815:
attack tactics was used to reduce GDB errors of LS-85, since other
Skyspot sites had been more accurate. AN/MSQ-77 errors included the typical automatic tracking radar errors such as the antenna lag due to the conical scan tracking, Track Range Computer error, any inaccuracy of the A/C transponder delay value used by the central, and the range offset of the A/C transponder antenna from the actual position of the bomb release point(s) on the A/C (particularly negligible when the radar was tracking from the side of the A/C). The AN/MSQ-77 compensation for antenna lag during rate-aided computer track used a telescopic
610:: Detachment 12, 1CEVG Hawthorne, Nevada from June 1982 until site decommissioning in August 1986 and relocation to Detachment 17, 1CEVG Havre, Montana. Upon decommissioning of Havre, MT Serial Number 7 went to Detachment 18, Forsyth, Montana for SAC Bomb-Comp 1987 and then to Detachment 20, 1CEVG Conrad, Montana in early 1988. Was later modified by replacing the Cassegrain antenna with a Fresnel lens antenna, as was used on the MSQ-46. After the antenna (and associated equipment) modification, S/N 7 was used by the HQ 1CEVG "Bug" team to validate new site locations.
25:
758:, electro-mechanical servos controlled sine/cosine resolvers in a feedback loop for computing the simulated bomb's horizontal velocity and along with the drop rate, the simulated bomb's airspeed and dive angle ("Pitch Servo"). Likewise, a "Z servo" allowed the Air Resistance Circuits to adjust for altitude-varying air density, and the drag aerodynamics were vectorized by a servo operating potentiometers to pick-off 3 bomb-specific deceleration voltages based on each cartesian velocity voltage.
75:
523:
772:
which were summed to the A/C position (simulated bomb release point, BRP). Use of the continually-changing current A/C position as the simulated BRP ensured a more accurate Earth
Curvature Correction (ECC) was generated for the simulated bomb's horizontal range from the radar. When the simulated bomb's altitude (simulated BRP altitude - integrated altitude delta + altitude ECC) equalled the target height, the integration automatically stopped, and the integrated
697:, "control and plotting van, two diesel generator vans, an administrative and supply van" which were emplaced as a military installation at the surveyed site. The primary modification for the AN/MSQ-77 was the control equipment for aircraft guidance (ballistic computer, guidance/release circuitry, and UHF command equipment). The central also had an added beacon tracking capability used when the aircraft had a receiver/transmitter (e.g.,
567:
717:) using sine/cosine voltages and radar-estimated range respectively from the Antenna Group (azimuth/elevation resolvers) and from the Track Range Computer. Additional A/C Coordinates amplifiers computed the velocity components (not plotted) which along with the track position components were provided as initial bomb conditions to the ballistic computer (Bomb Trajectory Group).
767:"computer track" to provide rate-aided tracking signals to the radar. With the computer track and the central having target position, A/C heading, & bomb type information; and with the Bomb Trajectory Group's servos tracking the bomb-in-aircraft course and pitch, the operator then activated the BTG integrators for the
639:
794:
prior, which accounted for the delay in generating the radio command, in transmitting the command, and in the A/C effecting the mechanical release. The delay time was based on calibration testing of the AN/MSQ-77 with A/C bomb release circuitry (e.g., mean bomb release time for salvo drops from B-52s).
814:
were temporarily suspended due to successful enemy defenses on
November 18, the AN/MSQ-77 variant at LS-85 had effected a direct hit (zero miss distance) as well as a 5 mi (8.0 km) miss—its Commando Club CEP through November 16 for "14 runs was 867 feet". The suspension period for modifying
766:
The AN/MSQ-77 radar track began after the aircraft (A/C) arrived near the
Initial Point (IP) on a heading toward the target. When the computer's groundspeed and elevation rate servos had stabilized to the A/C cartesian velocity from the differentiating amplifiers, an operator placed the central into
1277:
In SEA, the MSQ-77 system is utilized by tactical fighters, tactical bombers, and B-52 bomber aircraft for controlled release of ordnance on targets during periods of darkness and adverse weather. It was used by: F-100, F-4C, F-105, A-1E, A-26, B-52, and B-57, though most frequently used by F-100s
793:
path of simulated bomb impact points to predict the nearest impact to the target (a No-Go condition aborted before effecting an outlying bomb release). Instead of releasing from the A/C position corresponding to the nearest predicted impact point, the AN/MSQ-77 began the bomb release sequence just
771:
to begin integrating a bomb trajectory from the A/C coordinates at that integration start point. Acceleration voltages from the BTG dynamic models were double-integrated by the 6 computer amplifiers which generated 3 voltages for the simulated bomb displacement (altitude, north, & east deltas)
784:
voltages. Subsequent summing of more current simulated bomb release points (A/C bomb run positions after the integration ended) with the integrator deltas generated a path of simulated bomb impact (SBI) points that moved relative to the A/C position throughout the remainder of the bomb run. The
704:
to increase the range, so the radar site could be located farther from the hostile region of bombing targets. Beacon track upgrades included radar circuitry to switch the heterodyne receiver to demodulate the transponder frequency, compensation for the transponder delay, and modification of the
788:
The AN/MSQ-77 control algorithm continually commanded the A/C so the BTG simulated bomb impact point, which was plotted separately from the A/C track, would move toward the target. While the A/C was being guided, an AN/MSQ-77 bomb release algorithm used a model for the
1118:
In March 1966 the first MSQ-77 arrived at Bien Hoa. … Skyspot's accuracy let heavy bombs be dropped on occasion within 250 meters of friendly positions. …many maps of South
Vietnam contained distance errors of up to 300 meters. … Skyspot (S) MSQ-77 and TPQ-10 ground
235:
by continually estimating the bomb impact point before bomb release with a vacuum tube ballistic computer. Unlike "Course
Directing Central" systems which guided aircraft to a predetermined release point, the AN/MSQ-77 algorithm continuously predicted bomb
438:
to supersede the Bomb
Trajectory Group, eliminating alignment procedures for its amplifiers. In 1989, remains of an F-4C Weapon System Officer shot down during a November 10, 1967, AN/MSQ-77 bomb run were recovered in Southeast Asia.
263:
of bombers during simulated ground directed bombing to maintain aircrew and radar crew GDB proficiency (RBS could be used to score the simulated GDB mission). Most AN/MSQ-77s were replaced by solid-state equipment near the end of the
401:
and installed an MSQ-77 variant in rugged shelters without trailer frames, wheels, etc. for helicopter transport. Although the central's range was limited by the UHF radio reliability for A/C commands during the bomb run,
429:
and 6 Skyspot personnel killed in a 1966 ambush on a survey mission. Following -77 modifications in 1968, subsequent changes included a solid-state digital printer for RBS ("Digital Data System") and implementation of a
1612:
around 1972/1973? There was a plaque in the Day room about the Day and year the site was commissioned in Guam, w/ the original crew members names. …on the very
Northern tip of the Island. Not sure why it was moved
733:
to continually predict the bomb impact point from an aircraft track during a bomb run. The
Cartesian aircraft data were propagated by the BTG mathematical modeling which included aerodynamics for different bombs,
1053:
On 1 November 1967, another MSQ-77 became operational in Laos, but it was destroyed by the enemy in March 1968. DJSM-800-68 (TS ), Memo for DDR&E, CSAF, CNO, et al, 28 June 68, subj: Update of the NIGHT SONG
469:
1596:
684:: Used as "Primary" radar at Mobile Duty Location (MDL) 35 Climax, KS from Jan - Jun 1982. MSQ-77 S/N 10 served as "Secondary" for the ORI/BUY NONE missions at MDL 35 during that timeframe.
705:
central's plotting board circuitry to allow display for increased ranges. The plots were of tracks calculated by the computer's
Aircraft Coordinates and Plotting Group which converted radar
1325:
1247:
303:
1537:…the gain from this real estate sale should be attributed to Reeves Instrument Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the plaintiff … Claude Neon, Inc. … Effective April 15, 1955,
910:
1161:
used multiple beacons, not Skyspot--which used only one radar even if a non-transmitting Skyspot backup receiving the A/C transponder returns later tracked/commanded the bomb run.
307:
431:
755:
42:
1455:
Lieutenant Honeycutt and Lieutenant Colonel Cook parachuted alive from their aircraft and reached the ground seriously wounded. Both were later reported to have died."
1761:
1492:
1816:
826:
errors were in the bomb trajectory algorithm (e.g., different simulation rates for each of 6 integrating amplifiers) and in the bomb release algorithm.
1821:
315:
427:
1771:
840:
746:
integrating amplifiers. The integration was based on the varying aircraft position and velocity prior to the bomb release, so as with the use of the
479:
and the "MSQ-77 or equivalent" was still listed in 2005 as support equipment for airdrops from Ground Radar Aerial Delivery System (GRADS) aircraft.
1348:
1290:
422:
had correlated bombings were occurring during LS-85 transmissions (the site's central and other buildings were destroyed by a later U.S. air raid.)
1781:
1352:
1294:
1811:
1766:
1361:
976:
702:
1688:
Earlier in the war, OL-23 and OL-27 were co-located at OL-23 later was moved to Udorn. OL-23 was the TSQ-96 system while OL-27 was the TSQ-81
1027:
394:
377:
823:
693:
In addition to the communication and maintenance van, other AN/MSQ-77 trailers were the 33 ft (10 m) radar van with roof-mounted
1621:
919:
281:
452:
1796:
1007:
698:
1730:
1172:
449:
1249:
535:
1212:
924:
228:
1580:
the 8th AF Museum… The curator … found another one…at Ellsworth AFB… given to the museum there when CEVG was decommissioned.
1726:
574:
500:
393:
during late 1967 after the March 1967 "Combat Target" task force recommended a closer site. By 1 November 1967, the USAF
1672:
785:
latest SBI was the AN/MSQ-77's best estimate of the impact position if bomb release was from the current A/C position:
662:
1700:
1698:
in 68-69 and Mukdahan equipment was moved to NKP. (Mukdahan was a planned Skyspot site and didn't have an AN/MSQ-77.)
1786:
1776:
1438:
1222:
1182:
875:
289:
1503:
381:
329:
311:
578:
326:
276:
Ground radar systems for automated guidance of aircraft to a predetermined point (e.g., for bomb release using a
545:, and post-war CONUS RBS and overseas sites (e.g., Korea). The last AN/MSQ-77 locations (e.g., at museums after
332:"). By March 1967, 15,000 Skyspot sorties had been flown, and raids controlled by AN/MSQ-77s included those of
292:
947:
1541:
963:
515:
99:
754:, a nearly steady bomb run was required for the AN/MSQ-77 to provide sufficient bombing accuracy. As in the
1544:…also merged into Dynamics. Prior to the latter merger, Reeves-Ely had been a controlled subsidiary of Neon
325:
In March 1966, AN/MSQ-77 operations using the "reverse MSQ method" began and continued through August 1973
386:
373:
310:, planning for a USAF vacuum-tube trajectory computer/radar system began in early 1965. In October 1965,
820:
1532:
126:
1791:
1327:
816:
519:
295:
provided computer-controlled guidance of aircraft to continuously computed interception points (1958
240:
points during the radar track while the AN/MSQ-77's control commands adjusted the aircraft course. A
1584:
1358:
983:
352:
aircraft to clear landing zones and at least 1 helicopter evacuation of wounded on August 13, 1966.
1378:
1133:
1098:
1038:
621:
556:
553:
542:
480:
1420:
777:
617:
487:
435:
216:
288:
Airborne Radio Control) used the AN/MSQ-1A for missile guidance to the terminal dive point, and
1806:
735:
411:
249:
1258:
861:
739:
706:
541:
in 1970). Deployment sites were the Vietnam War operating locations, the wartime site at the
527:
473:
822:
to aim the antenna axis toward the A/C (e.g., bomb bay section of the fuselage). Additional
1342:
665:
641:
Served as "Secondary" radar at Mobile Duty Location (MDL) 35 Climax, KS from Jan - Jun 1982
8:
1801:
1633:
1262:
768:
658:
477:
426:
Additional casualties of AN/MSQ-77 personnel included 1 killed in an enemy rocket attack
345:
730:
694:
256:
232:
172:
1330:. 1st Combat Evaluation Group (SAC): April-June 1966 (DocStoc.com image). Vol. I
1284:
1218:
1178:
1001:
871:
867:
625:
559:
Museum (near the Antelope Butte, Belle Fourche, Conner, & Horman RBS sites) and:
341:
337:
241:
459:
248:
bombing within 1,000 yd (910 m) of friendly forces unless authorized by a
1454:
747:
654:
636:
531:
360:
319:
220:
36:
1365:
1066:
710:
504:
443:
252:, and "on several occasions" strikes were as close as 273 yd (250 m).
1557:
1439:"Kelly Cook, COL, Air Force, Sioux City IA, 09Aug76 29E065 - the Virtual Wall®"
835:
498:
483:
390:
333:
299:
245:
1442:
1755:
906:
811:
807:
803:
538:
446:
419:
403:
285:
65:
1676:
1068:
Department of Defense Provisioning and Other Preprocurement Screening Manual
1704:
1426:
1234:
887:
751:
407:
398:
80:
1650:
74:
743:
675:
455:
224:
729:(BTG) was the AN/MSQ-77's analog ballistic computer using 3-dimensional
328:
for guiding B-52s and tactical fighters and bombers ("chiefly flown by
1467:
277:
1695:
1499:
368:
296:
265:
371:
targets out of range of the initial Skyspot AN/MSQ-77 sites, the "
227:
bomb runs at nighttime and during bad weather. Developed from the
948:
Help From Above: Air Force Close Air Support of the Army1946-1973
534:
test site also used for "Busy Skyspot" training of Vietnam crews
259:(RBS). The AN/MSQ-77 was also periodically used for post-Vietnam
255:
Post-war the MSQ-77 was used on US and other training ranges for
1153:: Lake 2004, p. 48, mistakenly says the "normal limit (with two
1135:
The War in South Vietnam: The Years of the Offensive (1965-1968)
1099:
Tactics and Techniques of Close Air Support Operations 1961-1973
415:
349:
118:
1540:
merged into Dynamics Corporation… Effective January 20, 1956,
442:
Developed from the AN/MSQ-77 and also used in Vietnam was the
1158:
406:" used a relay aircraft to retransmit communications between
364:
953:(Report). Air Force History and Museums Program. p. 330
190:
1427:
Figure 1-1 Bomb Trajectory Group functional block diagram)
1493:
ConOps:The Cryptex to Operational System Mission Success
604:
Serial Number ? Detachment 7, !CEVG Ashland, Maine
410:
and the bomber. LS-85's operations ended with the 1968
1616:
the AN/MSQ-77 was shipped direct from Vietnam to Guam.
1359:
partial transcription at 1stCombatEvaluationGroup.com)
458:
B ballistic computer (Mark 152 fire control computer),
1037:(Report). Office of Air Force History. Archived from
674:: destroyed Lima Site 85 variant previously used at
348:. Additional AN/MSQ-77 missions included those with
33:
A request that this article title be changed to
158:
200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) beacon track
1157:beacons) was 3300 yards from friendly forces", but
461:and the AN/MSQ-77/96 systems for GDB were replaced
284:
Radar Course Directing Central. By 1954, the MARC (
188: joystick alignment on CCTV image)
1251:Why Air Forces Fail: Learning From History Lessons
514:Initial AN/MSQ-77 sites were the production plant
316:Matagorda Island General Bombing and Gunnery Range
161:135 nmi (250 km; 155 mi) skin track
1108:(Report). Office of Air Force History. p. 92
841:List of military electronics of the United States
1753:
1528:Dynamics Corporation of America v. United States
1312:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. p. 14.
163:130 nmi (150 mi) UHF radio reliability
1762:Computer systems of the United States Air Force
1645:
1643:
1141:. The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia
308:solid-state military guidance computers in 1961
209:Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central, Radar
1170:
219:automatic tracking radar/computer system for
1694:: "Teepee" equipment moved from Quangtri to
1651:"Installation of the TSQ-81 at Phou Pha Thi"
1640:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1347:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1289:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
470:US Dynamics AN/TPQ-43 Radar Bomb Scoring Set
50:this article until the discussion is closed.
1555:
939:
863:B-52 Stratofortress Units in Combat 1955-73
306:for fighters). Despite the availability of
1817:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
1727:"Part II: Combat Lancer and Commando Club"
1673:"OL-27, Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Base"
1351:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1321:
1319:
1293:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1097:Rowley, Lt. Col Ralph A. (February 1976).
1021:
1019:
1017:
761:
699:Motorola SST-181 X Band Beacon Transponder
688:
280:or avionics radar) included the July 1951
73:
1822:Military electronics of the United States
1399:
1217:. Columbia University Press. p. 15.
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
901:
899:
897:
709:to plotting board cartesian coordinates (
1772:1965 establishments in the United States
1724:
1597:"Re: New member looking for information"
1370:
1171:Minding, George; Bolton, Robert (2008).
1092:
1090:
1088:
945:
720:
472:("Seek Score"). There were 5 MSQ-77s at
231:, the AN/MSQ-77 reversed the process of
195:<680 ft CEP @ 200 nmi (specification)
1316:
1307:
1301:
1125:
1074:, November 1983, p. 222 (Table 66)
1014:
912:Installation of MSQ-77 in Northern Laos
905:
450:Reeves AN/TSQ-96 Bomb Directing Central
58:Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central
16:US military computerized tracking radar
1782:Computer-related introductions in 1965
1754:
1594:
1556:Karaszewski, Eugene B (January 2007).
1210:
1197:
1164:
1096:
1006:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
894:
223:of aircraft. It was often used during
131:600 pulses/second or 300 pulses/second
1812:Military equipment of the Vietnam War
1767:Radars of the United States Air Force
1388:(Report). Office of Air Force History
1085:
1028:R&D for Southeast Asia, 1965-1967
756:1950s Nike missile guidance system(s)
668:(1st AN/TSQ-81: variant of AN/MSQ-77)
1731:Radar Bombing during Rolling Thunder
1558:"Det. 8 & 8th AF Memorial Sites"
1490:
1376:
1131:
1025:
859:
561:
200:300-350 ft ave @ ≤100 nmi (1967 ops)
149:→20 pulses/cycle conical scan signal
18:
1725:Plunkett, W. Howard (Summer 2006).
1670:
853:
13:
197:486 ft CEP @ 44 nmi (1965 testing)
147:30 cycles/second feedhorn rotation
14:
1833:
1797:Aviation ground support equipment
1465:
304:Ground to Air Data Link Subsystem
1675:. Combat-Skyspot. Archived from
1379:R&D for Southeast Asia: 1968
1310:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973
1174:U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles
819:system with operator's joystick
661:(NKP) Vietnam War OL-27 (BROMO),
565:
244:regulation prohibited AN/MSQ-77
23:
1718:
1664:
1626:
1588:
1549:
1520:
1484:
1459:
1431:
1241:
1106:The Air Force in Southeast Asia
1595:Murphy, Shane (July 3, 2006).
1535: (October 15, 1971) ("
1059:
969:
482:The AN/MSQ-77 antenna at the "
186:tbd degrees (computer track w/
68:: Radar Bomb Directing Central
1:
1542:Reeves-Ely Laboratories, Inc.
846:
629:
546:
491:
462:
100:Reeves Instrument Corporation
1377:Wolk, Herman S (July 1970).
1026:Wolk, Herman S (June 1969).
509:
434:for RBS to use a late-1970s
7:
829:
797:
490:was destroyed by a typhoon
384:guided by an MSQ-77 on the
61:Combat Skyspot/Combat Proof
10:
1838:
1577:working to find an MSQ-77
1468:"TSQ-96 I-band Mono Pulse"
1211:Castle, Timothy N (2000).
780:altitude, north, and east
271:
1701:"Combat Skyspot Overview"
1600:(1CEVG newsgroup posting)
1417:AN/MSQ-77 Technical Order
1415:"Bomb Trajectory Group".
1193:– via Google books.
678:and tested at Bryan Field
397:operation had prepared a
184:tbd degrees (radar track)
178:
167:
153:
143:
135:
125:
113:
105:
95:
87:
72:
1787:1990 in military history
1777:1965 in military history
557:Ellsworth Air Force Base
314:tested the AN/MSQ-77 at
1421:United States Air Force
1386:USAF Plans and Policies
1328:"Chapter II: Personnel"
1035:USAF Plans and Policies
946:Schlight, John (2003).
762:Ground directed bombing
689:Equipment and functions
664:and initial testing at
618:Eighth Air Force Museum
488:Andersen Air Force Base
436:programmable calculator
302:guidance and the later
217:United States Air Force
171:8 ft (2.4 m)
1491:Jost, Alan C. (2007).
1308:Morocco, John (1985).
412:Battle of Lima Site 85
250:Forward Air Controller
88:Country of origin
1653:. LimaSite85.us. 2002
1259:Air Force Association
964:available from Scribd
727:Bomb Trajectory Group
721:Bomb Trajectory Group
528:Garden City, New York
518:had built in 1958 at
474:Nellis Air Force Base
399:Laos mountaintop site
350:MC-130 Commando Vault
1561:(newsletter article)
1533:tbd U.S. tbd
907:Wheeler, Gen. Earl G
579:adding missing items
951:(DocStoc.com image)
769:computer simulation
750:analog computer in
659:Nakhon Phanom RTAFB
626:Hawthorne Bomb Plot
454:with a solid state
346:Operation Arc Light
69:
1602:. Groups.Yahoo.com
1471:(anecdote webpage)
1364:2013-06-06 at the
860:Lake, Jon (2004).
802:Although the 1967
742:corrections", and
731:double-integration
695:Cassegrain antenna
666:Bryan Field, Texas
577:; you can help by
503:2015-11-07 at the
387:USS Thomas J. Gary
257:Radar Bomb Scoring
233:Radar Bomb Scoring
173:Cassegrain antenna
117:8500 to 9600 MHz (
57:
1735:Air Power History
1261:), archived from
868:Osprey Publishing
806:missions against
715:coordinate system
676:Vietnam War OL-23
637:Vietnam War OL 24
595:
594:
342:Operation Niagara
338:Bien Hoa Air Base
242:close air support
205:
204:
55:
54:
1829:
1792:Analog computers
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1703:. Archived from
1690:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1567:. Karaszewski.us
1562:
1553:
1547:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1502:. Archived from
1497:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:. TestVector.com
1472:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1441:. Archived from
1435:
1429:
1424:
1412:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1214:One Day Too Long
1208:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1168:
1162:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1132:Schlight, John.
1129:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1005:
997:
995:
994:
988:
982:. Archived from
981:
973:
967:
961:
959:
958:
952:
943:
937:
936:
935:
934:
928:
918:, archived from
917:
903:
892:
891:
885:
884:
857:
778:held as constant
748:Norden bombsight
736:Earth "curvature
682:Serial Number 21
672:Serial Number 13
651:Serial Number 12
645:Serial Number 11
634:
633: 1987-2000
631:
614:Serial number 10
590:
587:
569:
568:
562:
551:
548:
532:Matagorda Island
496:
493:
467:
464:
361:command guidance
320:Texas Gulf Coast
229:Reeves AN/MSQ-35
221:command guidance
201:
159:
79:An AN/MSQ-77 at
77:
70:
56:
43:under discussion
39:
27:
26:
19:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1682:
1680:
1671:Steeves, Mike.
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1570:
1568:
1565:Det. 8 Deadline
1560:
1554:
1550:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1414:
1413:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:Wayback Machine
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1209:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1015:
999:
998:
992:
990:
986:
979:
977:"Archived copy"
975:
974:
970:
956:
954:
950:
944:
940:
932:
930:
922:
915:
909:(25 Apr 1967),
904:
895:
882:
880:
878:
858:
854:
849:
832:
800:
764:
723:
713:east, north, up
691:
632:
624:) after use at
608:Serial number 7
599:Serial Number 1
591:
585:
582:
566:
549:
520:Roosevelt Field
512:
505:Wayback Machine
494:
465:
432:USAF suggestion
274:
199:
198:
196:
194:
189:
187:
185:
183:
162:
160:
157:
148:
139:.25 microsecond
83:
64:
59:
51:
35:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1748:
1747:
1717:
1663:
1639:
1625:
1622:message 23682)
1587:
1548:
1519:
1483:
1458:
1430:
1398:
1369:
1315:
1300:
1240:
1223:
1196:
1183:
1163:
1124:
1084:
1058:
1013:
968:
938:
893:
876:
870:. p. 23.
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
836:List of radars
831:
828:
799:
796:
763:
760:
722:
719:
707:spherical data
690:
687:
686:
685:
679:
669:
648:
642:
611:
605:
602:
593:
592:
572:
570:
524:East Gate Blvd
511:
508:
484:Combat Skyspot
424:
423:
391:Gulf of Tonkin
380:" tests using
357:
334:Operation Menu
300:Bomarc missile
273:
270:
246:Combat Skyspot
203:
202:
180:
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
78:
53:
52:
49:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1834:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Ground radars
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:on 2010-11-01
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:on 2012-02-10
1678:
1674:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1509:on 2012-08-05
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1445:on 2013-01-18
1444:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1268:on 2012-06-10
1264:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1226:
1224:9780231103176
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1184:9780557000296
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1044:on 2012-04-23
1040:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1003:
989:on 2013-06-06
985:
978:
972:
965:
949:
942:
929:on 2012-09-16
926:
921:
914:
913:
908:
902:
900:
898:
889:
879:
877:9781841766072
873:
869:
865:
864:
856:
852:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
825:
821:
818:
813:
812:7th Air Force
809:
808:North Vietnam
805:
804:Commando Club
795:
792:
786:
783:
779:
775:
774:displacements
770:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
718:
716:
714:
711:non-inertial
708:
703:
700:
696:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
657:after use at
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:), Guam, and
627:
623:
622:Barksdale AFB
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
589:
580:
576:
573:This list is
571:
564:
563:
560:
558:
555:included the
554:
544:
540:
539:Bergstrom AFB
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
506:
502:
499:
489:
486:Memorial" on
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
460:
457:
453:
451:
448:
445:
440:
437:
433:
428:
421:
420:North Vietnam
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:Commando Club
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:Commando Club
355:
354:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
267:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
193:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
156:
152:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:United States
90:
86:
82:
76:
71:
67:
62:
47:
45:
44:
40:
38:
30:
21:
20:
1739:. Retrieved
1734:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1691:
1687:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1628:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1604:. Retrieved
1590:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:Leyva, Ken.
1461:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1433:
1416:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1372:
1332:. Retrieved
1309:
1303:
1276:
1270:, retrieved
1263:the original
1250:
1243:
1235:Google books
1233:– via
1228:. Retrieved
1213:
1188:. Retrieved
1177:. Lulu.com.
1173:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1076:, retrieved
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
991:. Retrieved
984:the original
971:
955:. Retrieved
941:
931:, retrieved
920:the original
911:
888:Google Books
886:– via
881:. Retrieved
862:
855:
801:
790:
787:
781:
773:
765:
752:World War II
726:
724:
712:
692:
681:
671:
650:
644:
613:
607:
598:
583:
552:retirements)
543:Nellis Range
513:
441:
425:
408:Lima Site 85
372:
324:
275:
260:
254:
237:
212:
208:
206:
192:GDB ACCURACY
191:
182:tbd in range
96:Manufacturer
81:Lima Site 85
63:radar beacon
60:
34:
32:
1634:"An/MSQ-77"
1343:cite report
1257:, AFA.org (
927:memorandum)
744:vacuum tube
550: 2000
495: 2007
466: 1990
456:Univac 1219
395:Heavy Green
378:Combat Keel
363:bombing of
225:Vietnam War
211:(nickname "
48:do not move
1802:Ballistics
1756:Categories
1741:2012-06-16
1711:2015-01-24
1683:2012-04-05
1657:2012-07-01
1606:2012-07-11
1571:2012-07-02
1513:2012-07-09
1498:(Report).
1477:2012-07-13
1449:2013-02-11
1425:(includes
1392:2012-07-14
1334:2012-07-14
1278:and B-52s.
1272:2012-05-21
1230:2012-05-17
1190:2012-05-21
1145:2012-06-16
1112:2012-07-04
1078:August 27,
1048:2012-05-21
993:2013-09-01
957:2012-06-25
933:2012-05-21
883:2012-06-22
847:References
575:incomplete
537:(moved to
530:; and the
516:Reeves-Ely
447:India-band
414:defeat by
261:commanding
136:Pulsewidth
824:AN/MSQ-77
586:June 2012
510:Locations
444:monopulse
389:" in the
359:To allow
282:AN/MPQ-14
278:bombsight
215:") was a
213:Miscue 77
179:Precision
114:Frequency
109:Site area
46:. Please
37:AN/MSQ-77
1737:(Report)
1696:Mukdahan
1500:Raytheon
1362:Archived
1285:citation
1002:cite web
830:See also
798:Accuracy
740:Coriolis
501:Archived
476:in 1994,
374:1st CEVG
369:Haiphong
297:AN/FSQ-7
266:Cold War
168:Diameter
1155:Skyspot
810:by the
468:by the
416:sappers
376:began "
330:F-100's
318:on the
286:Matador
272:History
1531:,
1221:
1181:
1119:radars
962:(also
874:
791:future
647:: ...
601:: ...
418:after
344:, and
312:F-100s
238:impact
119:X band
66:colloq
1507:(PDF)
1496:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1159:TACAN
1139:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
1054:Study
1042:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
916:(PDF)
782:delta
776:were
365:Hanoi
336:from
154:Range
1692:NOTE
1353:link
1349:link
1295:link
1291:link
1219:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1151:NOTE
1080:2024
1008:link
925:CJCS
872:ISBN
817:CCTV
738:and
725:The
382:F-4s
367:and
290:SAGE
207:The
106:Type
1546:").
655:TBD
616::
581:.
526:in
522:on
293:GCI
144:RPM
127:PRF
41:is
1758::
1733:.
1729:.
1686:.
1642:^
1609:.
1574:.
1563:.
1419:.
1401:^
1384:.
1345:}}
1341:{{
1326:.
1318:^
1287:}}
1283:{{
1275:,
1248:,
1199:^
1115:.
1104:.
1087:^
1051:.
1033:.
1016:^
1004:}}
1000:{{
896:^
866:.
653::
630:c.
547:c.
492:c.
463:c.
340:,
322:.
268:.
1744:.
1714:.
1660:.
1636:.
1620:(
1516:.
1480:.
1452:.
1423:.
1395:.
1357:(
1355:)
1337:.
1297:)
1237:.
1148:.
1010:)
996:.
966:)
960:.
923:(
890:.
701:)
628:(
620:(
588:)
584:(
497:.
402:"
121:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
