Renaissance - Knowledge

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libraries contained a wide range of writers. Classical texts could be found alongside humanist writings. These informal associations of intellectuals profoundly influenced Renaissance culture. An essential tool of Renaissance librarianship was the catalog that listed, described, and classified a library's books. Some of the richest "bibliophiles" built libraries as temples to books and knowledge. A number of libraries appeared as manifestations of immense wealth joined with a love of books. In some cases, cultivated library builders were also committed to offering others the opportunity to use their collections. Prominent aristocrats and princes of the Church created great libraries for the use of their courts, called "court libraries", and were housed in lavishly designed monumental buildings decorated with ornate woodwork, and the walls adorned with frescoes (Murray, Stuart A.P.).

4229: 85: 51: 3626: 1357: 3443: 3010:(1400s) to Hungary first in the Central European region, thanks to the development of early Hungarian-Italian relationships — not only in dynastic connections, but also in cultural, humanistic and commercial relations – growing in strength from the 14th century. The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason – exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided, preferring clean and light structures. Large-scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists, for example, the building of the Friss (New) 3898: 391: 2936: 4551: 2131: 2671: 4480: 1707: 1657:, is more wide-ranging. Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430, Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen. The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically, how citizens can conduct themselves morally, how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life, and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest. 3742: 984: 13452: 19487: 15149: 14165: 2815: 1907: 4466: 3434: 2308: 3239: 1457: 1222: 15159: 2358: 4351:" for this period (and a considerable period afterwards), a designation intended to highlight the period as a transitional one between the Middle Ages and the modern era. Others such as Roger Osborne have come to consider the Italian Renaissance as a repository of the myths and ideals of western history in general, and instead of rebirth of ancient ideas as a period of great innovation. 1062: 1926: 1587:. Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome". Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind". 841:; on the contrary, many of the Renaissance's greatest works were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. But a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were brought back from 1591: 4059: 1075:, when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as 1330:, they did have democratic features and were responsive states, with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty. The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Likewise, the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads. 2536: 12921: 4698:

Rapid accumulation of knowledge, which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century, had never occurred before that time. The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe, and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years.

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The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body, which could be attained with education. The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably

1419:. Florence's population was nearly halved in the year 1347. As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. To answer the increased need for labor, workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically. 4369:

has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization – historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science – but only exceptionally by students

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Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between, the Renaissance can be (and occasionally has been) seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places. It would be

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style) segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs; they are semi-circular

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Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began when it did. Accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. Peter Rietbergen posits that various influential Proto-Renaissance movements started from roughly 1300 onwards across many regions

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The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence's social and political structure than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes, the government of Florence continued to function during this period. Formal meetings of elected representatives were

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The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance. Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes, breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters. Northern Renaissance artists initially remained focused on religious

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A unique characteristic of some Renaissance libraries is that they were open to the public. These libraries were places where ideas were exchanged and where scholarship and reading were considered both pleasurable and beneficial to the mind and soul. As freethinking was a hallmark of the age, many

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In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness – that which was turned within as that which was turned without – lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil. The veil was woven of faith, illusion, and childish prepossession, through which the world and history were seen clad in strange

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The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400. Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. The survivors of the plague found not

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Exhaustive 2007 study by Fritjof Capra shows that Leonardo was a much greater scientist than previously thought, and not just an inventor. Leonardo was innovative in science theory and in conducting actual science practice. In Capra's detailed assessment of many surviving manuscripts, Leonardo's

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technique, which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that could survive for centuries. A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek, which allowed greater freedom of expression. This movement had started in Italy with the

899:, 1486), a series of theses on philosophy, natural thought, faith, and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; combined with the introduction of the 4247:

On the other hand, many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period – poverty, warfare, religious and political persecution, for example – seem to have worsened in this era, which saw the rise of

3097:. (However, the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials.) In 1489, Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de' Medici founded his own Greek-Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king. Corvinus's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage. 3413:

on the development of vernacular languages; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin. The spread of the printing press technology boosted the Renaissance in Northern Europe as elsewhere, with Venice becoming a world center of

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The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art. Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country. Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the

1858:. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi. Arches, semi-circular or (in the 4271:" imagined by certain 19th-century authors, but were concerned by these social maladies. Significantly, though, the artists, writers, and patrons involved in the cultural movements in question believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages. Some 2041:

showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements.

1107:. By the early 15th century, the bulk of the surviving such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts. 3654:

was influential in broadening the European worldview, stimulating humanist inquiry. Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas. As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration,

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Unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. Ancient Greek works on science, mathematics, and philosophy had been studied since the

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aspects and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages. The beginnings of the period—the early Renaissance of the 15th century and the Italian

5254:. "...in 1855 we find, for the first time, the word 'Renaissance' used – by the French historian Michelet – as an adjective to describe a whole period of history and not confined to the rebirth of Latin letters or a classically inspired style in the arts." 1200:

The movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary, historical, oratorical, and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar

631:. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors, including Florence's social and civic peculiarities at the time: its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the 13656: 4614:"Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)." Or between 2013:

to classify him as the "father of modern science". Other examples of Da Vinci's contribution during this period include machines designed to saw marbles and lift monoliths, and new discoveries in acoustics, botany, geology, anatomy, and mechanics.

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Humanist historians argued that contemporary scholarship restored direct links to the classical period, thus bypassing the Medieval period, which they then named for the first time the "Middle Ages". The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as

620:, and the Middle Ages themselves were a long period filled with gradual changes, like the modern age; as a transitional period between both, the Renaissance has close similarities to both, especially the late and early sub-periods of either. 12249: 4925: 2008:

making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Leonardo set up controlled experiments in water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics, and he devised principles of research method that led

1667:, an ancient Greco-Roman ideal. Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior. 2655:

allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

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to Western Europe and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity. This new engagement with Greek Christian works, and particularly the return to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists

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In all, the Renaissance can be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity and through novel approaches to thought. Political philosopher

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sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe: the first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of

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as an entire historical period, whereas previously it had been used in a more limited sense. For Michelet, the Renaissance was more a development in science than in art and culture. He asserted that it spanned the period from

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language, for instance, had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still a living language used in the church and elsewhere. The Renaissance obsession with classical purity halted its further evolution and saw

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The Renaissance in Northern Europe has been termed the "Northern Renaissance". While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation, particularly in

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Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective.

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The Renaissance was a period when the multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated

2049:", heralding the beginning of the modern age, others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day. Significant scientific advances were made during this time by 1315:(1406–1475) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but "the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time". 4710:

It is sometimes thought that the Church, as an institution, formally sold indulgences at the time. This, however, was not the practice. Donations were often received, but only mandated by individuals that were

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suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city, but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city, which ensured continuity of government.

550:, who inspired the term "Renaissance man". In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and 12237: 1342:, while Florence was a capital of textiles. The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study. 1277:

areas in Europe. Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire's heartland.

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to Hungary. Like all intellectuals of his age, Matthias was convinced that the movements and combinations of the stars and planets exercised influence on individuals' life and on the history of nations.

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Matthias enjoyed the company of Humanists and had lively discussions on various topics with them. The fame of his magnanimity encouraged many scholars—mostly Italian—to settle in Buda. Antonio Bonfini,

671:. From Italy, the Renaissance spread throughout Europe and also to American, African and Asian territories ruled by the European colonial powers of the time or where Christian missionaries were active. 14370: 4206:

There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages. Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance toward the

4138:; that is, from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century. Moreover, Michelet distinguished between what he called, "the bizarre and monstrous" quality of the Middle Ages and the 1155:

to Italian cities. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity.

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made distribution of music possible on a wide scale. Demand for music as entertainment and as an activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class. Dissemination of

1495:. Arguing that such chance seems improbable, other historians have contended that these "Great Men" were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time. 1289:(c. 1114–1158), a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century, noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization, observing that Italy appeared to have exited from 13807: 13447: 2674:"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!" – from 1811:

and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms. His major feat of engineering was building the dome of

791:, many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West. It was in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the 1430:

ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as

12916: 1479:, and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life that may have caused such a cultural movement. Many have emphasized the role played by the 13847: 12034: 13023: 14865: 14240: 1185:, which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from 2269:

throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as

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mode, which focused on resolving contradictions between authors, Renaissance humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and

14252: 12232: 2221:, or 'Australia' for short. However, after that name was transferred to New Holland in the nineteenth century, the new name of 'Antarctica' was bestowed on the south polar continent. 1438:, target the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy. 2603: 14296: 4182:

More recently, some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age, or even as a coherent cultural movement. The historian Randolph Starn, of the

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was particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on

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in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English Renaissance period in art began far later than the Italian, which had moved into

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in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance. Many scholars see its beginnings in the early 16th century during the reign of

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that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors.

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described him as "king and astrologer", and Antonio Bonfini said Matthias "never did anything without consulting the stars". Upon his request, the famous astronomers of the age,

14450: 14426: 14394: 14284: 4083: 762:, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. 14438: 14333: 6923: 3093:, was Europe's greatest collections of secular books: historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century. His library was second only in size to the 13037: 12634: 8002:

1969:38; Panofsky's chapter "'Renaissance – self-definition or self-deception?" succinctly introduces the historiographical debate, with copious footnotes to the literature.

2334:, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God. Many of the period's foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method, including 14497: 12002: 4601:(1837): "A style possessing many points of rude resemblance with the more elegant and refined character of the art of the renaissance in Italy." And the following year in 2639:. It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development, according to Vasari, but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature. 13766: 12343: 7449: 2828:

The word "Renaissance" is borrowed from the French language, where it means "re-birth". It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French

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prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms, holding the view that the changes in art, literature, and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from

1501:(1449–1492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including 19329: 14725: 14492: 13910: 11532: 2481:. Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation, as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts. 12658: 12548: 12256: 12048: 7036: 2577:(1442). Bruni's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch, but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline. 1807:

In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings. With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer

1487:, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e., because " 1524:

The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de' Medici came to power – indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society.

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is a period that spanned the years from 1989 to 1999 which saw the studio return to the level of quality not witnessed since their Golden Age of Animation. The

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During the Renaissance, extending from 1450 to 1650, every continent was visited and mostly mapped by Europeans, except the south polar continent now known as

1197:. This work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history. 7568: 2647:

In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the

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of religious works of art. However, this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century. The Black Death was a

14999: 13565: 17954: 13792: 5699: 3810:, among others, described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press. After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500, 2545:

By the 15th century, writers, artists, and architects in Italy were well aware of the transformations that were taking place and were using phrases such as

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The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia, spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation: the population of

3050:, one of the founders of Hungarian humanism. During the long reign of Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest 14477: 14004: 13615: 13491: 11693: 9591: 597:

In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century.

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Some observers have questioned whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and

16916: 1307:(painted 1338–1340), whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. Holding both Church and 885:, sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to understand it rationally. A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism, 15005: 14482: 14375: 14338: 14139: 12928: 5914: 4114:

achieve popularity in describing the self-conscious cultural movement based on revival of Roman models that began in the late 13th century. French

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so that its society was based on merchants and commerce. Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, represented in the famous early Renaissance

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flourished in the late 15th century, attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy and naval technology, including

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only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives.

14637: 7892:; Johnson, F.R.; Kristeller, P. O.; Lockwood, D.P.; Thorndike, L. (1943). "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance". 6702: 3973:

is credited as the first Western novel. Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th century, with influential writers such as philosopher

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For information on this earlier, very different approach to a different set of ancient texts (scientific texts rather than cultural texts) see

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Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period. Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and

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influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes. It was also during the Northern Renaissance that

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to direct these projects. Matthias commissioned the leading Italian artists of his age to embellish his palaces: for instance, the sculptor

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after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the inability of the Church to offer assistance against the

18283: 4175:, which the Middle Ages had stifled. His book was widely read and became influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the 969:. According to Poliakov, the use of ethnic origin myths are first used by Renaissance humanists "in the service of a new born chauvinism". 15712: 13692: 12297: 8767: 4159: 1241:

have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not exist as a

18317: 14614: 14220: 13889: 13591: 13042: 12516: 10215: 9802: 8961: 8495: 534:; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread 8717: 3332:. At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with the development of the polychoral style of the 18824: 14799: 14467: 14421: 14060: 13357: 12609: 12060: 8535: 1611:

revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government, following the Islamic steps of

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at bay, these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty. Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the

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humanist center, so a direct connection with Florence evolved. The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary, specially to

14308: 12039: 7457: 4605:: "Not that we consider the style of the Renaissance to be either pure or good per se." See Oxford English Dictionary, "Renaissance" 3489:) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century was 3108:

were built at the royal castle of Buda, and the palace at Visegrád was rebuilt in Renaissance style. Matthias appointed the Italian

1695:(1267–1337) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect 15556: 15129: 13716: 13415: 11918: 10788: 10070: 7258: 4653: 2112:, while discarding much of Aristotelian science. Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus, Galileo, and 13970: 7720: 3590:. Living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility ( 1965:

in about 1440 democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of more widely distributed ideas. In the first period of the

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in 1518. This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as well as by newly established universities.

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in Queensland. More than thirty Dutch expeditions followed, mapping sections of the north, west, and south coasts. In 1642–1643,

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Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505

4649: 3819: 3272: 3233: 1757:. Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of 8610:

Grendler, Paul F. "The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies: Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years",

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The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The Late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the

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The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, especially in the

1891: 1011:(1267–1337). Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely; one proposed starting point is 1401, when the rival geniuses 755: 278: 155: 4191:

in this sense a network of diverse, sometimes converging, sometimes conflicting cultures, not a single, time-bound culture.

1645:, who, like Palmieri, lived an active public life as a citizen and official, as well as a theorist and philosopher and also 19551: 16686: 14950: 14794: 14562: 14101: 14070: 13540: 13471: 13187: 13123: 13101: 12782: 12025: 11305: 8875: 8860: 7833: 4260: 4146:, chose to see in its character. A French nationalist, Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement. 3145: 1870:

Renaissance artists were not pagans, although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past.

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and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines, soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist

3501:, is the first example of a Renaissance composition in the country. Many Italian artists subsequently came to Poland with 2565:(new). From Petrarch's Italian perspective, this new period (which included his own time) was an age of national eclipse. 17424: 17407: 16808: 16418: 14080: 13858: 13736: 13726: 13516: 13362: 13197: 12399: 12129: 12079: 10821: 10730: 10161: 9188: 8730: 3006:

was the first European country where the Renaissance appeared. The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the

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This article is about the European Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. For the earlier European Renaissance, see

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science in tune with holistic non-mechanistic and non-reductive approaches to science, which are becoming popular today.

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argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy, lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages.

4107:(1267–1337) began to reverse this decline in the arts. Vasari saw ancient art as central to the rebirth of Italian art. 2217:

The long-imagined south polar continent was eventually sighted in 1820. Throughout the Renaissance it had been known as

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Even cities and states beyond central Italy, such as the Republic of Florence at this time, were also notable for their

18461: 17312: 14960: 14035: 13797: 13160: 12942: 12481: 10584: 9566: 9534: 8432: 8349: 8311: 8243: 8216: 8197: 8085: 7976: 7697: 7670: 7643: 7616: 7204: 7174: 6924:

Documentary heritage concerning Hungary and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World International Register

6812: 6750: 6368: 6343: 6318: 6066: 5762: 5251: 4981: 4954: 4908: 4770: 4293:(1872–1945) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change. In his book 3486: 3153: 2898: 2428:

sought to limit the power of the pope. Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the

1816: 1056: 17: 16781: 13435: 5264: 3252:

Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via

3128:

worked for him. A copy of Mantegna's portrait of Matthias survived. Matthias also hired the Italian military engineer

2469:, challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption, particularly with regard to instances of sold 530:, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to 18540: 18535: 17380: 16871: 16387: 14642: 13545: 13511: 13496: 12491: 12331: 12326: 12314: 11777: 9918: 9485: 9280: 8890: 8797: 7552: 7385: 5406: 4233: 4183: 1882:, demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement. 1152: 1052: 784: 636: 398: 336: 125: 13599: 12582: 6668: 5927:

Religion and Political Development Some Comparative Ideas on Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli by Barbara Freyer Stowasser

1205:(c. 1355–1415) to teach Greek in Florence. This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from 16798: 16217: 15578: 14542: 14168: 13884: 13560: 13523: 13396: 13267: 12097: 12092: 11751: 10715: 10310: 9405: 9136: 8885: 8760: 7576: 6830:(4th ed.) Authors: Zoltán Halász / András Balla (photo) / Zsuzsa Béres (translation) Published by Corvina, in 1998 4171:

in Italy, that is, the 14th to mid-16th centuries. He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of

3892: 3625: 3597: 3329: 2977: 2940: 2270: 1719:(c. 1490) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in 226: 17546: 13721: 13667: 13528: 12087: 11928: 5696: 3563:

transformed into a major institution of higher education for the region and hosted many notable scholars, chiefly

2116:. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy. 1027:(Ghiberti won). Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, 19531: 19526: 19521: 19516: 18966: 18439: 16730: 16646: 16317: 16252: 15297: 15162: 14584: 13627: 13609: 13442: 13133: 12102: 11955: 11485: 11103: 10740: 10343: 10208: 10151: 9437: 9247: 8855: 8740: 4392: 3317:, as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy, formed the core of the first true international style in 2809: 2792:(1561–1626) was the pioneer of modern scientific thought, and is commonly regarded as one of the founders of the 2139: 1832: 1388:, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th century Italy. 792: 719: 586:

period. It had a different period and characteristics in different regions, such as the Italian Renaissance, the

31: 12444: 9445: 5870: 3936:, the early Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian humanism, starting with writers and poets such as 1796:

was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy, both technically with the introduction of

18719: 18268: 18127: 17891: 16911: 16747: 16456: 16411: 15508: 14764: 14756: 14719: 14701: 14522: 14355: 14210: 14065: 14013: 13986: 13748: 13345: 13143: 12954: 12809: 12521: 12476: 12461: 11985: 10527: 10360: 10298: 9780: 9211: 8971: 8584: 8404: 8335: 8325: 8287: 8273: 8178: 8123: 8104: 8020: 6839: 6835: 6557: 6495: 6295: 6271: 6246: 6008: 5684: 5510: 5100: 5069: 5049: 4508: 4013: 3482: 3256:, which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In science, the 3229: 2726: 2491:, with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Reformation. Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated 567: 11537: 6914:

Marcus Tanner, The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library (New Haven: Yale U.P., 2008)

6597: 4087:(published 1550). In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of 954:

of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented

17808: 17561: 15661: 14860: 14828: 14751: 14557: 13584: 13476: 13350: 12471: 12394: 12348: 11043: 10735: 10644: 10125: 10087: 9963: 9951: 9753: 9717: 9206: 9196: 8966: 8922: 8880: 5120: 4786: 4493: 4295: 4228: 3608: 3525:

played an important part in shaping what is now considered to be the truly Polish architectural style – high

3019: 2498: 2240: 1621: 1599: 1594: 1546: 1174: 895: 886: 14264: 13920: 3791: 3286:

Erasmus was arguably the Netherlands' best known humanist and Catholic intellectual during the Renaissance.

19556: 19541: 19190: 18562: 18403: 18231: 17036: 16948: 16921: 16272: 16257: 16152: 15051: 14913: 14730: 14360: 14328: 13817: 12969: 12029: 10860: 10781: 10028: 10008: 9712: 9273: 9022: 8998: 8912: 8902: 4343:

to be unnecessarily loaded, implying an unambiguously positive rebirth from the supposedly more primitive "

3688: 3209: 2429: 1194: 84: 35: 13677: 12729: 7817:'s censorship of Florentine paintings, noted by Edward L. Goldberg, "Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting", 7747: 7423: 18851: 18552: 17218: 15678: 15189: 15122: 14955: 14821: 14713: 14691: 13894: 13862: 13812: 13620: 13570: 13461: 13202: 12964: 12840: 12834: 12815: 12020: 11849: 11732: 11279: 10694: 10689: 10305: 9738: 9669: 9613: 9201: 8753: 7946: 7471: 4503: 4249: 3957: 2396: 2387: 734:. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in 18505: 13338: 12991: 6021: 3572: 1769:

representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists. Other notable artists include

507: 19148: 18764: 18587: 17961: 17575: 17551: 17104: 17063: 16776: 15549: 15272: 15042: 14919: 14896: 14781: 14684: 14622: 14594: 14230: 14043: 13776: 13550: 13207: 13138: 12793: 12663: 12592: 11737: 11571: 11561: 10750: 10745: 10201: 10135: 10130: 9934: 9852: 9322: 9059: 8819: 8697: 7497: 7490: 7350: 5979: 4498: 4344: 3953: 2449: 2073: 1749:

in the arts. Painters developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of

1730: 1451: 1135:; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. Some argue that the 499: 447: 17499: 13999: 12947: 12878: 12768: 4210:. Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man's eyes, allowing him to see clearly. 18347: 18226: 18182: 17590: 17233: 17201: 17099: 16585: 16197: 16157: 15598: 15067: 14977: 14323: 12675: 12156: 11698: 11527: 11179: 10720: 10474: 10435: 10120: 10075: 9869: 8617:

Murray, Stuart A.P. The Library: An Illustrated History. American Library Association, Chicago, 2012.

7041: 6694: 6654: 4593: 4447: 4005: 3746: 3280: 2754: 2203:

circumnavigated the continent, proving that it was not joined to the imagined south polar continent.

1801: 1360: 271: 13066: 7547:

Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,

6855: 4852: 4021: 4009: 2976:

and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century. Emperor

2278: 1084: 19561: 19546: 19111: 19094: 18749: 18592: 18577: 18388: 18258: 18132: 17924: 17879: 17840: 17781: 17752: 17152: 16493: 16403: 16297: 16025: 15787: 15747: 15737: 15685: 15062: 13842: 13822: 13379: 13313: 13148: 12723: 12193: 11980: 11937: 11728: 11425: 8840: 8644:

Trivellato, Francesca. "Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent Historical Work",

7789: 7319: 6097: 5786: 5652: 5572: 3940:, who introduced the new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century. Other writers, such as 3921: 3723: 3389: 3246: 3132:

to direct the rebuilding of the forts along the southern frontier. He had new monasteries built in

2822: 2770: 2445: 2184: 1994: 1930: 1376:) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe. 1356: 1170: 739: 730:

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the

628: 435: 110: 50: 18288: 18248: 13177: 7662:

Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3

4731: 772:

sought out in Europe's monastic libraries the Latin literary, historical, and oratorical texts of

19272: 18609: 18449: 18204: 17813: 17759: 17363: 17206: 17121: 17048: 16987: 16075: 15983: 15282: 15277: 15152: 15057: 14552: 13994: 13231: 13170: 13096: 12959: 12740: 12496: 12309: 12304: 12282: 12244: 12224: 11858: 11854: 11671: 11544: 11507: 11490: 11310: 10774: 10725: 10383: 10156: 9697: 9254: 9237: 9146: 9064: 7660: 7443: 6238: 5092: 4431: 4396: 4253: 4237: 4042: 3910: 3560: 3353: 3349: 3333: 2913:, she made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences, and music (including the origins of 2910: 2890: 2207: 2206:

By 1650, Dutch cartographers had mapped most of the coastline of the continent, which they named

1824: 1742: 1634: 1510: 1177:. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into 1147:, whose magnificence toned with Florence as the center of a cultural rebirth, were linked to the 874: 711: 443: 216: 58: 18381: 18199: 17691: 13369: 13333: 8711: 8170: 8162: 7854:

Lopez, Robert S. & Miskimin, Harry A. (1962). "The Economic Depression of the Renaissance".

3325:

in the 9th century. The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian

19490: 19383: 19031: 18981: 18941: 18904: 18804: 18444: 17764: 17742: 17602: 16570: 16247: 16237: 15826: 15757: 15742: 15223: 15182: 14886: 14838: 14833: 13802: 13756: 13605: 13111: 12565: 12538: 12508: 12372: 12319: 12136: 12012: 11907: 11747: 11742: 11600: 11566: 11554: 11549: 11512: 11462: 11320: 11300: 10986: 10931: 10549: 10378: 9901: 9817: 9625: 9432: 9162: 9017: 8993: 8956: 8865: 8632: 7813:'s popularity is a prime example of the manifestation of such concerns. Other examples include 7689:

Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines

4412: 4272: 4037: 3850: 3620: 3442: 3182: 3090: 2847: 2782: 2722: 2518: 2391: 1895: 1649:. Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work 1400:. It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the 777: 759: 747: 743: 640: 439: 206: 160: 150: 135: 14365: 12620: 7633: 7491:"Chapter 8: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity" 6488: 6263: 5522: 4912: 3916:

The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the

3825:

The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars, including

3807: 2818: 882: 19021: 18996: 18961: 18931: 18897: 18819: 18597: 18572: 18187: 18066: 17971: 16530: 16452: 16357: 16332: 16262: 15945: 15673: 15446: 15404: 15374: 15010: 14901: 14881: 14746: 14696: 14589: 14579: 14269: 14235: 14144: 13155: 12893: 12788: 12715: 12587: 11990: 11707: 11661: 11656: 11605: 11269: 11250: 11066: 10961: 10629: 10494: 10180: 10055: 9453: 9232: 9141: 9086: 9010: 8917: 7197: 6423: 6401: 6383: 6287: 5752: 5553: 5306: 4971: 4944: 4699:(Since the 19th century, scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world). 4384: 3643: 3423: 3377: 3314: 3129: 2793: 2432:(1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person of 2362: 2327: 2090: 2046: 1935: 1700: 1498: 1460: 955: 527: 201: 17449: 14814: 14225: 13761: 8066: 7687: 7606: 4887: 4631:

Some scholars have called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product of

4025: 3897: 2964:(1471–1528) predated the influence from Italy. In the early Protestant areas of the country 2455:

Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist

803:

works of natural sciences, philosophy, and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts.

19536: 19511: 19143: 18724: 18493: 18398: 18192: 18122: 18038: 17912: 17715: 17541: 17341: 17031: 16866: 16771: 16705: 16636: 16555: 16545: 16535: 16352: 16107: 16020: 15998: 15921: 15917: 15846: 15762: 15707: 15702: 15525: 15369: 15258: 15097: 14574: 13915: 13632: 12987: 12827: 12560: 12436: 12407: 12178: 11840: 11814: 11761: 11595: 11522: 11367: 11332: 11286: 11254: 11132: 10846: 10684: 10679: 10619: 10554: 10459: 9906: 9847: 9790: 9748: 9702: 9539: 9380: 9359: 9242: 9101: 9091: 9081: 9027: 8934: 8784: 8589:

Ferguson, Wallace K. "The Interpretation of the Renaissance: Suggestions for a Synthesis."

4736: 4518: 4400: 4383:

has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries in the earlier

4127: 3988:

Later Spanish Renaissance tended toward religious themes and mysticism, with poets such as

3838: 3826: 3735: 3526: 3498: 3478: 3460: 3356:

ordering the redecoration or construction of several important works of architecture, i.e.

3295: 3242: 3198: 3156:

on behalf of Sforza to meet King Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a

2624: 2421: 2323: 2165: 2038: 2033:(in medicine) were found to not always match everyday observations. As the Reformation and 2026: 1939: 1800:

and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation. Later, the work of

1696: 1616: 1552: 1538: 1389: 1365: 1254: 1016: 878: 765: 715: 624: 587: 535: 487: 464: 451: 264: 221: 165: 130: 90: 12868: 8551: 5380:

The Feud that sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World

4267:

of the 16th century. Many people who lived during the Renaissance did not view it as the "

3172:

spent many years in Matthias's court. This circle of educated men introduced the ideas of

2863: 2513:, as well as an important collection of drawings, and who commissioned the masterpiece of 2245:

From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular the

2004:

Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists such as

1641:

to the same level as Latin. Palmieri drew on Roman philosophers and theorists, especially

8: 19366: 18951: 18867: 18836: 18714: 18677: 18478: 18364: 18211: 17884: 17570: 17556: 17162: 17085: 16963: 16883: 16861: 16377: 16242: 16112: 15902: 15831: 15588: 15561: 15544: 15532: 15354: 15310: 14891: 13637: 13051: 12758: 12454: 11666: 11578: 11337: 10971: 10936: 10839: 10649: 10579: 10522: 10439: 10265: 10092: 10013: 9864: 9857: 9837: 9785: 9743: 9722: 9586: 9529: 9385: 9339: 9334: 9296: 9167: 9109: 9046: 8983: 8824: 7810: 4670: 4404: 4366: 4348: 4176: 3961: 3886: 3834: 3795: 3757: 3651: 3639: 3629: 3564: 3510: 3490: 3133: 3117: 3051: 2960:, where the development of the printing press (ca. 1450) and Renaissance artists such as 2875: 2855: 2843: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2699: 2675: 2665: 2607:, 1550, revised 1568. Vasari divides the age into three phases: the first phase contains 2497:(On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to Paul III, who became the grandfather of 2488: 2302: 2196: 2158: 2135: 2034: 1998: 1978: 1966: 1911: 1901: 1435: 1304: 1246: 1136: 1020: 978: 935: 773: 731: 690: 601: 591: 579: 551: 455: 423: 211: 196: 181: 19445: 18689: 17223: 14389: 13959: 13374: 13078: 11686: 8596:

Ferguson, Wallace K. "Recent trends in the economic historiography of the Renaissance."

7968: 3846: 3830: 2968:

became closely linked to the turmoil of the Reformation, and the art and writing of the

1521:

had been commissioned additionally by the Convent of San Donato in Scopeto in Florence.

1119:(normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as 1091:(1380–1459) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as 710:

The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the

19408: 19016: 18956: 18699: 18621: 18557: 18371: 18332: 18175: 18076: 18003: 17830: 17617: 17392: 17266: 17196: 17058: 17053: 16830: 16595: 16560: 16097: 16013: 16003: 15836: 15799: 15729: 15668: 15651: 15605: 15515: 15429: 15243: 15117: 15112: 15047: 14930: 14843: 14674: 14350: 13682: 13466: 12531: 12486: 11845: 11801: 11756: 11379: 11325: 11246: 10817: 10755: 10659: 10443: 10395: 10390: 10293: 10283: 10240: 10232: 9822: 9608: 9522: 9490: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9172: 9119: 9114: 9074: 8939: 8812: 7939: 7909: 7871: 7867: 7814: 7724: 7380:. Oxford: The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 143. 7240: 6783: 6453: 6445: 6428: 6122: 6114: 5908: 5364: 5292: 5243: 5218: 5162: 4443: 4439: 4423: 4408: 4388: 4347:", the Middle Ages. Most political and economic historians now prefer to use the term " 4317: 3978: 3849:

made relevant teaching reforms via France. Foreign news and products in the Portuguese

3684: 3576: 3393: 3066: 3003: 2969: 2926: 2902: 2805: 2652: 2465: 2294: 1974: 1812: 1560: 1412: 1319: 1270: 1206: 1202: 1116: 1104: 1088: 1024: 946:. This analysis argues that, whereas the great European states (France and Spain) were 823: 769: 664: 648: 422:

and was characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of

191: 186: 19466: 18647: 18327: 12387: 6885:

Post-war reconstruction: László Gerő: A helyreállított budai vár, Bp, 1980, pp. 11–60.

6528: 4241: 3993: 3469:

The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the

3062:(r. 1458–1490) rebuilt the palace in early Renaissance style and further expanded it. 3042:, helped this process. New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates, among them 1874:(c. 1220 – c. 1278) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible. His 19136: 19089: 19059: 18919: 18789: 18704: 18694: 18359: 18342: 18216: 17835: 17798: 17769: 17722: 17585: 17531: 17521: 17511: 17402: 17080: 16992: 16982: 16969: 16958: 16621: 16550: 16525: 16481: 16227: 16129: 16117: 16102: 16082: 15993: 15940: 15912: 15894: 15697: 15573: 15566: 15379: 15327: 15305: 15233: 14935: 14789: 14537: 13834: 12845: 12684: 12109: 11868: 11807: 11766: 11583: 11468: 11404: 11315: 11292: 11236: 11144: 10877: 10634: 10609: 10589: 10569: 10559: 10449: 10431: 10400: 10333: 10250: 10224: 10184: 10065: 10060: 10018: 9973: 9641: 9598: 9571: 9556: 9517: 9480: 9129: 9124: 9069: 8988: 8978: 8951: 8929: 8845: 8525: 8428: 8400: 8345: 8331: 8321: 8307: 8283: 8269: 8239: 8212: 8193: 8174: 8149: 8119: 8100: 8081: 8016: 7972: 7693: 7666: 7639: 7612: 7548: 7503: 7406: 7381: 7301: 7291: 7200: 7170: 6831: 6808: 6746: 6553: 6491: 6457: 6364: 6339: 6314: 6291: 6267: 6242: 6126: 6062: 6004: 5896: 5758: 5680: 5506: 5412: 5402: 5247: 5210: 5154: 5096: 5065: 5045: 4977: 4950: 4904: 4816: 4766: 4666: 4513: 4427: 4313: 4201: 3997: 3945: 3866: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3584: 3583:(1594). The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country, giving rise to the 3538: 3470: 3306: 3302: 3268: 3169: 3149: 3059: 3026:, a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence, who invited Manetto Ammanatini and 2985: 2930: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2632: 2616: 2456: 2433: 2311: 2274: 2236: 2230: 2101: 2005: 1789: 1770: 1750: 1710: 1506: 1502: 1308: 1266: 1250: 1226: 1182: 1080: 1065: 1008: 947: 827: 751: 700: 668: 652: 558:

pursuits, as well as the introduction of modern banking and the field of accounting.

543: 523: 411: 247: 145: 140: 115: 17373: 16793: 16372: 7345: 6800: 5369:, trans. E. Howard (Basic Books, 1974), pp. 21-22, cited in Fernandez-Armesto (2017) 3862: 3787: 3719: 3715: 3664: 3385: 3213: 3205: 2961: 2945: 2553:(in the manner of the Romans and the ancients) to describe their work. In the 1330s 2017:

A suitable environment had developed to question classical scientific doctrine. The

1491:" were born there by chance: Leonardo, Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in 19472: 19418: 19376: 19079: 18872: 18510: 18417: 18295: 18008: 17991: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17857: 17803: 17526: 17471: 17368: 17336: 17307: 17186: 17179: 17174: 17147: 17009: 17004: 16681: 16442: 15988: 15978: 15804: 15752: 15656: 15520: 15409: 15359: 15337: 15332: 15263: 15102: 14809: 14632: 14608: 14569: 14149: 13306: 12696: 12555: 12543: 11835: 11795: 11790: 11615: 11502: 11437: 11264: 11259: 11241: 11099: 10900: 10853: 10624: 10539: 10484: 10454: 10405: 10365: 10348: 10338: 10273: 10245: 10050: 9664: 9620: 9349: 9329: 9227: 8802: 8437: 8054: 7901: 7863: 7781: 7598: 7232: 6775: 6437: 6157: 6106: 5202: 5146: 4692: 4572: 4564: 4300: 4154: 3933: 3929: 3870: 3842: 3811: 3727: 3710:

financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century, the

3580: 3452: 3361: 3341: 3276: 3260: 3178: 3113: 3109: 3043: 2935: 2906: 2448:(most of whom were married off, presumably for the consolidation of power) while a 2339: 2168:

sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain seeking a direct route to India of the

2125: 2082: 2018: 1990: 1820: 1580: 1488: 1286: 1238: 1186: 1112: 1072: 1012: 939: 610: 354: 348: 304: 252: 242: 19200: 12424: 9674: 6779: 5558:, ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 89 (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5527:, Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob, 2008, pp. 261–262. 4332:

progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed. Finally,

3924:. Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the Crown of Aragon, including 3767: 3073:

became one of the most important artistic centers of the Renaissance north of the

19393: 19250: 19225: 19175: 19099: 18924: 18914: 18809: 18794: 18774: 18657: 18567: 18530: 18515: 18263: 18170: 18112: 17934: 17929: 17686: 17655: 17607: 17297: 17228: 17213: 17041: 17019: 16940: 16888: 16878: 16850: 16803: 16786: 16710: 16651: 16641: 16580: 16362: 16302: 16187: 16035: 16030: 16008: 15928: 15882: 15639: 15593: 15491: 15468: 15451: 15424: 15209: 14527: 14134: 13708: 13384: 12748: 12570: 12355: 12119: 11945: 11590: 10905: 10664: 10639: 10427: 10410: 10255: 10080: 10000: 9968: 9649: 9344: 8897: 8222: 8073: 7841: 7837: 7754: 7602: 7430: 6802: 6740: 6535: 6336:

The History of Cartography, Volume Three: Cartography in the European Renaissance

6308: 6043: 5986: 5877: 5793: 5703: 5672: 5659: 5581: 5271: 4545: 4257: 3974: 3949: 3917: 3906: 3750: 3700: 3587: 3550: 3546: 3410: 3397: 3322: 3194: 3125: 3121: 3094: 3082: 3078: 2688: 2417: 2315: 2218: 2180: 2169: 2058: 2050: 1855: 1725: 1685: 1638: 1626: 1518: 1480: 1312: 1282: 1000: 735: 632: 431: 298: 120: 17277: 12628: 8418: 7930:. Edited by Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. 7830: 3989: 3925: 2670: 2326:. Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the 873:

strove to portray the human form realistically, developing techniques to render

695: 19455: 19423: 19371: 19319: 19302: 19292: 19220: 18882: 18759: 18729: 18626: 18614: 18488: 18422: 18354: 18221: 18117: 17820: 17516: 17456: 17397: 17261: 17191: 16898: 16820: 16737: 16590: 16392: 16312: 16267: 16207: 16172: 15964: 15877: 15782: 15690: 15481: 15315: 15238: 14908: 14599: 14018: 13646: 13642: 13293: 12911: 12850: 12690: 12161: 11995: 11783: 11771: 11457: 11342: 11018: 11003: 10993: 10895: 10797: 10614: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10574: 10564: 10479: 10422: 10315: 10278: 9654: 9603: 9581: 9576: 9561: 9551: 9544: 8705:

discussion with Francis Ames-Lewis, Peter Burke and Evelyn Welch (8 June 2000).

8261: 8209:

Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature

7961: 7889: 6510: 6141:

The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance

5115: 4619: 4479: 4471: 4358: 4325: 4304: 4290: 4118: 4074: 4067: 3941: 3803: 3799: 3696: 3668: 3601: 3474: 3373: 3165: 3105: 2832: 2742: 2648: 2598: 2566: 2539: 2535: 2478: 2409: 2372: 2254: 2250: 1962: 1879: 1746: 1706: 1416: 1339: 1262: 1190: 1148: 999:

at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular with the writings of

927:(a long experience with modern life and a continuous learning from antiquity). 900: 796: 675: 656: 644: 555: 476: 42: 19036: 16905: 14848: 4415:

is a term used for a period in the Roman Empire in the 9th-11th centuries CE.

3982: 3762: 3634: 3542: 3086: 2172:. He accidentally stumbled upon the Americas, but believed he had reached the 506:, who said that "man is the measure of all things". Although the invention of 19505: 19356: 19324: 19185: 19180: 19163: 18991: 18986: 18971: 18946: 18936: 18887: 18547: 18525: 18456: 18322: 18151: 18054: 18030: 18013: 17981: 17966: 17747: 17737: 17732: 17636: 17385: 17346: 17285: 17111: 17068: 16837: 16766: 16698: 16540: 16518: 16434: 16347: 16232: 16147: 16092: 15952: 15872: 15767: 15617: 15610: 15503: 15456: 15349: 15205: 14988: 14940: 14382: 14008: 12171: 11495: 11476: 11420: 11374: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11206: 11201: 11078: 11071: 10710: 10509: 10176: 10115: 8380:

Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics

8153: 7575:. The John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions, Brown University. Archived from 7305: 6902: 6766:

Strauss, Gerald (1965). "The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists".

6406: 6388: 5214: 5158: 4758: 4451: 4321: 4172: 4143: 3672: 3568: 3555: 3494: 3186: 3157: 3100:

Matthias started at least two major building projects. The works in Buda and

2957: 2789: 2774: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2578: 2570: 2523: 2514: 2484: 2477:, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in 2460: 2383: 2378: 2347: 2130: 2113: 2010: 1871: 1836: 1785: 1754: 1715: 1556: 1514: 1132: 995:

Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in

962: 866: 847: 788: 427: 407: 18841: 17986: 17648: 15174: 8692: 8226: 8135:"Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans" 6310:

Controversy in marketing theory: for reason, realism, truth, and objectivity

6161: 5900: 5416: 3837:, a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King 3692: 2029:

challenged the classical worldview. The works of Ptolemy (in geography) and

925:

una lunga sperienza delle cose moderne ed una continua lezione delle antiche

522:

As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of

19435: 19388: 19344: 19334: 19297: 19267: 19230: 19205: 19195: 19158: 19001: 18784: 18652: 18376: 18305: 18102: 18025: 17776: 17727: 17631: 17612: 17580: 17477: 17417: 17412: 17157: 16977: 16815: 16673: 16656: 16616: 16611: 16565: 16503: 16382: 16182: 16087: 15933: 15907: 15816: 15498: 15486: 15434: 15394: 15389: 15253: 15248: 13106: 12753: 12575: 12418: 12274: 11723: 11681: 11610: 11347: 11232: 11186: 11174: 11117: 11083: 10669: 10499: 10370: 10288: 9707: 8637:

Summit, Jennifer. "Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities".

8522:

The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento

8498:; major essays by multiple scholars. Summarizes the viewpoint of the 1950s. 6876:

History section: Miklós Horler: Budapest műemlékei I, Bp: 1955, pp. 259–307

4168: 4092: 3676: 3405: 3401: 3345: 3173: 3007: 2973: 2766: 2636: 2506: 2425: 2282: 2266: 1947: 1864: 1851: 1847: 1793: 1762: 1555:

was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval

1393: 1274: 1258: 1242: 1210: 931: 838: 834: 660: 547: 19430: 17291: 7410: 7285: 7236: 4837: 3741: 3089:

set up a printing press in Buda in 1472. Matthias Corvinus's library, the

1729:(1st century BC), Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man. ( 1426:

The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty.

19351: 19314: 19255: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19069: 19064: 19006: 18909: 18846: 18799: 18739: 18709: 18631: 18473: 18311: 18300: 18273: 18243: 18107: 18081: 17998: 17919: 17907: 17862: 17852: 17847: 17825: 17786: 17622: 17597: 17482: 17444: 17351: 17319: 17271: 16999: 16927: 16720: 16661: 16575: 16513: 16473: 16322: 16070: 16065: 16057: 16042: 15867: 15772: 15583: 15419: 15384: 15364: 15322: 15287: 15107: 13389: 13031: 13007: 12377: 12365: 12287: 11676: 11480: 11216: 11164: 11139: 11122: 11061: 10654: 10532: 10489: 10325: 9842: 8870: 8702: 8508: 6172: 5396: 4485: 4355: 4312:

revert to its classical form. This view is however somewhat contested by

4150: 3969: 3965: 3902: 3858: 3779: 3731: 3707: 3660: 3502: 3369: 3264: 3137: 3055: 3023: 3015: 3011: 2952:

In the second half of the 15th century, the Renaissance spirit spread to

2883: 2879: 2851: 2778: 2746: 2711: 2474: 2351: 2343: 2298: 2200: 2173: 2109: 2054: 1951: 1946:

Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century,

1612: 1608: 1385: 1351: 1124: 983: 920: 916: 911:

describes it as an age where "Men looked for new foundations"; some like

855: 781: 575: 415: 14279: 8569:

Bouwsma, William J. "The Renaissance and the drama of Western history."

8545: 7888: 3873:, especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community 3101: 2702:

in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were

1338:. Venice was Europe's gateway to trade with the East, and a producer of 1334:

brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe, particularly the

1035:

for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance.

965:

offers a critical view in his seminal study of European racist thought:

934:, plays down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the 414:

covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the

19398: 19210: 19170: 19116: 19084: 18976: 18814: 18769: 18662: 18468: 18278: 18146: 17867: 17669: 17461: 17302: 17090: 16856: 16761: 16725: 16715: 16693: 16508: 16498: 16486: 16438: 15853: 15841: 15811: 15777: 15717: 15399: 14945: 13952: 13595: 13165: 11827: 11415: 11169: 11127: 11113: 10981: 10966: 10417: 8710: 8679: 8574: 8515: 8478: 8454: 8444: 8414: 8383: 8373: 8062: 7913: 7875: 7364:

The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanists, Historians, and Latin's Legacy

7164: 6701:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 6449: 6118: 5222: 5190: 5166: 4419: 4333: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4207: 4131: 4088: 3680: 2703: 2692: 2470: 2211: 2154: 2146: 2105: 2086: 1970: 1955: 1758: 1646: 1178: 1128: 951: 943: 919:

envisioned new reformed spiritual foundations, others. in the words of

903:, this allowed many more people access to books, especially the Bible. 862: 503: 483:

was adopted into English as the term for this period during the 1830s.

66: 9265: 8492:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 1: The Renaissance, 1493–1520

7346:

Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe

7244: 6787: 5398:

A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

2814: 2721:

In literature the later part of the 16th century saw the flowering of

1906: 1703:(1404–1472) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique. 19460: 19450: 19413: 19245: 19235: 19215: 19041: 19011: 18744: 18667: 18086: 17872: 17709: 17466: 17167: 17116: 17014: 16825: 16631: 16602: 16287: 16124: 15859: 15821: 15414: 15228: 13872: 12996: 12873: 12703: 12186: 11517: 11196: 11191: 11154: 11149: 11013: 10956: 10941: 10810: 10464: 9832: 9827: 9679: 8807: 5741:"Renaissance And Reformation France" Mack P. Holt pp. 30, 39, 69, 166 4309: 4284: 4276: 4139: 4115: 4001: 3815: 3711: 3650:

Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts,

3310: 3217: 3190: 3047: 2829: 2715: 2628: 2246: 2192: 2022: 1982: 1859: 1850:

as an integrated system. The Roman orders types of columns are used:

1808: 1797: 1774: 1720: 1397: 1327: 1323: 1322:, especially the Republic of Venice. Although in practice these were 1290: 1140: 1096: 1028: 942:, which married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of 908: 842: 686: 493: 419: 16433: 10193: 8503:

Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England

7905: 7287:

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution

6441: 6110: 5890: 5206: 5150: 4622:, an even longer period. Another source dates it from 1350 to 1620. 4091:: the arts (he held) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the 3456: 3365: 2307: 1401: 19440: 19361: 19309: 19240: 19153: 19074: 19026: 18892: 18877: 18734: 18672: 18604: 18498: 18483: 18157: 18071: 18061: 18049: 17793: 17256: 16953: 16893: 16277: 15973: 15794: 15622: 15537: 15476: 15439: 14547: 13290: 11211: 11159: 10674: 10469: 9807: 9795: 5366:

The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe

4615: 4435: 4163:(1860), by contrast, defined the Renaissance as the period between 4017: 3865:

to the wider world. There, profits and know-how helped nurture the

3605: 3592: 3534: 3384:

subjects, such as the contemporary religious upheaval portrayed by

3357: 3326: 3035: 2981: 2620: 2554: 2441: 2331: 1843: 1828: 1663: 1584: 1476: 1464: 1427: 1405: 1381: 1331: 1166: 1162: 1076: 1032: 1004: 996: 988: 870: 704: 571: 539: 531: 486:

The Renaissance's intellectual basis was founded in its version of

54: 8236:

The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library

7853: 6929: 4465: 4450:

was a vibrant period of exploratory poetry and fiction writing in

4299:, he argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the 3238: 3197:. Regiomontanus dedicated his book on navigation that was used by 2984:(ruling 1493–1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the 1981:, and their reverence for classical sources further enshrined the 538:. It saw myriad artistic developments and contributions from such 18779: 18582: 18520: 18337: 18236: 17976: 17703: 17536: 17142: 16742: 16626: 16192: 16047: 15959: 10998: 10976: 10926: 10830: 10766: 10544: 10355: 9354: 7502:. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. pp. 137–153. 6801:

Louis A. Waldman; Péter Farbaky; Louis Alexander Waldman (2011).

6216: 6083:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

5938:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

5730:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

4636: 4411:

has been also sometimes termed with the Islamic Renaissance. The

4329: 4135: 4100: 4096: 3854: 3530: 3433: 3337: 3257: 2953: 2608: 2510: 2368: 2335: 2330:. However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary 2258: 2188: 1986: 1788:, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed. The work of 1766: 1661:

in virtually any situation. This ideology was referred to as the

1576: 1572: 1492: 1484: 1475:

It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in

1456: 1245:

in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into smaller

1169:, had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered 1158: 1046: 912: 851: 583: 95: 17698: 8725: 8116:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

6598:"Art in England: Life and Times - Internet Shakespeare Editions" 5293:

Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance

3493:, who was employed as royal advisor and councillor. The tomb of 3451:

A 16th-century Renaissance tombstone of Polish kings within the

1221: 19403: 19262: 18754: 18684: 18253: 18165: 18020: 17251: 16212: 11431: 11008: 10921: 4164: 4104: 3656: 3253: 3141: 2914: 2680: 2612: 2502: 2437: 2413: 2405: 1778: 1734: 1692: 1642: 1568: 1468: 1431: 1335: 1294: 1092: 1040: 950:, and others were under direct Church control, the independent 800: 516: 8745: 7405:. Wrocław: Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN. p. 150. 7223:

Láng, Paul Henry (1939). "The So Called Netherlands Schools".

6804:

Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance

5892:

Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli : an examination of paradigms

5323:

The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background

4903:, p. 190, 1996, ed. Helen Wilcox, Cambridge University Press, 3077:. The most important humanists living in Matthias' court were 2357: 1819:, built by Alberti. The outstanding architectural work of the 325: 17487: 16177: 16167: 16162: 15634: 15629: 12066: 11963: 11824: 10946: 7191: 6958: 5754:

Disordered Body: Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation

5189:

Trinkaus, Charles; Rabil, Albert; Purnell, Frederick (1990).

4361:

observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":

4316:. Robert S. Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep 3782:

fused it with popular culture, reporting the changing times.

3714:, incorporating maritime elements. The primary painters were 3600:. The nobles gained dominance in the new political system of 3518: 3506: 3318: 2862:, and built ornate palaces at great expense. Writers such as 2707: 2583:

Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

2262: 2030: 1380:

One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in

1234: 1144: 1120: 512: 375: 8736: 8372:. (1994). 648 pp.; a magistral survey, heavily illustrated; 8040:, translated by James Emmons, New York: G. Braziller, 1970). 7472:"HISTORIA ARCHITEKTURY EUROPEJSKIEJ TYLKO DLA ORŁÓW - SKRÓT" 7058: 7056: 6095:

MacKinnon, Nick (1993). "The Portrait of Fra Luca Pacioli".

4884:

The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music: Volume 1

2909:. Though she became famous and infamous for her role in the 1019:

competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for the

554:. The period also saw revolutions in other intellectual and 19339: 18141: 16307: 10951: 7073: 7071: 6970: 4815:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 9. 3309:

defined the beginning of the Renaissance in music, and the

3074: 3070: 3039: 1216: 1100: 1061: 369: 363: 319: 310: 62: 7131: 6085:(Vol. 2, pp. 250–251). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 5940:(Vol. 2, pp. 245–246). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 4946:

Renaissance Humanism, from the Middle Ages to Modern Times

4899:

See Rosalie L. Colie, quoted in Hageman, Elizabeth H., in

3340:, the Renaissance sparked the translation of the works of 1961:

The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of the

1925: 1629:(1406–1475), another humanist, is most known for his work 1603:, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance" 1273:

to the north east. 15th-century Italy was one of the most

693:, while social and economic historians, especially of the 19330:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

8669:

The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance: A Sourcebook

8390:

A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture

8297: 7095: 7083: 7053: 7006: 6994: 6852:"the influences of the florentine renaissance in hungary" 5592: 5590: 4442:. The term can also be used in cinema. In animation, the 4016:. The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as 3760:

inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem

3204:

Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance include

2597:(rebirth) first appeared, however, in its broad sense in 1842:

During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns,

1804:

would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.

1415:, then about 4.2 million, lost 1.4 million people to the 13414: 7189: 7165:

Heughebaert, H.; Defoort, A.; Van Der Donck, R. (1998).

7068: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6721: 6719: 6361:

Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage

6284:

A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot

5776: 5774: 5308:

Looking at the Renaissance: Urban economy and government

1590: 570:

and conventionally ends by the 1600s with the waning of

16292: 14708:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

8501:

Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds.

7499:

Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present

7018: 6982: 5706:

University of Calgary website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007)

5642: 5640: 4121:(1798–1874) defined "The Renaissance" in his 1855 work 4058: 4000:, and treated issues related to the exploration of the 3691:

made crucial advances in mapping the world. Apothecary

2412:, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true 609:

from around 1250 or 1300—overlap considerably with the

600:

The traditional view focuses more on the Renaissance's

8356:

The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390–1530

7659:

Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (2003).

7119: 5587: 5454:

Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective

4110:

However, only in the 19th century did the French word

3336:, which spread northward into Germany around 1600. In 3189:, set up an observatory in Buda and installed it with 2998:

Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe

2991: 2149:. This development is depicted in the large world map 27:

European cultural period of the 14th to 17th centuries

15000:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

7943:

Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare

7218: 7216: 7143: 7107: 6941: 6716: 6003:, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics, 1965, 5771: 5732:(Vol. 2, p. 217). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 5490:

Europe in the second millennium: a hegemony achieved?

4365:

It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the

3537:. It was also the time when the first major works of 3372:

greatly contributed to turn astronomy into the first

2210:, except the east coast which was charted in 1770 by 399: 381: 378: 372: 366: 337: 328: 322: 316: 13848:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

8512:

The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society

8470:(5 vol 2007), 1584 pages; comprehensive encyclopedia 8304:

Renaissance People: Lives that Shaped the Modern Age

7290:(First U.S. ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. 6426:(1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". 5637: 5466:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5188: 4461: 2757:

competed with that in Europe with composers such as

2195:. He charted about 300 km of the west coast of 360: 307: 7926:Kelly-Gadol, Joan. "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" 7658: 7635:

Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

7608:

Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

6338:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 6205:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, p. 1. 5840:, ed. A. Goodman and A. MacKay, London, 1990, p. 2. 5191:"Renaissance Ideas and the Idea of the Renaissance" 4370:

of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.

3521:. Architecture became more refined and decorative. 3223: 1815:. Another building demonstrating this style is the 1563:. Humanist education was based on the programme of 1131:) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval 357: 313: 13808:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 13666: 11448: 7960: 7569:"Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers" 7213: 6485:The Global Age: state and society beyond modernity 6152:"Columbus and Vesalius – The Age of Discoverers". 5808:Individualism and the cult of creative personality 5524:Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society 4422:have also been termed "renaissances", such as the 3459:, Poland. The golden-domed chapel was designed by 3271:'s map assisted explorers and navigators. In art, 2886:also borrowed from the spirit of the Renaissance. 1445: 14466: 7538:, Providence, Blackstone Editions, 2004, p.20-21. 6729:, trans. G.H. Smith (New York: D. Appleton, 1847) 5401:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 59. 5348: 3960:, kept a close resemblance to the Italian canon. 1633:("On Civic Life"; printed 1528), which advocated 19503: 8674:Ross, James Bruce, and Mary M. McLaughlin, eds. 8557:; older essays by scholars; emphasis on politics 7963:Civilization: a new history of the Western world 7496:. In Hayashi, Tadayuki; Fukuda, Hiroshi (eds.). 7222: 6230: 6228: 5836:Burke, P., "The spread of Italian humanism", in 5697:The End of Europe's Middle Ages: The Black Death 5257: 4998:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries 4339:Some historians have begun to consider the word 2972:frequently reflected this dispute. However, the 2917:) to the French court from her native Florence. 2821:(1519–1547), one of the most famous examples of 2071:), posited that the Earth moved around the Sun. 15032: 11275:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 8721:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 83–93. 8653:Palgrave advances in Renaissance historiography 7160: 7158: 6765: 5823:Guido Carocci, I dintorni di Firenze, Vol. II, 5136: 4287:class with leisure time to devote to the arts. 3065:After the marriage in 1476 of King Matthias to 2487:came to the papal throne (1534–1549) after the 9813:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 8532:The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance 8206: 7958: 7786:"The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" 6738: 6552:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 6526:The Open University Guide to the Renaissance, 6179:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 5555:Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 5550:Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective 5536: 5441: 5429: 5024: 5022: 4973:Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity 4012:, giving rise to a body of work, now known as 2698:The English Renaissance is different from the 1863:or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the 1619:wrote the "manifesto" of the Renaissance, the 1047:Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism 16419: 15204: 15190: 14856:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 14726:Western European colonialism and colonization 13275: 10782: 10209: 9281: 8761: 8627:Starn, Randolph. "A Postmodern Renaissance?" 8370:The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance 8363:The Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students 7536:Racovia: An Early Liberal Religious Community 7169:. Wommelgem, Belgium: Den Gulden Engel bvba. 6550:Style in the Art Theory of Early Modern Italy 6225: 5137:Starn, Randolph (1998). "Renaissance Redux". 4577: 3938:Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana 2424:(1414), a resulting reform movement known as 1193:were established in Iberia, most notably the 272: 57:, birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. The 13186: 8622:A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance 8524:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pp. 8449:Kristeller, Paul Oskar, and Michael Mooney. 8059:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 8015:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927 7748:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 7632:Bergin, Thomas G.; Speake, Jennifer (2004). 7631: 7597: 7155: 6648:"A Brief History of Architecture in Britain" 6025:, Web Gallery of Art (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5787:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5653:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5574:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5044:, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, p. 69, 5008: 5006: 4787:"Online Etymology Dictionary: "Renaissance"" 4558: 4391:(1870–1937), for example, made a case for a 4222:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 4160:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 2858:imported Italian art and artists, including 2733:a distinctive native style. Writers include 1989:views of the universe. Writing around 1450, 1269:to the north and west respectively, and the 958:that preceded and financed the Renaissance. 450:, the Renaissance was first centered in the 13289: 9803:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages 8614:Spring 2009, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp. 182+ 8534:. (1999). 434 pp.; numerous brief articles 7928:Becoming Visible: Women in European History 7721:"Defining the Renaissance, Open University" 7665:. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. 7652: 7400: 7366:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press 6893: 6891: 6732: 6506: 6504: 6358: 5634:, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000 5598:The Foundations of Modern Political Thought 5351:The Medieval Frontiers of Latin Christendom 5111: 5109: 5019: 3903:Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial 2119: 1699:(1377–1446) and the subsequent writings of 703:between the two eras, which are linked, as 682:as a term and as a historical delineation. 491: 16426: 16412: 15197: 15183: 13282: 13268: 10789: 10775: 10216: 10202: 9288: 9274: 8768: 8754: 8000:Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art 6854:. Fondazione-delbianco.org. Archived from 6569: 6515:Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art 6418: 6416: 6236:The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction 5750: 5394: 5382:(New York, Perennial-Harper Collins, 2003) 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5089:The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 4901:Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700 4886:, p. 4, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 4813:The Renaissance: a very short introduction 4303:, destroying much that was important. The 3638:, are considered the greatest poet of the 2069:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 1326:, and bore little resemblance to a modern 1151:, whose conquests led to the migration of 566:The Renaissance period started during the 430:in most fields and disciplines, including 279: 265: 13911:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8165:. In Porter, Roy; Teich, Mikuláš (eds.). 8160: 8148:(2). Universitatis Miskolciensis: 57–72. 8094: 8078:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary 8072: 7190:Janson, H.W.; Janson, Anthony F. (1997). 7101: 7089: 7077: 7062: 7012: 7000: 6964: 6935: 6094: 5503:History of Libraries in the Western World 5042:History of Libraries in the Western World 5014:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance 5003: 4942: 4873:. London: Morre. pp. 1–2. id# 94452. 4864: 4862: 4195: 3706:In architecture, the huge profits of the 3104:began in about 1479. Two new wings and a 2905:, second son of King Francis I and Queen 2561:(ancient) and to the Christian period as 2138:(1502), the earliest world map detailing 2096:Another important development was in the 1670: 1007:(1304–1374), as well as the paintings of 865:had been exemplified in the sculpture of 15130:Historical geographic information system 11896: 8461:Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance 8294:The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance 7758:(trans. S.G.C. Middlemore, London, 1878) 7563: 7561: 7433:. poland.gov.pl (Retrieved 4 April 2007) 6888: 6501: 6333: 6286:Polity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 6190:The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800 5838:The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe 5797:, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878. 5751:Hatty, Suzanne E.; Hatty, James (1999). 5663:, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878. 5132: 5130: 5106: 4654:Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe 4639:to validate and glorify modern ideals. 4603:Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal 4227: 4057: 3896: 3740: 3624: 3237: 3148:in Fejéregyháza. In the spring of 1485, 2934: 2813: 2669: 2534: 2463:. In October 1517, Luther published the 2356: 2306: 2129: 1924: 1905: 1867:vault, which is frequently rectangular. 1705: 1637:, and for his influence in refining the 1589: 1455: 1355: 1220: 1217:Social and political structures in Italy 1060: 982: 861:Well after the first artistic return to 805: 49: 9295: 8708: 8207:Reynolds, L. D.; Wilson, Nigel (1974). 8187: 8169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8132: 7625: 7283: 7183: 7137: 7125: 7024: 6988: 6976: 6699:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6464: 6422: 6413: 6234:Brotton, J., "Science and Philosophy", 6056: 5353:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. 5277: 5074: 5054: 4810: 4004:, with chroniclers and writers such as 3734:produced four songbooks, including the 3571:. Three more academies were founded at 2420:. While the schism was resolved by the 2085:, gave a new confidence to the role of 1543:Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe 1300:The Allegory of Good and Bad Government 837:, Renaissance humanists did not reject 674:The Renaissance has a long and complex 639:and their texts to Italy following the 14: 19504: 19107:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 14770:English historical school of economics 12822:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 10876: 8233: 8013:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 7780: 7488: 7447: 7375: 7149: 6570:Foundation, Poetry (16 January 2024). 6477: 6474:, Volume 1, Books 1–4 (2001), p. xvii. 5949: 5719:. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1998. 5390: 5388: 5234: 5232: 4859: 4650:Latin translations of the 12th century 3770:introduced Italian forms of verse and 3541:were published, particularly those of 3273:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting 3234:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting 2777:of courtiers, and in the next century 1773:, working for the Medici in Florence, 479:, while the corresponding French word 458:and later throughout Europe. The term 17127:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 16407: 15178: 15086: 15031: 14966:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 14805:Historical reliability of the Gospels 14663: 14190: 13263: 13252: 11895: 11638: 11402: 11041: 10875: 10770: 10223: 10197: 9269: 8749: 8605:The Renaissance in historical thought 8483:Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke. 8302:Davis, Robert C. and Beth Lindsmith. 8113: 7844:, Autumn 1997 (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 7558: 7516:from the original on 25 February 2020 7448:Waltos, Stanisław (31 October 2002). 7442:For example, the re-establishment of 7113: 6952: 6692: 6363:. Sydney: Rosenberg. pp. 19–20. 5980:Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art 5127: 4757: 4571: 4544: 4418:Other periods of cultural rebirth in 4395:. Other historians have argued for a 4374: 1892:History of science in the Renaissance 15158: 13253: 12783:More Irish than the Irish themselves 9952:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 8063:excerpt and text search 2007 edition 7685: 7638:. Infobase Publishing. p. 490. 7378:Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe 6705:from the original on 22 October 2019 6306: 5851:On the Dignity and Excellence of Man 5320: 4969: 4529: 4031: 3022:'s court there were patrons such as 2846:arrived in France, imported by King 2725:, with poetry heavily influenced by 1281:Historian and political philosopher 490:, derived from the concept of Roman 13853:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 11042: 10731:History of the Mediterranean region 10162:History of the Mediterranean region 9365:International relations (1648–1814) 8731:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8562: 8451:Renaissance Thought and its Sources 8167:The Renaissance in National Context 6487:(1997), Stanford University Press, 6081:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 6059:Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings 5964:Clare, John D. & Millen, Alan, 5952:The Library: An Illustrated History 5936:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 5849:As asserted by Gianozzo Manetti in 5728:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 5608:, Cambridge University Press, p. 69 5584:(trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878) 5385: 5265:Humanities in the Western Tradition 5229: 3820:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici 3279:to the everyday life depictions of 2992:Hungarian trecento and quattrocento 2557:referred to pre-Christian times as 2494:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 2183:sailed from the East Indies in the 2064:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1934:, father of accounting, painted by 1233:The unique political structures of 24: 18462:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 17313:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 14866:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 12810:Fourth Italian War of Independence 10796: 8660: 8254: 8047: 7868:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1962.tb00059.x 5954:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 88. 5648:The Republics: Venice and Florence 5516: 5349:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2017). 4871:Accounting Concepts & Theories 3289: 2895:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 2388:the end of the Italian Renaissance 2001:, but in a philosophical fashion. 1527: 1057:Transmission of the Greek Classics 25: 19573: 18536:American Figurative Expressionism 16872:International Gothic art in Italy 16388:Western European and Others Group 9919:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 9486:Journalism of Early Modern Europe 8798:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 8686: 7353:website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007) 7050:(Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151. 6899:A History of Hungarian Literature 6517:, New York: Harper and Row, 1960. 6177:Man and Nature in the Renaissance 5782:The Development of the Individual 5505:, Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 145, 5238:Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) 4868: 4765:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 4184:University of California Berkeley 4048: 2893:(1519–1589), born in Florence to 2530: 2151:Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula 2079:On the Workings of the Human Body 1969:, humanists favored the study of 1745:was part of a wider trend toward 1625:, a vibrant defence of thinking. 1053:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 787:bringing precious manuscripts in 718:(10th and 11th century), and the 19486: 19485: 18045:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 15157: 15148: 15147: 14664: 14164: 14163: 14005:Palestinian expulsion and flight 12517:5000-year civilization assertion 12093:Nadir of American race relations 10716:Bibliography of European history 10311:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8709:Symonds, John Addington (1911). 8593:(1951): 483–495. online in JSTOR 8411:The Renaissance: A Short History 8266:The Flowering of the Renaissance 8026: 8005: 7992: 7952: 7933: 7920: 7882: 7847: 7824: 7804: 7774: 7761: 7739: 7713: 7679: 7591: 7541: 7528: 7482: 7464: 7436: 7417: 7394: 7369: 7356: 7338: 7312: 7277: 7259:"Renæssance i Europa og Danmark" 7251: 7196:(5th, rev. ed.). New York: 7030: 6917: 6908: 6879: 6870: 6844: 6821: 6794: 6759: 6686: 6661: 6640: 6615: 6595: 6589: 6563: 6542: 6472:History of the Florentine people 5395:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 4763:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 4478: 4464: 4403:in the 10th century and for the 4077:(1511–1574) first used the term 3893:Spanish Renaissance architecture 3745:The renaissance cloister at the 3519:eastern and southern borderlands 3441: 3432: 3330:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 3305:. The music of the 15th-century 3275:ranged from the strange work of 3224:Renaissance in the Low Countries 2941:Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I 2575:History of the Florentine People 2569:was the first to use tripartite 2318:Pope infamous for his corruption 2271:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1567:, the study of five humanities: 1467:and patron of arts (portrait by 707:observed, "by a thousand ties". 353: 303: 83: 69:were introduced during the time. 18967:Tunisian collaborative painting 18440:International Typographic Style 14994:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 13868:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 13803:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 13610:Causes of the Armenian genocide 11919:Pyramid construction techniques 11486:Comparative historical research 11403: 11104:Library and information science 10741:History of Western civilization 10344:Christianity in the Middle Ages 10152:History of Western civilization 9438:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 8775: 8741:Society for Renaissance Studies 8676:The Portable Renaissance Reader 8648:(March 2010), 82#1 pp: 127–155. 8591:Journal of the History of Ideas 8555:. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902) 8330:Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), , 8099:(in Hungarian). Officina Nova. 7894:Journal of the History of Ideas 7692:. University of Chicago Press. 7686:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). 7573:Portugal and Renaissance Europe 6520: 6470:Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, 6395: 6377: 6352: 6327: 6300: 6276: 6252: 6208: 6195: 6182: 6166: 6146: 6133: 6088: 6075: 6050: 6028: 6014: 5993: 5971: 5958: 5943: 5930: 5921: 5882: 5860: 5843: 5830: 5817: 5800: 5744: 5735: 5722: 5709: 5690: 5666: 5624: 5611: 5561: 5542: 5530: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5372: 5357: 5342: 5329: 5314: 5299: 5195:Journal of the History of Ideas 5182: 5173: 5034: 4990: 4963: 4936: 4918: 4893: 4877: 4704: 4686: 4676: 4659: 4642: 4625: 4608: 4393:Renaissance of the 12th century 2899:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne 2810:French Renaissance architecture 2436:, who was accused variously of 2153:made by the Dutch cartographer 2140:Portuguese maritime exploration 1817:Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua 1446:Cultural conditions in Florence 991:, birthplace of the Renaissance 793:Renaissance of the 12th century 720:Renaissance of the 12th century 32:Renaissance of the 12th century 18720:The Caribbean Artists Movement 15006:Gunpowder and gun transmission 14956:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 14765:Historical school of economics 14702:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 14140:Gunpowder and gun transmission 14014:Zionism as settler colonialism 13019:Limpieza de sangre controversy 11986:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 10585:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 10528:Christianity in the modern era 10299:Christianity in late antiquity 9781:Christianity in the modern era 9567:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8163:"The age of Matthias Corvinus" 7771:, New York: Basic Books, 1974. 7403:Poland, the Land of Copernicus 5888: 5621:, New York, Random House, 2005 5139:The American Historical Review 4844: 4829: 4804: 4779: 4751: 4724: 4597:cites W Dyce and C H Wilson's 4585: 4535: 4509:List of Renaissance structures 4399:in the 8th and 9th centuries, 4234:St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 4073:The Italian artist and critic 4014:Spanish Renaissance literature 3487:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3230:Renaissance in the Netherlands 3081:and the famous Hungarian poet 2835:(1798–1874) in his 1855 work, 2727:Italian Renaissance literature 2710:, which had a rich flowering. 1761:, with the works of Leonardo, 1345: 854:, helped pave the way for the 795:, who had focused on studying 568:crisis of the Late Middle Ages 462:("rebirth") first appeared in 13: 1: 17076:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 14815:Opposition to Papal supremacy 14191: 12003:Indigenous population history 10736:History of the European Union 10126:History of the European Union 9964:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 9754:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 9718:War of the Spanish Succession 7362:Celenza, Christopher (2004), 6697:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 6037:Architecture and Public Space 5867:Oration on the Dignity of Man 5121:The Waning of the Middle Ages 4524: 4494:Index of Renaissance articles 4296:The Autumn of the Middle Ages 4053: 3321:since the standardization of 3216:(composer and lutenist), and 2889:In 1533, a fourteen-year-old 2241:List of Renaissance composers 2179:In 1606, the Dutch navigator 1915: 1622:Oration on the Dignity of Man 1600:Oration on the Dignity of Man 1595:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1547:List of Renaissance humanists 1483:, a banking family and later 1370: 1115:in Western Europe and in the 896:Oration on the Dignity of Man 887:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 869:, Florentine painters led by 816: 614: 469: 19191:Modern European ink painting 18563:Bay Area Figurative Movement 14731:Desacralization of knowledge 13002:Carlism in the Francoist era 12970:Holodomor in modern politics 11639: 10029:Early Netherlandish painting 8999:Platonism in the Renaissance 8903:Early Netherlandish painting 8603:Ferguson, Wallace Klippert. 8553:The Cambridge Modern History 8296:. (2003). 862 pp. online at 7723:. Open.ac.uk. Archived from 7401:Suchodolski, Bogdan (1973). 6623:"Art in Renaissance England" 6143:, New York, Doubleday, 2007. 5062:A Short History of Byzantium 5031:, "Renaissance", 2008, O.Ed. 4717: 3559:of East-Central Europe. The 2781:(1573–1652), who introduced 2619:; the second phase contains 2581:used a similar framework in 2430:Fifth Council of the Lateran 1954:, making him the founder of 1950:published the first work on 1517:, Botticelli, Leonardo, and 1195:Toledo School of Translators 627:, one of the many states of 36:Renaissance (disambiguation) 7: 19552:History of Europe by period 18852:Artificial intelligence art 15123:Historiographic metafiction 15087: 15033:Organizations, publications 14822:Proto-orthodox Christianity 13772:German resistance to Nazism 13628:Persian famine of 1917–1919 13038:Islamic revolution of Spain 12965:Holodomor genocide question 12841:Revisionism of Risorgimento 12835:Rerum italicarum scriptores 12816:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 12583:Self-Strengthening Movement 11733:decolonization of knowledge 10695:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10306:Crisis of the Third Century 9670:Absolute monarchy in France 9614:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 8468:Renaissance and Reformation 8211:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8038:The Carolingian Renaissance 7947:University of Chicago Press 6780:10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXIV.156 6669:"The Scientific Revolution" 6602:internetshakespeare.uvic.ca 6313:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 18. 6214:"Scientific Revolution" in 5717:Life During the Renaissance 5630:Martin, J. and Romano, D., 4504:List of Renaissance figures 4457: 4142:values that he, as a vocal 3614: 3376:and also helped launch the 3014:, the castles of Visegrád, 2549:(in the antique manner) or 2473:. The 95 Theses led to the 2397:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 2288: 2253:school. The development of 2157:in 1648 to commemorate the 1532: 780:(1453) generated a wave of 725: 647:. Other major centers were 10: 19578: 18765:Post-painterly abstraction 18588:Situationist International 17962:Pennsylvania Impressionism 14920:Wissenschaft des Judentums 14897:Criticism of Protestantism 13777:Nazi foreign policy debate 13208:Second colonial occupation 12955:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 12593:Tibetan sovereignty debate 12137:Progressive-era historians 11572:Nationalization of history 11523:Historical-critical method 10751:Military history of Europe 10746:Maritime history of Europe 10136:Military history of Europe 10131:Maritime history of Europe 10024:Dutch and Flemish painting 9935:Science in the Renaissance 8908:Dutch and Flemish painting 8851:Central and Eastern Europe 8820:Outline of the Renaissance 8655:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 8598:Studies in the Renaissance 8581:Contesting the Renaissance 8571:American Historical Review 8425:Gardens of the Renaissance 8342:Flowers of the Renaissance 8133:Hendrix, Scott E. (2013). 8118:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 8061:(1860), a famous classic; 7967:. Pegasus Books. pp. 7450:"The Past and the Present" 7351:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6903:The Renaissance in Hungary 6742:The Florentine Renaissance 6258:Van Doren, Charles (1991) 5757:. SUNY Press. p. 89. 5537:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5442:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5430:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5240:The Art of the Renaissance 4557:, meaning 'rebirth', from 4499:Outline of the Renaissance 4199: 3890: 3884: 3857:attracted the interest of 3792:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda 3618: 3421: 3293: 3227: 2995: 2924: 2920: 2803: 2663: 2659: 2551:alle romana et alla antica 2517:, arguably the last major 2292: 2234: 2228: 2123: 2074:De humani corporis fabrica 1899: 1889: 1885: 1827:, combining the skills of 1777:, another Florentine, and 1683: 1536: 1452:Florentine Renaissance art 1449: 1349: 1253:controlled the south, the 1050: 976: 972: 877:and light more naturally. 699:, have instead focused on 613:, conventionally dated to 500:classical Greek philosophy 40: 29: 19481: 19285: 19050: 18860: 18640: 18432: 18416: 18348:California Scene Painting 18227:California Scene Painting 18183:Figurative Constructivism 18095: 17900: 17679: 17668: 17498: 17435: 17328: 17244: 17234:Poussinists and Rubenists 17135: 16939: 16672: 16472: 16463: 16450: 16158:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 16138: 16056: 15893: 15728: 15599:Standard Average European 15467: 15296: 15216: 15142: 15093: 15082: 15038: 15027: 14976: 14780: 14739: 14670: 14659: 14515: 14201: 14197: 14186: 14158: 14127: 14091: 13985: 13939: 13925:Second Sino-Japanese War 13903: 13833: 13785: 13747: 13707: 13583: 13405: 13324: 13300: 13259: 13248: 13224: 13122: 13089: 12980: 12904: 12861: 12802: 12767: 12739: 12730:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 12674: 12601: 12507: 12435: 12149: 12078: 12011: 11973: 11906: 11902: 11891: 11716: 11649: 11645: 11634: 11411: 11398: 11225: 11092: 11054: 11050: 11037: 10914: 10888: 10884: 10871: 10804: 10721:Genetic history of Europe 10703: 10508: 10324: 10264: 10231: 10174: 10144: 10121:Genetic history of Europe 10108: 10101: 10043: 9993: 9986: 9943: 9927: 9891: 9882: 9870:European wars of religion 9773: 9766: 9731: 9713:Second Hundred Years' War 9690: 9634: 9510: 9503: 9473: 9466: 9425: 9418: 9373: 9310: 9303: 9220: 9187: 9155: 9100: 9045: 9036: 8833: 8783: 8646:Journal of Modern History 8612:Sixteenth Century Journal 8395:Jensen, De Lamar (1992), 8238:. Yale University Press. 8161:Klaniczay, Tibor (1992). 8095:E. Kovács, Péter (1990). 7753:21 September 2008 at the 7476:www.historiasztuki.com.pl 6905:" (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6768:English Historical Review 6655:University of Southampton 6572:"The English Renaissance" 6203:The Scientific Revolution 5825:Galletti e Cocci, Firenze 4599:Letter to Lord Meadowbank 4594:Oxford English Dictionary 4582:, with the same meanings. 4454:in the mid-20th century. 4448:San Francisco Renaissance 4407:of the 14th century. The 4006:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 3417: 3281:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 3168:, Bartolomeo Fonzio, and 2799: 2755:English Renaissance music 2642: 2593:(middle times). The term 1831:, Michelangelo, Raphael, 1802:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 1781:in Venice, among others. 1071:In stark contrast to the 812:Portrait of a Young Woman 714:(8th and 9th centuries), 623:The Renaissance began in 574:, and the advents of the 561: 59:architectural perspective 19446:Prehistoric European art 19095:Contemporary African art 18578:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 18506:Generación de la Ruptura 18133:Universal Constructivism 17925:California Impressionism 17880:American Barbizon school 16298:Lancaster House Treaties 15788:Christian existentialism 15748:Ancient Roman philosophy 15738:Ancient Greek philosophy 14680:Crisis of historiography 13843:Auschwitz bombing debate 13529:Indian Rebellion of 1857 13380:Late Bronze Age collapse 13314:List of military museums 12917:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 12889:Polish People's Republic 12724:Sybel-Ficker controversy 12088:African-American history 12061:Colonial Spanish America 11850:Second Thirty Years' War 8712:"Renaissance, The" 8651:Woolfson, Jonathan, ed. 8641:(2012) 9#10 pp: 665–678. 8485:Art in Renaissance Italy 8441:Women of the Renaissance 8278:Cronin, Vincent (1992), 8188:Kubinyi, András (2008). 8011:Haskins, Charles Homer, 7489:Koyama, Satoshi (2007). 7454:Uniwersytet Jagielloński 7320:"Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601" 6938:, pp. 177, 180–181. 6529:Defining the Renaissance 6359:Cameron-Ash, M. (2018). 6334:Woodward, David (2007). 6307:Hunt, Shelby D. (2003). 6098:The Mathematical Gazette 6057:Saalman, Howard (1993). 6022:Peter Brueghel Biography 5814:, New York, 1990 p. 121. 5569:The Revival of Antiquity 5339:, Random House, NY: 2005 4949:. Taylor & Francis. 4943:Monfasani, John (2016). 4835:BBC Science and Nature, 4099:artists, beginning with 4084:The Lives of the Artists 3880: 3509:, when she married King 3485:(from 1569 known as the 3390:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 3247:Hans Holbein the Younger 3245:in 1523, as depicted by 3144:and Hunyad, and for the 2882:, and musicians such as 2823:Renaissance architecture 2771:Elizabethan architecture 2224: 2185:Dutch East India Company 2120:Navigation and geography 1931:Portrait of Luca Pacioli 1161:logicians, most notably 1123:, the Greek dramatists, 426:. Associated with great 41:Not to be confused with 19273:Walking Artists Network 18610:Letterist International 18450:Washington Color School 17364:Arts in the Philippines 16076:Equality before the law 15283:Romano-Germanic culture 13793:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 13652:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 13203:Porter–MacKenzie debate 12960:Causes of the Holodomor 12497:Problem of two emperors 12445:Catilinarian conspiracy 11672:Historical significance 11533:Indiscipline of history 11508:Historical anthropology 10726:History of Christianity 10157:History of Christianity 9739:French–Habsburg rivalry 9698:French Wars of Religion 8718:Encyclopædia Britannica 8680:excerpt and text search 8667:Bartlett, Kenneth, ed. 8585:excerpt and text search 8546:excerpt and text search 8516:excerpt and text search 8479:excerpt and text search 8475:The Italian Renaissance 8466:Patrick, James A., ed. 8455:excerpt and text search 8445:excerpt and text search 8415:excerpt and text search 8388:Hattaway, Michael, ed. 8384:excerpt and text search 8374:excerpt and text search 8361:Grendler, Paul F., ed. 8316:Ergang, Robert (1967), 8234:Tanner, Marcus (2009). 7959:Osborne, Roger (2006). 7856:Economic History Review 7611:. Infobase Publishing. 7444:Jagiellonian University 7424:Bona Sforza (1494–1557) 7284:Wootton, David (2015). 6739:Vincent Cronin (2011). 6539:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6410:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6392:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6239:Oxford University Press 6162:10.1001/jama.2014.11534 6047:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5990:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5950:Murray, Stuart (2009). 5812:The Italian Renaissance 5444:, pp. 123, 130–137 5311:(Retrieved 15 May 2007) 5296:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5029:Encyclopædia Britannica 4926:"Renaissance Era Dates" 4811:Brotton, Jerry (2006). 4573:[rinaʃʃiˈmento] 4432:Nepal Bhasa renaissance 4397:Carolingian Renaissance 4238:French Wars of Religion 4043:Renaissance in Scotland 3911:Juan Bautista de Toledo 3786:especially flourished: 3632:, and his seminal work 3561:Jagiellonian University 3497:, completed in 1505 by 3210:Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos 2911:French Wars of Religion 2631:; the third centers on 2501:, who had paintings by 2089:, observation, and the 1731:Gallerie dell'Accademia 1653:, but an earlier work, 1597:, writer of the famous 1511:Michelangelo Buonarroti 1225:A political map of the 712:Carolingian Renaissance 635:, and the migration of 498:and the rediscovery of 19532:17th century in Europe 19527:16th century in Europe 19522:15th century in Europe 19517:14th century in Europe 19384:Illuminated manuscript 19032:The Designers Republic 18982:Neue Slowenische Kunst 18905:Pattern and Decoration 18805:Institutional critique 18445:Abstract expressionism 17425:Latin American Baroque 17381:Colonial Asian Baroque 16238:Eastern European Group 15827:Continental philosophy 15758:Judeo-Christian ethics 15743:Hellenistic philosophy 15224:Cradle of civilization 14887:Protestant Reformation 14861:Second Vatican Council 14839:Succession to Muhammad 14834:Criticism of the Quran 14585:Religious perspectives 14319:Klemens von Metternich 13916:"Battle for Australia" 13798:Soviet offensive plans 13767:Broad vs. narrow front 13606:Late Ottoman genocides 12539:Century of humiliation 12320:Goguryeo controversies 12298:2,500-year celebration 11956:Double genocide theory 11743:Historical negationism 11567:Ancestral civilisation 11555:Historical materialism 11513:Historical determinism 11463:History of mentalities 10550:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9902:Renaissance philosophy 9818:Protestant Reformation 9626:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9433:Fall of Constantinople 8726:Renaissance Philosophy 7376:Rundle, David (2012). 7037:Franz-Joachim Verspohl 6693:Klein, Jürgen (2012), 6262:Ballantine, New York, 6260:A History of Knowledge 6188:Butterfield, Herbert, 5968:, London, 1994, p. 14. 5876:4 January 2011 at the 5853:, cited in Clare, J., 5792:3 October 2008 at the 5606:The Age of Reformation 5325:. New York: Macmillan. 5246:(World of Art), p. 9. 5060:Norwich, John Julius, 4701: 4578: 4568: 4559: 4413:Macedonian Renaissance 4372: 4328:have both argued that 4263:, and the intensified 4250:Machiavellian politics 4244: 4226: 4196:Debates about progress 4193: 4070: 4038:Renaissance in Croatia 4022:Tomás Luis de Victoria 4020:and composers such as 4010:Bartolomé de las Casas 3981:and natural historian 3913: 3875:expelled from Portugal 3753: 3647: 3621:Portuguese Renaissance 3409:decisive influence of 3388:. Later, the works of 3249: 3183:Johannes Regiomontanus 3091:Bibliotheca Corviniana 2949: 2825: 2783:Palladian architecture 2723:Elizabethan literature 2684: 2542: 2519:illuminated manuscript 2401: 2392:illuminated manuscript 2319: 2279:Tomás Luis de Victoria 2142: 2108:and the importance of 1943: 1922: 1910:Anonymous portrait of 1896:Renaissance technology 1823:was the rebuilding of 1738: 1679: 1671:Humanism and libraries 1604: 1472: 1377: 1230: 1068: 992: 879:Political philosophers 830: 778:fall of Constantinople 641:fall of Constantinople 528:vernacular literatures 492: 70: 34:. For other uses, see 19022:Artist-run initiative 18997:Young British Artists 18962:New European Painting 18898:Moscow Conceptualists 18820:Feminist art movement 18598:Ukrainian underground 18573:Gutai Art Association 17972:Ten American Painters 17476:Western influence in 16453:List of art movements 16358:Three Seas Initiative 16333:Pacific Islands Forum 16198:British–Irish Council 15946:Greek Orthodox Church 15405:Industrial Revolution 15375:Scientific Revolution 15011:Torsion mangonel myth 14914:Modern Jewish history 14909:Jesuit historiography 14902:Protestant work ethic 14882:Hesychast controversy 14747:Industrial Revolution 14697:Library of Alexandria 14615:The Lord of the Rings 14265:Constantine the Great 14145:Torsion mangonel myth 14077:Sri Lankan Civil War 13156:Storm over the gentry 13057:Colonies or Provinces 12588:Sprouts of capitalism 11662:Historic preservation 11657:Change and continuity 10630:Industrial Revolution 10181:History of philosophy 10056:Industrial Revolution 9454:Scientific Revolution 9233:Medieval renaissances 9011:Scientific Revolution 8629:Renaissance Quarterly 8620:Ruggiero, Guido, ed. 8080:. C. Hurst & Co. 7819:Renaissance Quarterly 7225:The Musical Quarterly 7198:Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 6402:Catholic Encyclopedia 6384:Catholic Encyclopedia 5715:Netzley, Patricia D. 5619:The Victory of Reason 5480:, Volume 219, p. 128. 5378:Walker, Paul Robert, 5337:The Victory of Reason 5270:29 April 2009 at the 4970:Boia, Lucian (2004). 4856:Retrieved 12 May 2007 4841:Retrieved 12 May 2007 4696: 4669:may have painted the 4363: 4231: 4212: 4188: 4061: 3954:Juan Boscán Almogáver 3900: 3744: 3644:Portuguese literature 3628: 3604:, a counterweight to 3424:Renaissance in Poland 3378:Scientific Revolution 3241: 3130:Aristotele Fioravanti 3028:Masolino da Pannicale 2996:Further information: 2938: 2839:(History of France). 2817: 2794:Scientific Revolution 2749:(1478–1535), and Sir 2673: 2538: 2408:, culminating in the 2363:Adoration of the Magi 2360: 2328:Roman Catholic Church 2310: 2293:Further information: 2133: 2124:Further information: 2047:scientific revolution 2045:Some view this as a " 1928: 1909: 1709: 1701:Leon Battista Alberti 1593: 1459: 1359: 1249:and territories: the 1224: 1064: 986: 956:Commercial Revolution 809: 766:Renaissance humanists 515:and the paintings of 454:, then spread to the 53: 18832:Saqqakhaneh movement 18725:Chicano art movement 18593:Soviet Nonconformist 18399:Boston Expressionism 18382:Abstraction-Création 18200:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 18193:Cologne Progressives 17913:Art Nouveau in Milan 17716:Anglo-Japanese style 17692:National romanticism 17122:Fontainebleau School 17032:Northern Renaissance 16867:International Gothic 16353:Special Relationship 15763:Christian philosophy 15708:Western Christianity 15370:Age of Enlightenment 15244:Hellenistic Kingdoms 15098:Commemorative plaque 14314:Juan Manuel de Rosas 13762:"Blitzkrieg" concept 13633:Powder keg of Europe 13508:Franco-Prussian War 13178:Winter of Discontent 13161:Suffragette Campaign 12828:Italiani brava gente 12794:Revolutionary period 12616:Frankish Interregnum 12549:"Chineseness" debate 12482:Byzantine succession 12467:Fall of Western Rome 12408:Executed Renaissance 11897:By country or region 11841:Age of Enlightenment 11815:Vaticinium ex eventu 11762:Modernisation theory 11596:Quantitative history 10972:Historical documents 10685:European debt crisis 10680:European integration 10620:Age of Enlightenment 10460:Republic of Florence 9907:Renaissance humanism 9791:Bohemian Reformation 9749:Treaties of Nijmegen 9360:Age of Enlightenment 9102:Northern Renaissance 8542:Renaissance Florence 8067:complete text online 8034:L'Empire carolingien 7836:14 June 2012 at the 7460:on 20 November 2002. 7324:danmarkshistorien.dk 7167:Artistieke opvoeding 6534:21 July 2009 at the 6424:Mommsen, Theodore E. 6282:Burke, Peter (2000) 6001:Lives of the Artists 5985:14 June 2007 at the 5702:9 March 2013 at the 5658:7 April 2007 at the 5580:7 April 2007 at the 4737:Cambridge Dictionary 4563:'to be born again'; 4519:Venetian Renaissance 4401:Ottonian Renaissance 4064:Lives of the Artists 3958:Garcilaso de la Vega 3827:Francisco de Holanda 3818:, in his letters to 3736:Cancioneiro de Elvas 3642:and the pinnacle of 3499:Francesco Fiorentino 3479:Jagiellonian dynasty 3461:Bartolommeo Berrecci 3368:. Danish astronomer 3296:Northern Renaissance 3243:Erasmus of Rotterdam 3199:Christopher Columbus 3018:, and Várpalota. In 2891:Catherine de' Medici 2635:and culminates with 2604:Lives of the Artists 2489:sack of Rome in 1527 2422:Council of Constance 2324:Northern Renaissance 2166:Christopher Columbus 2039:Northern Renaissance 2027:Christopher Columbus 1940:Museo di Capodimonte 1825:St. Peter's Basilica 1697:Filippo Brunelleschi 1617:Pico della Mirandola 1553:Renaissance humanism 1539:Renaissance humanism 1366:The Triumph of Death 1017:Filippo Brunelleschi 891:De hominis dignitate 716:Ottonian Renaissance 588:Northern Renaissance 526:and an explosion of 465:Lives of the Artists 452:Republic of Florence 91:The School of Athens 19557:Medieval philosophy 19542:Early modern period 19367:Hierarchy of genres 18932:Saint Soleil School 18868:Post-conceptual art 18837:The Stars Art Group 18715:Black Arts Movement 18678:Neo-Dada Organizers 18479:Lyrical abstraction 18212:Australian tonalism 17885:California Tonalism 17557:Hudson River School 17360:Colonial Asian art 17100:English Renaissance 17049:Ghent–Bruges school 17037:Early Netherlandish 16949:Italian Renaissance 16862:Gothic art in Milan 16378:West Nordic Council 16243:Eastern Partnership 15832:Analytic philosophy 15533:Classical tradition 15355:Early modern period 15311:Classical antiquity 15306:European Bronze Age 14927:Schools of thought 14892:Proto-Protestantism 14761:School of Thoughts 14643:William Shakespeare 14628:Robert Falcon Scott 14533:Friedrich Nietzsche 14371:Cult of personality 14356:Neville Chamberlain 14216:Alexander the Great 14098:Russo-Georgian War 14071:Sovereignty dispute 14050:Iranian Revolution 13880:"Polish death camp" 13857:In relation to the 13566:Myth of English aid 13557:War of the Pacific 13334:Albigensian Crusade 12759:Indigenous Aryanism 12455:Constantinian shift 11991:Residential schools 11748:Historian's fallacy 11667:Historic recurrence 11165:Numismatics (Money) 10937:Archaeological site 10861:theories of history 10650:Revolutions of 1848 10580:Early modern France 10361:Anglo-Saxon England 10266:Classical antiquity 10093:Revolutions of 1848 10014:Florentine painting 9865:Counter-Reformation 9786:Proto-Protestantism 9744:Peace of Westphalia 9587:Seventeen Provinces 9446:Printing Revolution 9340:Early modern Europe 9335:Early modern period 9297:Early modern Europe 9055:Bergamo and Brescia 9047:Italian Renaissance 8825:Renaissance studies 8540:Turner, Richard N. 8530:Rundle, David, ed. 8459:Nauert, Charles G. 8114:Engel, Pál (2001). 7811:Girolamo Savonarola 7745:Burckhardt, Jacob. 7727:on 18 December 2008 7579:on 12 November 2011 7237:10.1093/mq/xxv.1.48 6979:, pp. 171–172. 6967:, pp. 180–181. 6926:. portal.unesco.org 6156:. 2015;313(3):312. 6042:22 May 2007 at the 5966:Italian Renaissance 5855:Italian Renaissance 5827:, 1907, pp. 336–337 5780:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5646:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5632:Venice Reconsidered 5567:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5539:, pp. 119, 131 5501:Harris, Michael H. 5321:Kohn, Hans (1944). 5244:Thames & Hudson 5124:(1919, trans. 1924) 5040:Harris, Michael H. 4671:rhombicuboctahedron 4665:It is thought that 4405:Timurid Renaissance 4367:Italian Renaissance 4177:Italian Renaissance 4157:(1818–1897) in his 3962:Miguel de Cervantes 3887:Spanish Renaissance 3808:Fernão Mendes Pinto 3640:Portuguese language 3565:Nicolaus Copernicus 3533:with pinnacles and 3491:Filippo Buonaccorsi 3118:Benedetto da Majano 3054:palace of the late 2878:, painters such as 2876:Michel de Montaigne 2844:Italian Renaissance 2819:Château de Chambord 2773:produced the large 2739:Christopher Marlowe 2735:William Shakespeare 2731:Elizabethan theatre 2700:Italian Renaissance 2676:William Shakespeare 2666:English Renaissance 2303:Counter-Reformation 2197:Cape York Peninsula 2159:Peace of Westphalia 2136:Cantino planisphere 2100:for discovery, the 2035:Counter-Reformation 1979:applied mathematics 1967:Italian Renaissance 1912:Nicolaus Copernicus 1902:Medical Renaissance 1741:The development of 1436:congenital syphilis 1305:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 1261:at the center, the 1137:Timurid Renaissance 1085:Niccolò de' Niccoli 979:Italian Renaissance 948:absolute monarchies 936:Italian city-states 883:Niccolò Machiavelli 732:early modern period 691:classical antiquity 592:Spanish Renaissance 580:Counter-Reformation 552:inductive reasoning 424:classical antiquity 61:and new systems of 19409:Landscape painting 19017:New Leipzig School 18957:Neo-conceptual art 18705:Art & Language 18700:Capitalist realism 18622:Florida Highwaymen 18558:Hard-edge painting 18372:Streamline Moderne 18333:Harlem Renaissance 18176:Novecento Italiano 18004:Deutscher Werkbund 17831:Post-Impressionism 17393:Latin American art 17197:Guild of Romanists 17059:German Renaissance 17054:Northern Mannerism 15837:Post-structuralism 15800:Christian humanism 15430:Universal suffrage 15118:Historical realism 15113:Historical fiction 15058:History institutes 15048:Historical society 15043:Heritage registers 14931:Biblical criticism 14844:Islamic golden age 14795:Early Christianity 14675:Bears in antiquity 14563:Medieval Christian 14361:Pedro II of Brazil 14309:José de San Martín 14113:Syrian revolution 14025:Malayan Emergency 14000:1948 Palestine war 13733:Spanish Civil War 13683:War guilt question 13492:American Civil War 13472:Invasion of Russia 13448:New Russian School 13232:Colonial Australia 12948:October Revolution 12711:Strukturgeschichte 12647:Location of Alésia 12566:Hua–Yi distinction 12487:Moscow, third Rome 12103:Reconstruction era 11924:Black Egypt Thesis 11846:European Civil War 11802:Translatio imperii 11757:Invented tradition 10878:Historical sources 10756:Crusading movement 10660:Russian Revolution 10495:Hundred Years' War 10391:Maritime republics 10294:Early Christianity 10284:Hellenistic period 10241:Paleolithic Europe 9823:Ninety-five Theses 9609:Kingdom of Bohemia 9523:Free imperial city 9491:The General Crisis 9173:Spanish Golden Age 8813:Northern Mannerism 8639:Literature Compass 8579:Caferro, William. 8413:. (2000). 197 pp. 8397:Renaissance Europe 8354:Fletcher, Stella. 8292:Campbell, Gordon. 7940:Stephen Greenblatt 7815:Philip II of Spain 7792:on October 3, 2008 7429:6 May 2014 at the 7140:, pp. 63, 65. 5889:H., Miller, John. 5596:Skinner, Quentin, 5548:Kirshner, Julius, 5432:, pp. 113–123 4976:. Reaktion Books. 4546:[ʁənɛsɑ̃s] 4444:Disney Renaissance 4440:Harlem Renaissance 4424:Bengal Renaissance 4409:Islamic Golden Age 4389:Charles H. Haskins 4375:Other Renaissances 4318:economic recession 4273:Marxist historians 4245: 4236:, an event in the 4220:Jacob Burckhardt, 4186:, stated in 1998: 4123:Histoire de France 4071: 4026:Antonio de Cabezón 3979:Antonio de Nebrija 3914: 3754: 3648: 3250: 3220:(fresco painter). 3112:and the Dalmatian 3067:Beatrice of Naples 2970:German Renaissance 2950: 2927:German Renaissance 2903:Henry II of France 2837:Histoire de France 2826: 2806:French Renaissance 2685: 2653:Johannes Gutenberg 2651:by German printer 2543: 2499:Alessandro Farnese 2466:Ninety-five Theses 2446:fathering children 2402: 2394:together with the 2320: 2295:Renaissance Papacy 2143: 2106:empirical evidence 1975:natural philosophy 1944: 1936:Jacopo de' Barbari 1923: 1813:Florence Cathedral 1739: 1605: 1565:Studia Humanitatis 1561:empirical evidence 1499:Lorenzo de' Medici 1485:ducal ruling house 1473: 1461:Lorenzo de' Medici 1378: 1320:merchant republics 1231: 1207:Basilios Bessarion 1203:Manuel Chrysoloras 1117:Islamic Golden Age 1089:Poggio Bracciolini 1069: 1025:Florence Cathedral 993: 833:In the revival of 831: 824:Simonetta Vespucci 770:Poggio Bracciolini 665:Renaissance Papacy 536:educational reform 508:metal movable type 502:, such as that of 71: 18:Renaissance period 19499: 19498: 19281: 19280: 19137:Corporate Memphis 19090:Classical Realism 19060:Amazonian pop art 18952:Appropriation art 18920:Neo-expressionism 18790:Environmental art 18695:Nouvelle tendance 18412: 18411: 18360:Socialist realism 18217:Dresden Secession 17836:Neo-Impressionism 17799:Decadent movement 17770:Heidelberg School 17664: 17663: 17562:American luminism 17547:Düsseldorf School 17542:Shoreham Ancients 17532:Nazarene movement 17522:Danish Golden Age 17403:Indochristian art 17081:Antwerp Mannerism 16970:Pittura infamante 16964:Florentine School 16959:Proto-Renaissance 16401: 16400: 16228:Council of Europe 16130:International law 16083:Constitutionalism 15941:Eastern Orthodoxy 15447:Post–Cold War era 15380:Age of Revolution 15234:Greco-Roman world 15172: 15171: 15138: 15137: 15078: 15077: 15023: 15022: 15019: 15018: 14936:Catholic theology 14790:Avestan geography 14655: 14654: 14651: 14650: 14638:Søren Kierkegaard 14511: 14510: 14422:Warren G. Harding 14182: 14181: 14178: 14177: 13981: 13980: 13859:Armenian genocide 13722:Polish–Soviet War 13717:Burning of Smyrna 13703: 13702: 13693:Reichstag inquiry 13616:Patriotic consent 13487: 13486: 13462:War in the Vendée 13426:French Revolution 13408:century conflicts 13397:Peloponnesian War 13358:Eighty Years' War 13244: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13220: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13149:Westminster Stone 12846:Southern question 12685:Alltagsgeschichte 12635:Legendary Saracen 12337:Early settlements 12145: 12144: 12125:Political history 12110:Consensus history 11887: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11869:Continuity thesis 11808:Translatio studii 11694:Theory of history 11630: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11584:Subaltern Studies 11469:Nouvelle histoire 11394: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11306:Medieval churches 11293:Geistesgeschichte 11237:Paleoanthropology 11145:Encyclopaedistics 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 10901:Secondary sources 10764: 10763: 10690:COVID-19 pandemic 10635:French Revolution 10610:Habsburg monarchy 10590:Cossack Hetmanate 10570:Portuguese Empire 10560:Absolute monarchy 10555:Thirty Years' War 10450:Holy Roman Empire 10375:Bulgarian Empire 10334:Early Middle Ages 10251:Bronze Age Europe 10225:History of Europe 10191: 10190: 10185:History of Europe 10170: 10169: 10066:French Revolution 10061:Age of Revolution 10039: 10038: 10019:Venetian painting 9982: 9981: 9974:Leonardo da Vinci 9878: 9877: 9762: 9761: 9703:Thirty Years' War 9642:Habsburg monarchy 9599:Habsburg monarchy 9572:Cossack Hetmanate 9557:Portuguese Empire 9518:Holy Roman Empire 9499: 9498: 9481:Absolute monarchy 9462: 9461: 9414: 9413: 9263: 9262: 9183: 9182: 9156:Iberian peninsula 8923:Italian sculpture 8693:"The Renaissance" 8631:2007 60(1): 1–24 8624:. (2002). 561 pp. 8607:(AMS Press, 1981) 8520:Ruggiero, Guido. 8490:Potter, G.R. ed. 8463:. (2004). 541 pp. 8438:King, Margaret L. 8392:. (2000). 747 pp. 8365:. (2003). 970 pp. 8358:. (2000). 347 pp. 8192:. Balassi Kiadó. 8097:Matthias Corvinus 8055:Burckhardt, Jacob 7831:Renaissance Forum 7782:Burckhardt, Jacob 7599:Bergin, Thomas G. 7509:978-4-938637-43-9 7297:978-0-06-175952-9 6897:Czigány, Lóránt, 6807:. Villa I Tatti. 6727:History of France 6725:Michelet, Jules. 6576:Poetry Foundation 6034:Hooker, Richard, 5999:Vasari, Giorgio, 5305:Open University, 5290:Open University, 4838:Leonardo da Vinci 4822:978-0-19-280163-0 4667:Leonardo da Vinci 4530:Explanatory notes 4514:Roman Renaissance 4428:Tamil Renaissance 4283:, resulting in a 4202:Continuity thesis 4032:Further countries 3998:John of the Cross 3946:Fernando de Rojas 3867:Dutch Renaissance 3784:Travel literature 3778:, while plays by 3772:Bernardim Ribeiro 3747:Convent of Christ 3539:Polish literature 3483:Kingdom of Poland 3307:Burgundian School 3269:Gerardus Mercator 3170:Francesco Bandini 3150:Leonardo da Vinci 3120:and the painters 3060:Matthias Corvinus 2986:Holy Roman Empire 2931:Weser Renaissance 2872:Joachim du Bellay 2868:Pierre de Ronsard 2864:François Rabelais 2860:Leonardo da Vinci 2765:(1490–1545), and 2745:(1552–1599), Sir 2633:Leonardo da Vinci 2617:Arnolfo di Cambio 2457:textual criticism 2434:Pope Alexander VI 2275:Orlande de Lassus 2237:Renaissance dance 2231:Renaissance music 2102:scientific method 2093:view of anatomy. 2061:. Copernicus, in 2006:Leonardo da Vinci 1790:Hugo van der Goes 1771:Sandro Botticelli 1751:Leonardo da Vinci 1711:Leonardo da Vinci 1693:Giotto di Bondone 1655:Della vita civile 1639:Tuscan vernacular 1631:Della vita civile 1507:Sandro Botticelli 1503:Leonardo da Vinci 1227:Italian Peninsula 1087:(1364–1437), and 1081:Coluccio Salutati 1066:Coluccio Salutati 1009:Giotto di Bondone 828:Sandro Botticelli 607:Proto-Renaissance 582:, and in art the 556:social scientific 544:Leonardo da Vinci 412:cultural movement 408:period of history 289: 288: 248:Continuity thesis 235:History and study 16:(Redirected from 19569: 19489: 19488: 19473:Western painting 19419:Modern sculpture 19377:History painting 19080:Art intervention 18873:Installation art 18690:Nouveau réalisme 18430: 18429: 18404:Leningrad School 18296:Mexican muralism 18269:Grosvenor School 18009:American Realism 17992:Der Blaue Reiter 17950:Berlin Secession 17945:Vienna Secession 17940:Munich Secession 17858:Pont-Aven School 17677: 17676: 17527:Troubadour style 17505:(c. 1770 – 1862) 17472:Qing handicrafts 17438:Western elements 17369:Letras y figuras 17342:African-American 17337:African diaspora 17308:Directoire style 17219:Heptanese school 17202:Dutch Golden Age 17187:Stroganov School 17180:Lutheran Baroque 17175:Louis XIII style 17148:Baroque in Milan 17010:Bolognese School 17005:High Renaissance 16988:Forlivese School 16983:Ferrarese School 16706:Migration Period 16470: 16469: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16405: 16404: 16273:EU Customs Union 15805:Secular humanism 15753:Christian ethics 15703:East–West Schism 15686:Physical culture 15410:Great Divergence 15360:Age of Discovery 15199: 15192: 15185: 15176: 15175: 15161: 15160: 15151: 15150: 15103:Documentary film 15084: 15083: 15063:History journals 15029: 15028: 15002: 14874: 14810:Primacy of Peter 14757:Great Depression 14737: 14736: 14710: 14688: 14661: 14660: 14609:J. R. R. Tolkien 14464: 14463: 14459: 14447: 14435: 14417:Ulysses S. Grant 14412:Thomas Jefferson 14403: 14379: 14342: 14305: 14293: 14261: 14249: 14241:Chiang Ching-kuo 14231:Cato the Younger 14221:Amin al-Husseini 14199: 14198: 14188: 14187: 14167: 14166: 14150:War and genocide 13974: 13960:Résistancialisme 13947:Battle of France 13929:Nanjing Massacre 13783: 13782: 13664: 13663: 13660: 13624: 13574: 13456: 13439: 13412: 13411: 13339:Catharism debate 13325:pre-18th century 13307:Military history 13284: 13277: 13270: 13261: 13260: 13254:By war, conflict 13250: 13249: 13198:Cambridge School 13184: 13183: 13082: 13070: 13046: 13027: 12937: 12925: 12897: 12719: 12697:Historikerstreit 12667: 12655: 12643: 12624: 12610:Cordon sanitaire 12556:New Qing History 12544:Conquest dynasty 12535: 12450:Christianization 12433: 12432: 12352: 12265: 12253: 12241: 12219: 12207: 12199:Byzantine Empire 12054:Iquicha Royalism 12043: 12009: 12008: 11932: 11904: 11903: 11893: 11892: 11836:Age of Discovery 11825:Periodization of 11822: 11821: 11796:Transhistoricity 11791:Thirty-year rule 11702: 11690: 11647: 11646: 11636: 11635: 11616:Great Man theory 11579:People's history 11541: 11446: 11445: 11438:Three-age system 11400: 11399: 11100:Archival science 11052: 11051: 11039: 11038: 10906:Tertiary sources 10886: 10885: 10873: 10872: 10822:by area of study 10791: 10784: 10777: 10768: 10767: 10625:Great Divergence 10540:Age of Discovery 10485:Late Middle Ages 10455:High Middle Ages 10366:Byzantine Empire 10349:Christianization 10339:Migration Period 10274:Classical Greece 10246:Neolithic Europe 10218: 10211: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10106: 10105: 10051:Great Divergence 10009:Italian painting 9991: 9990: 9889: 9888: 9771: 9770: 9723:Seven Years' War 9665:House of Bourbon 9621:Protestant Union 9592:Economic history 9508: 9507: 9471: 9470: 9423: 9422: 9350:Age of Discovery 9330:High Renaissance 9308: 9307: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9228:Cloak and dagger 9043: 9042: 8913:Italian painting 8803:High Renaissance 8770: 8763: 8756: 8747: 8746: 8737:Official website 8722: 8714: 8423:Keene, Bryan C. 8249: 8230: 8203: 8184: 8157: 8139: 8129: 8110: 8091: 8074:Cartledge, Bryan 8041: 8030: 8024: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7966: 7956: 7950: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7851: 7845: 7828: 7822: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7788:. Archived from 7778: 7772: 7769:Style in History 7765: 7759: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7603:Speake, Jennifer 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7565: 7556: 7545: 7539: 7534:Phillip Hewett, 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7495: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7456:. Archived from 7440: 7434: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7162: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6895: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6858:on 21 March 2009 6848: 6842: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6774:(314): 156–157. 6763: 6757: 6756: 6745:. Random House. 6736: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6561: 6546: 6540: 6524: 6518: 6508: 6499: 6483:Albrow, Martin, 6481: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6420: 6411: 6399: 6393: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6304: 6298: 6280: 6274: 6256: 6250: 6232: 6223: 6212: 6206: 6201:Shapin, Steven. 6199: 6193: 6186: 6180: 6170: 6164: 6150: 6144: 6139:Capra, Fritjof, 6137: 6131: 6130: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5977:Stork, David G. 5975: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5904: 5886: 5880: 5864: 5858: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5798: 5778: 5769: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5694: 5688: 5677:A Distant Mirror 5670: 5664: 5644: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5594: 5585: 5565: 5559: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5392: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5275: 5261: 5255: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5186: 5180: 5179:Panofsky 1969:6. 5177: 5171: 5170: 5134: 5125: 5113: 5104: 5085: 5072: 5058: 5052: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5017: 5012:Strathern, Paul 5010: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4930:encyclopedia.com 4922: 4916: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4869:Diwan, Jaswith. 4866: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4693:Joseph Ben-David 4690: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4646: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4301:High Middle Ages 4254:Wars of Religion 4232:Painting of the 4224: 4155:Jacob Burckhardt 4103:(1240–1301) and 3934:Crown of Castile 3930:Joanot Martorell 3920:and the city of 3847:André de Gouveia 3843:Diogo de Gouveia 3831:André de Resende 3814:coined the term 3812:Amerigo Vespucci 3776:pastoral romance 3728:Pedro de Escobar 3675:. Cartographers 3453:Sigismund Chapel 3445: 3436: 3342:Saxo Grammaticus 3277:Hieronymus Bosch 3263:led the way; in 3261:Andreas Vesalius 3195:celestial globes 3179:Martius Galeotti 3114:Giovanni Dalmata 3110:Chimenti Camicia 3046:, archbishop of 2340:Huldrych Zwingli 2126:Age of Discovery 2083:Andreas Vesalius 1993:anticipated the 1991:Nicholas of Cusa 1920: 1917: 1821:High Renaissance 1651:La città di vita 1581:moral philosophy 1375: 1372: 1287:Otto of Freising 1285:points out that 1243:political entity 1239:Late Middle Ages 1187:Classical Arabic 1113:High Middle Ages 1073:High Middle Ages 1013:Lorenzo Ghiberti 1003:(1265–1321) and 940:High Middle Ages 881:, most famously 821: 818: 619: 618: 1350–1500 616: 611:Late Middle Ages 497: 474: 471: 402: 397: 396: 395: 394: 387: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 352: 341: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 302: 281: 274: 267: 253:High Renaissance 243:Age of Discovery 87: 73: 72: 21: 19577: 19576: 19572: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19566: 19562:Western culture 19547:Historical eras 19502: 19501: 19500: 19495: 19477: 19394:Interactive art 19277: 19251:SoFlo Superflat 19176:Kitsch movement 19100:Africanfuturism 19052: 19046: 18925:Transavantgarde 18856: 18810:Light and Space 18795:Performance art 18775:Psychedelic art 18658:Nueva Presencia 18648:Otra Figuración 18636: 18568:Les Plasticiens 18553:New York School 18531:Action painting 18516:Metcalf Chateau 18425: 18420: 18408: 18328:Cercle et Carré 18264:New Objectivity 18171:Return to order 18113:School of Paris 18091: 17935:School of Paris 17896: 17782:Arts and Crafts 17687:Neo-romanticism 17672: 17660: 17656:Etching revival 17608:Barbizon school 17552:Pre-Raphaelites 17504: 17501: 17494: 17437: 17431: 17324: 17298:Louis XVI style 17240: 17229:Louis XIV style 17192:Animal painting 17153:Flemish Baroque 17131: 17042:World landscape 16993:Venetian School 16935: 16922:Majorcan school 16889:Novgorod School 16879:Lucchese School 16851:Opus Anglicanum 16843:Norman-Sicilian 16787:Italo-Byzantine 16687:Early Christian 16668: 16652:Pompeian Styles 16465: 16459: 16446: 16432: 16402: 16397: 16363:UKUSA Agreement 16303:Lublin Triangle 16188:Baltic Assembly 16140: 16134: 16052: 15889: 15724: 15594:Eurolinguistics 15463: 15452:Information age 15425:Interwar period 15292: 15212: 15203: 15173: 15168: 15167: 15134: 15089: 15074: 15034: 15015: 14998: 14981: 14972: 14868: 14776: 14752:Great Recession 14735: 14706: 14682: 14666: 14647: 14538:H. P. Lovecraft 14507: 14469: 14462: 14453: 14441: 14429: 14397: 14373: 14346:Muammar Gaddafi 14336: 14324:Leonid Brezhnev 14299: 14287: 14270:Gregory Palamas 14255: 14253:Chiang Kai Shek 14243: 14203: 14193: 14174: 14173: 14154: 14135:Conflict thesis 14123: 14087: 13977: 13968: 13935: 13899: 13829: 13781: 13743: 13709:Interwar period 13699: 13669: 13662: 13654: 13638:Schlieffen Plan 13618: 13579: 13568: 13483: 13450: 13433: 13418: 13407: 13401: 13385:Dorian invasion 13370:Fall of Babylon 13326: 13320: 13319: 13296: 13288: 13255: 13236: 13212: 13189: 13182: 13144:Kingdom of Alba 13125: 13118: 13085: 13076: 13064: 13062:Spanish decline 13040: 13021: 12976: 12931: 12919: 12900: 12891: 12857: 12798: 12763: 12749:Greater Magadha 12735: 12713: 12670: 12661: 12649: 12637: 12618: 12597: 12571:Four Barbarians 12529: 12503: 12431: 12388:Götaland theory 12356:Lusotropicalism 12346: 12327:North Macedonia 12259: 12247: 12235: 12213: 12201: 12141: 12120:Frontier thesis 12115:Cyclical theory 12098:Neoabolitionism 12074: 12037: 12007: 11969: 11946:Greater Morocco 11926: 11898: 11875: 11826: 11820: 11712: 11696: 11684: 11641: 11622: 11535: 11450: 11444: 11426:Historical eras 11407: 11386: 11221: 11118:Writing systems 11088: 11046: 11044:Fields of study 11025: 11019:Service records 11004:Religious texts 10910: 10896:Primary sources 10880: 10867: 10866: 10800: 10795: 10765: 10760: 10699: 10665:Interwar period 10640:Napoleonic Wars 10504: 10475:Mongol invasion 10428:Crown of Aragon 10320: 10260: 10256:Iron Age Europe 10227: 10222: 10192: 10187: 10166: 10140: 10097: 10035: 10001:Renaissance art 9978: 9969:Matteo Palmieri 9939: 9923: 9912:Northern Europe 9884: 9874: 9758: 9727: 9686: 9650:House of Stuart 9630: 9495: 9458: 9410: 9381:Northern Europe 9369: 9345:Elizabethan era 9299: 9294: 9264: 9259: 9216: 9179: 9151: 9096: 9032: 8945:Northern Europe 8829: 8779: 8774: 8689: 8684: 8671:(2nd ed., 2011) 8663: 8661:Primary sources 8658: 8633:in Project MUSE 8565: 8560: 8409:Johnson, Paul. 8340:Fisher, Celia. 8318:The Renaissance 8280:The Renaissance 8262:Cronin, Vincent 8257: 8255:Further reading 8252: 8246: 8219: 8200: 8181: 8137: 8126: 8107: 8088: 8050: 8048:General sources 8045: 8044: 8031: 8027: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7957: 7953: 7938: 7934: 7925: 7921: 7906:10.2307/2707236 7890:Thorndike, Lynn 7887: 7883: 7852: 7848: 7842:Hull University 7838:Wayback Machine 7829: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7779: 7775: 7766: 7762: 7755:Wayback Machine 7744: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7605:, eds. (2004). 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7546: 7542: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7510: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7441: 7437: 7431:Wayback Machine 7422: 7418: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7357: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6706: 6695:"Francis Bacon" 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6596:Best, Michael. 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6568: 6564: 6547: 6543: 6536:Wayback Machine 6525: 6521: 6511:Panofsky, Erwin 6509: 6502: 6482: 6478: 6469: 6465: 6442:10.2307/2856364 6421: 6414: 6400: 6396: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6281: 6277: 6257: 6253: 6233: 6226: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6171: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6111:10.2307/3619717 6093: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6055: 6051: 6044:Wayback Machine 6033: 6029: 6019: 6015: 5998: 5994: 5987:Wayback Machine 5976: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5948: 5944: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5906: 5905: 5887: 5883: 5878:Wayback Machine 5865: 5861: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5801: 5794:Wayback Machine 5779: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5727: 5723: 5714: 5710: 5704:Wayback Machine 5695: 5691: 5673:Barbara Tuchman 5671: 5667: 5660:Wayback Machine 5645: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5617:Stark, Rodney, 5616: 5612: 5602:The Renaissance 5595: 5588: 5582:Wayback Machine 5566: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5517: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5478:The Connoisseur 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5409: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5363:Leon Poliakov, 5362: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5335:Stark, Rodney, 5334: 5330: 5319: 5315: 5304: 5300: 5289: 5278: 5272:Wayback Machine 5262: 5258: 5237: 5230: 5207:10.2307/2709652 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5151:10.2307/2650779 5135: 5128: 5116:Huizanga, Johan 5114: 5107: 5086: 5075: 5064:, 1997, Knopf, 5059: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4898: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4867: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4664: 4660: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4613: 4609: 4590: 4586: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4385:Medieval period 4377: 4242:François Dubois 4225: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4062:A cover of the 4056: 4051: 4034: 3994:Teresa of Ávila 3975:Juan Luis Vives 3950:Juan del Encina 3918:Crown of Aragon 3907:Juan de Herrera 3895: 3889: 3883: 3756:In literature, 3724:Vasco Fernandes 3701:Carolus Clusius 3695:and physicians 3646:, respectively. 3623: 3617: 3588:Polish Brethren 3551:Polish language 3547:Jan Kochanowski 3477:. Ruled by the 3467: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3411:Dante Alighieri 3334:Venetian School 3323:Gregorian Chant 3298: 3292: 3290:Northern Europe 3236: 3228:Main articles: 3226: 3126:Andrea Mantegna 3122:Filippino Lippi 3095:Vatican Library 3083:Janus Pannonius 3079:Antonio Bonfini 3000: 2994: 2933: 2925:Main articles: 2923: 2812: 2804:Main articles: 2802: 2788:Elsewhere, Sir 2689:Elizabethan era 2668: 2662: 2645: 2591:media tempestas 2533: 2305: 2291: 2243: 2233: 2227: 2219:Terra Australis 2181:Willem Janszoon 2170:Delhi Sultanate 2128: 2122: 2059:Johannes Kepler 2051:Galileo Galilei 2021:in 1492 of the 1918: 1904: 1898: 1890:Main articles: 1888: 1726:De architectura 1688: 1686:Renaissance art 1682: 1673: 1664:uomo universale 1627:Matteo Palmieri 1549: 1537:Main articles: 1535: 1530: 1528:Characteristics 1519:Filippino Lippi 1454: 1448: 1373: 1354: 1348: 1313:Matteo Palmieri 1283:Quentin Skinner 1219: 1059: 1049: 1001:Dante Alighieri 981: 975: 819: 728: 617: 564: 472: 410:and a European 400: 390: 389: 356: 347: 346: 339: 306: 297: 296: 285: 222:Northern Europe 98: 94:(1509–1511) by 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19575: 19565: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19497: 19496: 19494: 19493: 19482: 19479: 19478: 19476: 19475: 19470: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19427: 19426: 19424:Late modernism 19421: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19380: 19379: 19374: 19372:Genre painting 19364: 19359: 19354: 19349: 19348: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19322: 19320:Ballets Russes 19317: 19312: 19307: 19306: 19305: 19303:Asemic writing 19295: 19293:History of art 19289: 19287: 19286:Related topics 19283: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19259: 19258: 19253: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19221:Relational art 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19167: 19166: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19144:Hypermodernism 19141: 19140: 19139: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19103: 19102: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19056: 19054: 19048: 19047: 19045: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18928: 18927: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18901: 18900: 18890: 18885: 18883:Postminimalism 18880: 18875: 18870: 18864: 18862: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18760:Generative art 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18730:Conceptual art 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18681: 18680: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18644: 18642: 18638: 18637: 18635: 18634: 18629: 18627:Cybernetic art 18624: 18619: 18618: 18617: 18615:Ultra-Lettrist 18612: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18544: 18543: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18502: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18489:Arte Informale 18486: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18465: 18464: 18454: 18453: 18452: 18442: 18436: 18434: 18427: 18426:(1945–present) 18414: 18413: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18385: 18384: 18374: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18362: 18355:Heroic realism 18352: 18351: 18350: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18292: 18291: 18289:Latin American 18286: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18259:Group of Seven 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18240: 18239: 18229: 18224: 18222:Social realism 18219: 18214: 18209: 18208: 18207: 18205:November Group 18197: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18168: 18163: 18162: 18161: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18128:Latin American 18123:Constructivism 18120: 18118:Crystal Cubism 18115: 18110: 18105: 18099: 18097: 18093: 18092: 18090: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18058: 18057: 18047: 18042: 18035: 18034: 18033: 18028: 18018: 18017: 18016: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17989: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17904: 17902: 17898: 17897: 17895: 17894: 17889: 17888: 17887: 17877: 17876: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17844: 17843: 17828: 17823: 17821:Volcano School 17818: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17790: 17789: 17779: 17774: 17773: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17719: 17718: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17695: 17694: 17683: 17681: 17674: 17666: 17665: 17662: 17661: 17659: 17658: 17653: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17629: 17628: 17627: 17626: 17625: 17615: 17610: 17600: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17583: 17578: 17576:Norwich School 17573: 17568: 17567: 17566: 17565: 17564: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17517:Fairy painting 17508: 17506: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17490: 17485: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17453: 17452: 17441: 17439: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17422: 17421: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17408:Chilote School 17400: 17398:Casta painting 17390: 17389: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17377: 17376: 17374:Tipos del País 17371: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17355: 17354: 17344: 17332: 17330: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17322: 17317: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17262:Louis XV style 17259: 17248: 17246: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17237: 17236: 17231: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17210: 17209: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17165: 17155: 17150: 17139: 17137: 17133: 17132: 17130: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17073: 17072: 17071: 17066: 17064:Cologne School 17056: 17051: 17046: 17045: 17044: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17025: 17017: 17012: 17007: 16997: 16996: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16975: 16974: 16973: 16966: 16961: 16945: 16943: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16933: 16932: 16931: 16924: 16919: 16917:Italian school 16908: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16899:Sienese School 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16875: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16854: 16847: 16846: 16845: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16828: 16818: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16809:Pre-Romanesque 16806: 16801: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16764: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16745: 16740: 16738:Donor portrait 16735: 16734: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16703: 16702: 16701: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16678: 16676: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16647:Julio-Claudian 16644: 16639: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16605: 16600: 16599: 16598: 16596:Greco-Buddhist 16588: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16536:Protogeometric 16533: 16523: 16522: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16496: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16478: 16476: 16467: 16461: 16460: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16431: 16430: 16423: 16416: 16408: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16393:Westernization 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16373:Visegrád Group 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16313:Nordic Council 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16208:Bucharest Nine 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16173:Arctic Council 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16144: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16121: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16085: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16068: 16062: 16060: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15971: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15899: 15897: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15864: 15863: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15808: 15807: 15802: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15783:Existentialism 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15734: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15722: 15721: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15676: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15654: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15627: 15626: 15625: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15603: 15602: 15601: 15596: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15559: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15542: 15541: 15540: 15530: 15529: 15528: 15518: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15501: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15473: 15471: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15347: 15342: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15320: 15319: 15318: 15316:Late antiquity 15308: 15302: 15300: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15266: 15261: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15231: 15226: 15220: 15218: 15214: 15213: 15202: 15201: 15194: 15187: 15179: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15155: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15072: 15071: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15045: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14996: 14991: 14985: 14983: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14884: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14875: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14826: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14807: 14802: 14792: 14786: 14784: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14734: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14716: 14711: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14677: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14582: 14577: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14528:Charles Darwin 14525: 14519: 14517: 14513: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14498:United Kingdom 14495: 14490: 14488:Modern Germany 14485: 14480: 14474: 14472: 14461: 14460: 14448: 14436: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14407:Thomas Aquinas 14404: 14392: 14387: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14294: 14282: 14277: 14275:Horatio Nelson 14272: 14267: 14262: 14250: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14207: 14205: 14195: 14194: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14160: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14107:Responsibility 14104: 14095: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14075: 14074: 14073: 14063: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14038: 14033: 14032: 14031: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14019:New Historians 14016: 14011: 13997: 13991: 13989: 13983: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13943: 13941: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13907: 13905: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13885:Responsibility 13882: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13865: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13839: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13789: 13787: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13753: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13719: 13713: 13711: 13705: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13680: 13674: 13672: 13661: 13649: 13643:Spirit of 1914 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13613: 13603: 13600:Fischer thesis 13589: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13563: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13543: 13541:Paraguayan War 13538: 13537: 13536: 13526: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13467:Napoleonic era 13464: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13445: 13440: 13431:Pre-revolution 13422: 13420: 13416:Coalition Wars 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13330: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13310: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13294:historiography 13287: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13264: 13257: 13256: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13194: 13192: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13136: 13130: 13128: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13112:Decline thesis 13109: 13102:Ottoman Empire 13099: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13071: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13048: 13047: 13028: 13016: 13011: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12929:Skeptic School 12914: 12912:Anti-Normanism 12908: 12906: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12869:Golden Liberty 12865: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12851:Neo-Bourbonism 12843: 12838: 12831: 12824: 12819: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12745: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12726: 12721: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12691:Borussian myth 12688: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12656: 12644: 12632: 12625: 12613: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12541: 12536: 12524: 12519: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12422: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12329: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12300: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12280: 12279: 12278: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12254: 12242: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12196: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12162:Dealbanisation 12153: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12084: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12032: 12026:May Revolution 12017: 12015: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11996:Staples thesis 11993: 11988: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11940: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11921: 11912: 11910: 11900: 11899: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11861: 11852: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11828:modern history 11819: 11818: 11811: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11774: 11772:Paradigm shift 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11643: 11642: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11547: 11542: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11488: 11483: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11465: 11458:Annales school 11454: 11452: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11418: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11321:Constitutional 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11257: 11244: 11239: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11197:Postage stamps 11194: 11189: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11125: 11120: 11111: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11064: 11058: 11056: 11048: 11047: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10994:Oral tradition 10991: 10990: 10989: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10882: 10881: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10843: 10835: 10834: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10798:Historiography 10794: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10771: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10615:Russian Empire 10612: 10607: 10605:British Empire 10602: 10600:Dutch Republic 10597: 10595:Swedish Empire 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10575:Spanish Empire 10572: 10567: 10565:Ottoman Empire 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10480:Serbian Empire 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10341: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10316:Late antiquity 10313: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10279:Roman Republic 10276: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10221: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10198: 10189: 10188: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10112: 10110: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10071:Coalition Wars 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9893: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9655:House of Tudor 9652: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9606: 9604:Russian Empire 9601: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9582:Dutch Republic 9579: 9577:Swedish Empire 9574: 9569: 9564: 9562:Spanish Empire 9559: 9554: 9552:Ottoman Empire 9549: 9548: 9547: 9545:British Empire 9537: 9532: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9514: 9512: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9468: 9467:Social history 9464: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9448: 9443: 9442:Technological: 9440: 9435: 9429: 9427: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9314: 9312: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8734: 8723: 8706: 8688: 8687:External links 8685: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8625: 8618: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8577: 8573:(1979): 1–15. 8566: 8564: 8563:Historiography 8561: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8538: 8536:online edition 8528: 8518: 8506: 8505:(2007) 459 pp. 8499: 8488: 8487:(4th ed. 2011) 8481: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8447: 8435: 8433:978-1606061435 8421: 8407: 8393: 8386: 8378:Hall, Bert S. 8376: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8350:978-1606060629 8338: 8328: 8314: 8312:978-1606060780 8300: 8290: 8276: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245:978-0300158281 8244: 8231: 8218:978-0199686339 8217: 8204: 8199:978-9635067671 8198: 8185: 8179: 8158: 8130: 8124: 8111: 8105: 8092: 8087:978-1849041126 8086: 8070: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8032:Hubert, Jean, 8025: 8004: 7991: 7978:978-1933648194 7977: 7951: 7932: 7919: 7881: 7862:(3): 408–426. 7846: 7823: 7803: 7773: 7760: 7738: 7712: 7699:978-0226467337 7698: 7678: 7672:978-0802085771 7671: 7651: 7645:978-0816054510 7644: 7624: 7618:978-0816054510 7617: 7590: 7557: 7540: 7527: 7508: 7481: 7463: 7435: 7416: 7393: 7386: 7368: 7355: 7337: 7311: 7296: 7276: 7263:Nationalmuseet 7250: 7212: 7206:978-0810934429 7205: 7193:History of Art 7182: 7176:978-9050352222 7175: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7116:, p. 321. 7106: 7104:, p. 167. 7102:Klaniczay 1992 7094: 7092:, p. 185. 7090:E. Kovács 1990 7082: 7078:Cartledge 2011 7067: 7065:, p. 166. 7063:Klaniczay 1992 7052: 7029: 7027:, p. 183. 7017: 7015:, p. 168. 7013:Klaniczay 1992 7005: 7003:, p. 181. 7001:E. Kovács 1990 6993: 6991:, p. 172. 6981: 6969: 6965:E. Kovács 1990 6957: 6955:, p. 319. 6940: 6936:E. Kovács 1990 6928: 6916: 6907: 6887: 6878: 6869: 6843: 6820: 6814:978-0674063464 6813: 6793: 6758: 6752:978-1446466544 6751: 6731: 6715: 6685: 6660: 6639: 6614: 6588: 6562: 6548:Sohm, Philip. 6541: 6519: 6500: 6476: 6463: 6436:(2): 226–242. 6412: 6394: 6389:Western Schism 6376: 6370:978-0648043966 6369: 6351: 6345:978-0226907338 6344: 6326: 6320:978-0765609328 6319: 6299: 6275: 6251: 6224: 6207: 6194: 6181: 6165: 6145: 6132: 6087: 6074: 6068:978-0271010670 6067: 6049: 6027: 6013: 5992: 5970: 5957: 5942: 5929: 5920: 5881: 5859: 5842: 5829: 5816: 5806:Stephens, J., 5799: 5770: 5764:978-0791443651 5763: 5743: 5734: 5721: 5708: 5689: 5665: 5636: 5623: 5610: 5586: 5560: 5541: 5529: 5515: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5407: 5384: 5371: 5356: 5341: 5328: 5313: 5298: 5276: 5256: 5252:978-0500200087 5228: 5201:(4): 667–684. 5181: 5172: 5145:(1): 122–124. 5126: 5105: 5073: 5053: 5033: 5018: 5002: 4989: 4983:978-1861891549 4982: 4962: 4956:978-1351904391 4955: 4935: 4917: 4909:978-0521467773 4892: 4876: 4858: 4843: 4828: 4821: 4803: 4791:Etymonline.com 4778: 4772:978-1405881180 4771: 4750: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4685: 4675: 4658: 4641: 4624: 4620:Jonathan Swift 4607: 4584: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4475: 4472:Society portal 4459: 4456: 4376: 4373: 4359:Erwin Panofsky 4326:Lynn Thorndike 4314:recent studies 4305:Medieval Latin 4291:Johan Huizinga 4256:, the corrupt 4217: 4197: 4194: 4119:Jules Michelet 4075:Giorgio Vasari 4068:Giorgio Vasari 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049:Historiography 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4030: 3983:Pedro de Mexía 3942:Jorge Manrique 3885:Main article: 3882: 3879: 3863:Albrecht Dürer 3835:Damião de Góis 3804:Duarte Barbosa 3800:Gaspar Correia 3796:António Galvão 3788:João de Barros 3758:Luís de Camões 3720:Gregório Lopes 3716:Nuno Gonçalves 3697:Garcia de Orta 3669:Abraham Zacuto 3665:João de Castro 3630:Luís de Camões 3619:Main article: 3616: 3613: 3602:Golden Liberty 3585:Nontrinitarian 3475:Polish culture 3450: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3422:Main article: 3419: 3416: 3404:perfected the 3386:Albrecht Dürer 3374:modern science 3294:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3225: 3222: 3214:Bálint Bakfark 3206:Bálint Balassi 3166:Pietro Ranzano 3140:in Kolozsvár, 3136:style for the 3106:hanging garden 3012:Castle in Buda 2993: 2990: 2962:Albrecht Dürer 2946:Albrecht Dürer 2922: 2919: 2833:Jules Michelet 2801: 2798: 2775:prodigy houses 2743:Edmund Spenser 2718:by the 1530s. 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2649:printing press 2644: 2641: 2599:Giorgio Vasari 2567:Leonardo Bruni 2540:Leonardo Bruni 2532: 2531:Self-awareness 2529: 2479:Western Europe 2410:Western Schism 2373:Queen of Sheba 2371:adored by the 2290: 2287: 2251:Franco-Flemish 2229:Main article: 2226: 2223: 2191:and landed in 2121: 2118: 2104:, focusing on 1963:printing press 1887: 1884: 1880:Pisa Baptistry 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1635:civic humanism 1551:In some ways, 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1447: 1444: 1417:bubonic plague 1384:caused by the 1361:Pieter Bruegel 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1218: 1215: 1191:Medieval Latin 1153:Greek scholars 1149:Ottoman Empire 1133:Islamic worlds 1048: 1045: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 967:The Aryan Myth 952:city-republics 901:printing press 785:Greek scholars 727: 724: 701:the continuity 676:historiography 645:Ottoman Empire 637:Greek scholars 563: 560: 524:literary Latin 477:Giorgio Vasari 287: 286: 284: 283: 276: 269: 261: 258: 257: 256: 255: 250: 245: 237: 236: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 176: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 126:Greek scholars 123: 118: 113: 105: 104: 100: 99: 88: 80: 79: 43:Reconnaissance 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19574: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19507: 19492: 19484: 19483: 19480: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19468: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19416: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19369: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19357:Fantastic art 19355: 19353: 19350: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19327: 19326: 19325:Christian art 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19288: 19284: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19248: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19226:Skeuomorphism 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19186:Massurrealism 19184: 19182: 19181:Lightpainting 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19165: 19164:Post-Internet 19162: 19161: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19138: 19135: 19134: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19101: 19098: 19097: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19057: 19055: 19049: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19037:Grunge design 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18992:Retrofuturism 18990: 18988: 18987:Scratch video 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18972:Memphis Group 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18947:Telematic art 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18937:Guerrilla art 18935: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18899: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18888:Endurance art 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18826: 18823: 18822: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18645: 18643: 18639: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18603: 18599: 18596: 18595: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18548:New media art 18546: 18542: 18539: 18538: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18526:Nanyang Style 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18463: 18460: 18459: 18458: 18457:Visionary art 18455: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18437: 18435: 18431: 18428: 18424: 18419: 18415: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18383: 18380: 18379: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18357: 18356: 18353: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18323:Scuola Romana 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18313: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18281: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18249:Anthropophagy 18247: 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18233: 18232:Functionalism 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18201: 18198: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18184: 18181: 18177: 18174: 18173: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18160: 18159: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18152:Neoplasticism 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18094: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18056: 18055:Cubo-Futurism 18053: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18022: 18019: 18015: 18014:Ashcan School 18012: 18011: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17983: 17982:Expressionism 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17967:Mir iskusstva 17965: 17963: 17960: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17937: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17899: 17893: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17881: 17878: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17842: 17839: 17838: 17837: 17834: 17833: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17806: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17753:Boston School 17751: 17749: 17748:Hoosier Group 17746: 17745: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17738:Impressionism 17736: 17734: 17733:Peredvizhniki 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17723:Beuron School 17721: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17712: 17711: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17638: 17637:Munich School 17635: 17634: 17633: 17630: 17624: 17621: 17620: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17497: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17451: 17448: 17447: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17436:Art borrowing 17434: 17426: 17423: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17391: 17387: 17386:Company style 17384: 17382: 17379: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17366: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17353: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17339: 17338: 17334: 17333: 17331: 17327: 17321: 17318: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17286:Neoclassicism 17284: 17280: 17279: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17243: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17208: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17145: 17144: 17141: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17112:Cretan School 17110: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17070: 17069:Danube school 17067: 17065: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17033: 17030: 17024: 17023: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16971: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16951: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16942: 16938: 16930: 16929: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16836: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16792: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16755: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16707: 16704: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16695: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16671: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16604: 16601: 16597: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16546:Orientalizing 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16531:Sub-Mycenaean 16529: 16528: 16527: 16524: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16468: 16462: 16458: 16454: 16449: 16445:art movements 16444: 16440: 16436: 16429: 16424: 16422: 16417: 16415: 16410: 16409: 16406: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16338:PROSUR/PROSUL 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16233:Craiova Group 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16148:ABCANZ Armies 16146: 16145: 16143: 16137: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15972: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15953:Protestantism 15951: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15942: 15939: 15935: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15884: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15873:Sovereigntism 15871: 15869: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15793: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15768:Scholasticism 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15731: 15727: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15546: 15543: 15539: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15531: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15506: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15458: 15457:War on terror 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15350:Modern period 15348: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15206:Western world 15200: 15195: 15193: 15188: 15186: 15181: 15180: 15177: 15164: 15156: 15154: 15146: 15145: 15141: 15131: 15128: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15085: 15081: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15030: 15026: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15001: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14989:Merton thesis 14987: 14986: 14984: 14979: 14975: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14941:Panbabylonism 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14872: 14867: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14797: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14783: 14779: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14662: 14658: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14610: 14607: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14571: 14568: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14550: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14504: 14503:United States 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14471: 14465: 14457: 14452: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14384: 14383:Bolivarianism 14381: 14377: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14366:Simon Bolivar 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14303: 14298: 14297:Joseph Stalin 14295: 14291: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14189: 14185: 14170: 14162: 14161: 14157: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14126: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14092:Post-Cold War 14090: 14082: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14066:Falklands War 14064: 14062: 14061:Iran–Iraq War 14059: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14009:Ongoing Nakba 14006: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13984: 13972: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13940:Western Front 13938: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13921:Bengal famine 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13835:The Holocaust 13832: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13786:Eastern Front 13784: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13710: 13706: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13671: 13665: 13658: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13572: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13517:Paris Commune 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13502:Turning point 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13454: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13406:18th and 19th 13404: 13398: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13356: 13352: 13351:Islamic views 13349: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13323: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13285: 13280: 13278: 13273: 13271: 13266: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13251: 13247: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13121: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13088: 13080: 13075: 13074:Ser de España 13072: 13068: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13044: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12979: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12935: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12712: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12665: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12533: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12492:Ottoman claim 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12472:Prosopography 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12434: 12426: 12425:Trưng sisters 12423: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12345: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12263: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12246: 12243: 12239: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12217: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12172:Habsburg myth 12170: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12080:United States 12077: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12041: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12013:Latin America 12010: 12004: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11930: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11894: 11890: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11709: 11706: 11700: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11633: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11606:Transnational 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11497: 11496:Decoloniality 11494: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11477:Historiometry 11475: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11447: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11421:Periodization 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11207:Sigillography 11205: 11203: 11202:Prosopography 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11079:Local history 11077: 11073: 11072:Human history 11070: 11069: 11068: 11067:World history 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10870: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10787: 10785: 10780: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10769: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10711:Art of Europe 10709: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10510:Modern period 10507: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10219: 10214: 10212: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10177:Human history 10173: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10116:Art of Europe 10114: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:Revolutionary 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044:End of period 10042: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9881: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9675:Ancien Régime 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9452: 9450:Intellectual: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9406:Low Countries 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Low Countries 9135: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:Italian domes 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8728:entry in the 8727: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8600:(1960): 7–26. 8599: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8556: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8527: 8526:online review 8523: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8001: 7995: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7955: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7827: 7821:(1998) p. 914 7820: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7554: 7553:0-19-925339-0 7550: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7387:9780907570400 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7217: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7159: 7152:, p. 99. 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7128:, p. 59. 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7080:, p. 67. 7079: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6882: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6198: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5408:90-6109-440-2 5404: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5087:Brotton, J., 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4850:BBC History, 4847: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4732:"renaissance" 4727: 4723: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4635:– the use of 4634: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4452:San Francisco 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356:art historian 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322:George Sarton 4320:. Meanwhile, 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4203: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173:individuality 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095:and only the 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3977:, grammarian 3976: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:Sá de Miranda 3765: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689:Diogo Ribeiro 3686: 3685:Estêvão Gomes 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673:Martin Behaim 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:Conrad Celtes 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3556:lingua franca 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495:John I Albert 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3435: 3425: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:Netherlanders 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3201:to Matthias. 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Marcin Bylica 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3152:travelled to 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:After Italy, 2999: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958:Low Countries 2955: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790:Francis Bacon 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769:(1540–1623). 2768: 2764: 2763:John Taverner 2761:(1505–1585), 2760: 2759:Thomas Tallis 2756: 2753:(1554–1586). 2752: 2751:Philip Sidney 2748: 2744: 2741:(1564–1593), 2740: 2737:(1564–1616), 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2585:(1439–1453). 2584: 2580: 2579:Flavio Biondo 2576: 2572: 2571:periodization 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2524:Farnese Hours 2520: 2516: 2515:Giulio Clovio 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485:Pope Paul III 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461:New Testament 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:Giulio Clovio 2381: 2380: 2379:Farnese Hours 2375: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348:Martin Luther 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249:style of the 2248: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2114:Francis Bacon 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2037:clashed, the 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2011:Fritjof Capra 2007: 2002: 2000: 1997:worldview of 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Nicola Pisano 1868: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Low Countries 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:human anatomy 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1716:Vitruvian Man 1712: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515:Neri di Bicci 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083:(1331–1406), 1082: 1078: 1074: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 990: 985: 980: 970: 968: 964: 963:Leon Poliakov 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 904: 902: 898: 897: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Nicola Pisano 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:Lorenzo Valla 844: 840: 836: 829: 825: 814: 813: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 789:ancient Greek 786: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 761: 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19436:Outsider art 19389:Illustration 19345:Lutheran art 19335:Catholic art 19298:Abstract art 19268:Unilalianism 19231:Software art 19206:Neosymbolism 19196:Neo-futurism 19159:Internet art 19149:Hyperrealism 19002:Superfiction 18785:Photorealism 18653:Afrofuturism 18418:Contemporary 18394:Dimensionism 18377:Concrete art 18310: 18306:Precisionism 18156: 18103:Sosaku-hanga 18077:Productivism 18067:Metaphysical 18037: 18026:Proto-Cubism 17930:Secessionism 17892:Costumbrismo 17777:Aestheticism 17728:Hague School 17708: 17632:Academic art 17613:Costumbrismo 17581:Empire style 17418:Quito School 17413:Cusco School 17329:Colonial art 17290: 17278:Fête galante 17276: 17245:18th century 17207:Delft School 17158:Caravaggisti 17136:17th century 17021: 16978:Quattrocento 16968: 16926: 16849: 16752: 16682:Late antique 16566:Severe style 16556:Black-figure 16443:Contemporary 16383:Western Bloc 16183:AUSCANNZUKUS 16139:Contemporary 16088:Human rights 15934:Latin Church 15908:Christianity 15858: 15817:Conservatism 15662:contemporary 15499:Architecture 15435:World War II 15395:Emancipation 15390:Abolitionism 15344: 15278:Romanization 15273:Roman legacy 15254:Roman Empire 14918: 14720:The Simpsons 14718: 14665:Other topics 14613: 14590:Christianity 14580:Resurrection 14211:Adolf Hitler 14040:Six-Day War 14036:Algerian War 14007: / 13966:Vichy France 13958: 13951: 13861: / 13749:World War II 13645: / 13312: 13305: 13107:Ghaza thesis 13030: 13006: 12992:White legend 12990: / 12988:Black legend 12943:Soviet Union 12833: 12826: 12814: 12777:Great Famine 12754:Indocentrism 12728: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12683: 12629:Grand Siècle 12627: 12608: 12576:Sinocentrism 12437:Ancient Rome 12417: 12275:Aryan Kartli 12273: 12065: 12028: / 11962: 11863: 11859:19th century 11857: / 11848: / 11813: 11806: 11805: / 11800: 11776: 11750: / 11724:Black legend 11682:Historiology 11479: / 11467: 11430: 11368:Quantitative 11291: 11287:Intellectual 11253: / 11249: / 11235: / 11233:Anthropology 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In music, 3705: 3677:Pedro Reinel 3649: 3633: 3591: 3579:(1579), and 3554: 3515: 3468: 3406:oil painting 3402:Jan van Eyck 3382: 3354:Christian IV 3350:Frederick II 3299: 3285: 3251: 3203: 3174:Neoplatonism 3162: 3099: 3064: 3032: 3030:to Hungary. 3008:Quattrocento 3001: 2978:Maximilian I 2974:Gothic style 2951: 2939: 2888: 2848:Charles VIII 2842:In 1495 the 2841: 2836: 2827: 2787: 2785:to England. 2767:William Byrd 2720: 2697: 2686: 2679: 2646: 2637:Michelangelo 2625:Brunelleschi 2602: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2547:modi antichi 2546: 2544: 2522: 2507:Michelangelo 2492: 2483: 2464: 2454: 2426:Conciliarism 2403: 2395: 2377: 2367: 2361: 2321: 2312:Alexander VI 2283:William Byrd 2244: 2216: 2205: 2178: 2163: 2150: 2144: 2097: 2095: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2044: 2016: 2003: 1995:heliocentric 1983:Aristotelian 1960: 1948:Luca Pacioli 1945: 1929: 1876:Annunciation 1875: 1869: 1848:entablatures 1841: 1806: 1794:Jan van Eyck 1783: 1763:Michelangelo 1740: 1724: 1714: 1689: 1674: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1630: 1620: 1606: 1598: 1564: 1550: 1523: 1497: 1474: 1440: 1425: 1421: 1410: 1394:spirituality 1379: 1364: 1324:oligarchical 1317: 1298: 1280: 1232: 1211:Leo Allatius 1199: 1157: 1109: 1070: 1037: 994: 966: 960: 932:Rodney Stark 930:Sociologist 929: 924: 905: 894: 890: 860: 839:Christianity 835:neoplatonism 832: 810: 776:, while the 764: 740:architecture 729: 709: 696:longue durée 694: 684: 679: 673: 622: 602:early modern 599: 596: 565: 548:Michelangelo 521: 485: 480: 463: 459: 438:, politics, 436:architecture 292: 290: 111:Architecture 89: 76: 47: 19537:Christendom 19512:Renaissance 19352:Digital art 19315:Avant-garde 19256:Superstroke 19132:Flat design 19127:Fictive art 19122:Excessivism 19070:Art for art 19065:Altermodern 19007:Taring Padi 18942:Lowbrow art 18910:Pliontanism 18847:Yoru no Kai 18800:Process art 18740:Systems art 18710:Arte Povera 18632:Antipodeans 18541:in New York 18511:Jikken Kōbō 18474:Color field 18343:Regionalism 18312:Aeropittura 18301:Neo-Fauvism 18274:Neues Sehen 18244:Kinetic art 18108:Suprematism 18082:Synchromism 17999:Noucentisme 17920:Primitivism 17908:Art Nouveau 17863:Cloisonnism 17853:Pointillism 17848:Divisionism 17826:Incoherents 17787:Art pottery 17673:(1863–1944) 17623:Macchiaioli 17598:Biedermeier 17586:Historicism 17571:Orientalism 17512:Romanticism 17483:Akita ranga 17335:Art of the 17320:Picturesque 17272:Chinoiserie 17267:Frederician 17105:Tudor court 17000:Cinquecento 16941:Renaissance 16928:Mappa mundi 16912:cartography 16804:Carolingian 16799:Merovingian 16782:Palaeologan 16754:Repoblación 16711:Anglo-Saxon 16642:Gallo-Roman 16581:Hellenistic 16576:Kerch style 16514:Minyan ware 16323:Open Balkan 16141:integration 16071:Rule of law 16066:Natural law 16043:Agnosticism 16021:Hellenistic 15999:Anglo-Saxon 15929:Catholicism 15868:Atlanticism 15773:Rationalism 15579:Immigration 15562:Esotericism 15420:World War I 15385:Romanticism 15365:Reformation 15345:Renaissance 15323:Middle Ages 15288:Christendom 15217:Foundations 15108:Hagiography 14869: [ 14829:Early Islam 14683: [ 14575:Historicity 14553:Historicity 14543:Jane Austen 14523:The Beatles 14493:Netherlands 14454: [ 14451:Zhuge Liang 14442: [ 14430: [ 14427:Yuan Shikai 14398: [ 14395:Sun Yat Tse 14374: [ 14337: [ 14300: [ 14288: [ 14285:Jiang Zemin 14256: [ 14244: [ 14236:Che Guevara 13969: [ 13904:Pacific War 13688:Article 231 13678:Reparations 13655: [ 13619: [ 13596:Color books 13585:World War I 13569: [ 13546:War of 1812 13451: [ 13434: [ 13419:(1792–1815) 13390:Sea Peoples 13375:Gallic Wars 13077: [ 13065: [ 13052:Revisionist 13041: [ 13032:Reconquista 13022: [ 13014:Inquisition 13008:Convivencia 12932: [ 12920: [ 12892: [ 12789:Revisionism 12714: [ 12662: [ 12650: [ 12638: [ 12619: [ 12561:Golden ages 12530: [ 12527:Wunu School 12522:Archaeology 12395:Switzerland 12378:Kosovo Myth 12366:Great Union 12347: [ 12332:Philippines 12315:Nationalist 12288:Ages of Man 12260: [ 12248: [ 12236: [ 12214: [ 12202: [ 12038: [ 12035:Revisionist 11927: [ 11864:Renaissance 11729:Coloniality 11697: [ 11685: [ 11677:Historicity 11601:Revisionist 11591:Pop history 11562:Nationalist 11536: [ 11481:Cliometrics 11449:Approaches, 11405:Methodology 11301:Linguistics 11251:Environment 11217:Vexillology 11140:Diplomatics 11123:Chorography 11062:Big History 11014:War diaries 10987:Illuminated 10982:Manuscripts 10967:Hieroglyphs 10847:historicity 10655:World War I 10645:Nationalism 10533:Reformation 10518:Renaissance 10490:Black Death 10423:Kievan Rus' 10326:Middle Ages 10088:Nationalism 9898:Philosophy: 9853:Switzerland 9843:Lutheranism 9318:Renaissance 9255:Reenactment 9238:Carolingian 8871:Plateresque 8793:Renaissance 8777:Renaissance 8703:BBC Radio 4 8698:In Our Time 8695:episode of 8509:Rowse, A.L. 8419:online free 7984:10 December 7330:24 November 7326:(in Danish) 7269:24 November 7265:(in Danish) 7150:Tanner 2009 7040: [ 6673:Historic UK 6264:pp. 211–212 6173:Allen Debus 6061:. Zwemmer. 4996:Burke, P., 4759:Wells, John 4486:Arts portal 4381:Renaissance 4341:Renaissance 4265:witch-hunts 4112:renaissance 3970:Don Quixote 3966:masterpiece 3859:Thomas More 3780:Gil Vicente 3763:Os Lusíadas 3732:Duarte Lobo 3708:spice trade 3661:Pedro Nunes 3635:Os Lusíadas 3606:monarchical 3553:became the 3543:Mikołaj Rey 3511:Sigismund I 3503:Bona Sforza 3370:Tycho Brahe 3348:as well as 3265:cartography 3138:Franciscans 3134:Late Gothic 3087:András Hess 3056:Middle Ages 3044:Vitéz János 3024:Pippo Spano 2884:Jean Mouton 2880:Jean Clouet 2852:Black Death 2779:Inigo Jones 2747:Thomas More 2712:Visual arts 2475:Reformation 2471:indulgences 2352:John Calvin 2344:Thomas More 2299:Reformation 2208:New Holland 2201:Abel Tasman 2174:East Indies 2110:mathematics 2091:mechanistic 2055:Tycho Brahe 1952:bookkeeping 1919: 1580 1878:, from the 1743:perspective 1613:Ibn Khaldun 1609:Thomas More 1513:. Works by 1463:, ruler of 1402:sponsorship 1386:Black Death 1374: 1562 1352:Black Death 1346:Black Death 1255:Florentines 1251:Neapolitans 1247:city-states 1237:during the 1125:Demosthenes 921:Machiavelli 917:Thomas More 875:perspective 856:Reformation 820: 1480 680:Renaissance 663:during the 576:Reformation 481:renaissance 473: 1550 444:exploration 416:Middle Ages 293:Renaissance 77:Renaissance 19506:Categories 19399:Jewish art 19211:Passionism 19171:iPhone art 19117:Cyborg art 19112:Crypto art 19085:Brandalism 18977:Cyberdelic 18842:Tropicália 18815:Street art 18770:Intermedia 18750:Minimalism 18469:Spatialism 18423:Postmodern 18279:Surrealism 18147:Shin-hanga 17987:Die Brücke 17955:Sonderbund 17868:Synthetism 17591:Revivalism 17500:Transition 17457:Manichaean 17303:Adam style 17224:Classicism 17163:in Utrecht 17091:Still life 16821:Romanesque 16777:Macedonian 16772:Iconoclast 16731:Visigothic 16637:Republican 16591:Indo-Greek 16561:Red-figure 16343:Rio Treaty 15854:Relativism 15812:Liberalism 15778:Empiricism 15730:Philosophy 15718:Secularism 15669:Philosophy 15606:Literature 15400:Capitalism 15163:Multimedia 14982:Technology 14946:Urreligion 14849:Kharijites 14800:Background 14468:Historical 14439:Zhou Enlai 14334:Mao Zedong 14329:Louis Riel 14102:Background 13953:Guilty Men 13895:Uniqueness 13818:Background 13813:Winter War 13737:Background 13670:Versailles 13524:Great Game 13171:Ricardians 13166:Tudor myth 12884:Partitions 12477:Succession 11767:Narratives 11752:Presentism 11708:Philosophy 11528:Humanistic 11416:Case study 11348:Indigenous 11326:Diplomatic 11270:Capitalism 11170:Onomastics 11128:Chronology 10957:Facsimiles 10942:Chronicles 10840:historians 10811:Historians 10418:Viking Age 10233:Prehistory 10081:Napoleonic 10005:Painting: 9892:Philosophy 9374:By country 9212:Structures 9018:Technology 8994:Philosophy 8957:Literature 8876:Portuguese 8427:. 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London: 5101:0192801635 5070:0679450882 5050:0810837242 4711:condemned. 4633:presentism 4525:References 4334:Joan Kelly 4330:scientific 4281:capitalism 4269:golden age 4208:modern age 4200:See also: 4153:historian 4144:Republican 4140:democratic 4132:Copernicus 4089:Gothic art 4054:Conception 3891:See also: 3871:Golden Age 3774:developed 3693:Tomé Pires 3681:Lopo Homem 3609:absolutism 3573:Königsberg 3549:, and the 3529:above the 3471:Golden Age 3414:printing. 3191:astrolabes 3036:Florentine 2901:, married 2704:literature 2693:Henry VIII 2382:(1546) by 2247:polyphonic 2235:See also: 2212:James Cook 2155:Joan Blaeu 2147:Antarctica 2087:dissection 1999:Copernicus 1971:humanities 1956:accounting 1900:See also: 1759:aesthetics 1647:Quintilian 1557:scholastic 1450:See also: 1340:fine glass 1129:Thucydides 1051:See also: 1021:Baptistery 961:Historian 944:capitalism 863:classicism 760:technology 748:literature 744:philosophy 504:Protagoras 440:literature 161:Technology 151:Philosophy 136:Literature 67:accounting 19461:Shock art 19451:Queer art 19431:Naïve art 19414:Modernism 19246:Superflat 19236:Sound art 19216:Post-YBAs 19201:Neomodern 19042:Verdadism 19012:Superflat 18861:1970–1999 18825:in the US 18745:Video art 18668:Happening 18641:1960–1969 18433:1945–1959 18096:1915–1944 18087:Vorticism 18039:A Nyolcak 17901:1900–1914 17873:Les Nabis 17804:Symbolism 17760:Amsterdam 17710:Japonisme 17680:1863–1899 17642:in Greece 17502:to modern 17347:Caribbean 17292:Goût grec 17214:Capriccio 17168:Tenebrism 17117:Turquerie 17015:Mannerism 16910:Medieval 16767:Byzantine 16748:Mozarabic 16699:Ethiopian 16603:Neo-Attic 16586:"Baroque" 16571:Classical 16541:Geometric 16519:Mycenaean 16466:(Western) 16464:Premodern 16435:Premodern 16288:Five Eyes 16283:EU–UK TCA 16125:Democracy 16014:Old Norse 15903:Abrahamic 15860:Peritrope 15842:Tolerance 15822:Socialism 15652:Mythology 15640:Classical 15589:Languages 15567:Astrology 15415:Modernism 15229:Old World 14951:Perennial 14740:Economics 14692:Feudalism 14478:Australia 14226:Aurangzeb 14202:Political 14192:By person 13873:Pius Wars 13668:Treaty of 13327:conflicts 13134:Poor Laws 12997:Hispanism 12874:Sarmatism 12704:Sonderweg 12462:Expansion 12187:Litvinism 12021:Argentina 11855:Long 18th 11738:Dark Ages 11518:Historism 11316:Political 11255:Geography 11192:Philology 11155:Genealogy 11150:Epigraphy 11093:By source 10932:Artifacts 10465:Feudalism 10436:Catalonia 9883:Academic 9833:Huguenots 9828:Calvinism 9774:Overviews 9732:Diplomacy 9680:Louis XIV 9511:Countries 9426:Political 9304:Overviews 9207:Humanists 9197:Composers 9038:By region 8918:Sculpture 8866:Palladian 8808:Mannerism 8550:Ward, A. 8227:26919731M 8154:1452-7243 7446:in 1364. 7306:883146361 6458:161360211 6192:, p. viii 6127:195006163 5909:cite book 5600:, vol I: 5468:, p. 465 5456:, p. 129 5215:0022-5037 5159:0002-8762 4718:Citations 4579:rinascere 4379:The term 4345:Dark Ages 4285:bourgeois 4277:feudalism 4116:historian 4079:rinascita 4002:New World 3932:. In the 3816:New World 3712:Manueline 3535:pilasters 3523:Mannerism 3396:brothers 3362:Rosenborg 3311:polyphony 3258:anatomist 3218:Master MS 3048:Esztergom 3020:Sigismund 2856:Francis I 2830:historian 2716:Mannerism 2629:Donatello 2595:rinascita 2376:from the 2193:Australia 2164:In 1492, 2023:New World 2019:discovery 1987:Ptolemaic 1860:Mannerist 1856:Composite 1844:pilasters 1809:Vitruvius 1798:oil paint 1775:Donatello 1721:Vitruvius 1489:Great Men 1428:Epidemics 1398:afterlife 1332:Merchants 1328:democracy 1291:feudalism 1275:urbanized 1271:Venetians 1141:Samarkand 1097:Lucretius 1029:Donatello 909:Hans Kohn 843:Byzantium 774:antiquity 687:nostalgia 540:polymaths 494:humanitas 460:rinascita 420:modernity 403:-ə-sahnss 121:Fine arts 19491:Category 19441:Portrait 19362:Folk art 19310:Anti-art 19241:Stuckism 19154:Idea art 19075:Art game 19027:Artivism 18915:Punk art 18893:Sots Art 18878:Artscene 18735:Land art 18673:Neo-Dada 18605:Lettrism 18499:Nuagisme 18484:Tachisme 18365:Nazi art 18158:De Stijl 18072:Rayonism 18062:Art Deco 18050:Futurism 17841:Luminism 17809:Romanian 17794:Tonalism 17765:Canadian 17743:American 17649:Neo-Grec 17257:Rocaille 17086:Romanism 17020:Counter- 16954:Trecento 16894:Duecento 16884:Crusades 16816:Ottonian 16794:Frankish 16674:Medieval 16657:Trajanic 16617:Scythian 16612:Etruscan 16504:Cycladic 16482:Thracian 16348:Schengen 16278:Eurozone 16118:Property 16113:Religion 16004:Frankish 15994:Germanic 15974:Paganism 15895:Religion 15883:European 15795:Humanism 15698:Religion 15657:Painting 15623:Internet 15574:Folklore 15545:Clothing 15516:Calendar 15492:Cyrillic 15477:Alphabet 15440:Cold War 15153:Category 15068:template 14782:Religion 14633:Socrates 14548:Muhammed 14470:rankings 14351:Napoleon 14169:Category 13987:Cold War 13890:Slovakia 13477:Waterloo 13346:Crusades 13291:Military 13139:Scotland 13097:Kemalist 12419:Nam tiến 12414:Vietnam 12404:Ukraine 12362:Romania 12344:Portugal 12270:Georgia 12245:Medieval 12194:Bulgaria 12183:Belarus 12168:Austria 11974:Americas 11942:Morocco 11938:Ethiopia 11717:Specific 11640:Concepts 11545:Leninist 11503:Feminist 11491:Critical 11338:Feminism 11311:Military 11265:Business 11260:Economic 11242:Cultural 11226:By topic 11212:Toponymy 11160:Heraldry 11108:template 11055:By scale 10977:Logbooks 10962:Features 10927:Archives 10704:See also 10675:Cold War 10470:Crusades 10440:Valencia 10102:See also 9848:Scottish 9808:Haskalah 9796:Hussites 9767:Religion 9646:England 9535:Germany 9504:Politics 9474:Concepts 9243:Ottonian 9163:Portugal 9147:Scotland 9065:Lombardy 9060:Florence 8984:Medicine 8935:Humanism 8891:Venetian 8834:By field 8678:(1977); 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