494:
535:
424:
374:
590:
the strain on infrastructure increases poverty and tensions between communities and heightens socioeconomic inequalities. Due to the resource strain, the
Lebanese Ministry of Education is unable to meet the needs of the 488,000-school aged Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, causing half of them to remain out of school. Food assistance provision was also determined to be insufficient, with 91% of Syrian refugees experiencing some degree of food insecurity in 2017. Inadequate access to healthcare services is also predicted to cause higher mortality rates within the Syrian refugee population.
432:
limited capacity, and heavily regulated teaching. As a result, most Syrian students are absorbed into the private sector for primary education, and the informal sector for supplemental education. The percentage of Syrian students enrolled in public schools continues to drop due to the perception of poorer quality of education offered. The 2011–2012 schoolyear posed a significant dropout rate of 70% for Syrian refugee students given a lack of supplemental resources. The failure rate among Syrian children is twice the national average of that of
Lebanese children.
640:
the
Council of Ministers. The government also imposed a visa requirement for Syrian refugees arriving to Lebanon, as well as new procedures for renewing residency permits. Shortly thereafter, the government declared it would take the lead role in dealing with the Syrian refugee crisis amidst claims that the UNHCR infringed upon its sovereignty. By March 2015, the number of registered refugees in the country had reached 1,200,000; on May 6, 2015, the government suspended official registration mechanisms to reduce the official number of refugees in the country.
620:
531:’s 2013 assessment of 90,000 displaced Syrian patients, 47% suffered from skin diseases, 27% from digestive system diseases, 19% from respiratory diseases, 7% from malnutrition, and 2% from infectious diseases. 13% of these patients were diagnosed with mental illness. Campaigns spearheaded by Lebanon's Ministry of Public Health, UNICEF, and the WHO organized routine immunizations and vaccinations of Syrian refugees across the country, especially for salient diseases such as polio, measles, and cholera.
445:
672:
236:
34:
403:
million) had to build their makeshift shelters (“informal tented settlements”) of poor quality on land rented from private landowners. Refugees also sought shelter in rented rooms, apartments, and garages. A 2014 assessment indicated that 30% of Syrian households lacked sufficient water, 15% lacked hygiene items, and 40% lacked proper access to latrines. The 2013-2014 Lebanon
616:
fragile sectarian balance. The influx of Syrian refugees, mostly Sunni
Muslims, has increased the demographic weight of Sunnis in Lebanon. Currently, Sunnis are the third largest confessional group in Lebanon; as political power in Lebanon is distributed on a confessional basis, the demographic shift holds significant implications for Lebanese politics.
685:
were economically marginalized and underdeveloped with respect to social services and infrastructure. A 2013 poll in
Lebanon found that 52% of respondents believed that Syrian refugees threatened national security and stability, and 90% of respondents believed that the Syrian conflict hindered the Lebanese government's ability to protect its citizens.
470:
abilities to learn new material, and serves them in their eventual return to Syria. However, separated school systems can exacerbate tensions between
Syrians and Lebanese nationals by creating a perception of lower-quality education for Syrian children, as well as strengthening religious, ethnic, and national divisions.
394:
underpaid, intermittent, and outside of
Lebanese labor protections, and fails to offer financial or job security. One in ten displaced Syrian children in Lebanon is forced to complement family income through work, and is subjected to child marriage, drug and alcohol abuse, violent groups, and begging.
597:
A 2016 RAND Corporation research report on the Syrian refugee crisis in
Lebanon found that aside from illegal status, poverty and resource scarcity, the lack of information on aid resources is what prevents refugees from accessing necessary resources. The lack of access to aid resources is attributed
478:
Syrian refugees largely depend on international agencies and their nongovernmental partners for healthcare, in the absence and inability of the
Lebanese health system to provide adequate healthcare. Health services in Lebanon have become increasingly inaccessible to refugee populations because of the
460:
A 2014 International Labor
Organization report indicated that the gross enrollment rate of Syrian refugees was around 55% for primary education (6–10 years), but as low as 13% for secondary education (11–15 years). During secondary education, boys are more likely than girls to drop out of school and
456:
Currently in the Lebanese public school system, the number of Syrian school-aged children is greater than the number of Lebanese children. During the 2013–2014 schoolyear, there were approximately 58,000 Syrian children in Lebanese classrooms, and 30,000 Syrian children in Syrian-only second shifts
440:
Syrian refugee children face many difficulties in Lebanese public schools, such as physical and verbal abuse from teaching staff and fellow peers. Although frequent abuse has been reported, much more abuse remains unreported for fear of loss of place at schools. Lack of remedial and language support
385:
estimated that wages in the service and agricultural sectors dropped as much as 50%. As a result, Syrian refugees, with significant competition from local Lebanese workers, opened informal businesses selling products below market prices. These businesses are not sufficient to impact the impoverished
593:
Nine out of ten Syrian refugee families currently live under the poverty line, making it difficult to access necessary services. A Human Rights Watch report determined that severe economic strain makes school enrollment difficult for Syrian refugee families because of the necessary enrollment fees,
568:
Efforts to meet Syrian refugees' psychological needs in Lebanon has come under particular scrutiny. The Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) task force was established after UNHCR's December 2013 report addressing Syrian refugees' psychosocial needs in Lebanon. The task force, which aimed
559:
Syrian refugee women and girls, in desperation to earn money or goods to afford cost of living in Lebanon, may also engage in a form of prostitution termed 'survival sex'. Others may be forced into the sex industry as a means to pay back smugglers. The exploitation of refugee women and girls in the
547:
Syrian refugee women's sexual and reproductive health has also been significantly affected by the lack of equitable, affordable health coverage in Lebanon. Such problems include a lack of access to emergency obstetric care, limited access to contraception, and forced cesarean sections. An increase
402:
The Lebanese government refused to set up official refugee camps to avoid the permanent settlement of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Instead, Syrian refugees were initially sheltered in accommodation centers and any available housing as long as there was room. The majority of Syrian refugees (some 1.1
639:
The Lebanese government attempted to control the influx of Syrian refugees into the country after the number of refugees reached 1,000,000 in 2014. In October 2014, refugees' access to territory in Lebanon was diminished and their return to Syria was officially encouraged by policies introduced by
635:
Lebanese communities with regards to the fragile sectarian violence, resulted in the Lebanese government's “semi-laissez faire” policy towards Syrian refugees as they entered the country unabated. Despite praise from human rights organizations and the UNHCR for its open border policy, the Lebanese
589:
A study assessing the impacts of the Syrian refugee crisis on Lebanon found that the large influx of Syrian refugees into the country strained infrastructure including electricity, water, sanitation, municipal services, transportation and schools. A Lebanon Humanitarian Fund report determined that
515:
UNHCR expenditure reports estimate that the average out-of-cost per Syrian patient is around $ 1000. In order to enforce payment of the remaining 25% of care from refugees, Lebanese hospitals have resorted to aggressive methods such as withholding corpses and newborns or confiscating personal IDs.
506:
The UNHCR's public health approach in Lebanon prioritizes affordable and accessible primary health and emergency care with the aim of ensuring coverage for the greatest number of refugees in Lebanon. Syrian refugees registered with the UNHCR in Lebanon between the ages of five and sixty can access
684:
Resentment among the general Lebanese public toward Syrian refugees is exacerbated by rising prices and unemployment, as Lebanese families are paying directly for the Syrian crisis. This holds particularly salient in communities in the Beqaa Valley and the north of the country, which historically
514:
covers 75% of the cost of emergency care for registered refugees, but the remaining 25% must be covered by refugees themselves, unless they meet UNHCR's vulnerability criteria or are victims of torture, sexual violence, or gender-based violence. In these cases, 100% of costs are covered by UNHCR.
615:
in 1948, Lebanon welcomed Palestinian refugees in the expectation that their presence would be temporary. In response to the continual settlement of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon nearly seven decades later, Lebanon decided not to grant citizenship to Syrian refugees in order to protect its own
246:
statistics indicate a massive influx of Syrian refugees into Lebanon between 2012 and 2014, which overwhelmed Lebanon's already crumbling infrastructure and public institutions. Between August and December 2012, the number of Syrian refugees increased from 36,000 to approximately 150,000; by May
585:
World Report, 74% of the 1.5 million Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon do not have legal status. To avoid detainment, arrest, or deportation, illegal Syrian refugees limit their movements as much as possible. Out of fear of prosecution for their legal status, refugees' access to vital aid and
431:
Minimal collaboration between the public, private, NGO, and iNGO sectors in Lebanon has resulted in the fragmented provision of quality education to Syrian refugee children. The overwhelmed public sector remains incapable of providing education during emergencies due to inflexible curriculums,
393:
estimated that 50% of young Syrians did not have activities to generate income, and this figure was raised to 66% among young women. The majority of Syrians find work as low- to semi-skilled laborers, with an estimated 92% working without set contracts. As such, this temporary work is heavily
469:
There are several advantages and risks posed by separate education systems for Syrian refugee children. Such a system facilitates Syrian children's adaptation to a new curriculum, as well as preserves their Syrian identity. Further, Arabic language proficiency in schools facilitate students'
369:
report found that the influx of Syrian refugees doubled Lebanon's unemployment rate, particularly impacting unskilled youth. To maintain their livelihoods, many refugees resorted to child labor and prostitution, increasing the pressure on them to return to Syria or leave Lebanon for other
255:, Lebanon's two poorest regions. Despite cooperation between NGOs and Government Institutions to provide necessary aid to Syrian refugee populations, refugees struggle to access the aid due to legal status, resource scarcity, poverty and lack of information distribution on these resources.
247:
2013, the number had increased to 463,000, and by October 2014, 1,151,057. These numbers only serve as estimates, however, given other refugees’ fear of registering with what they believed to be a pro-Assad Lebanese government. The majority of Syrian refugees reside in Northern Lebanon (
598:
to an information gap in understanding what resources are available and under what conditions one can or cannot be eligible for aid. Additionally, Syrian refugees in Lebanon reportedly perceived aid provision as "random, unfair, corrupt, unequal, insufficient, or unresponsive".
643:
The Lebanese government issued the Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) in 2015 (which was modified and reissued in 2017) in coordination with the UNHCR. The LCRP formed part of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP) that detailed response to the refugee crisis in the
441:
also constitutes a great challenge for Syrian students. After seventh grade, Lebanese public schools teach science and math in English or French, creating a major barrier to the integration and retention of Arabic-speaking Syrian students in the Lebanese education system.
594:
transportation costs and school supply costs. According to the International Labour Organization for Arab States, poverty leads Syrian refugee children to work dangerous jobs to support their families instead of attending school, subjecting them to labor exploitation.
636:
government officially decided to remain neutral with regards to the Syrian conflict due to pro- and anti-Assad members in its government. Consequently, international organizations such as the UNHCR took primary responsibility for dealing with Syrian refugees.
479:
high costs incurred for treatment in a largely privatized healthcare system. Furthermore, Syrian doctors in Lebanon are not allowed to treat refugee populations because of outstanding laws that protect the livelihood of local health professionals.
351:
As of 2023, most Lebanese sources estimate that the Syrian population in Lebanon has reached between 1.5-2 million refugees. This is mainly due the extremely high birthrates and the number of those that are unregistered in UNHCR.
766:
534:
490:. Each social group of the population has access to different services contingent upon its level of social protection. As a result, the Lebanese healthcare system is overburdened, fractured, and inefficient.
556:, early marriage, and sexual assault, has also significantly impacted Syrian refugee women's health and has resulted in fewer antenatal care visits, delayed family planning, and poorer reproductive health.
518:
A 2014 UNHCR survey report found that 24% of Syrian refugees registered with UNHCR in Lebanon had returned to Syria, and 11% had returned to obtain medical care despite risks of ongoing violent conflict.
693:
Militants are often mixed in with refugee flows into Lebanon near the Lebanon-Syria border. As such, there have been reports of militant groups recruiting fighters from Lebanon's refugee populations.
1365:
Naja, Wadih J.; Aoun, Michaelangelo P.; El Khoury, Eliane L.; Abdallah, Fabiola J. Bou; Haddad, Ramzi S. (July 2016). "Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity".
482:
In addition to treating Syrian refugees, the Lebanese healthcare system is also responsible for covering vulnerable Lebanese groups (living on less than US$ 2.4/day), Lebanese returnees from Syria,
407:
report indicated that many displaced Syrian families subsisted off of one cooked meal per day. Just 6% of displaced Syrian children aged 6–23 months eat the minimum sufficient diet according to
704:) reportedly attacked Shi'a Lebanese groups on several occasions. Further, ISIS was believed to be recruiting Syrian youth in Lebanon, taking advantage of their anger and disillusionment.
611:
The Lebanese government's response to the Syrian refugee crisis has been largely shaped by the long-term presence of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Following the aftermath of the
1073:
1492:
365:
The Lebanese government sought to protect its domestic workers from the sudden influx of competing workers by denying Syrian refugees the possibility of legal employment. A 2013
581:
Many factors like legal status, a lack of resources and poverty hinder Syrian refugees in Lebanon from accessing necessary aid to meet their basic needs. According to a 2019
1634:
1786:
Janmyr, M. "UNHCR and the Syrian refugee response: Negotiating status and registration in Lebanon." The International Journal of Human Rights 22, no.3 (2018): 393–419.
977:
207:
862:
493:
560:
sex industry holds serious short- and long-term physical and mental health consequences, including increased risk of experiencing gender-based violence.
1400:
Ammar, Walid; Kdouh, Ola; Hammoud, Rawan; Hamadeh, Randa; Harb, Hilda; Ammar, Zeina; Atun, Rifat; Christiani, David; Zalloua, Pierre A (December 2016).
696:
Some Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon have served as bases for jihadist groups fighting in Syria. Between 2014 and 2015, Sunni jihadists affiliated with
348:
Along with Syrians, the influx of refugees due to the Syrian civil war included 35,000 Lebanese returnees and 31,502 Palestinian refugees from Syria.
232:, and constitute nearly one-fourth of the Lebanese population today. Lebanon currently holds the largest refugee population per capita in the world.
1658:
569:
to coordinate services provided by different agencies and organizations, has been considered ineffective given the significantly high demand for
538:
A Lebanese woman talks to two Syrian refugee girls at an information session about gender-based violence and early marriage in southern Lebanon
661:
160:
200:
1058:
1488:
175:
114:
110:
1828:
927:
183:
102:
193:
956:
128:
507:
healthcare in centers managed by UNHCR's NGO partners for a fee of LP 3,000 to LP 5,000 per consultation (approx. US$ 2–$ 3).
1242:
1026:
139:
1838:
1271:
Arie, S. (23 March 2015). "Syrian doctors risk arrest and deportation for treating fellow refugees in Lebanon and Jordan".
1570:
623:
Children wait with slips of paper entitling them to collect bread for their families in the Beqaa Valley (September 2013)
1462:
423:
373:
156:
146:
390:
1787:
725:
263:
As of 31 January 2020, the official distribution of registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon is as follows:
164:
92:
823:
528:
382:
1593:
1017:
Ferris, Elizabeth G.; KiriĹźci, Kemal (2016). "The Context, Causes, and Consequences of Syrian Displacement".
457:
in the afternoon. As of mid-2015, more than half of the students registered in Lebanese schools were Syrian.
1684:
1703:"Rethinking Coordination of Services to Refugees in Urban Areas: Managing the Crisis in Jordan and Lebanon"
404:
179:
767:"Systemic violence against Syrian refugee women and the myth of effective intrapersonal interventions"
627:
The governmental deadlock created by the failure to elect a new president, as well as tension between
1833:
1682:
1635:"Nine out of ten Syrian refugee families in Lebanon are now living in extreme poverty, UN study says"
553:
1766:
1723:
46:
1513:
740:
735:
487:
1108:"The Lebanese–Syrian crisis: impact of the influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state"
1753:
1710:
549:
59:
497:
Two Syrian women wait to collect a prescription at a health clinic in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley
701:
570:
483:
124:
919:
8:
1702:
1804:
1426:
1401:
1347:
1304:
1288:
1252:
1248:
1194:
1167:
1134:
1107:
1032:
898:
854:
846:
804:
788:
730:
582:
1740:
Thibos, Cameron (2014). "One million Syrians in Lebanon: a milestone quickly passed".
1036:
1685:"ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN LEBANON AND THEIR EMPLOYMENT PROFILE"
1451:"Syrian and Palestinian Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: the Plight of Women and Children"
1431:
1382:
1339:
1296:
1238:
1199:
1139:
1022:
948:
858:
796:
1378:
1308:
808:
619:
1741:
1539:"Limited legal status for refugees from Syria in Lebanon | Forced Migration Review"
1421:
1413:
1374:
1351:
1331:
1280:
1189:
1179:
1129:
1119:
838:
778:
720:
221:
20:
711:
raided several refugee camps and arrested refugees for alleged acts of terrorism.
345:
Of registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon, 55.3% are between the ages of 0 and 17.
42:
1788:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13642987.2017.1371140?needAccess=true
697:
225:
1563:
511:
248:
1683:
International Labour Organization Regional Office for the Arab States (2013).
1538:
1184:
842:
783:
660:. Notably, the LCRP reaffirmed that because Lebanon had not ratified the 1951
235:
1822:
978:"Lebanon's army says it prevented 1,200 Syrian migrants from crossing border"
708:
665:
612:
1450:
1435:
1417:
1386:
1343:
1300:
1203:
1143:
1106:
Arcos González, Pedro; Cherri, Zeinab; Castro Delgado, Rafael (July 2016).
800:
671:
252:
444:
1701:
Culbertson, Shelly; Oliker, Olga; Baruch, Ben; Blum, Ilana (2016-04-27).
1124:
949:"Document – Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) 2017–2020 – full version"
628:
1808:
1292:
902:
850:
824:"Lebanon: The Refugee Issue and the Threat of a Sectarian Confrontation"
792:
632:
366:
1745:
1335:
1284:
1168:"Syrian refugees in Lebanon: the search for universal health coverage"
675:
Refugee camp in Northern Lebanon, near the Syrian border (August 2012)
41:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1610:
1322:
Gornall, Jonathan (4 August 2015). "Healthcare for Syrian refugees".
1059:"The Syrian refugee crisis: Regional and human security implications"
1489:"The Educational and Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugee Children"
1166:
Blanchet, Karl; Fouad, Fouad M.; Pherali, Tejendra (1 June 2016).
1105:
1402:"Health system resilience: Lebanon and the Syrian refugee crisis"
229:
649:
645:
449:
408:
668:, it could not officially be considered a country of asylum.
657:
243:
653:
1700:
1364:
412:
1399:
1487:
Sirin, Selcuk R.; Rogers-Sirin, Lauren (October 2015).
1233:
Culbertson, Shelly; Constant, Louay (2015). "Society".
377:
An informal tented settlement in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley
239:
Distribution of Syrian refugees in Lebanon (April 2014)
427:
Syrian refugee children in a Lebanese school classroom
1449:
Charles, Lorraine; Denman, Kate (23 December 2013).
1165:
452:
temporary classroom in northern Lebanon (July 2014)
1799:Byman, Daniel (2015). "Containing Syria's Chaos".
1232:
1486:
764:
601:
1820:
688:
355:
1358:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1021:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 1–32.
1514:"World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Lebanon"
1448:
1016:
765:Yasmine, Rola; Moughalian, Catherine (2016).
662:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
448:Syrian refugee children attend a lesson in a
201:
1393:
1564:"SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS: IMPACTS ON LEBANON"
1090:
920:"Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response"
208:
194:
1735:
1733:
1594:"Lebanon Humanitarian Fund Annual Report"
1425:
1228:
1226:
1193:
1183:
1133:
1123:
1012:
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1008:
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1004:
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1000:
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782:
576:
1482:
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1455:Journal of International Women's Studies
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533:
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422:
372:
234:
1782:
1780:
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1561:
1321:
1266:
1264:
1262:
267:UNHCR Official Population Distribution
1821:
1739:
1730:
1591:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
995:
884:
882:
606:
1798:
1792:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1477:
1112:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
1056:
891:Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
888:
821:
760:
758:
756:
1773:
1270:
1259:
1237:. RAND Corporation. pp. 49–64.
1235:Education of Syrian Refugee Children
914:
912:
522:
27:
1659:""Growing Up Without an Education""
1442:
1315:
1210:
1150:
1043:
879:
815:
13:
1580:
1576:from the original on June 1, 2022.
1465:from the original on 4 August 2019
889:Azzam, Chantal (2015). "Lebanon".
753:
707:On September 19 and 25, 2014, the
573:among Syrian refugee populations.
14:
1850:
909:
679:
542:
435:
391:International Labour Organization
1829:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
726:Refugees of the Syrian Civil War
563:
224:in March 2011, over 1.5 million
32:
1694:
1676:
1651:
1627:
1603:
1555:
1531:
1506:
1495:from the original on 2019-08-28
1379:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.002
1079:from the original on 2019-06-21
959:from the original on 2018-12-30
930:from the original on 2019-05-22
868:from the original on 2019-04-30
586:services becomes more limited.
488:Palestinian refugees in Lebanon
1491:. Migration Policy Institute.
970:
941:
602:Response to the refugee crisis
383:International Rescue Committee
1:
746:
689:Recruitment into armed groups
473:
464:
360:
356:Refugee conditions in Lebanon
258:
418:
405:Millennium Development Goals
386:situation of most refugees.
184:Prosecution of war criminals
140:Internally displaced Syrians
7:
1839:Syrian emigrants to Lebanon
771:Reproductive Health Matters
714:
381:Between 2011 and 2013, the
10:
1855:
397:
278:% of the total Population
1185:10.1186/s13031-016-0079-4
1057:Berti, Benedetta (2015).
1019:The Consequences of Chaos
843:10.1163/22138617-12340063
784:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.008
554:intimate partner violence
189:
174:
170:
152:
145:
138:
134:
120:
98:
91:
58:
26:
1592:United, Nations (2017).
1406:Journal of Global Health
1367:Comprehensive Psychiatry
501:
1253:10.7249/j.ctt19gfk74.10
741:Human rights in Lebanon
736:Palestinians in Lebanon
220:Since the onset of the
68:Internally displaced 6
1761:Cite journal requires
1718:Cite journal requires
1418:10.7189/jogh.06.020704
1037:10.7864/j.ctt1c2cqws.6
822:Meier, Daniel (2014).
676:
624:
577:Barriers to Aid Access
539:
498:
453:
428:
378:
240:
1801:The National Interest
1562:Mohamad, Ali (2019).
674:
622:
550:gender-based violence
537:
496:
447:
426:
376:
238:
147:Casualties of the war
1125:10.2147/RMHP.S106068
1066:Strategic Assessment
702:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
571:psychosocial support
484:Palestinian refugees
1279:(mar23 15): h1552.
1172:Conflict and Health
607:Government response
268:
180:Refugees as weapons
109:,
23:
1663:Human Rights Watch
1518:Human Rights Watch
731:Syrians in Lebanon
677:
625:
583:Human Rights Watch
540:
499:
454:
429:
379:
266:
241:
176:Return of refugees
60:Pre-war population
19:Human toll of the
18:
1336:10.1136/bmj.h4150
1285:10.1136/bmj.h1552
1244:978-0-8330-9239-7
1028:978-0-8157-2951-8
527:According to the
523:Health conditions
343:
342:
218:
217:
85:
78:
71:
65:
54:
53:
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1834:Syrian civil war
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1543:www.fmreview.org
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916:
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886:
877:
876:
874:
873:
867:
828:
819:
813:
812:
786:
762:
721:Syrian Civil War
529:Amel Association
486:from Syria, and
269:
265:
222:Syrian Civil War
210:
203:
196:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
63:
36:
35:
28:
24:
21:Syrian civil war
17:
1854:
1853:
1849:
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1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1818:
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1816:
1797:
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1785:
1774:
1762:
1760:
1751:
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1738:
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1719:
1717:
1708:
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1687:
1681:
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1668:
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1657:
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1633:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1447:
1443:
1398:
1394:
1363:
1359:
1320:
1316:
1269:
1260:
1245:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1164:
1151:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1029:
1015:
996:
987:
985:
976:
975:
971:
962:
960:
953:data2.unhcr.org
947:
946:
942:
933:
931:
924:data2.unhcr.org
918:
917:
910:
887:
880:
871:
869:
865:
831:Oriente Moderno
826:
820:
816:
763:
754:
749:
717:
698:Jabhat al-Nusra
691:
682:
609:
604:
579:
566:
545:
525:
504:
476:
467:
461:start working.
438:
421:
400:
363:
358:
261:
226:Syrian refugees
214:
93:Syrian refugees
82:Fatalities 0.5
81:
74:
67:
50:
37:
33:
12:
11:
5:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1803:(140): 30–40.
1791:
1772:
1763:|journal=
1729:
1720:|journal=
1693:
1675:
1650:
1626:
1602:
1579:
1554:
1530:
1505:
1476:
1441:
1392:
1357:
1314:
1258:
1243:
1222:
1209:
1149:
1089:
1042:
1027:
994:
969:
940:
926:. 2020-01-31.
908:
878:
837:(2): 382–401.
814:
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
716:
713:
690:
687:
681:
680:Public opinion
678:
608:
605:
603:
600:
578:
575:
565:
562:
544:
543:Women's health
541:
524:
521:
512:United Nations
503:
500:
475:
472:
466:
463:
437:
436:Public schools
434:
420:
417:
399:
396:
370:destinations.
362:
359:
357:
354:
341:
340:
335:
330:
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:South Lebanon
313:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
294:North Lebanon
291:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
260:
257:
249:Akkar District
216:
215:
213:
212:
205:
198:
190:
187:
186:
172:
171:
168:
167:
154:
150:
149:
143:
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136:
135:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
100:
96:
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88:
56:
55:
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40:
38:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1840:
1837:
1835:
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1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1806:
1802:
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1734:
1725:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1640:
1639:UNHCR Lebanon
1636:
1630:
1616:
1615:UNHCR Lebanon
1612:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1461:(5): 96–111.
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:(2): 020704.
1411:
1407:
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1384:
1380:
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1298:
1294:
1290:
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1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1220:
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1214:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
983:
979:
973:
958:
954:
950:
944:
929:
925:
921:
915:
913:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
883:
864:
860:
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852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
818:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
780:
777:(47): 27–35.
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
752:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
712:
710:
709:Lebanese army
705:
703:
699:
694:
686:
673:
669:
667:
666:1967 Protocol
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
637:
634:
630:
621:
617:
614:
613:Palestine War
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
574:
572:
564:Mental health
561:
557:
555:
552:, especially
551:
536:
532:
530:
520:
516:
513:
508:
495:
491:
489:
485:
480:
471:
462:
458:
451:
446:
442:
433:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
395:
392:
389:In 2014, the
387:
384:
375:
371:
368:
353:
349:
346:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
270:
264:
256:
254:
250:
245:
237:
233:
231:
228:have fled to
227:
223:
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
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94:
90:
75:Refugees 5.5
61:
57:
48:
47:MediaWiki.org
44:
39:
30:
29:
25:
22:
16:
1800:
1794:
1754:cite journal
1711:cite journal
1696:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1665:. 2016-07-19
1662:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1520:. 2018-12-17
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1467:. Retrieved
1458:
1454:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1234:
1175:
1171:
1115:
1111:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:(4): 41–53.
1069:
1065:
1018:
986:. Retrieved
984:. 2023-09-07
981:
972:
961:. Retrieved
952:
943:
932:. Retrieved
923:
897:(1): 71–74.
894:
890:
870:. Retrieved
834:
830:
817:
774:
770:
706:
695:
692:
683:
642:
638:
626:
610:
596:
592:
588:
580:
567:
558:
546:
526:
517:
509:
505:
481:
477:
468:
459:
455:
439:
430:
401:
388:
380:
364:
350:
347:
344:
337:
332:
327:
262:
253:Beqaa Valley
242:
219:
106:
15:
1611:"Education"
1469:31 December
1118:: 165–172.
415:standards.
275:Population
121:Settlements
43:Phabricator
1823:Categories
1746:1814/31696
1669:2021-02-27
1644:2021-02-27
1620:2021-02-27
1548:2021-02-27
1524:2021-02-27
1499:2019-12-31
1083:2019-03-26
988:2023-10-15
963:2018-12-17
934:2018-12-17
872:2019-12-31
747:References
474:Healthcare
465:Evaluation
367:World Bank
361:Employment
259:Statistics
157:War crimes
99:By country
86:(millions)
1373:: 78–85.
1330:: h4150.
1178:(1): 12.
982:France 24
859:155035759
419:Education
272:Location
251:) or the
161:massacres
1809:44028505
1571:Archived
1493:Archived
1463:Archived
1436:28154758
1387:27234187
1344:26243793
1309:43198302
1301:25801194
1293:26520433
1204:27252775
1144:27471417
1074:Archived
957:Archived
928:Archived
903:26351322
863:Archived
851:44289730
809:36649679
801:27578336
793:26495888
715:See also
319:102,197
308:222,944
297:241,102
286:344,013
1427:5234495
1352:2862727
1195:4888673
1135:4948691
664:or its
398:Housing
333:910,256
305:Beirut
230:Lebanon
107:Lebanon
45:and on
1807:
1434:
1424:
1385:
1350:
1342:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1251:
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1132:
1035:
1025:
901:
857:
849:
807:
799:
791:
656:, and
650:Turkey
646:Levant
450:UNICEF
409:UNICEF
322:11.2%
311:24.5%
300:26.5%
289:37.8%
283:Bekaa
153:Crimes
129:Jordan
115:Turkey
111:Jordan
1805:JSTOR
1688:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1574:(PDF)
1567:(PDF)
1348:S2CID
1305:S2CID
1289:JSTOR
1249:JSTOR
1077:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
1033:JSTOR
899:JSTOR
866:(PDF)
855:S2CID
847:JSTOR
827:(PDF)
805:S2CID
789:JSTOR
700:(now
658:Egypt
629:Sunni
502:UNHCR
328:Total
244:UNHCR
125:Camps
103:Egypt
1767:help
1724:help
1471:2019
1432:PMID
1383:PMID
1340:PMID
1297:PMID
1239:ISBN
1200:PMID
1140:PMID
1023:ISBN
797:PMID
654:Iraq
633:Shia
631:and
510:The
338:100%
165:rape
1742:hdl
1422:PMC
1414:doi
1375:doi
1332:doi
1328:351
1324:BMJ
1281:doi
1277:350
1273:BMJ
1190:PMC
1180:doi
1130:PMC
1120:doi
839:doi
779:doi
548:in
413:WHO
84:±.1
77:±.5
70:±.5
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