798:. However, regional integration strategies as pursued by economic and national interests, particularly in the last 30 years, have also been highly contested across civil society. There is no conclusive evidence to suggest that the strategies of economic deregulation or increased investor protection implemented as forms of regional integration have succeeded in contributing to "progress" in sustainable economic growth, as the number of economic crises around the world has increased in frequency and intensity over the past decades. Also, there is increasing evidence that the forms of regional integration employed by nation-states have actually worsened social inequality and diminished democratic accountability. As a result of the persisting contradiction between the old promises of regional integration and real-world experience, the demand from across global civil society for alternative forms of regional integration has grown.
1049:
and cooperation is essential for tackling the many dimensions of the current global crises and that no country can face these crises alone. The video also calls for countries to break their dependency on the global markets, as well as the dominant development model that has failed to address increasing global hunger, poverty and environmental destruction, resulting instead in greater inequality and social unrest. Regional integration, the video argues, should be much more than macro-economic cooperation between states and corporations; it should protect shared ecological resources and should promote human development - health, wellbeing and democracy - as the base of economic development.
804:
nation-states to integrate their economies in order to achieve rapid economic development, decrease conflict, and build mutual trust between the integrated units. The nation-state system, which has been the predominant pattern of international relations since the Peace of
Westphalia in 1648 is evolving towards a system in which regional groupings of states are becoming increasingly important vis-a-vis sovereign states. Some have argued that the idea of the state and its sovereignty has been made irrelevant by processes that are taking place at both the global and local levels.
1024:). Stiglitz argues that the deregulation, free trade, and social spending cuts or austerity policies of neoliberal economics have actually created and worsened global crises. In his 2002 book Globalization and Its Discontents he explains how the industrialized economies of the US, Europe, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan developed not with the neoliberal policies promoted in developing countries and the global South by the WTO, IMF and World Bank, but rather with a careful mix of protection, regulation, social support and intervention from national governments in the market.
1012:, climate, energy, health, food, social, etc.) must involve regional solutions and regional integration, since they transcend national borders and territories, and require the cooperation of different peoples across geography. However, they propose alternatives to the dominant forms of neoliberal integration, which attends primarily to the needs of transnational corporations and investors. Renowned economist, Harvard professor, former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank,
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services, along with ideas and investments. Hence, it is now recognized that the current framework of traditional trade policies are not adequate enough to tackle these barriers. Such deep-integration was first implemented in the Single Market
Program in the European Union. However, in the light of the modern context, that debate is being propounded into the clauses of different regional integration agreements arising out of increase in international trade. (EU).
132:
35:
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regional integration has been a major development in the international relations of recent years. As such, Regional
Integration Agreements has gained high importance. Not only are almost all the industrial nations part of such agreements, but also a huge number of developing nations too are a part of at least one, and in cases, more than one such agreement.
1037:
from Asia, Africa, South
America and Europe." Further "t aims to contribute to the understanding of alternative regional integration as a key strategy to struggle against neoliberal globalisation and to broaden the base among key social actors for political debate and action around regional integration" and is thus committed to expanding and deepening
778:, not just by lowering border barriers, but by reducing other costs and risks of trade and investment. Bilateral and sub-regional trading arrangements have been advocated by governments as economic development tools, as they have been designed to promote economic deregulation. Such agreements have also aimed to reduce the risk of reversion towards
790:
others. It is also claimed that the members of these arrangements hope that they will succeed as building blocks for progress with a growing range of partners and towards a generally freer and open global environment for trade and investment and that integration is not an end in itself, but a process to support economic growth strategies, greater
869:
barriers. The positive aspects of such shifting is that there has been some restructuring of certain old agreements. The agreements tend to be more forward in their outward approach as well as show commitment in trying to advance international trade and commerce instead to trying to put a cap on it by way of strict control.
659:, co-existing with traditional forms of state-led organization at the national level. Some scholars see regional integration simply as the process by which states within a particular region increase their level of interaction with regard to economic, security, political, or social and cultural issues.
817:
Regional integration agreements (RIAs) have led to major developments in international relations between and among many countries, specifically increases in international trade and investment and in the formation of regional trading blocs. As fundamental to the multi-faceted process of globalization,
808:
believes that "the true constituent members of the international order of the future are communities of states." E.H. Carr shares
Lippmann's views about the rise of regionalism and regional arrangements and comments that "the concept of sovereignty is likely to become in the future even more blurred
944:
In the last decade regional integration has accelerated and deepened around the world, in Latin
America and North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia, with the formation of new alliances and trading blocks. However, critics of the forms this integration has taken have consistently pointed out that the
868:
had arisen out of the fact that the section of trading blocs that were created among the developing countries during the 1960s and 1970s were based on certain specific models such as those of import substitution as well as regional agreements coupled with the prevalence generally high external trade
803:
Regional integration arrangements are a part and parcel of the present global economic order and this trend is now an acknowledged future of the international scene. It has achieved a new meaning and new significance. Regional integration arrangements are mainly the outcome of the necessity felt by
1044:
PAAR aims to "build trans-regional processes to develop the concept of âpeopleâs integrationâ, articulate the development of new analyses and insights on key regional issues, expose the problems of neoliberal regional integration and the limits of the export-led integration model, share and develop
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The PAAR initiative aims to develop these networks and support their efforts to reclaim democracy in the regions, recreate processes of regional integration and advance people-centred regional alternatives. In the video Global Crises, Regional
Solutions the network argues that regional integration
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is a network of civil society, social movement and community-based organisations from around the world, calling for alternative forms of regional integration. PAAR strives to "promote cross-fertilisation of experiences on regional alternatives among social movements and civil society organisations
884:
tend to draw in some parity between high-income industrial countries and developing countries with a much lower income base in that they tend to serve as equal partners under such a system. The concept of equal partners grew out of the concept of providing reinforcement to the economies to all the
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The amount of trade that takes place within the scope of such agreements is about 35%, which accounts to more than one-third of the trade in the world. The main objective of these agreements is to reduce trade barriers among those nations concerned, but the structure may vary from one agreement to
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Regional integration has been defined as the process through which independent national states "voluntarily mingle, merge and mix with their neighbours so as to lose the factual attributes of sovereignty while acquiring new techniques for resolving conflicts among themselves." De
Lombaerde and Van
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analyses the aspect that effective integration is a much broader aspect, surpassing the idea that reducing tariffs, quotas and barriers will provide effective solutions. Rather, it recognizes the concept that additional barriers tend to segment the markets. That impedes the free flow of goods and
789:
Some claim the desire for closer integration is usually related to a more significant passion for opening nation-states to the outside world, or that regional economic cooperation is pursued as a means of promoting development through greater efficiency, rather than as a means of disadvantaging
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another. The removal of the trade barriers or liberalization of many economies has had multiple impacts, in some cases increasing Gross domestic product (GDP), but also resulting in greater global inequality, concentration of wealth and an increasing frequency and intensity of economic crises.
754:
are two phenomena that have challenged the pre-existing global order based upon sovereign states since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The two processes deeply affect the stability of the
Westphalian state system, thus contributing to both disorder and a new global order.
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is a process in which neighboring countries enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a
1045:
joint tactics and strategies for critical engagement with regional integration processes as well as the development of people's alternatives." It draws on and extends the work of such, Southern
African People's Solidarity Network- SAPSN (Southern Africa).
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Haas, Ernst B. (1971) âThe Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizingâ, pp. 3-44 in Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration: Theory and Research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
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The number of agreements agreed under the rules of the GATT and the WTO and signed in each year has dramatically increased since the 1990s. There were 194 agreements ratified in 1999 and it contained 94 agreements form the early 1990s.
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has also contributed to the increasing frequency and severity of economic crises, while Governments have increasingly lost the sovereignty to take action to protect and foster weakened economies, as they are held to the rules of
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In short, regional integration is the joining of individual states within a region into a larger whole. The degree of integration depends upon the willingness and commitment of independent sovereign states to share their
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member countries. The various countries then agree upon the fact that they will help economies to maintain the balance of trade between and prohibit the entry of other countries in their trade process.
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initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional integration has been organized either via
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The last few years have experienced huge qualitative as well as quantitative changes in the agreements related to the Regional Integration Scheme. The top three major changes were the following:
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concept of a system of sovereign states to conceptualize world politics. The concept of sovereignty became looser and the old legal definitions of the ultimate and fully autonomous power of a
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are no longer meaningful. Sovereignty, which gained meaning as an affirmation of cultural identity, has lost meaning as power over the economy. All regional integration projects during the
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countries by highly developing the EU-Turkey customs union and a Mediterranean policy. VysegrĂĄd four is a group of states co-operating in order to achieve higher economic results
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is a free trade bloc of four countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Norway) which operates in parallel and is linked to the European Union. In January 1994, the
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Langenhove describe it as a worldwide phenomenon of territorial systems that increases the interactions between their components and creates new forms of
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was formed when Mexico acceded to a prior-existing bilateral free trade agreement between the US and Canada. In The Pacific there was the
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The crisis of the post-war order led to a new global political structure. This new global political structure made obsolete the classical
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exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as
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961:- promoting financial deregulation, the removal of barriers to capital and global corporations, their owners and investors; focusing on
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667:. The deep integration that focuses on regulating the business environment in a more general sense is faced with many difficulties.
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Van Ginkel, H. and Van Langenhove, L: "Introduction and Context" in Hans van Ginkel, Julius Court and Luk Van Langenhove (Eds.),
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People's Agenda for Alternative Regionalisms. "About PAAR. What is the Initiative Peopleâs Agenda for Alternative Regionalisms?
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Closer integration of neighbouring economies has often been seen by governments as a first step in creating a larger regional
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612:), and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration.
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Regional integration initiatives, according to Van Langenhove, should fulfill at least eight important functions:
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Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 1993 which looked into reducing the tariffs. The AFTA started in full swing in 2000.
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as a result of industrial development, the displacement of formerly rural communities, ever-expanding urban
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Several non-overlapping large alliances. Softer colours indicate observer/associate or candidate countries.
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for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the
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as well as security motives in their assistance to state-building goals. Regional integration and
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Advocates of alternative regional integration argue strongly that the solutions to global crises (
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Bösl, Anton, Breytenbach, Willie, Hartzenberg, Trudi, McCarthy, Colin, Schade, Klaus (Eds),
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De Lombaerde, P. and Van Langenhove, L: "Regional Integration, Poverty and Social Policy."
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United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS)
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Organizations grouping almost all the countries in their respective continents. Note that
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Regional integration in Europe was consolidated in the Treaty on the European Union (the
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Claar, Simone and Noelke Andreas (2010), Deep Integration. In: D+C, 2010/03, 114-117.
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around the World (each country colored according to the most integrated multilateral
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Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to
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Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
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and the dismantling of social and environmental protections. Global financial
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the strengthening of the region's interaction with other regions of the world.
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1228:"The Visegrad Group: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia | News"
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through the Europe Agreements. It has signed agreements with the majority of
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Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America â Peoples' Trade Treaty
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Integrating Africa: Perspectives on Regional Integration and Development,
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Several smaller regional organizations with non-overlapping memberships.
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was extended to Mexico. Another vibrant example would entail as to how
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were built on the Westphalian state system and were designed to serve
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Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
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Beyond the Nation State: Functionalism and International Organization
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The Social Construction of Free Trade: The EU, NAFTA, and Mercosur
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Transnational Institute, Video: Global crises, Regional Solutions
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Recent Trends in Regional Integration and the Indian Experience
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920:), which came into force in November 1993 and established the
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has formed linkages incorporating the transition economies of
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Lindberg, Leon N., and Stuart A. Scheingold (eds.) (1971).
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in character, in line with the motives and values of the
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GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
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the creation of an appropriate enabling environment for
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Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America
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forms of regional integration promoted have often been
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in the region, increasing the free movement of people,
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International cooperation within a region of the world
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
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India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism
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1697:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
1269:Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa
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1732:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
1557:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
1028:The Peopleâs Agenda for Alternative Regionalisms
720:contribution to peace and security in the region
544:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
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1457:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
1252:"People's Agenda for Alternative Regionalisms"
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770:. This is claimed to spur greater efficiency,
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1387:People's Agenda for Alternative Regionalisms
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1016:has also argued strongly against neoliberal
1722:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
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1737:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
1667:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1587:Economic Community of West African States
1311:Regional Integration: Theory and Research
1281:Claar, Simone and Noelke Andreas (2010),
610:Confidence and Security-Building Measures
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1677:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
1292:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1226:Kft., Webra International (2011-03-21).
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1532:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1313:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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809:and indistinct than it is at present."
604:, reducing the possibility of regional
1821:
1742:Southern African Development Community
1637:Latin American Integration Association
1442:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
892:, formed in 1994 when the Canada - US
514:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1834:Regionalism (international relations)
1808:Regionalism (international relations)
1692:Organization of Ibero-American States
1527:Central European Free Trade Agreement
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25:Regionalism (international relations)
1803:Regional organizations by population
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714:and the development of an inclusive
574:institutional structures or through
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1522:Central American Integration System
1327:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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930:North American Free Trade Agreement
534:North American Free Trade Agreement
474:Central American Integration System
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1757:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
1537:Commonwealth of Independent States
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888:An important example would be the
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1727:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1592:Economic Cooperation Organization
1477:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
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1153:International Area Studies Review
646:resulting in growing prosperity.
642:barriers associated with foreign
1567:Council of the Baltic Sea States
1377:Asia Regional Integration Center
997:implemented by the WTO and IMF.
940:Alternative Regional Integration
856:Closed regionalism to open model
836:Closed regionalism to open model
727:programmes at the regional level
139:used to be a member of both the
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1767:Union of South American Nations
1687:Organization of American States
1487:Association of Caribbean States
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926:European Free Trade Association
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454:Union of South American Nations
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44:needs additional citations for
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890:North American Free Trade Area
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1627:Indian Ocean Rim Association
1602:European Political Community
1482:Assembly of European Regions
1285:. In: D+C, 2010/03, 114â117.
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860:The change from a system of
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833:Deep Integration Recognition
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335:Multilateral free-trade area
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955:International Monetary Fund
912:Recent regional integration
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504:Eurasian Economic Community
198:Economic and monetary union
191:that it participates in):
10:
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1652:Melanesian Spearhead Group
699:the development of strong
283:Customs and monetary union
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1642:Latin American Parliament
1462:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
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1342:. Boston: Little, Brown.
1288:Duina, Francesco (2007).
1178:Macmillan, 1978: 230-231.
692:programmes in support of
678:integration in the region
218:SwitzerlandâLiechtenstein
145:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
1717:Polynesian Leaders Group
1632:LiptakoâGourma Authority
1622:Gulf Cooperation Council
951:World Trade Organization
696:and regional integration
1597:Eurasian Economic Union
1542:Commonwealth of Nations
1338:Nye, Joseph S. (1971).
1323:Michael, Arndt (2013).
1295:Haas, Ernst B. (1964).
1582:East African Community
1472:Asia-Europe Foundation
1423:Regional organizations
978:environmental problems
608:(for example, through
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68:"Regional integration"
1752:Three Seas Initiative
1707:Pacific Islands Forum
1507:BritishâIrish Council
1126:UNU Press, 1-9, 2003.
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839:Advent of trade blocs
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674:the strengthening of
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1839:Supranational unions
1829:Economic integration
1798:Regional integration
1782:Western Balkans Quad
1232:www.visegradgroup.eu
1111:Global Social Policy
1079:European integration
1059:Economic integration
894:Free Trade Agreement
616:Intra-regional trade
562:Regional Integration
185:economic integration
151:was reinstated as a
53:improve this article
21:Economic integration
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688:the development of
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1277:978-0-9814221-2-1
963:industrialisation
918:Maastricht Treaty
710:The reduction of
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748:economic growth
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42:This article
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1447:Arab League
1174:Carr, E.H.
965:, boosting
736:Westphalian
725:environment
685:development
665:sovereignty
484:Arab League
425:trade blocs
1823:Categories
1237:2018-03-14
1212:2011-12-17
1085:References
995:free trade
971:increasing
959:World Bank
947:neoliberal
879:Advent of
866:open model
864:to a more
768:investment
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586:free trade
183:Stages of
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466:(CARICOM)
423:Regional
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624:economic
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210:Eurozone
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600:across
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