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elections. While the population was nearly even split among liberals and conservatives there was only one liberal in both chambers of congress between 1892 and 1896 and another between 1896 and 1900 or just 642 electors over a total 3,941, making congress not representative of the composition of the population.
294:) which permitted the administrative repression of what the executive deemed contrary to public order or property and impose imprisonment, banishment or loss of political rights without court or trial. Contemporary commentators such as Pedro Juan Navarro, spoke of "45 years of Conservative dictatorship."
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were for a moderate
Regeneration while vice-president Miguel Antonio Caro on the Conservative faction sought a more authoritarian, conservative and clerical. The latter prevailed and excluded the Liberals from the political scene for the following four decades in what became known as the Conservative
169:
was the greatest achievement of
Regneration. But because its final written document did not reflect the democratic leanings of Núñez but instead the more authoritarian thesis of vice president Miguel Antonio Caro, Núñez retreated from the presidency in April, so he would not have to sign it. Instead,
141:
in 1867, on infrastructure (railroads) and communications (telegraph). Although, Regeneration supporters complained that extreme federalism was the cause of the frequent civil wars among states and the lack of centralized power and also caused the split of the
Liberal Party in Radicals and Moderates.
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under
Regeneration leadership. "Neither Freedom nor Order" mocking the motto of the republic, Freedom and Order. Instead of the Andean Condor of the original coat of arms a vulture. Instead of the cornucopiae, two femur bones. The pomegranate is replaced by a cranium, the Phrygian cap was replaced by
28:
has "the tragedy" written on his chest. An unidentified person is "the comedy". The nation of
Colombia is the woman hanging from the rope, held by a monster. The faces of former president and Regeneration ideologue Rafael Núñez and other notable members of that movement are the scales of the monster.
297:
Further measures to disenfranchise and limit access to voting as well as rigging elections with the pre-election conscription gravely impacted the composition of congress and effectively excluded liberals from government in what became the playbook of using official measures to impact the outcome of
301:
Besides direct intimidation of the opposition the constitution of 1886 ended universal suffrage and restricted it to males over 21 years of age, literate, with a yearly income of at least $ 500 pesos of the day and estate valued at $ 1500 or more. Additionally to the right of vote of the Army for
129:
applied radical liberal principles. It gave great autonomy to the states, assured the freedom of the press, enterprise, association, bearing and trade of arms and mobility to and from the country. It also proclaimed the state as secular, it abolished the death penalty and reduced the power of the
226:
appointed by the
President, turning the federal system into a centralist unitary regime. The presidential term became six years and the power of the executive was increased making the president an almost absolutist monarch. The death penalty was reinstated and sustained until the Constitutional
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and gave the church the role of imparting education and censoring educational materials for all education in the country. It also gave the church the administration of birth and death certifications, public and municipal cemeteries, official marriage and forbade divorce. It also made clerics
29:
The swarm of bees, the secret police, follow the monster who moves on top of a sarcophagus with four tombstones bearing the names of the victims of government persecution. The hat reads "Neither
Freedom nor Order" a reference to the motto of Colombia "Freedom and Order".
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with the
Catholic Church restored and increased the privileges, salaries, lands and properties previously expropriated by the Radical Liberals when the church was expelled from the country (1858). Additionally, the new Concordat reversed the
92:, who in 1878 had won the support of the moderate faction of the liberal party. At the moment, Núñez was the leader of the majority of congress in his address in the inauguration of Trujillo on April 1, 1878, he stated: «
133:
Regeneration is the ideologic definition of the contentious dispute between the two main parties to dispute power
Centralists and Christian as Conservatives versus Federalists and pro-secular government as Liberals.
285:
Additionally the continuous abridgment of rights by the ruling conservative party and the use of government forces against the opposition, the suppression of the press and laws like the Law of the Horses
185:) and the fixation of tariffs and revenue. With the National Bank, the financial bourgeoisie loss control of borrowing and usury and many were at a financial loss with the change from the
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The use of repression and rebuff of the opposing party became the way in which the governing party would abuse power which escalated in partisan violence throughout the 20th century.
145:
Once in power, the
Regeneration movement introduced reforms that ultimately led to summoning an assembly of delegates to write a new constitution. On August 8, 1885, Núñez, from the
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Regeneration established the basis for the return of a protectionist state, in which the central government, was again endowed with the powers enumerated within the 1863
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181:. The government became responsible for import and export policy as well as monetary policy with the creation of the National Bank in 1880 (A precursor of the
85:
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Hegemony era. Nevertheless, the sweeping reforms of Regeneration also caused resistance which became the precursor to the Civil War of 1895 and the
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We have arrived at the point in which we are confronting this very dilemma: a fundamental administrative Regeneration or catastrophe
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469:
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executive branch, limiting the terms of office to two years and gave almost all powers of government to the legislature.
615:
Posada-Carbó, Eduardo (May 1997). "Limits of Power: Elections Under the Conservative Hegemony in Colombia, 1886-1930".
453:
Ocampo, José Fernando (1988). "Los Antecedentes de la Regeneración 1875-1885: El Ascenso de Núñez y el Conservatismo".
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338:
513:"Condenados a la pena de muerte : entre 1886 y 1910 tuvieron lugar las últimas ejecuciones legales en Colombia"
49:. Its goal was to reverse the social and legal implications of the Radical Olympus era (Olimpo Radical) of the 1863
201:
495:
182:
138:
266:
245:
166:
62:
46:
400:
Bushnell, David (1993). "The Regeneration and Its Aftermath: A Positivist-Conservative Reaction (1885-1904)".
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45:) was a political movement that emerged in Colombia in the late second half of the 19th century, led by
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54:
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178:
126:
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50:
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77:
262:
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Delpar, Helen (January 1976). "Road to Revolution: The Liberal Party of Colombia, 1886-1899".
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Antecedentes generales de la guerra de los Mil Días y golpe de estado del 31 de julio de 1900
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146:
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During the Radical Liberals rule there were advances in education with the founding of the
8:
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and opposed the then in office, Radical Liberals. After the civil war of 1876, President
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which pre-electoral rush conscription aimed at giving advantage to the party in office.
682:
632:
594:
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Schoultz, Lars (October 1973). "Reform and Reaction in the Colombian Catholic Church".
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a pirate hat and the Isthmus of Panama was replaced by a beast devouring two ships.
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Although freedom of religion was assured the Núñez's Constitution of 1886, named
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Jaramillo, Carlos Eduardo (1989). "Chapter 3". In Tirado Mejía, Alvaro (ed.).
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186:
81:
149:, declared that the Constitution of Rionegro of 1863 "had ceased to exist".
540:"Church and State in Colombia as Observed by American Diplomats, 1834-1906"
210:
497:
Un Camino Hacia el Futuro: Colseguros: 125 Años en la Historia de Colombia
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El Café en Colombia 1850-1970. Una Historia Económica, Social y Política
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the official religion of Colombia. Moreover, with the signing of a new
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Towards the end of the century, factions emerged within Regeneration.
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Since 1858, Colombia was a federal republic, first, under the name
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courts making them subject only to the jurisdiction of Canon Law.
65:. The motto of Regeneration was "one nation, one goal, one God" (
333:. Bogotá: Planeta Colombiana Editorial S.A. pp. 65–88.
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The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself
376:"Curiosidades y Más que Curiosidades de la Regeneración"
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Entre la Legitimidad y la Violencia. Colombia 1875-1994
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The movement was mainly constituted by members of the
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Administratively, in the new Constitution, States (
88:" (Radical Olympus). Parra was followed by General
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20:The dragon has the face of Regeneration president
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457:. Manizales: Imprenta Departamental de Caldas.
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470:"Agosto 4 de 1886: La Decisión Regeneradora"
274:of 1900 and the ensuing chaos (of which the
425:Violence, Conflict and Politics in Colombia
408:. University of California Press. pp.
673:(3). Cambridge University Press: 348–371.
585:(2). Cambridge University Press: 229–250.
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374:Gómez Martínez, Eugenio (February 2013).
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278:was accessory) and played a role in the
208:) and less developed units were renamed
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617:The Hispanic American Historical Review
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84:was the last leader of the so-called "
500:. Bogotá: Aseguradora Colseguros S.A.
455:Ensayos Sobre la Historia de Colombia
442:. Bogotá: Ancora - Colégio de México.
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468:Ocampo, Juan Camilo (May 30, 2004).
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511:Aguilera Peña, Mario (March 1991).
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280:secession of Panama from Colombia
251:immune to prosecution by national
161:Cover of the Constitution of 1886
704:. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Norma.
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153:Colombian Constitution of 1886
63:separation of church and state
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222:, with governors, mayors and
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650:Navarro, Pedro Juan (1935).
67:una nación, un lema, un Dios
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517:Revista Credencial Historia
427:. New York: Academic Press.
174:had to put it into effect.
10:
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22:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
494:Iriarte, Alfredo (1999).
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123:United States of Colombia
55:United States of Colombia
700:Palacios, Marco (1995).
438:Palacios, Marco (1983).
423:Oquist, Paul H. (1980).
179:Constitution of Rionegro
172:José María Campo Serrano
127:Constitution of Rionegro
51:Constitution of Rionegro
654:. Bogotá: Mundo al Día.
652:El Parlamento en Pijama
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119:Granadine Confederation
519:. Vol. 16. Bogotá
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53:which established the
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26:José Manuel Marroquín
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538:Shaw, Carey (1941).
288:(Ley de los Caballos
183:Bank of the Republic
167:Constitution of 1886
380:Revista Credencial
276:Thousand Days' War
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86:Olimpo Radical era
74:Conservative Party
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224:Intendentes
202:Departments
125:. The 1863
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216:Comisarías
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359:ignored (
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198:Estados
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412:-154.
525:2020
481:2020
387:2020
361:help
335:ISBN
272:Coup
265:and
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