitib.
1964:
guidance, and then destroying the tumor with heat (
1800:cryotherapy and surgery are the preferred options.
1140:
Multilocular cystic clear cell renal cell carcinoma
727:, but some may develop in members of families with
520:) and possessing distinct genetic characteristics,
7142:
6672:
6639:
6637:
6306:
5343:"Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma"
3949:(Ninth ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. p. 954.
3804:
2742:
1929:
1591:Involvement of any lymph node not near the kidney
1171:Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma
1166:Hybrid oncocytoma/chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
759:Loss of chromosomes Y, 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21
634:Only 2 â 4% of the cases presenting as part of an
333:(high blood pressure) resulting from secretion of
4929:
4927:
4678:
3158:
3082:
2344:spread of cancer to the lymph nodes (stage III).
981:Predominantly affecting children and young adults
875:Less than 1% of all renal tumors; arising in the
8375:
6844:American Cancer Society. Retrieved on 2010-09-10
6505:Cohen, Herbert T.; McGovern, Francis J. (2005).
6194:
6160:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
3803:Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
3629:
2980:Cohen, Herbert T.; McGovern, Francis J. (2005).
2306:Include the renal vein, or the hilar lymph nodes
1505:uses the same principle as IVP, as this type of
1200:has been identified) before treatment is given.
1091:Not well defined; Loss of multiple chromosomal
1025:Adult patients may pursue more aggressive course
783:, while some familial cases are associated with
7303:
6634:
5488:
5279:
4140:
4138:
4136:
3944:
3924:(Ninth ed.). Elsevier. 2015. p. 954.
1160:Renal cell carcinoma with t(6;11) translocation
657:covered with a single or double layer of small
5653:
5096:
4924:
4787:
4613:
4512:
4444:"REVIEW: Biopsy of renal masses: when and why"
3947:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
3922:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
3720:
3152:
2810:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of disease
263:have improved the outlook for metastatic RCC.
53:Please review the contents of the article and
7753:
7507:
6905:
6504:
4567:
3623:
2979:
2919:
1445:
508:, each derived from the various parts of the
325:) due to increased erythropoietin secretion;
215:(40%), a mass in the abdomen or flank (25%),
7161:
6835:Kidney Cancer (Adult) â Renal Cell Carcinoma
6555:
6103:
6101:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5735:
5451:
5041:"Renal clear cell carcinoma (Grawitz tumor)"
4609:
4607:
4133:
3831:
3572:
2427:
1256:). A common sign of renal cell carcinoma is
1235:
1150:Thyroid-like follicular renal cell carcinoma
868:Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
5303:
5301:
1457:injection of a contrasting material called
1134:Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma
7760:
7746:
7514:
7500:
7016:
5800:
5140:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
4521:"Tuberculosis Arthritis and Tenosynovitis"
4400:
3796:
2837:
984:Accounts for 40% of RCCs in this age group
141:
7331:
7040:
6964:
6870:
6399:
6350:
6332:
6219:
6133:
6107:
6098:
6081:
5982:
5980:
5801:Matin; Ahrar (2013). "Thermal Ablation".
5787:
5762:
5710:
5358:
5340:
5256:
5199:
4872:
4808:
4604:
4536:
4467:
4383:
4333:
4213:
4172:
4162:
4073:
4032:
4022:
3779:
3606:
3596:
3547:
3506:
3464:
3407:
3278:
3268:
3216:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3052:
2975:
2973:
2971:
1892:prior to surgery to minimize blood loss.
1125:Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma
7105:
7090:
6981:
6940:
5989:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
5917:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
5910:
5908:
5803:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
5771:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
5298:
5282:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
5127:
5006:
4853:"CT/MRI in staging renal cell carcinoma"
3219:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
3177:
3161:Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2867:
2865:
2692:
2247:Renal effects â impaired kidney function
1949:, surgery of any sort is not warranted.
1861:
1775:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1481:
928:sickle cell hemoglobinopathies or traits
744:
648:
558:
429:The tumour arises from the cells of the
266:RCC is also associated with a number of
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6313:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5744:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
5524:
5381:
5273:
4713:
4711:
4639:
4637:
4494:Hinyokika Kiyo. Acta Urologica Japonica
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3388:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2808:Fausto, V; Abbas, A; Fausto, N (2004).
1228:which can also serve as indicators for
1196:to other parts of the body (if a renal
1073:Post-Neuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma
1033:Mucinous Tubular Spindle Cell Carcinoma
555:Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC)
8376:
6453:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6015:Clinical & Experimental Metastasis
5986:
5977:
5174:
4850:
4844:
4790:Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging
4746:
4561:
4484:
4406:
4300:
3879:
3755:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3069:
2661:
2402:made the first reference suggesting a
1803:
1368:
1341:, based on specific imaging features.
400:hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
7741:
7495:
6859:Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
6479:from the original on 24 December 2017
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
5905:
5768:
5568:
5090:
5061:
5055:
5033:
4889:
4781:
4525:Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology
4441:
2948:
2862:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
1650:, which frequently contains zones of
1267:activated partial thromboplastin time
1098:Similar to other common RCC subtypes
646:Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC)
368:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
289:
189:that originates in the lining of the
7211:10.1001/archinte.1929.00140050123011
7196:
6491:
5051:from the original on March 10, 2009.
4981:
4708:
4672:
4643:
4634:
4271:
4239:Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
4236:
4230:
3860:
3807:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
3666:
3210:
3183:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2119:Activity has also been reported for
1496:
388:hereditary papillary renal carcinoma
301:Other signs and symptom may include
22:
8235:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
7312:Clinical and Translational Oncology
5943:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
5773:. Humana Pr Inc. pp. 119â132.
5284:. Humana Pr Inc. pp. 105â118.
5237:The New England Journal of Medicine
4934:Kidney Cancer / General Information
4859:. 4 Spec No A (Spec No A): S25â32.
3111:
2801:
2789:from the original on 3 October 2017
2738:
2736:
2734:
1837:Nephron-sparing partial nephrectomy
1177:
609:Loss of chromosomes 8p, 9p, and 14q
589:segments occurs in 70â90% of CCRCCs
13:
7804:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
6293:
6262:from the original on 13 April 2018
5152:10.1097/01.pas.0000249446.28713.53
2617:
2536:inserted perpendicularly onto the
2520:. They found that the tumour cell
2364:Karnofsky performance-status score
1272:
695:Gain of chromosomes 12, 16, and 20
692:of chromosome 7 in hereditary PRCC
669:cells arranged in an irregular or
424:
14:
8400:
7547:Glandular and epithelial neoplasm
7351:
7106:Delahunt, Brett (March 8, 2009).
5721:10.1097/01.ju.0000110610.61545.ae
4955:American Journal of Roentgenology
4898:American Journal of Roentgenology
4616:The West Virginia Medical Journal
3138:10.1097/01.ju.0000092764.81308.6a
2908:
2850:from the original on 7 March 2014
2826:
2649:from the original on 7 March 2014
2540:with occasional cells containing
2355:(Computed Tomography Imaging) or
2024:
1605:
1203:
1145:Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma
847:3p deletion as observed in CCRCC
563:Generally the cells have a clear
534:Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma
499:
7587:Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney
7252:
7217:
7190:
7155:
7136:
7057:
6887:
6847:
6828:
6792:
6757:
6721:
6598:
6537:
5546:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11112.x
5360:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1998.00751.x
5064:Pathology, Research and Practice
4376:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00495.x
3356:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00708.x
3163:. Humana Pr Inc. pp. 3â22.
2846:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
2731:
2516:of clear cells from eight renal
2177:Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy
1940:therapies use image-guidance by
433:epithelium. It is considered an
119:
27:
8122:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
6511:New England Journal of Medicine
6461:
6436:from the original on 2015-02-06
6416:
6367:
6274:
6244:
6208:New England Journal of Medicine
6150:
6049:
6005:
5933:
5862:
5819:
5690:
5445:
5410:
5375:
5334:
5224:
4995:from the original on 2010-05-07
4946:
4767:10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969475
4435:
4350:
4265:
4189:
4151:World Journal of Clinical Cases
4090:
4049:
3998:
3963:
3938:
3914:
3825:
3523:
3495:International Journal of Cancer
3481:
3432:
3378:
3335:
3235:
3085:New England Journal of Medicine
3012:
2986:New England Journal of Medicine
2676:European Association of Urology
2381:
2161:
1930:Percutaneous ablative therapies
1923:Surgery for metastatic disease:
1039:Mean age 53 years (range 13â82)
881:Mean age 55 years (range 40â70)
859:after complete surgical removal
829:Mean age 51 years (range 20â76)
567:, are surrounded by a distinct
364:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
348:
7910:Familial adenomatous polyposis
7727:Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
7164:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
6325:10.1002/14651858.cd012796.pub2
5182:Berg, Eva; Zbar, Bert (1997).
4442:Sahni, V.A. (1 January 2009).
3840:(5): 855â7, discussion 857â8.
3457:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.356
2771:
1898:is increasingly performed via
1265:(ESR), prothrombin time (PT),
1263:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
975:Xp11.2 Translocation Carcinoma
932:Majority are African-Americans
826:Variant of CCRCC (5% of CCRCC)
571:and contain round and uniform
55:add the appropriate references
1:
8285:Paget's disease of the breast
8227:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
7238:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)74326-1
7199:Archives of Internal Medicine
6926:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67892-5
6074:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0117
5668:10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.039
5431:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62751-4
5396:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62052-4
4658:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58098-2
4286:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01368-3
3781:10.1016/S1015-9584(11)60019-5
3698:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60229-4
3445:Archives of Internal Medicine
3025:European Urology Open Science
2934:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1
2611:
2480:Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld
2203:
1771:
1763:
1678:, producing a pseudocapsule.
1405:
1269:(APTT) should be considered.
785:BirtâHoggâDube (BHD) syndrome
530:Classification of the Common
313:resulting from depression of
305:; loin pain; abdominal mass;
8289:Extramammary Paget's disease
8016:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
7108:"History of Renal Neoplasia"
6990:Journal of Clinical Oncology
6953:Journal of Clinical Oncology
6699:10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283609ec1
6620:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.035
6392:10.1097/CJI.0b013e318156e47e
5991:. Humana. pp. 219â230.
5919:. Humana. pp. 279â302.
5805:. Humana. pp. 155â166.
5625:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.055
5390:(1): 33â4, discussion 34â5.
5341:Novick AC (September 1998).
5318:10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_10
4409:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4111:10.1097/PDM.0b013e31815aca30
3984:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.035
3846:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.049
3321:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.049
3270:10.1371/journal.pone.0057475
3221:. Humana. pp. 339â348.
2886:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32835fc857
2838:Master, VA (November 2013).
2757:10.1097/CCO.0b013e3282f9782b
2717:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.002
2258:
1351:positron-emission tomography
1327:multilocular cystic nephroma
1296:
1013:gene on Xp11.2 resulting in
889:High-grade tumor cells with
742:Renal Cell Carcinoma (ChRCC)
594:von HippelâLindau (VHL) gene
539:Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtype
456:
353:
7:
8274:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
8191:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
7824:Transitional cell carcinoma
7696:Transitional cell carcinoma
7668:Transitional cell carcinoma
7074:10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_1
5662:(2). Elsevier BV: 266â270.
5619:(4). Elsevier BV: 988â995.
5589:10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.007
4865:10.1102/1470-7330.2004.0012
4851:Reznek, RH (Feb 14, 2004).
4460:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0005
3890:10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_2
3741:10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002
3194:10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_5
3097:10.1056/NEJM199609193351207
3037:10.1016/j.euros.2022.03.005
2874:Current Opinion in Oncology
2559:
2482:to describe these tumours.
2414:, first published in 1613.
2326:A Korean study estimated a
2264:National Cancer Data Base:
1398:and the involvement of the
877:collecting ducts of Bellini
808:Cell/Tissue Characteristics
404:papillary thyroid carcinoma
380:
153:of the most common type of
40:reliable medical references
10:
8405:
8331:Medullary breast carcinoma
8313:Invasive lobular carcinoma
8223:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
8174:Signet ring cell carcinoma
7623:Juxtaglomerular cell tumor
7002:10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2530
6814:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.006
6778:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.010
6743:10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.026
6658:10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.12.001
6108:Quinn DI, Lara PN (2015).
5510:10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.030
4732:10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.124
2394:
1962:magnetic resonance imaging
1812:
1517:
1451:Magnetic resonance imaging
1446:Magnetic resonance imaging
1287:aspartate aminotransferase
766:ChRCC is derived from the
723:Majority of tumours occur
621:proximal convoluted tubule
619:CCRCC is derived from the
494:magnetic resonance imaging
191:proximal convoluted tubule
15:
8348:
8321:
8308:Lobular carcinoma in situ
8298:
8259:
8248:
8231:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
8212:
8164:
8141:
8130:
8095:
8068:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
8038:
8001:
7973:
7892:
7869:
7857:Bartholin gland carcinoma
7837:
7785:
7776:
7768:Glandular and epithelial
7719:
7686:
7658:
7640:
7618:Renal medullary carcinoma
7610:
7567:
7546:
7537:
7454:
7359:
7324:10.1007/s12094-008-0276-8
7176:10.1016/j.cll.2005.01.007
6576:10.1007/s00345-004-0466-0
6473:Cancer Research Institute
6172:10.1007/s00432-013-1510-5
6062:Molecular Cancer Research
6027:10.1007/s10585-013-9612-7
5883:10.1007/s00330-006-0415-y
5840:10.1007/s10147-006-0654-6
5466:10.1007/s11934-008-0006-3
5076:10.1016/j.prp.2013.01.007
4967:10.2214/ajr.171.6.9843299
4910:10.2214/ajr.177.3.1770659
4582:10.1148/radiol.2362040218
4215:10.1038/modpathol.2011.80
4075:10.1038/modpathol.2008.20
2844:Merck Manual Professional
2532:and fat. They identified
2428:Hypernephroma controversy
1573:
1555:
1331:polycystic kidney disease
1236:Complete blood cell count
1114:World Health Organization
1088:features (same as CCRCC)
1007:Chromosomal translocation
796:
711:PRCC is derived from the
529:
408:von HippelâLindau disease
321:(increased production of
276:high red blood cell count
272:high blood calcium levels
164:
149:
140:
135:
46:or relies too heavily on
8336:Medullary thyroid cancer
8269:Mammary ductal carcinoma
8204:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
8058:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
8025:Adrenocortical carcinoma
7965:Hepatocellular carcinoma
6802:Cancer Treatment Reviews
6766:Cancer Treatment Reviews
6646:Cancer Treatment Reviews
6564:World Journal of Urology
5188:The Journal of Pathology
3768:Asian Journal of Surgery
2376:paraneoplastic syndromes
1987:Radio frequency ablation
1977:radio frequency ablation
1709:Nuclear Characteristics
1291:alanine aminotransferase
1084:Eosinophilic cells with
935:Mean age 19 years (5â69)
772:ChRCC has a much better
768:cortical collecting duct
713:distal convoluted tubule
628:Majority of CCRCC arise
268:paraneoplastic syndromes
233:generally feeling unwell
7814:Squamous-cell carcinoma
7701:Squamous-cell carcinoma
7673:Squamous-cell carcinoma
7628:Renal medullary fibroma
6966:10.1200/JCO.2004.06.132
5532:Association surgeons".
4818:Acta Urologica Japonica
4694:10.1148/radiol.11101508
4421:10.1200/JCO.2003.12.072
4164:10.12998/wjcc.v1.i9.262
3400:10.1136/oem.2010.056341
2550:renal convoluted tubule
2474:, which was amended to
2336:five-year survival rate
2332:five-year survival rate
1966:radiofrequency ablation
1047:Tubules, extracellular
820:Multilocular Cystic RCC
653:Type 1 PRCC consist of
396:BirtâHoggâDube syndrome
345:; and chronic fatigue.
202:five-year survival rate
8197:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
8021:Adrenocortical adenoma
7961:Hepatocellular adenoma
7226:The Journal of Urology
6914:The Journal of Urology
6731:The Journal of Urology
6507:"Renal-Cell Carcinoma"
5498:The Journal of Urology
4720:The Journal of Urology
4646:The Journal of Urology
4538:10.1055/s-0031-1293492
4251:10.1188/09.CJON.S2.3-7
4024:10.1186/1746-1596-3-44
3126:The Journal of Urology
2982:"Renal-Cell Carcinoma"
2840:"Renal Cell Carcinoma"
2639:"Renal Cell Carcinoma"
2495:Renal Celled Carcinoma
2284:Confined to the kidney
1886:cardiopulmonary bypass
1867:
1784:
1635:
1627:
1615:
1244:), white blood cells (
750:
674:
576:
496:(MRI) of the kidneys.
431:proximal renal tubular
69:"Renal cell carcinoma"
8359:Acinic cell carcinoma
8083:Papillary hidradenoma
5249:10.1056/nejmsr1606602
3632:Nature Reviews Cancer
3585:Clinical Epidemiology
3549:10.1093/annonc/mds022
2534:cytoplasmic membranes
2276:5 Year Survival Rate
1865:
1779:
1633:
1621:
1613:
1487:Intravenous pyelogram
1482:Intravenous pyelogram
748:
652:
606:Gain of chromosome 5q
562:
545:Genetic Abnormalities
449:) or oncogenes (like
8187:Mucinous cystadenoma
8046:Neuroendocrine tumor
7983:Renal cell carcinoma
7819:Basal-cell carcinoma
7799:Small-cell carcinoma
7582:Mesoblastic nephroma
7554:Renal cell carcinoma
7066:Renal Cell Carcinoma
6523:10.1056/NEJMra043172
6281:Renal Cell Carcinoma
6221:10.1056/NEJMoa065044
6126:10.1056/NEJMe1511252
5310:Renal Cell Carcinoma
5136:Sika-Paotonu, Dianne
5047:. January 30, 2009.
4314:Analytical Chemistry
4011:Diagnostic Pathology
3882:Renal Cell Carcinoma
3186:Renal Cell Carcinoma
2998:10.1056/NEJMra043172
2606:Vasculogenic Mimicry
2507:Renal Cell Carcinoma
1634:Renal cell carcinoma
1614:Renal cell carcinoma
1578:any of the following
1560:any of the following
1017:of the TFE3 protein
961:95% presenting with
906:1/3 presenting with
855:No local or distant
179:Renal cell carcinoma
155:renal cell carcinoma
136:Renal cell carcinoma
18:RCC (disambiguation)
16:For other uses, see
8323:Medullary carcinoma
7809:Verrucous carcinoma
7602:Metanephric adenoma
7273:1960Natur.186..402O
6872:10.1093/jjco/hyq238
6551:. 17 November 2021.
5828:Int. J. Clin. Oncol
5312:. pp. 167â94.
5099:ProgrĂšs en Urologie
4274:The Lancet Oncology
3692:(9669): 1119â1132.
3261:2013PLoSO...857475H
3188:. pp. 83â102.
2922:The Lancet Oncology
2524:contained numerous
2472:hypernephroid tumor
2412:Practicae Medicinae
2193:neoadjuvant therapy
2003:osmotic dehydration
1954:computed tomography
1905:partial nephrectomy
1826:partial nephrectomy
1804:Active surveillance
1436:percutaneous biopsy
1424:computed tomography
1375:computed tomography
1369:Computed tomography
1306:, and some contain
920:Medullary Carcinoma
832:Male:female = 2â3:1
490:computed tomography
412:sickle cell disease
280:high platelet count
225:high blood pressure
8156:Cystadenocarcinoma
7988:Endometrioid tumor
7951:Cholangiocarcinoma
7839:Complex epithelial
7829:Inverted papilloma
7678:Inverted papilloma
7455:External resources
7042:10.1002/cncr.11234
6898:2015-12-05 at the
6840:2016-04-05 at the
6729:Clinical Trials".
6286:2016-07-05 at the
5045:Atlas of Pathology
4939:2011-11-01 at the
4099:Diagn. Mol. Pathol
3884:. pp. 23â41.
3598:10.2147/clep.s4759
3536:Annals of Oncology
2643:Medscape Reference
2586:Knudson hypothesis
2239:hand-foot syndrome
1989:uses an electrode
1878:inferior vena cava
1868:
1785:
1666:cells can exhibit
1636:
1628:
1616:
1528:TNM staging system
1400:inferior vena cava
1373:Contrast-enhanced
1339:surgical resection
751:
698:Rare mutations of
675:
577:
492:(CT) scanning and
290:Signs and symptoms
209:blood in the urine
8371:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8344:
8343:
8300:Lobular carcinoma
8244:
8243:
8091:
8090:
7865:
7864:
7735:
7734:
7650:Ureteral neoplasm
7636:
7635:
7489:
7488:
7267:(4722): 402â403.
7124:on March 29, 2020
7083:978-1-62703-061-8
7068:. pp. 3â22.
6687:Anti-Cancer Drugs
5998:978-1-62703-061-8
5955:10.1586/era.13.52
5926:978-1-62703-061-8
5812:978-1-62703-061-8
5780:978-1-62703-061-8
5534:BJU International
5425:(3 Pt 1): 674â8.
5327:978-1-62703-061-8
5291:978-1-62703-061-8
5134:Delahunt, Brett;
4326:10.1021/ac902204k
3899:978-1-62703-061-8
3818:978-0-7817-7153-5
3508:10.1002/ijc.23750
3344:BJU International
3228:978-1-62703-061-8
3203:978-1-62703-061-8
3170:978-1-62703-061-8
2928:(12): e731âe741.
2685:978-94-92671-19-6
2596:Stauffer syndrome
2538:basement membrane
2501:origin for these
2324:
2323:
2210:metastatic spread
2017:and freezing the
1753:
1752:
1644:Gross examination
1600:
1599:
1497:Renal angiography
1418:and cystic renal
1107:Virtual Karyotype
1102:
1101:
994:May resemble PRCC
958:Highly aggressive
953:Not well defined
938:Male:female = 2:1
884:Male:female = 2:1
805:Clinical features
792:
791:
779:Most cases arise
176:
175:
130:Medical condition
128:
127:
104:
8396:
8291:
8261:Ductal carcinoma
8257:
8256:
8237:
8193:
8179:Krukenberg tumor
8139:
8138:
7993:Renal oncocytoma
7905:Linitis plastica
7894:Gastrointestinal
7890:
7889:
7876:
7875:
7783:
7782:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7559:Renal oncocytoma
7544:
7543:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7493:
7492:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7345:
7335:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7281:10.1038/186402a0
7256:
7250:
7249:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7170:(2): 231â46, v.
7159:
7153:
7152:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7117:. Archived from
7112:
7103:
7088:
7087:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7044:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6968:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6909:
6903:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6851:
6845:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6681:
6670:
6669:
6641:
6632:
6631:
6608:European Urology
6602:
6596:
6595:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6502:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6452:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6354:
6336:
6319:(10): CD012796.
6304:
6291:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6223:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5912:
5903:
5902:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5798:
5785:
5784:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5714:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5613:European Urology
5607:
5601:
5600:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5203:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5015:Arkhiv Patologii
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4950:
4944:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4611:
4602:
4601:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4540:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4202:Modern Pathology
4193:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4142:
4131:
4130:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4062:Modern Pathology
4053:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4026:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3972:European Urology
3967:
3961:
3960:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3877:
3858:
3857:
3834:European Urology
3829:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3681:
3664:
3663:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3551:
3542:(9): 2235â2244.
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3411:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3309:European Urology
3304:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2977:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2705:European Urology
2696:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2634:
2528:and deposits of
2464:malignant tumour
2328:disease-specific
2267:
2266:
2182:Adjuvant therapy
2036:targeted therapy
1703:
1702:
1533:
1532:
1353:(PET) scanning,
1313:Deciding on the
1178:Laboratory tests
794:
793:
671:pseudostratified
602:hypermethylation
592:Inactivation of
548:Characteristics
527:
526:
261:targeted therapy
145:
133:
132:
123:
122:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
31:
30:
23:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8363:
8340:
8317:
8294:
8283:
8279:Comedocarcinoma
8252:
8250:
8240:
8221:
8208:
8185:
8160:
8134:
8132:
8126:
8097:
8087:
8034:
7997:
7969:
7942:Somatostatinoma
7885:adenocarcinomas
7883:
7861:
7847:Warthin's tumor
7833:
7772:
7766:
7736:
7731:
7715:
7682:
7654:
7632:
7606:
7597:Cystic nephroma
7563:
7533:
7531:genital systems
7520:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7450:
7449:
7368:
7354:
7349:
7318:(11): 697â712.
7308:
7304:
7257:
7253:
7222:
7218:
7195:
7191:
7160:
7156:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7110:
7104:
7091:
7084:
7062:
7058:
7021:
7017:
6986:
6982:
6945:
6941:
6910:
6906:
6900:Wayback Machine
6892:
6888:
6865:(1): NP. 2010.
6855:"IN THIS ISSUE"
6853:
6852:
6848:
6842:Wayback Machine
6833:
6829:
6797:
6793:
6762:
6758:
6737:(6): 2095â100.
6726:
6722:
6682:
6673:
6642:
6635:
6603:
6599:
6560:
6556:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6517:(23): 2477â90.
6503:
6492:
6482:
6480:
6469:"Kidney Cancer"
6467:
6466:
6462:
6446:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6424:"Archived copy"
6422:
6421:
6417:
6372:
6368:
6305:
6294:
6288:Wayback Machine
6279:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6256:www.torisel.com
6250:
6249:
6245:
6199:
6195:
6166:(11): 1917â26.
6155:
6151:
6114:N. Engl. J. Med
6106:
6099:
6054:
6050:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5985:
5978:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5913:
5906:
5867:
5863:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5799:
5788:
5781:
5767:
5763:
5740:
5736:
5712:10.1.1.469.2497
5695:
5691:
5652:
5648:
5608:
5604:
5573:
5569:
5529:
5525:
5493:
5489:
5450:
5446:
5415:
5411:
5380:
5376:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5278:
5274:
5229:
5225:
5179:
5175:
5132:
5128:
5117:
5095:
5091:
5060:
5056:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5011:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4951:
4947:
4941:Wayback Machine
4932:
4925:
4894:
4890:
4849:
4845:
4813:
4809:
4786:
4782:
4751:
4747:
4716:
4709:
4677:
4673:
4642:
4635:
4612:
4605:
4566:
4562:
4517:
4513:
4489:
4485:
4440:
4436:
4405:
4401:
4355:
4351:
4305:
4301:
4270:
4266:
4235:
4231:
4194:
4190:
4143:
4134:
4095:
4091:
4054:
4050:
4003:
3999:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3900:
3878:
3861:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3801:
3797:
3760:
3756:
3725:
3721:
3682:
3667:
3644:10.1038/nrc1364
3628:
3624:
3577:
3573:
3528:
3524:
3486:
3482:
3451:(16): 1487â93.
3437:
3433:
3383:
3379:
3340:
3336:
3305:
3296:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3157:
3153:
3121:
3112:
3081:
3070:
3017:
3013:
2992:(23): 2477â90.
2978:
2949:
2918:
2909:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2827:
2820:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2779:"Kidney cancer"
2777:
2776:
2772:
2745:Curr Opin Oncol
2741:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2618:
2614:
2562:
2497:to emphasize a
2430:
2406:arising in the
2397:
2384:
2261:
2206:
2198:clinical trials
2179:
2164:
2109:
2027:
1932:
1873:Gaetano Ciancio
1852:Gerota's fascia
1815:
1806:
1774:
1766:
1608:
1577:
1559:
1520:
1499:
1484:
1448:
1408:
1371:
1355:ultrasonography
1299:
1275:
1273:Blood chemistry
1238:
1206:
1180:
1118:renal neoplasms
638:cancer syndrome
585:Alterations of
502:
463:medical history
459:
427:
425:Pathophysiology
383:
356:
351:
337:by the tumour;
323:red blood cells
292:
131:
124:
120:
115:
109:
106:
63:
52:
48:primary sources
32:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8402:
8392:
8391:
8389:Medical triads
8386:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8254:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8218:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8170:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8136:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8101:
8099:
8098:skin appendage
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8042:
8040:
8039:Other/multiple
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7958:
7956:Klatskin tumor
7953:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7898:
7896:
7887:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7706:Adenocarcinoma
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7664:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7592:Angiomyolipoma
7589:
7584:
7579:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7519:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7496:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7471:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7436:
7425:
7411:
7400:
7385:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:Classification
7353:
7352:External links
7350:
7348:
7347:
7302:
7251:
7232:(2): 190â200.
7216:
7189:
7154:
7135:
7089:
7082:
7056:
7035:(7): 1663â71.
7015:
6996:(8): 2530â40.
6980:
6939:
6904:
6886:
6846:
6827:
6808:(4): 388â401.
6791:
6756:
6720:
6671:
6652:(3): 193â205.
6633:
6614:(6): 1502â10.
6597:
6554:
6536:
6490:
6460:
6415:
6366:
6292:
6273:
6243:
6214:(2): 115â124.
6193:
6149:
6120:(19): 1872â4.
6097:
6048:
6004:
5997:
5976:
5949:(6): 697â709.
5932:
5925:
5904:
5861:
5818:
5811:
5786:
5779:
5761:
5734:
5689:
5646:
5602:
5567:
5523:
5504:(4): 1317â23.
5487:
5444:
5409:
5374:
5333:
5326:
5297:
5290:
5272:
5243:(8): 794â798.
5223:
5173:
5126:
5089:
5054:
5032:
5005:
4980:
4961:(6): 1619â24.
4945:
4923:
4888:
4857:Cancer Imaging
4843:
4824:(8): 1323â31.
4807:
4780:
4745:
4707:
4671:
4633:
4603:
4560:
4511:
4483:
4448:Cancer Imaging
4434:
4399:
4349:
4299:
4264:
4229:
4208:(9): 1207â20.
4188:
4157:(9): 262â275.
4132:
4089:
4068:(5): 599â608.
4048:
3997:
3978:(5): 798â805.
3962:
3955:
3937:
3930:
3913:
3898:
3859:
3824:
3817:
3795:
3754:
3735:(2): 133â155.
3719:
3665:
3622:
3571:
3522:
3480:
3431:
3377:
3334:
3294:
3234:
3227:
3209:
3202:
3176:
3169:
3151:
3110:
3091:(12): 865â75.
3068:
3011:
2947:
2907:
2861:
2825:
2819:978-0721601878
2818:
2800:
2785:. 2017-10-23.
2770:
2730:
2691:
2684:
2660:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2514:ultrastructure
2429:
2426:
2400:Daniel Sennert
2396:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2205:
2202:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2026:
2025:Targeted drugs
2023:
1931:
1928:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1607:
1606:Histopathology
1604:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1519:
1516:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1480:
1447:
1444:
1407:
1404:
1370:
1367:
1304:calcifications
1298:
1295:
1274:
1271:
1237:
1234:
1205:
1204:Urine analysis
1202:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:overexpression
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
990:
989:
988:
985:
982:
977:
971:
970:
969:
968:
965:
959:
954:
951:
941:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
922:
916:
915:
914:
913:
910:
904:
903:Poor prognosis
899:
896:
887:
886:
885:
882:
879:
871:
863:
862:
861:
860:
853:
848:
845:
835:
834:
833:
830:
827:
822:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
790:
789:
788:
787:
777:
770:
762:
761:
760:
755:
752:
735:
734:
733:
732:
721:
718:
715:
707:
706:
705:
703:proto-oncogene
696:
693:
687:
679:
676:
642:
641:
640:
639:
632:
626:
623:
615:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
590:
581:
578:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
501:
500:Classification
498:
458:
455:
435:adenocarcinoma
426:
423:
392:leiomyomatosis
382:
379:
355:
352:
350:
347:
319:erythrocytosis
315:erythropoietin
291:
288:
282:and secondary
249:adrenal glands
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
147:
146:
138:
137:
129:
126:
125:
118:
116:
35:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8401:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8384:Kidney cancer
8382:
8381:
8379:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:and medullary
8247:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8205:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8129:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8094:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7763:
7758:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7362:
7358:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7145:J Urol Pathol
7139:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6959:(3): 454â63.
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6920:(2): 426â30.
6919:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6772:(4): 366â74.
6771:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6693:(6): 535â54.
6692:
6688:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6570:(3): 202â12.
6569:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6456:
6450:
6432:
6425:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6386:(8): 825â30.
6385:
6381:
6380:J. Immunother
6377:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6277:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6102:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6068:(7): 859â80.
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6021:(1): 111â34.
6020:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5981:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5877:(3): 725â33.
5876:
5872:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5750:(7): 376â80.
5749:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5705:(3): 1071â6.
5704:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:Curr Urol Rep
5448:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5146:(6): 957â60.
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5101:(in French).
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5070:(3): 137â46.
5069:
5065:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4904:(3): 659â60.
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4796:(2): 69â118.
4795:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:(3): 709â15.
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:(3): 854â62.
4687:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:(2): 441â50.
4575:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4531:(5): 459â69.
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4415:(7): 1193â4.
4414:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:(5): 1584â8.
4319:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3956:9780808924500
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3931:9780808924500
3927:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:(5): 381â93.
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3501:(9): 2213â6.
3500:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:(10): 723â8.
3393:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3315:(4): 615â21.
3314:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:(2): e57475.
3254:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:(5): 1742â6.
3131:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:(3): 273â80.
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:(3): 519â30.
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Kidney cancer
2579:
2577:
2576:Interleukin-2
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:cells of the
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:renal tubular
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:hypernephroma
2473:
2469:
2468:Otto Lubarsch
2465:
2461:
2460:renal tubules
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2186:Pembrolizumab
2183:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:pembrolizumab
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:Interleukin-2
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:Immunotherapy
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:cell membrane
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1947:comorbidities
1943:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:Laparoscopic
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:hepatic veins
1879:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:adrenal gland
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:blood vessels
1632:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1511:blood vessels
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1491:urinary tract
1488:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:arteriography
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:can test for
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:spindle cells
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
973:
972:
966:
964:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
949:
945:
942:
937:
934:
931:
929:
925:
924:
923:
921:
918:
917:
911:
909:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
878:
874:
873:
872:
870:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:, small dark
840:
836:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
795:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
769:
765:
764:
763:
758:
757:
756:
753:
747:
743:
741:
737:
736:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
714:
710:
709:
708:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
647:
644:
643:
637:
633:
631:
627:
624:
622:
618:
617:
616:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:and promoter
599:
595:
591:
588:
587:chromosome 3p
584:
583:
582:
579:
574:
570:
569:cell membrane
566:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
533:
528:
525:
523:
519:
518:renal tubules
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:, hereditary
389:
378:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
346:
344:
340:
339:hypercalcemia
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
257:Immunotherapy
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
187:kidney cancer
184:
180:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
159:H&E stain
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
134:
117:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
60:
56:
50:
49:
45:
41:
36:This article
34:
25:
24:
19:
8110:Hidrocystoma
8104:
8030:HĂŒrthle cell
8011:Prolactinoma
7982:
7916:
7901:
7577:Wilms' tumor
7553:
7473:
7462:
7438:
7427:
7413:
7402:
7387:
7372:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7119:the original
7114:
7065:
7059:
7032:
7028:
7018:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6889:
6862:
6858:
6849:
6830:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6690:
6686:
6649:
6645:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6514:
6510:
6481:. Retrieved
6472:
6463:
6438:. Retrieved
6418:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6316:
6312:
6276:
6264:. Retrieved
6255:
6246:
6211:
6207:
6196:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6117:
6113:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6018:
6014:
6007:
5988:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5916:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5834:(2): 79â84.
5831:
5827:
5821:
5802:
5770:
5764:
5747:
5746:(in Dutch).
5743:
5737:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5583:(6): 295â9.
5580:
5576:
5570:
5540:(5): 731â8.
5537:
5533:
5526:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5353:(3): 321â4.
5350:
5346:
5336:
5309:
5281:
5275:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5194:(2): 131â3.
5191:
5187:
5176:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5044:
5035:
5021:(12): 12â7.
5018:
5014:
5008:
4997:. Retrieved
4983:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4856:
4846:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4723:
4719:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4652:(4): 533â7.
4649:
4645:
4619:
4615:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4500:(8): 901â5.
4497:
4493:
4486:
4454:(1): 44â55.
4451:
4447:
4437:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4370:(8): 532â8.
4367:
4363:
4352:
4317:
4313:
4302:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4154:
4150:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3946:
3940:
3921:
3916:
3881:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3806:
3798:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3689:
3685:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3409:11585/682305
3391:
3387:
3380:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3252:
3248:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3185:
3179:
3160:
3154:
3129:
3125:
3088:
3084:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2925:
2921:
2877:
2873:
2852:. Retrieved
2843:
2809:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2751:(3): 300â6.
2748:
2744:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2642:
2526:mitochondria
2511:
2506:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2457:
2441:Paul Grawitz
2437:pathogenesis
2434:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2410:in his text
2398:
2389:
2385:
2382:Epidemiology
2373:
2361:
2350:
2346:
2325:
2262:
2253:
2241:, stomatitis
2219:
2215:
2207:
2191:Conversely,
2190:
2180:
2171:radiotherapy
2167:Chemotherapy
2165:
2162:Chemotherapy
2128:atezolizumab
2125:
2118:
2110:
2105:Interferon-α
2094:Temsirolimus
2059:Cabozantinib
2028:
1998:Cryoablation
1997:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1981:cryoablation
1974:
1951:
1942:radiologists
1935:Percutaneous
1933:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1900:laparoscopic
1894:
1869:
1849:
1845:hypertension
1834:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1767:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1694:haematoxylin
1687:
1680:
1672:
1648:renal cortex
1637:
1601:
1574:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1521:
1500:
1485:
1449:
1433:
1412:asymptomatic
1409:
1372:
1343:
1325:renal cyst,
1323:haemorrhagic
1312:
1300:
1276:
1254:thrombocytes
1242:erythrocytes
1239:
1207:
1185:asymptomatic
1181:
1111:
1103:
1072:
1032:
999:eosinophilic
974:
919:
891:eosinophilic
866:
819:
781:sporadically
738:
725:sporadically
667:eosinophilic
661:with scanty
659:cuboid cells
645:
630:sporadically
554:
553:
532:Histological
522:histological
503:
482:chemotherapy
475:
471:electrolytes
460:
439:chromosome 3
428:
416:
384:
375:hysterectomy
372:
360:hypertension
357:
349:Risk factors
331:hypertension
300:
293:
265:
229:night sweats
206:
198:metastasised
195:
182:
178:
177:
154:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:verification
37:
8152:Cystadenoma
8105:sweat gland
8096:Adnexal and
7927:Glucagonoma
7611:by location
7569:Mixed tumor
7464:MedlinePlus
5577:The Surgeon
5460:(1): 22â5.
4830:2433/119684
4726:(1): 20â7.
4622:(1): 21â3.
4105:(1): 3â13.
3774:(1): 50â2.
3350:(1): 20â7.
2601:Vinblastine
2556:pathology.
2466:. In 1894,
2368:haemoglobin
2273:Description
2156:savolitinib
2079:Bevacizumab
1970:cryotherapy
1968:) or cold (
1916:cryotherapy
1822:nephrectomy
1793:lymph nodes
1706:Grade Level
1656:haemorrhage
1503:angiography
1476:spinal cord
1455:intravenous
1308:macroscopic
1210:haemoglobin
1189:gallbladder
944:Haemorrhage
802:RCC subtype
740:Chromophobe
467:biochemical
402:, familial
284:amyloidosis
237:lymph nodes
217:weight loss
38:needs more
8378:Categories
8135:and serous
8078:Cylindroma
8063:Oncocytoma
7975:Urogenital
7932:Gastrinoma
7922:Insulinoma
7778:Epithelium
7440:DiseasesDB
7333:2183/19413
7205:(5): 746.
6440:2014-10-29
6334:2164/11109
5871:Eur Radiol
5105:(4): 5â8.
4999:2010-03-31
3686:The Lancet
2612:References
2571:Interferon
2546:epithelial
2542:microvilli
2518:carcinomas
2357:ultrasound
2204:Metastasis
2136:durvalumab
2132:varlilumab
2121:ipilimumab
2069:Lenvatinib
2064:Everolimus
2011:organelles
1960:, or even
1958:ultrasound
1781:Micrograph
1772:Management
1764:Prevention
1683:clear cell
1676:parenchyma
1624:incidences
1459:gadolinium
1428:ultrasound
1406:Ultrasound
1396:lymph node
1392:renal vein
1388:metastatic
1363:venography
1289:(AST) and
1246:leukocytes
1214:urinalysis
1194:metastasis
1086:oncocytoid
1062:Favourable
1009:involving
997:Clear and
963:metastasis
908:metastasis
857:metastasis
814:Prognosis
729:hereditary
514:epithelium
486:ultrasound
370:(NSAIDS).
327:varicocele
303:haematuria
296:haematuria
255:or bones.
213:flank pain
151:Micrograph
110:April 2021
80:newspapers
8133:mucinous,
8115:Syringoma
8051:Carcinoid
8003:Endocrine
7791:carcinoma
7787:Papilloma
7475:eMedicine
7128:April 27,
6881:0368-2811
6715:205529087
6343:1465-1858
6230:0028-4793
5707:CiteSeerX
5676:0090-4295
5633:0302-2838
5347:Br J Urol
4755:Radiology
4682:Radiology
4570:Radiology
4555:260321430
4280:(2): 72.
3591:: 33â43.
3558:1569-8041
3045:2666-1683
3031:: 22â28.
2645:. WebMD.
2591:Rapamycin
2522:cytoplasm
2419:carcinoma
2259:Prognosis
2089:Tivozanib
2084:Sorafenib
2074:Pazopanib
2054:Sunitinib
2044:Nivolumab
2019:cytoplasm
1890:embolized
1735:Grade III
1557:Stage III
1468:vena cava
1440:pathology
1379:abdominal
1347:urography
1319:malignant
1297:Radiology
1250:platelets
1112:The 2004
1095:observed
894:cytoplasm
852:Favorable
839:cytoplasm
774:prognosis
663:cytoplasm
636:inherited
565:cytoplasm
542:Frequency
478:radiation
457:Diagnosis
354:Lifestyle
166:Specialty
8251:lobular,
8166:Mucinous
7917:pancreas
7880:Adenomas
7711:Melanoma
7480:med/2002
7342:19015066
7289:14428164
7246:14861941
7184:15848734
7151:: 31â49.
7051:12655523
7010:10561319
6975:14752067
6934:10647646
6896:Archived
6838:Archived
6822:23317510
6786:22832091
6751:23083849
6707:23552469
6666:18313224
6628:17408850
6592:12091991
6584:15812574
6531:16339096
6483:19 March
6477:Archived
6449:cite web
6431:Archived
6410:18049334
6361:33058158
6284:Archived
6266:19 March
6260:Archived
6238:17215529
6188:27524034
6180:24037486
6144:26406149
6092:22638109
6043:15100003
6035:23959576
5971:36871651
5963:23773104
5899:12651841
5891:17021704
5848:17443274
5756:18380384
5729:14767273
5684:16098354
5641:17175095
5597:23510704
5554:22502641
5518:20171688
5482:26763264
5474:18366970
5404:10037361
5267:27557308
5218:34796951
5168:27154220
5160:17527087
5121:18271804
5111:17183964
5084:23433880
5049:Archived
4993:Archived
4937:Archived
4918:11517066
4883:18215972
4740:17997455
4702:22025734
4590:16040900
4547:22081281
4478:19602467
4429:12663704
4394:22762401
4344:20121140
4294:14974475
4259:19948453
4224:21602815
4183:24364021
4127:24420204
4119:18303412
4084:18246049
4043:18990225
3992:16442207
3854:23026395
3790:21515214
3749:18187049
3714:24535138
3706:19269025
3660:17905393
3652:15122209
3617:20865085
3566:22398178
3517:18711701
3475:21911634
3426:29328889
3418:21217163
3372:21271953
3364:10886077
3329:21741761
3289:23468995
3249:PLOS ONE
3146:14532767
3063:35528783
3006:16339096
2942:29208439
2902:11526724
2894:23455028
2848:Archived
2793:19 March
2787:Archived
2765:18391630
2725:25449206
2678:. 2023.
2647:Archived
2560:See also
2530:glycogen
2455:tissue.
2330:overall
2140:avelumab
2049:Axitinib
1938:ablation
1909:Mannitol
1841:diabetes
1757:Delahunt
1745:Grade IV
1725:Grade II
1690:neoplasm
1668:papillae
1660:scarring
1652:necrosis
1575:Stage IV
1547:Stage II
1285:such as
1226:bacteria
1136:(MTSCC)
948:necrosis
811:Genetics
655:papillae
598:mutation
381:Genetics
171:Oncology
8249:Ductal,
8145:general
8131:Cystic,
8073:Apudoma
7852:Thymoma
7688:Urethra
7660:Bladder
7527:urinary
7525:of the
7434:D002292
7409:M8312/3
7297:4224899
7269:Bibcode
6401:2134980
6352:8094280
6135:7526749
6083:3399969
5856:5743758
5699:J. Urol
5656:Urology
5439:9720519
5419:J. Urol
5384:J. Urol
5369:9772865
5258:6754861
5210:9390023
5027:1016084
4975:9843299
4874:1435344
4838:3195400
4802:1863349
4775:3969475
4628:8421912
4598:1916092
4506:6675440
4469:2739685
4385:3406350
4335:3251958
4245:: 3â7.
4174:3868710
4034:2588560
3908:2101851
3608:2943168
3466:3691864
3280:3585341
3257:Bibcode
3105:8778606
3054:9068725
2854:7 March
2653:7 March
2566:Dysuria
2503:tumours
2487:adrenal
2449:adrenal
2445:tumours
2395:History
2353:CT scan
2341:fascial
2250:Fatigue
1896:Surgery
1830:surgery
1813:Surgery
1715:Grade I
1537:Stage I
1524:staging
1518:Staging
1420:lesions
1416:tumours
1414:kidney
1335:lesions
1283:enzymes
1258:anaemia
1222:protein
1173:(HLRCC)
690:Trisomy
684:Trisomy
678:10â15%
673:manner.
580:60â70%
510:nephron
506:tumours
311:anaemia
307:malaise
227:(20%),
223:(20%),
219:(33%),
185:) is a
94:scholar
59:removed
8350:Acinar
8214:Serous
8143:Cystic
7937:VIPoma
7902:tract:
7871:Glands
7770:cancer
7642:Ureter
7539:Kidney
7523:Tumors
7469:000516
7423:605074
7420:144700
7340:
7295:
7287:
7261:Nature
7244:
7182:
7080:
7049:
7029:Cancer
7008:
6973:
6932:
6879:
6820:
6784:
6749:
6713:
6705:
6664:
6626:
6590:
6582:
6529:
6408:
6398:
6359:
6349:
6341:
6236:
6228:
6186:
6178:
6142:
6132:
6090:
6080:
6041:
6033:
5995:
5969:
5961:
5923:
5897:
5889:
5854:
5846:
5809:
5777:
5754:
5727:
5709:
5682:
5674:
5639:
5631:
5595:
5562:829345
5560:
5552:
5516:
5480:
5472:
5437:
5402:
5367:
5324:
5288:
5265:
5255:
5216:
5208:
5166:
5158:
5118:
5109:
5082:
5025:
4973:
4916:
4881:
4871:
4836:
4800:
4773:
4738:
4700:
4666:916043
4664:
4626:
4596:
4588:
4553:
4545:
4504:
4476:
4466:
4427:
4392:
4382:
4342:
4332:
4292:
4257:
4222:
4181:
4171:
4125:
4117:
4082:
4041:
4031:
4017:: 44.
3990:
3953:
3928:
3906:
3896:
3852:
3815:
3788:
3747:
3712:
3704:
3658:
3650:
3615:
3605:
3564:
3556:
3515:
3473:
3463:
3424:
3416:
3370:
3362:
3327:
3287:
3277:
3225:
3200:
3167:
3144:
3103:
3061:
3051:
3043:
3004:
2940:
2900:
2892:
2816:
2783:nhs.uk
2763:
2723:
2682:
2554:tumour
2408:kidney
2404:tumour
2154:, and
2152:TRC105
2148:MBG453
2144:LAG525
2007:enzyme
1854:, the
1795:, the
1664:tumour
1501:Renal
1464:tumour
1383:pelvic
1315:benign
1279:cancer
1248:) and
1230:cancer
1198:lesion
1162:(TFEB)
843:nuclei
837:Clear
573:nuclei
419:cystic
343:fevers
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
7720:Other
7445:11245
7404:ICD-O
7398:189.0
7293:S2CID
7122:(PDF)
7111:(PDF)
6711:S2CID
6588:S2CID
6434:(PDF)
6427:(PDF)
6184:S2CID
6039:S2CID
5967:S2CID
5895:S2CID
5852:S2CID
5558:S2CID
5478:S2CID
5214:S2CID
5164:S2CID
5115:INIST
4594:S2CID
4551:S2CID
4123:S2CID
3904:S2CID
3710:S2CID
3656:S2CID
3422:S2CID
3368:S2CID
2898:S2CID
2672:(PDF)
2453:renal
2270:Stage
1991:probe
1797:lungs
1698:eosin
1692:with
1507:X-ray
1472:brain
1218:sugar
1049:mucin
1001:cells
754:3â5%
451:c-Met
335:renin
253:brain
245:liver
241:lungs
221:fever
101:JSTOR
87:books
8352:cell
7529:and
7429:MeSH
7415:OMIM
7393:9-CM
7338:PMID
7285:PMID
7242:PMID
7180:PMID
7130:2013
7078:ISBN
7047:PMID
7006:PMID
6971:PMID
6930:PMID
6877:ISSN
6818:PMID
6782:PMID
6747:PMID
6703:PMID
6662:PMID
6624:PMID
6580:PMID
6527:PMID
6485:2018
6455:link
6406:PMID
6357:PMID
6339:ISSN
6317:2020
6268:2018
6234:PMID
6226:ISSN
6176:PMID
6140:PMID
6088:PMID
6031:PMID
5993:ISBN
5959:PMID
5921:ISBN
5887:PMID
5844:PMID
5807:ISBN
5775:ISBN
5752:PMID
5725:PMID
5680:PMID
5672:ISSN
5637:PMID
5629:ISSN
5593:PMID
5550:PMID
5514:PMID
5470:PMID
5435:PMID
5400:PMID
5365:PMID
5322:ISBN
5286:ISBN
5263:PMID
5206:PMID
5156:PMID
5107:PMID
5080:PMID
5023:PMID
4971:PMID
4914:PMID
4879:PMID
4834:PMID
4798:PMID
4771:PMID
4736:PMID
4698:PMID
4662:PMID
4624:PMID
4586:PMID
4543:PMID
4502:PMID
4474:PMID
4425:PMID
4390:PMID
4340:PMID
4290:PMID
4255:PMID
4220:PMID
4179:PMID
4115:PMID
4080:PMID
4039:PMID
3988:PMID
3951:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3850:PMID
3813:ISBN
3786:PMID
3745:PMID
3733:1785
3702:PMID
3648:PMID
3613:PMID
3562:PMID
3554:ISSN
3513:PMID
3471:PMID
3414:PMID
3360:PMID
3325:PMID
3285:PMID
3223:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3165:ISBN
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