Coral reef fish - Knowledge

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stay in deeper water. Many grey reef sharks have a home range on a specific area of the reef, to which they continually return. However, they are social rather than territorial. During the day, these sharks often form groups of 5–20 individuals near coral-reef drop-offs, splitting up in the evening as the sharks begin to hunt. They are found over continental and insular shelves, preferring the leeward (away from the direction of the current) sides of coral reefs with clear water and rugged topography. They are frequently found near the drop-offs at the outer edges of the reef, and less commonly within

231: 379: 2133: 530: 7055: 1090: 1906:, and electrical cues given off by potential prey. Its visual system is attuned more to movement and/or contrast than to object details. It is especially sensitive to natural and artificial low-frequency sounds in the 25–100 Hz range, which evoke struggling fish. Whitetips hunt primarily at night, when many fishes are asleep and easily taken. After dusk, a group of sharks may target the same prey item, covering every exit route from a particular coral head. Each shark hunts for itself and in competition with the others in its group. They feed mainly on bony fishes, including 562: 1441: 1471: 3114: 3010: 2954: 251: 171: 1047: 1809: 1429: 186: 1695: 1880: 897: 793: 1962: 881: 1255: 1619: 1024: 1223: 546: 1679: 1715: 1271: 578: 425: 2078: 1456: 91: 1239: 5778: 2035: 308: 6770: 6752: 5643: 5631: 2156: 820: 7309: 33: 4081: 399: 271: 220:

likely that a number of factors contribute. These include the rich habitat complexity and diversity inherent in coral reef ecosystems, the wide variety and temporal availability of food resources available to coral reef fishes, a host of pre and post-larval settlement processes, and as yet unresolved interactions between all these factors. The wealth of fishes on reefs is filled by tiny, bottom-dwelling reef fishes.

206: 738:) often schools with the blue-striped snapper. The yellowfins change their colouration to match that of the snapper. Presumably this is for predator protection, since goatfish are a more preferred prey than bluestripe snapper. By night the schools disperse and individual goatfish head their separate ways to loot the sands. Other nocturnal feeders shadow the active goatfish, waiting patiently for overlooked morsels. 6782: 5249: 324: 1735: 1392: 1380: 986: 974: 808: 633: 1513:, who are also immune to the anemone toxins. To get their meal, butterflyfish must get past these protective clownfish who, although smaller, are not intimidated. An anemone without its clownfish will quickly be eaten by butterflyfish. In return, the anemones provide the clownfish protection from their predators, who are not immune to anemone stings. As a further benefit to the anemone, waste 1287: 912: 1669:

The stonefish has control over whether to shoot its venom, and does so when provoked or frightened. The venom results in severe pain, paralysis and tissue death, and can be fatal if not treated. Despite its formidable defence, the stonefish does have predators. Some bottom feeding rays and sharks with crushing teeth feed on them, as does the

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believing that the fish will flee tail first. When escape is not possible, the butterflyfish will sometimes turn to face its aggressor, head lowered and spines fully erect, like a bull about to charge. This may serve to intimidate the other animal or may remind the predator that the butterflyfish is too spiny to make a comfortable meal.

1198:. Spinefoot rabbitfish are named for their defensive venomous spines, and they are seldom attacked by predators. Spines are a last-ditch defence. It is better to avoid predator detection in the first place, and avoid being thrust into risky spine-to-fang battles. So rabbitfish have also evolved skilful colour changing abilities. 148:. Many reef fish confine themselves to one small neighbourhood where every hiding place is known and can be immediately accessed. Others cruise the reefs for food in shoals, but return to a known area to hide when they are inactive. Resting small fish are still vulnerable to attack by crevice predators, so many fish, such as 1422:, which are up to 30 cm (12 in) long, have developed a resistance to these toxins. Saddle butterflyfish usually flutter gently rather than swim. However, in the presence of their preferred food, sea anemones, this gentleness disappears, and the butterflyfish dash in and out, ripping off the anemone tentacles. 224:

fish fauna with no natural overlap in species. Of the two regions, the richest by far in terms of reef fish diversity is the Indo-Pacific where there are an estimated 4,000–5,000 species of fishes associated with coral reef habitats. Another 500–700 species can be found in the greater Caribbean region.

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that sits on the bottom waiting for prey to come close. It does not swim away if disturbed, but erects 13 venomous spines along its back. For defence, it can shoot venom from each or all of these spines. Each spine is like a hypodermic needle, delivering the venom from two sacs attached to the spine.

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There are two major regions of coral reef development recognized; the Indo-Pacific (which includes the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as the Red Sea), and the tropical western Atlantic (also known as the "wider" or "greater" Caribbean). Each of these two regions contains its own unique coral reef

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are usually less than 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) long. Despite their moderate size, grey reef sharks actively expel most other shark species from favored habitats. In areas where this species co-exists with the blacktip reef shark, the latter species occupy the shallow flats while the grey reef sharks

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are named for their parrot-like beaks and bright colours. They are large herbivores that graze on the algae that grows on hard dead corals. Equipped with two pairs of crushing jaws and their beaks, they pulverize chunks of algae-coated coral, digesting the algae and excreting the coral as fine sand.

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that can vary greatly in size according to the population size and reef habitat. When no male is available, in each school the largest female shifts sex to male. If the final male disappears, changes to the largest female occur, with male behavior occurring within several hours and sperm production

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which feeds on benthic turf algae. They also provide cleaner services to marine turtles, by removing algal growth from their shells. They do not tolerate other fish with the same colour or shape. When alarmed, the usually placid yellow tang can erect spines in its tail and slash at its opponent with

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in the reef ecosystem. Like the whitetip reef shark, they have been documented resting motionless on the sea bottom or inside caves - unusual behaviour for requiem sharks. Caribbean reef sharks play a major role in shaping Caribbean reef communities. They are more active at night, with no evidence

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separation from the blacktip reef sharks; around islands where both species occur, the blacktip occupies shallow flats, while the grey reef shark is usually found in deeper areas, but where the blacktip is absent, the grey reef shark is commonly found on the flats... complements the whitetip shark

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Some fishes associated with reefs are generalized carnivores that feed on a variety of animal prey. These typically have large mouths that can be rapidly expanded, thereby drawing in nearby water and any unfortunate animals contained within the inhaled water mass. The water is then expelled through

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landscapes of coral reefs. For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads.

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can die as a result of eating a trunkfish. Ciguatera toxins appear to accumulate in top predators of coral reefs. Many of the Caribbean groupers and the barracuda for example may contain enough of this toxin to cause severe symptoms in humans who eat them. What makes the situation particularly

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can only release venom when something strikes its spines. Although not native to the US coast, lionfish have appeared around Florida and have spread up the coast to New York. They are attractive aquarium fish, sometimes used to stock ponds, and may have been washed into the sea during a hurricane.

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Most reef fishes have body shapes that are different from open water fishes. Open water fish are usually built for speed in the open sea, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water. Reef fish are operating in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater

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Venomous fish carry their venom in venom glands and use various delivery systems, such as spines or sharp fins, barbs or spikes, and fangs. Venomous fish tend to be either very visible, using flamboyant colours to warn enemies, or skilfully camouflaged and maybe buried in the sand. Apart from the

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Many reef fish species have evolved different feeding strategies accompanied by specialized mouths, jaws and teeth particularly suited to deal with their primary food sources found in coral reef ecosystems. Some species even shift their dietary habits and distributions as they mature. This is not

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in the central Pacific has found that the blacktip reef shark had a home range of about 0.55 km (0.21 sq mi), among the smallest of any shark species. The size and location of the range does not change with time of day. The blacktip reef shark swims alone or in small groups. Large

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thinking the fish is bigger than it is, and confusing the back end with the front end. The butterflyfish's first instinct when threatened is to flee, putting the false eyespot closer to the predator than the head. Most predators aim for the eyes, and this false eyespot tricks the predator into

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The mechanisms that first led to, and continue to maintain, such concentrations of fish species on coral reefs has been widely debated over the last 50 years. While many reasons have been proposed, there is no general scientific consensus on which of these is the most influential, but it seems

1009:". The bluestreak is marked with a conspicuous bright blue stripe and behaves in a stereotypical way which attracts larger fish to its cleaning station. As the bluestreak snacks on the parasites it gently tickles its client. This seems to bring the larger fish back again for regular servicing. 873:

also form schools. They are swift predators who patrol the reef in hunting packs. When they find a school of forage fish, such as cardinalfish, they surround them and herd them close to the reef. This panics the prey fish, and their schooling becomes chaotic, leaving them open to attack by the

863:, including defence against predators through better predator detection, since each fish is on the lookout. Schooling fish have developed remarkable displays of precise choreography which confuse and evade predators. For this they have evolved special pressure sensors along their sides, called 63:. Among the myriad inhabitants, the fish stand out as colourful and interesting to watch. Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef, many of them hidden or well camouflaged. Reef fish have developed many ingenious specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs. 1993:

are prefer deeper water. Younger sharks favour shallow sandy flats, and older sharks spend more time around reef ledges and near reef drop-offs. Blacktip reef sharks are strongly attached to their own area, where they may remain for up to several years. A tracking study off

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avoid predators by tucking themselves into coral crevices or partly burying themselves in sand. They continually scan for predators with eyes that swivel independently. The camouflage of the tasseled scorpionfish can prevent gobies from seeing them until it's too late.

1649:. Venomous fish do not necessarily cause poisoning if they are eaten, since the venom is often destroyed in the digestive system. By contrast, poisonous fish contain strong toxins which are not destroyed by the digestive system. This makes them poisonous to eat. 1875:

and lie still on the bottom. They have slender, lithe bodies, which allow them to wriggle into crevices and holes and extract prey inaccessible to other reef sharks. On the other hand, they are rather clumsy when attempting to take food suspended in open water.

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Whitetip reef sharks do not frequent very shallow water like the blacktip reef shark, nor the outer reef like the grey reef shark. They generally remain within a highly localized area. An individual shark may use the same cave for months to years. The daytime

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secretes a mucus coating which reduces drag when they swim and also protects it from some parasites. But other parasites find the mucus itself good to eat. So lizardfish visit the cleaner wrasse, which clean the parasites from the skin, gills and mouth.

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The patterns have different functions. Sometimes they camouflage the fish when the fish rests in places with the right background. Colouration can also be used to help species recognition during mating. Some unmistakable contrasting patterns are used to

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are ferocious predators on other fishes, with razor-sharp conical teeth which make it easy for them to rip their prey to shreds. Barracuda patrol the outer reef in large schools, and are extremely fast swimmers with streamlined, torpedo-shaped bodies.

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dangerous is that such species may be toxic only at certain sizes or locations, making it difficult to know whether or when they are or are not safe to eat. In some locations this leads to many cases of ciguatera poisoning among tropical islanders.

911: 3071:"An annotated list of fish parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda) collected from Snappers and Bream (Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Caesionidae) in New Caledonia confirms high parasite biodiversity on coral reef fish" 230: 66:

Coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the surface area of the world oceans, but provide a home for 25% of all marine fish species. Reef habitats are a sharp contrast to the open water habitats that make up the other 99% of the world oceans.

3030:"An annotated list of fish parasites (Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected from Emperors and Emperor Bream (Lethrinidae) in New Caledonia further highlights parasite biodiversity estimates on coral reef fish" 1866:

is a small shark usually less than 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length. It is found almost exclusively around coral reefs where it can be encountered around coral heads and ledges with high vertical relief, or over sandy flats, in

1172:, which means they are plants synthesising food directly from solar energy and carbon dioxide and other simple nutrient molecules. Without algae, everything on the reef would die. One important algal group, the bottom dwelling ( 1602:. Numerical estimates of parasite biodiversity have shown that certain coral fish species have up to 30 species of parasites. The mean number of parasites per fish species is about ten. This has a consequence in term of 926: 1847:, all have the robust, streamlined bodies typical of the requiem shark. As fast-swimming, agile predators, they feed primarily on free-swimming bony fishes and cephalopods. Other species of reef sharks include the 772: 488:

is an ambush predator that looks like part of a sea floor encrusted with coral and algae. It lies in wait on the sea floor for crustaceans and small fish, such as gobies, to pass by. Another ambush predator is the

250: 2974:"An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish" 477:(right) is not easily seen due to its bottom-feeding habit and its small size, reaching only about 6 cm. It feeds primarily on small crustaceans and other invertebrates, and is popular in the aquarium trade. 1653:

defence or hunting value, venom might have value for bottom dwelling fish by killing the bacteria that try to invade their skin. Few of these venoms have been studied. They are a yet to be tapped resource for

523:: from below, the white spots look like the lighted surface of the water above; and from above, the fish blends more with the coral reef below. The brightly painted yellow mouth may deter potential predators. 365:, have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like a pancake. Their pelvic and pectoral fins are designed differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise manoeuvrability. 2132: 1089: 2243:

Similarity and Diversity Among Coral Reef Fish Communities: A Comparison between Tropical Western Atlantic (Virgin Islands) and Tropical Central Pacific (Marshall Islands) Patch Reefs. Gladfelter et al.

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Papastamatiou, Y.P.; C.G. Lowe; J.E. Caselle & A.M. Friedlander (April 2009). "Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll".

493:(right). They lie on the bottom and wave a conspicuous worm-like lure strategically attached above their mouth. Normally about 10 cm (4 in) long, they can also inflate themselves like 961:

are medium to large sized, and are usually found swimming among or near coral reefs. They inflate their body by swallowing water, reducing potential predators to those with much bigger mouths.

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among algae, invertebrates and fish. They have become crowded and complex environments, and the fish have evolved many ingenious ways of surviving. Most fishes found on coral reefs are

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buries itself in sand and can deliver electric shocks as well as venom. It is a delicacy in some cultures (the venom is destroyed when it is cooked), and can be found for sale in some

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which would normally prevent close contact. The protection fire corals offer hawkfish means the hawkfish has the high ground of the reef, and can safely survey its surroundings like a

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Justine, J.-L. 2010: Parasites of coral reef fish: how much do we know? With a bibliography of fish parasites in New Caledonia. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 140 (Suppl.), 155–190.

1070: 654:. Competition among carnivores is intense, resulting in a treacherous environment for their prey. Hungry predators lurk in ambush or patrol every part of the reef, night and day. 216:

contain the most diverse fish assemblages to be found anywhere on earth, with perhaps as many as 6,000–8,000 species dwelling within coral reef ecosystems of the world's oceans.

7645: 5572: 624:, are generalized feeders with more standard jaw and mouth structures that allow them to forage on a wide range of animal prey types, including small fishes and invertebrates. 129:, known for the characteristic sharp, bony rays and spines in their fins. These spines provide formidable defences, and when erected they can usually be locked in place or are 612:

and other small invertebrate animals. Their mouths protrude like forceps, and are equipped with fine teeth that allow them to nip off such exposed body parts of their prey.

2102:. Juveniles tend to remain in a localized area throughout the year, while adults range over a wider area. The Caribbean reef shark feeds on a wide variety of reef-dwelling 7298: 807: 1212:

for larger predators. They are small, typically five centimetres (two inches) long. Many species are aggressive towards other fishes which also graze on algae, such as

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Tiny fishes fuel life on coral reefs typically evoke clear, turquoise waters and a staggering number of colourful fishes. But what supports such an abundance of life?

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Coral reef fishes exhibit a huge variety of dazzling and sometimes bizarre colours and patterns. This is in marked contrasts to open water fishes which are usually

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as it is far more adapt at catching off-bottom fish than the whitetip, but the later is far more competent in extracting prey from crevices and holes in reefs."

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Papastamatiou, Y.P.; J.E. Caselle; A.M. Friedlander & C.G. Lowe (16 September 2009). "Distribution, size frequency, and sex ratios of blacktip reef sharks

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Yano, K.; H. Mori; K. Minamikawa; S. Ueno; S. Uchida; K. Nagai; M. Toda & M. Masuda (June 2000). "Behavioral response of sharks to electric stimulation".

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toxin from glands on its skin when touched. The toxin is only dangerous when ingested, so there's no immediate harm to divers. However, predators as large as

2031:, and members of their own species. At Palmyra Atoll, adult blacktip reef sharks avoid patrolling tiger sharks by staying out of the central, deeper lagoon. 1694: 545: 2903:

Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2005). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration".

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suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species of average size would eventually result in the co-extinction of at least ten species of parasites.

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of a whitetip reef shark is limited to about 0.05 km (0.019 sq mi); at night this range increases to 1 km (0.39 sq mi).

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can move relatively large rocks when feeding and is often followed by smaller fishes that feed on leftovers. They also use a jet of water to uncover

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Smaller parrotfish are relatively defenceless herbivores, poorly defended against predators like barracuda. They have evolved to find protection by

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gets its name from a large dark spot on the rear portion of each side of the body. This spot is surrounded by a brilliant white ring, resembling an

6820: 3695:"Distribution and diet of four species of carcharhinid shark in the Hawaiian Islands: evidence for resource partitioning and competitive exclusion" 1428: 1254: 337:, are usually streamlined for straightline speed, with a deeply forked tail and a smooth body shaped like a spindle tapered at both ends. They are 433:. The colouration of triggerfish fade into drabness when they sleep or are being submissive, and return to vividness when they are not threatened. 7655: 7281: 5105: 4317: 3844: 2941: 920:

hunt cardinalfish in packs and herd them against the reef. When the cardinalfish panic and break school formation, the trevally pick them off.

1641:. Both types of fish contain strong toxins, but the difference is in the way the toxin is delivered. Venomous fish deliver their toxins (called 639:, are generalized reef feeders with standard jaw and mouth structures that allow them to eat almost anything, though they prefer small fish and 3157: 896: 7328: 4183: 3815: 4597: 3542:

Nelson, D.R. and R.H. Johnson. (1970). Acoustic studies on sharks: Rangiroa Atoll, July 1969. ONR Technical Report 2, No. N00014-68-C-0138.

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Mixed schooling and its possible significance in a tropical western Atlantic parrotfish and surgeonfish. WS Alevizon, Copeia 1976:797–798.

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Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2004). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: expansion behavior, growth, and survival".

2542: 7403: 3914: 3204: 819: 792: 317:, have a body flattened like a pancake, with pectoral and pelvic fins that act with the flattened body to maximize manoeuvrability. 1678: 718:(whiskers) protruding from their chins to rifle through the sediments in search of a meal. Like goats, they seek anything edible: 7564: 5095: 4880: 1977:

is typically about 1.6 m (5.2 ft) long. It is usually found over reef ledges and sandy flats, though it can also enter

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poisoning if eaten. Outbreaks of ciguatera poisoning in the 11th to 15th centuries from large, carnivorous reef fish, caused by

1222: 4262: 1023: 516: 512: 4414: 3838: 3738:, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: the potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground". 2706:

FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 6: Snappers of the World; An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Lutjanid Species Known to Date

1238: 2369: 7286: 6813: 5110: 2174: 2118:. Young sharks feed on small fishes, shrimps, and crabs. In turn, young sharks are preyed on by larger sharks such as the 2643:

Clark, Nicholas; Russ, G (2012). "Ontogenetic shifts in the habitat associations of butterflyfishes (F. Chaetodontidae)".

1328:. Thanks to their large, skinless pectoral fins, hawkfish can perch on fire corals without harm. Fire corals are not true 7461: 7338: 6051: 5208: 5070: 3242: 3069:

Justine, J-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, GA.; Bray, RA.; Miller, TL.; Moravec, F.; Trilles, JP.; Whittington, ID. (2012).

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Analysis of the influence of substrate variables on coral reef fish communities. Luckhurst, B.E. and K. Luckhurst, 1978.

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where other fish can come to have their parasites nibbled away. The "resident fish doctor and dentist on the reef is the

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Garla, R.C.; Chapman, D.D.; Wetherbee, B.M. & Shivji, M. (2006). "Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks,

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are the most diverse of feeding types among coral reef fishes. There are many more carnivore species on the reefs than

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Springer, S. (1967), "Social organization of shark populations", in Gilbert, P.W.; R.F. Mathewson; D.P. Rail (eds.),

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Justine, J-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, GA.; Bray, RA.; Moravec, F.; Trilles, JP.; Whittington, ID. (November 2010).

2739: 2714: 2627: 2421: 3662:"A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark-human interactions" 6869: 4735: 4590: 4457: 4297: 3987: 2287:

Depczynski, Martial; Bellwood, David R (2005), "Shortest recorded vertebrate lifespan found in a coral reef fish",

2180: 1455: 859:. The forage fish are, in turn, eaten by larger fish, such as the bigeye trevally. Fish receive many benefits from 2823: 114:. If the triggerfish wants to hide, it will squeeze into a coral crevice and lock itself in place with its spines. 102:

have mouths that crush shells. Orange-lined triggerfish are particularly aggressive. The black and white fish are

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Lionfish can aggressively dart at scuba divers and attempt to puncture the facemask with their venomous spines.

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inflate themselves by swallowing water or air, which restricts potential predators to those with bigger mouths.

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growing on reef surfaces, utilizing mouths like beaks well adapted to scrape off their food. Other fish, like

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uses its hammer both to locate electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand and to pin them down.

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secretes a mucus coating which reduces drag when they swim. But some parasites find the mucus good to eat.

463:. A black vertical bar on the head runs through the true eye, making it hard to see. This can result in a 5720: 5577: 4583: 4342: 4302: 3919: 2690: 2525: 2274: 1528: 141: 1124:. This may be a mechanism for overwhelming the highly aggressive defence responses of small territorial 7585: 7474: 6472: 6199: 6169: 6056: 5665: 4885: 2805:

Kline, R.J. (2010) "Hormonal correlates of coloration and sexual change in the hermaphroditic grouper,

1594:(digeneans). The high biodiversity of coral reefs increases the complexity of the interactions between 1352:

as they pass by. They are mostly solitary, although some species form pairs and share a head of coral.

1216:. Surgeonfish sometimes use schooling as a countermeasure to defensive attacks by solitary damselfish. 7739: 7734: 7711: 7620: 7451: 7426: 6745: 6738: 6705: 6447: 6119: 5800: 5193: 5087: 4429: 4194: 3028:

Justine, J.-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, G. A.; Bray, R. A.; Moravec, F.; Whittington, I. D. (2010).

1006: 17: 3113: 3009: 2953: 7783: 7625: 7358: 7333: 7004: 6979: 6755: 6514: 5646: 5439: 5434: 4730: 4439: 4292: 4257: 3526: 3154: 2521: 1057: 177: 95: 2686: 7716: 7378: 7271: 6949: 6904: 6889: 6733: 6715: 6277: 6026: 5777: 5347: 5158: 5052: 4780: 4770: 4282: 3797: 2565: 1800:, could be a reason why Polynesians migrated to Easter Island, New Zealand, and possibly Hawaii. 1509:. This gives the sea anemones a second line of defence. They are guarded by fiercely territorial 480:

Just as some prey species evolved cryptic colouration and patterns to help avoid predators, some

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refers to two species that have a close relationship with each other. The relationship can be

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has strong jaws for crushing and eating sea urchins, crustaceans and hard-shell molluscs. Its

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Yellowfin goatfish change their colouration so they can school with the blue-striped snapper.

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has false eyes on its back end, confusing predators about which is the front end of the fish.

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is one of only two animal species known to have blue colouring because of cellular pigment.

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Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date

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with the electric organ removed. They have been called "the meanest things in creation".

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feed on plants. The four largest groups of coral reef fishes that feed on plants are the

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species, small coral reef-dwelling fishes, is the world's shortest lived vertebrate, the

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are very cautious, yet they can fail to see a tassled scorpionfish until it is too late.

7729: 7505: 7348: 7128: 6091: 5469: 5464: 5332: 5274: 5168: 5017: 4935: 4820: 4800: 4710: 4653: 4393: 4378: 4327: 4267: 3755: 3097: 3070: 2920: 2885: 2828: 2783: 2756: 2660: 2456: 2312: 1096: 1013: 798: 659: 636: 134: 3692: 3414:

Voyages of discovery or necessity? Fish poisoning may be why Polynesians left paradise

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the gills with the mouth closed, thereby trapping the helpless prey For example, the

597:

surprising, given the huge variety in the types of prey on offer around coral reefs.

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can erect spines in its tail and slash at its opponent with rapid sideways movements

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A more bizarre example of commensalism occurs between the slim, eel-shaped pinhead

1081: 1002: 989: 715: 663: 152:, squeeze into a small hiding place and wedge themselves by erecting their spines. 71: 3861:

Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem by Peter F. Sale

7696: 7554: 7343: 7133: 7073: 6974: 6396: 6204: 6191: 6174: 6129: 6011: 5950: 5874: 5869: 5805: 5792: 5762: 5557: 5524: 5337: 5213: 5188: 4997: 4950: 4875: 4720: 4705: 4554: 4524: 4373: 4227: 3973: 3935: 3733: 3320: 3161: 2948: 2773: 2115: 2045: 2039: 1990: 1955: 1848: 1828: 1665: 1618: 1540: 917: 870: 761: 605: 552: 481: 413: 330: 314: 144:. Small reef fish get protection from predators by hiding in reef crevices or by 107: 82:, are threatening the survival of the coral reefs and the associated reef fish. 7686: 7615: 7529: 7178: 7158: 7138: 7113: 7063: 6994: 6984: 6944: 6884: 6847: 6672: 6645: 6537: 6529: 6462: 6432: 6371: 6353: 6307: 6297: 5901: 5854: 5421: 5375: 5370: 5342: 5309: 5178: 5037: 4965: 4955: 4805: 4750: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4539: 4307: 4252: 4056: 3458:

Randall, J.E. (1977). "Contribution to the Biology of the Whitetip Reef Shark (

2262: 2099: 1836: 1685: 1661: 1654: 1634: 1599: 1583: 701:

material. Diet varies with age, location and the prevalent prey items locally.

520: 441: 338: 276: 261: 110:

damselfish. If the triggerfish attacks, the damselfish will hide in the nearby

7235: 3751: 3678: 3661: 3048: 2916: 2881: 2656: 2300: 2077: 7762: 7706: 7701: 7605: 7368: 7266: 7236: 7123: 7108: 7093: 6969: 6774: 6677: 6591: 6411: 6386: 6381: 6337: 6332: 6287: 6282: 6262: 6134: 5913: 5832: 5635: 5529: 5494: 5395: 5390: 5365: 4895: 4860: 4835: 4685: 4648: 4492: 4212: 4162: 4051: 4026: 3930: 3783: 3772: 3353: 3286: 3258: 3200: 3127: 2868: 2580: 2538: 2477: 2365: 2341: 2094: 1995: 1943: 1844: 1638: 1607: 1603: 1572: 958: 932: 756: 601: 424: 362: 358: 130: 3413: 2755:

Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-el-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006).

90: 7188: 7103: 7083: 7029: 6939: 6909: 6667: 6491: 6406: 6366: 6267: 6209: 6149: 6076: 6071: 6061: 5977: 5967: 5896: 5879: 5786: 5747: 5740: 5621: 5400: 5380: 5284: 5022: 4905: 4825: 4785: 4775: 4745: 4505: 4322: 4097: 4089: 4041: 4008: 3880: 3646: 3596: 3106: 3087: 2999: 2792: 2308: 2107: 2069: 2054: 1911: 1766: 1664:. It has a remarkable ability to camouflage itself amongst rocks. It is an 1646: 1576: 1568: 1532: 1360: 1349: 1310: 1061: 998: 902: 864: 852: 731: 712: 284: 60: 3693:

Papastamatiou, Y.P.; Wetherbee, B.M.; Lowe, C.G. & Crow, G.L. (2006).

1276:

Schooling spinefoot rabbitfish are often joined by defenceless parrotfish.

7441: 7353: 7203: 7183: 7168: 7153: 7148: 7098: 6879: 6798: 6650: 6638: 6564: 6322: 6317: 6292: 6272: 6214: 6109: 6004: 5982: 5972: 5945: 5815: 5767: 5534: 5509: 5504: 5474: 5257: 5233: 5198: 5007: 4910: 4830: 4790: 4643: 4498: 4287: 4222: 4036: 4021: 4016: 3965: 3417: 3383:"Did ciguatera prompt the late Holocene Polynesian voyages of discovery?" 2990: 2973: 2161: 2119: 2028: 1951: 1931: 1927: 1879: 1785: 1778: 1721: 1403: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1113: 945: 856: 848: 844: 779: 753: 690: 449: 307: 192: 156: 149: 122: 111: 99: 75: 2730:

Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).

1808: 7665: 7373: 7163: 7143: 6700: 6499: 6467: 6401: 6391: 6312: 6302: 5987: 5955: 5940: 5886: 5859: 5842: 5514: 5449: 5238: 5218: 5002: 4975: 4760: 4673: 4564: 4549: 4472: 4462: 4452: 4167: 4145: 4127: 4112: 4102: 4000: 3719: 3694: 3323:. "Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami" 2451: 2434: 2413: 2123: 2012: 2008: 1982: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1892: 1789: 1744:

buries itself in sand and can deliver electric shocks as well as venom.

1411: 1345: 1337: 1325: 1314: 1261: 1229: 1201: 1195: 1183: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1125: 783: 687: 683: 679: 640: 621: 613: 609: 494: 409: 398: 213: 205: 118: 52: 37: 7308: 5630: 3638: 2053:. On occasion, this shark may venture several kilometers out into the 7635: 7600: 7213: 7193: 6457: 6442: 6427: 6257: 5918: 5864: 5849: 5827: 5810: 5757: 5539: 5444: 5228: 4992: 4985: 4960: 4870: 4575: 4544: 2169: 2111: 2103: 2016: 2004: 1903: 1899: 1832: 1793: 1762: 1725: 1705: 1552: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1488: 1356: 1302: 1245: 1177: 1132: 1117: 951: 826: 741: 723: 651: 647: 515:(lower) surface has large, white spots on a dark background, and its 257: 160: 56: 3436:

Hobson, E.S. (1963). "Feeding Behavior in Three Species of Sharks".

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Many reef fish are toxic. Toxic fish are fish which contain strong

1595: 1544: 1536: 1407: 1367:. At night it emerges the same way and feeds on small crustaceans. 1333: 1321: 1295: 1291: 867:, that let them feel each other's movements and stay synchronized. 704: 464: 32: 1961: 1418:, and are an effective deterrent against most predators. However, 1168:

can drape reefs in kaleidoscopes of colours and shapes. Algae are

7681: 7650: 7580: 7480: 7014: 6829: 6633: 6628: 6606: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6114: 6066: 5960: 5730: 5725: 5499: 5459: 5429: 5407: 5027: 4815: 4715: 4332: 4117: 3910:

Featured Creatures in Coral Reefs at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal

3773:

Rosa, R.S.; Mancini, P.; Caldas, J.P. & Graham, R.T. (2006).

3243:

Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

2253:

Food Habits of Reef Fishes of the West Indies, Randall, J.E. 1967

2034: 2024: 2020: 1939: 1750: 1623: 1591: 1564: 1548: 1514: 1498: 1173: 749: 727: 708: 280: 5248: 4618: 1434:

The tentacles of sea anemones bristle with tiny toxic harpoons.

70:

However, loss and degradation of coral reef habitat, increasing

6552: 5484: 4810: 4357: 4064: 3949: 3888: 2856:(2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 2754: 2050: 1868: 1835:

of coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Coral reefs in the western

1560: 1077: 1037: 786:, while their juveniles mostly eat crustaceans such as prawns. 671: 583: 500: 3923: 3500:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 459–461. 519:(upper) surface has black spots on yellow. This is a form of 323: 6655: 6584: 5994: 4135: 3996: 3915:

Coral Reef Fishes: Adaptations, Diversity, and Economic Value

1999:

social aggregations have also been observed. They are active

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There is a mutualistic relationship between sea anemones and

1415: 1329: 1313:, when one species benefits and the other is unaffected, and 1165: 1159: 1034: 698: 694: 632: 617: 571:

camouflaged to look like part of a coral encrusted sea floor.

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that vigorously guard small patches of algae on coral reefs.

6557: 6144: 5697: 5688: 4980: 3877:"The structure and dynamics of coral reef fish communities" 1947: 1872: 1341: 1286: 719: 675: 667: 237: 48: 27:

Fish which live amongst or in close relation to coral reefs

1985:

environments. This species likes shallow water, while the

1344:. Hawkfish usually stay motionless, but dart out and grab 6596: 6164: 5042: 5032: 4140: 2809:". Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. 1950:. Important predators of the whitetip reef shark include 1907: 484:

evolved camouflage that lets them ambush their prey. The

176:

Most coral reef fish have spines in their fins like this

6842: 3554:

Bulletin of Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute

2435:"Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish" 2093:

is up to 3 metres (10 ft) long, one of the largest

2064:

comments on the relationship between the three species.

1792:. Like many other apex reef fish, it is likely to cause 155:

As an example of the adaptations made by reef fish, the

5657: 2729: 997:

Fish can not groom themselves. Some fish specialise as

748:) are known to cooperate with each other when hunting. 279:

often inhabit reefs. Male toadfish "sing" at up to 100

1317:, when one species benefits, and the other is harmed. 452:

that the fish has venomous spines or poisonous flesh.

3618: 3182:

Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn

2902: 2865: 2151: 1264:

have venomous spines which they erect if threatened.

3575:at Palmyra Atoll: a predator-dominated ecosystem". 3564: 3380: 3155:

Poisonous vs. Venomous fish: What's the difference?

3023: 3021: 3019: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2832:. December 4, 1984. Retrieved on December 26, 2011. 1309:, when both species benefit from the relationship, 3614:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 149–174 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 2286: 1531:. Since coral reef fish are characterized by high 260:, often found in reefs. The slowest of these, the 3231:"The Stonefish – The Deadliest Fish in The World" 300:Contrast between coral reef and open water fishes 7760: 3845:"Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea" 3495: 3016: 2960: 2432: 2038:Coral reef drop-offs are a favoured habitat for 1898:The whitetip reef shark is highly responsive to 1749:Unlike the stonefish which can shoot venom, the 1633:in their bodies. There is a distinction between 905:swim in schools for protection against trevally. 7656:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 7282:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3816:"Coral Reef Fishes: Indo-Pacific and Caribbean" 3226: 3224: 3055: 2840: 2838: 1886:spend much of the day lying still on the bottom 1645:) by biting, stinging, or stabbing, causing an 3666:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 2936: 2934: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2195: 1606:. Results obtained for the coral reef fish of 1320:An example of commensalism occurs between the 6814: 5673: 4881:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 4591: 4184:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 3981: 3686: 3457: 3195: 3193: 1194:, sometimes with other species like shoaling 555:disguised to look like an algae-covered stone 200: 3798:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60217A12323052.en 3727: 3659: 3609: 3435: 3221: 2835: 2642: 2221: 2219: 1410:of sea anemones bristle with tiny harpoons ( 7432:List of commercially important fish species 7277:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 4946:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 3885:Theory and management of tropical fisheries 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 2931: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2204: 2192: 1761:is a reef fish which secretes a colourless 51:which live amongst or in close relation to 6828: 6821: 6807: 5680: 5666: 4598: 4584: 3995: 3988: 3974: 3453: 3451: 3190: 2734:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. 2573: 2522:Coral Reef Connections: Predators and Prey 2277:by Amit Malewar. Published on May 24, 2019 1527:As with all fish, coral reef fish harbour 886:Many small reef fishes gain advantages by 782:hunt a variety of reef fish, particularly 6225:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 3796: 3718: 3677: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3398: 3381:Rongo, T; Bush, M; van Woesik, R (2009). 3148: 3096: 3086: 2989: 2782: 2772: 2611:The Macmillan book of the Marine Aquarium 2450: 2216: 834: 627: 7404:Regional fishery management organisation 3939:) is being considered for deletion. See 3474: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2696: 2414:"Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" 2395: 2322: 2177:– most of these fish are coral reef fish 2076: 2033: 2023:. Blacktip reef sharks are preyed on by 1960: 1878: 1816:almost exclusively inhabits coral reefs. 1807: 1617: 1483: 1449:are resistant to the sea anemone toxin. 1285: 1116:are among the most common of coral reef 1108: 631: 600:For example, the primary food source of 292: 204: 89: 31: 3831:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology. 3653: 3448: 3352: 3285: 3257: 3199: 3164:Reef Biosearch. Retrieved 17 July 2009. 3126: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2579: 2537: 2476: 2364: 2340: 1803: 855:, move around the reef feeding on tiny 825:Coral grouper sometimes cooperate with 121:are the result of millions of years of 14: 7761: 4605: 4263:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 3514: 3424: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 1384:Pearlfish emerging from a sea cucumber 7234: 6841: 6802: 5661: 5134: 5133: 4617: 4579: 4415:Environmental issues with coral reefs 3969: 3167: 2702: 2607: 2601: 1575:. Some of these fish parasites have 1567:, and various microorganisms such as 1208:and algae, and are an important reef 734:are staples. The yellowfin goatfish ( 591: 7287:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 3766: 2671: 2175:List of marine aquarium fish species 2085:cruises a coral reef in the Bahamas. 1720:Like many other apex reef fish, the 1684:The most venomous known fish is the 1660:The most venomous known fish is the 1204:are a group of species that feed on 244:, which lives for less than 60 days. 140:Reef fish have also evolved complex 7462:Future of Marine Animal Populations 7339:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 7329:Monitoring control and surveillance 6781: 6052:Electroreception and electrogenesis 5209:Oceanic physical-biological process 5071:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 3784:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3531:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 2723: 2498: 2098:of seasonal changes in activity or 1497:(arrows) on the gill filament of a 264:, attains about five feet per hour. 133:. Many reef fish have also evolved 24: 3332:Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) 2334: 1524:found in the anemone's tentacles. 990:Porcupinefish with cleaner wrasses 256:The slowest-moving fishes are the 25: 7795: 7661:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 7394:National Marine Fisheries Service 7389:European Fisheries Control Agency 3957:, an online virtual reef for kids 3943:to help reach a consensus. › 3903: 3533:. Retrieved on February 14, 2009. 2106:and cephalopods, as well as some 1788:is a reef fish at the top of the 1657:to find drugs with medical uses. 1336:possessing stinging cells called 7307: 7053: 6870:Population dynamics of fisheries 6780: 6769: 6768: 6751: 6750: 5776: 5642: 5641: 5629: 5615: 5247: 4919: 4736:Colored dissolved organic matter 4458:International Coral Reef Society 4298:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System 4079: 3589:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02329.x 3400:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02139.x 3112: 3008: 2952: 2687:Coral Reef Connections: Partners 2181:List of reef fish of the Red Sea 2154: 2131: 1733: 1713: 1693: 1677: 1559:, parasitic crustaceans such as 1469: 1454: 1439: 1427: 1390: 1378: 1269: 1253: 1237: 1221: 1162:growing on or near coral reefs. 1088: 1069: 1045: 1022: 984: 978:Giant moray with cleaner wrasses 972: 925: 910: 895: 879: 818: 806: 791: 771: 608:themselves or the appendages of 576: 560: 544: 528: 423: 397: 377: 322: 306: 269: 249: 229: 184: 169: 7591:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 7447:Environmental impact of fishing 5736:Environmental impact of fishing 5081:Latin America and the Caribbean 4389:Stony coral tissue loss disease 3961:List of aquarium saltwater fish 3814:Lieske, E and R. Myers. (2001) 3603: 3545: 3536: 3407: 3374: 3346: 3326: 3307: 3279: 3251: 3236: 3233:, Virginia Wells, Petplace.com. 3120: 2896: 2859: 2847: 2824:SEX CHANGE IN FISH FOUND COMMON 2816: 2799: 2748: 2645:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2636: 2559: 2531: 2467: 2426: 2386: 2358: 1843:. These sharks, all species of 1598:and their various and numerous 1479:guarding their sea anemone home 567:Another ambush predator is the 7565:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6925:Otolith microchemical analysis 5563:Ecological values of mangroves 5106:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 3829:Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2003) 3699:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2329:Guinness Book of World Records 2280: 2268: 2256: 2247: 2237: 2228: 1708:toxin from glands on its skin. 1396:Clownfish swimming among coral 1248:prey in schools on parrotfish. 801:will eat just about anything. 711:feeders, using a pair of long 368: 13: 1: 7560:European Environmental Agency 7550:Grey nurse shark conservation 7457:Destructive fishing practices 6955:Pop-up satellite archival tag 4318:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 3928: 3847:University of Hawaii Press. 3808: 2213:Moyle and Cech, 2003, p. 561. 2201:Moyle and Cech, 2003, p. 555. 1622:Head-on view of the venomous 1104: 1080:servicing a larger fish at a 348: 80:destructive fishing practices 7540:Marine conservation activism 6990:Climate change and fisheries 5821:intramembranous ossification 5583:Marine conservation activism 5568:Fisheries and climate change 3891:Conference Proceedings (9), 3818:Princeton University Press. 2774:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 2693:. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 2616:Macmillan Publishing Company 2528:. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 1359:and a particular species of 1281: 7: 5578:Human impact on marine life 5455:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 4691:Aquatic population dynamics 4343:Southeast Asian coral reefs 3833:5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings. 3660:Martin, R.A. (March 2007). 2691:Public Broadcasting Service 2526:Public Broadcasting Service 2433:Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). 2392:Moyle and Cech 2003, pp. 4. 2147: 1613: 766:occurring within ten days. 736:Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 209:Distribution of coral reefs 106:and the unstriped fish are 85: 55:. Coral reefs form complex 10: 7800: 7586:Marine Stewardship Council 7379:EU Common Fisheries Policy 6200:Fin and flipper locomotion 6170:Sequential hermaphroditism 6057:Jamming avoidance response 5774: 4303:New Caledonia barrier reef 2709:. Rome: FAO. p. 207. 1298:, surveys its surroundings 313:Many reef fish, like this 201:Diversity and distribution 164:rapid sideways movements. 7740:Glossary of fishery terms 7735:Index of fishing articles 7725: 7674: 7573: 7517: 7452:Fishing down the food web 7427:Maximum sustainable yield 7414: 7316: 7305: 7259: 7255: 7230: 7062: 7051: 6985:Match/mismatch hypothesis 6858: 6854: 6837: 6764: 6688: 6621: 6528: 6490: 6481: 6420: 6351: 6238: 6190: 6100: 6025: 5785: 5695: 5609: 5548: 5420: 5356: 5318: 5265: 5256: 5245: 5194:Marine primary production 5146: 5142: 5129: 5088:List of marine ecoregions 5063: 4928: 4917: 4631: 4627: 4613: 4517: 4485: 4438: 4407: 4366: 4203: 4195:Spur and groove formation 4126: 4088: 4077: 4007: 3752:10.1007/s00227-005-0201-4 3679:10.1080/10236240601154872 3573:Carcharhinus melanopterus 3496:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). 3334:Coral reef guide; Red Sea 3248:. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 3049:10.11646/zootaxa.2691.1.1 2917:10.1080/10236240500057929 2882:10.1007/s10750-004-2688-y 2657:10.1007/s10641-011-9964-2 2382:. September 2009 version. 2354:. September 2009 version. 2301:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.016 1406:are common on reefs. The 1389: 1377: 1372: 1007:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 983: 971: 966: 746:Plectropomus pessuliferus 7626:Save Our Seas Foundation 7359:Individual fishing quota 7334:Vessel monitoring system 6980:Hydrographic containment 5687: 5440:Coastal biogeomorphology 5435:Marine coastal ecosystem 4258:East African coral coast 3941:templates for discussion 3922:: Centre of Excellence 3612:Sharks, Skates, and Rays 3356:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3289:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3261:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3203:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3130:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2905:Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phys 2807:Epinephelus adscensionis 2587:Balistoides conspicillum 2583:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2541:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2480:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2416:Gulf Publishing Company 2368:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2344:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2186: 1969:often patrol reef ledges 1582:(i.e. they have several 1517:from the clownfish feed 1151:. All feed primarily on 1058:orange-lined triggerfish 357:Many reef fish, such as 96:orange-lined triggerfish 94:In the foreground is an 40:are numerous and diverse 7272:Exclusive economic zone 6950:GIS and aquatic science 6905:Standard weight in fish 6716:Glossary of ichthyology 6278:Diel vertical migration 5348:Paradox of the plankton 5159:Diel vertical migration 5053:Freshwater swamp forest 4771:GIS and aquatic science 4619:General components and 3577:Journal of Fish Biology 3387:Journal of Biogeography 2978:Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2597:. January 2010 version. 2555:. January 2010 version. 2346:"Family Batrachoididae" 2263:Coral Reef Fish Ecology 1491:parasites of the genus 1228:Relatively defenceless 1064:that feed on leftovers. 242:seven-figure pygmy goby 104:three-stripe damselfish 7501:Turtle excluder device 7174:Shoaling and schooling 6082:Surface wave detection 6047:Hydrodynamic reception 5721:Diseases and parasites 5174:Large marine ecosystem 4866:Shoaling and schooling 4425:Coral reef restoration 3336:London, HarperCollins 3265:Uranoscopus sulphureus 3088:10.1186/2046-9063-8-22 2732:Encyclopedia of Fishes 2225:Liske and Myers, 2001. 2086: 2075: 2042: 1970: 1887: 1817: 1626: 1590:(certain cestodes) or 1502: 1299: 1129: 835:Specialised carnivores 644: 628:Generalized carnivores 474:Synchiropus splendidus 444:with silvery colours. 387:Synchiropus splendidus 210: 146:shoaling and schooling 137:to confuse predators. 115: 41: 36:The fish that inhabit 7525:Marine protected area 7399:Regional fishery body 7025:Census of Marine Life 6920:Catch per unit effort 6220:Undulatory locomotion 6037:Ampullae of Lorenzini 5593:Marine protected area 5520:Salt pannes and pools 5295:Marine larval ecology 5270:Census of Marine Life 5154:Deep scattering layer 5111:San Francisco Estuary 5076:Africa and Madagascar 4901:Underwater camouflage 4681:Aquatic biomonitoring 4621:freshwater ecosystems 4420:Coral reef protection 4384:Skeletal eroding band 4190:Catlin Seaview Survey 4178:Census of Coral Reefs 4156:mesophotic coral reef 3883:and Murphy GI (eds.) 3791:: e.T60217A12323052. 3360:Gymnothorax javanicus 3293:Lactophrys bicaudalis 2484:Chaetodon capistratus 2080: 2066: 2037: 1964: 1882: 1839:are dominated by the 1811: 1621: 1487: 1289: 1112: 635: 537:foureye butterflyfish 486:tasseled scorpionfish 457:foureye butterflyfish 404:The well camouflaged 341:with silvery colours. 335:Atlantic bluefin tuna 293:Reef fish adaptations 208: 93: 78:including the use of 35: 7364:Minimum landing size 7324:Fisheries management 7299:Magnuson–Stevens Act 7294:Fisheries Convention 7045:Fisheries scientists 6448:Genetically modified 5328:Marine bacteriophage 5290:Marine invertebrates 4530:Aquaculture of coral 4313:Non-tropical regions 3527:Caribbean Reef Shark 3370:. July 2009 version. 3303:. July 2009 version. 3275:. July 2009 version. 3217:. July 2009 version. 3144:. July 2009 version. 2991:10.14411/fp.2010.032 2703:Allen, G.R. (1985). 2608:Dakin, Nick (1992). 2567:Antennarius striatus 2545:Antennarius striatus 2494:. July 2009 version. 2091:Caribbean reef shark 2083:Caribbean reef shark 2027:, grey reef sharks, 1967:blacktip reef sharks 1884:Whitetip reef sharks 1841:Caribbean reef shark 1804:Reef sharks and rays 1798:harmful algal blooms 1728:poisoning if eaten. 1494:Pseudorhabdosynochus 1462:Yellowtail clownfish 1447:Saddle butterflyfish 1420:saddle butterflyfish 1294:, safely perched on 1180:such as parrotfish. 744:and coral groupers ( 569:tassled scorpionfish 7641:Defying Ocean's End 7545:Salmon conservation 7535:Marine conservation 7475:The End of the Line 7468:The Sunken Billions 7437:Sustainable seafood 7422:Sustainable fishery 7035:Fisheries databases 6965:Age class structure 6935:Fisheries acoustics 6253:Aquatic respiration 6140:Life history theory 5204:Ocean fertilization 5013:Trophic state index 4971:Lake stratification 4701:Aquatic respiration 4448:Coral Reef Alliance 4338:Solomon Archipelago 4243:Belize Barrier Reef 4218:African coral reefs 3843:Randall, J. (1997) 3777:Carcharhinus perezi 3736:Carcharhinus perezi 3711:2006MEPS..320..239P 3207:Synanceja verrucosa 2412:Alevizon WS (1994) 2015:, and also feed on 1975:blacktip reef shark 1864:whitetip reef shark 1814:whitetip reef shark 1120:, often feeding in 861:schooling behaviour 551:The frogfish is an 191:The usually placid 142:adaptive behaviours 98:displaying spines. 7730:Outline of fishing 7349:Fisheries observer 7000:Aquatic ecosystems 6092:Weberian apparatus 5470:Intertidal wetland 5465:Intertidal ecology 5333:Marine prokaryotes 5275:Deep-sea community 5169:Iron fertilization 5092:Specific examples 5018:Upland and lowland 4936:Freshwater biology 4801:Microbial food web 4711:Aquatic toxicology 4654:Aquatic adaptation 4607:Aquatic ecosystems 4394:White band disease 4379:Black band disease 4348:Tuvalu Archipelago 4328:Raja Ampat Islands 4268:Great Barrier Reef 3924:Coral Reef Studies 3720:10.3354/meps320239 3319:2010-02-04 at the 3185:The New York Times 3160:2009-10-30 at the 2947:2016-03-07 at the 2829:The New York Times 2452:10.2108/zsj.12.811 2439:Zoological Science 2087: 2043: 1971: 1888: 1818: 1627: 1503: 1300: 1130: 1076:Two small cleaner 1056:followed by small 799:Bluestripe snapper 660:bluestripe snapper 645: 592:Feeding strategies 287:to attract mates. 211: 135:cryptic coloration 116: 108:blue-green chromis 42: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7712:Threatened sharks 7611:Ocean Conservancy 7596:Friend of the Sea 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7134:Lobster fisheries 7079:Diversity of fish 6875:Shifting baseline 6844:Fisheries science 6796: 6795: 6706:Fish common names 6617: 6616: 6248:Aquatic predation 6072:Capacity for pain 5801:Age determination 5655: 5654: 5636:Oceans portal 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5480:Hydrothermal vent 5416: 5415: 5305:Seashore wildlife 5136:Marine ecosystems 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 4891:Thermal pollution 4856:Ramsar Convention 4796:Microbial ecology 4756:Fisheries science 4696:Aquatic predation 4573: 4572: 4481: 4480: 4399:White pox disease 4248:Coral Sea Islands 3839:978-0-13-100847-2 3639:10.1890/08-0491.1 3460:Triaenodon obesus 3246:Australian Museum 2060:Shark researcher 1853:tawny nurse shark 1759:spotted trunkfish 1702:spotted trunkfish 1401: 1400: 1170:primary producers 1054:titan triggerfish 1031:Emperor angelfish 1003:cleaning stations 995: 994: 942:titan triggerfish 509:clown triggerfish 491:striated frogfish 431:Clown triggerfish 406:striated frogfish 127:ray-finned fishes 112:cauliflower coral 16:(Redirected from 7791: 7692:Marine pollution 7496:Cetacean bycatch 7491:Incidental catch 7311: 7257: 7256: 7232: 7231: 7199:Humboldt current 7057: 6975:Trophic cascades 6915:Data storage tag 6900:Fish measurement 6895:Stock assessment 6856: 6855: 6839: 6838: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6784: 6783: 6772: 6771: 6754: 6753: 6488: 6487: 5780: 5711:Ethnoichthyology 5682: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5624: 5622:Lakes portal 5620: 5619: 5618: 5588:Marine pollution 5280:Deep-water coral 5263: 5262: 5251: 5184:Marine chemistry 5144: 5143: 5131: 5130: 5048:Freshwater marsh 4941:Freshwater biome 4923: 4639:Acoustic ecology 4629: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4560:Deep-water coral 4535:Coral dermatitis 4436: 4435: 4151:Deep-water coral 4083: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3864:Academic Press. 3803: 3802: 3800: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3493: 3472: 3471: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3433: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3393:(8): 1423–1432. 3378: 3372: 3371: 3350: 3344: 3330: 3324: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3197: 3188: 3178: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3134:Pterois volitans 3124: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3090: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3034: 3025: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3003: 2993: 2969: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2876:(1–3): 513–520. 2863: 2857: 2851: 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822: 810: 795: 775: 759:, who school in 730:and other small 580: 564: 548: 532: 482:ambush predators 471:The psychedelic 427: 401: 384:The psychedelic 381: 326: 310: 273: 253: 233: 188: 173: 59:with tremendous 21: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7784:Fish by habitat 7759: 7758: 7757: 7744: 7721: 7717:Threatened rays 7697:Mercury in fish 7670: 7569: 7555:Shark sanctuary 7513: 7410: 7344:Catch reporting 7312: 7303: 7251: 7218: 7124:Krill fisheries 7089:Coral reef fish 7074:Ocean fisheries 7065: 7058: 7049: 6890:Condition index 6861: 6850: 6833: 6827: 6797: 6792: 6760: 6684: 6613: 6524: 6477: 6416: 6347: 6240: 6234: 6186: 6130:Ichthyoplankton 6096: 6028: 6021: 6017:Digital Library 6012:Teleost leptins 5951:Shark cartilage 5875:pharyngeal slit 5870:pharyngeal arch 5806:Anguilliformity 5791: 5789: 5781: 5772: 5691: 5686: 5656: 5651: 5628: 5627: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5597: 5558:Coral bleaching 5544: 5525:Seagrass meadow 5422:Marine habitats 5412: 5386:Coral reef fish 5352: 5338:Marine protists 5314: 5252: 5243: 5214:Ocean turbidity 5189:Marine food web 5138: 5117: 5059: 4998:River ecosystem 4951:Freshwater fish 4924: 4915: 4721:Bioluminescence 4706:Aquatic science 4623: 4609: 4604: 4574: 4569: 4555:Coralline algae 4525:Artificial reef 4513: 4486:Symbiotic algae 4477: 4434: 4430:Reef resilience 4403: 4374:Coral bleaching 4362: 4228:Andros, Bahamas 4199: 4173:Coral reef fish 4122: 4084: 4075: 4003: 3994: 3944: 3906: 3875:Sale PF (1982) 3858:Sale PF (2006) 3811: 3806: 3771: 3767: 3732: 3728: 3691: 3687: 3658: 3654: 3633:(4): 996–1008. 3623: 3619: 3608: 3604: 3569: 3565: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3515: 3508: 3494: 3475: 3464:Pacific Science 3456: 3449: 3438:Pacific Science 3434: 3425: 3412: 3408: 3379: 3375: 3351: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321:Wayback Machine 3312: 3308: 3284: 3280: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3198: 3191: 3187:22 August 2006. 3179: 3168: 3162:Wayback Machine 3153: 3149: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3067: 3056: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3007: 2970: 2961: 2951: 2949:Wayback Machine 2939: 2932: 2901: 2897: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2821: 2817: 2804: 2800: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2701: 2697: 2685: 2672: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2606: 2602: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2560: 2536: 2532: 2520: 2499: 2472: 2468: 2431: 2427: 2411: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2363: 2359: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2289:Current Biology 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2136: 1991:grey reef shark 1849:Galapagos shark 1806: 1745: 1738: 1729: 1718: 1709: 1698: 1689: 1682: 1666:ambush predator 1616: 1541:Platyhelminthes 1480: 1474: 1465: 1459: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1391: 1379: 1373:External images 1284: 1277: 1274: 1265: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1233: 1226: 1107: 1100: 1097:reef lizardfish 1093: 1084: 1074: 1065: 1050: 1041: 1027: 1014:reef lizardfish 985: 973: 936: 930: 921: 918:Bigeye trevally 915: 906: 900: 891: 884: 871:Bigeye trevally 837: 830: 823: 814: 811: 802: 796: 787: 776: 630: 602:butterflyfishes 594: 587: 581: 572: 565: 556: 553:ambush predator 549: 540: 533: 438: 437: 436: 435: 434: 428: 419: 418: 417: 414:ambush predator 408:, a species of 402: 393: 392: 391: 382: 371: 351: 346: 345: 344: 343: 342: 331:open water fish 327: 319: 318: 315:queen angelfish 311: 302: 301: 295: 288: 274: 265: 254: 245: 234: 203: 196: 189: 180: 174: 88: 45:Coral reef fish 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Fish slaughter 7684: 7678: 7676: 7675:Related issues 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7616:Ocean Outcomes 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7530:Marine reserve 7527: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7415:Sustainability 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7253: 7252: 7245:sustainability 7228: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Marine habitat 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7139:Shrimp fishery 7136: 7131: 7129:Kelp fisheries 7126: 7121: 7116: 7114:Crab fisheries 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6995:Marine biology 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6945:Coded wire tag 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6885:Fish mortality 6882: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6852: 6851: 6848:wild fisheries 6835: 6834: 6832:science topics 6826: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6534: 6532: 6530:Wild fisheries 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6453:Hallucinogenic 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6328:Schooling fish 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Filter feeders 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6263:Bottom feeders 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 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4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4806:Microbial loop 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Eutrophication 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Cascade effect 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4659:Aquatic animal 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Precious coral 4537: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4367:Coral diseases 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4353:Virgin Islands 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4253:Coral Triangle 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3926: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3904:External links 3902: 3901: 3900: 3873: 3856: 3841: 3827: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3765: 3746:(2): 189–199. 3740:Marine Biology 3726: 3685: 3652: 3617: 3602: 3583:(3): 647–654. 3563: 3544: 3535: 3513: 3506: 3473: 3447: 3423: 3421:, 18 May 2009. 3406: 3373: 3354:Froese, Rainer 3345: 3325: 3306: 3287:Froese, Rainer 3278: 3259:Froese, Rainer 3250: 3235: 3220: 3201:Froese, Rainer 3189: 3180:Grady, Denise 3166: 3147: 3128:Froese, Rainer 3119: 3054: 3015: 2959: 2930: 2895: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2815: 2798: 2747: 2740: 2722: 2715: 2695: 2670: 2651:(4): 579–590. 2635: 2628: 2600: 2581:Froese, Rainer 2572: 2558: 2539:Froese, Rainer 2530: 2497: 2478:Froese, Rainer 2466: 2445:(6): 811–813. 2425: 2394: 2385: 2366:Froese, Rainer 2357: 2342:Froese, Rainer 2333: 2321: 2279: 2267: 2265:, Buchheim, J. 2255: 2246: 2236: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2095:apex predators 1944:spiny lobsters 1912:squirrelfishes 1837:Atlantic Ocean 1805: 1802: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1686:reef stonefish 1683: 1676: 1662:reef stonefish 1655:bioprospecting 1635:poisonous fish 1615: 1612: 1586:) among which 1482: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1414:) primed with 1399: 1398: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1311:commensalistic 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1232:feed on algae. 1227: 1220: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1068: 1066: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1028: 1021: 993: 992: 981: 980: 969: 968: 967:External image 938: 937: 931: 924: 922: 916: 909: 907: 901: 894: 892: 885: 878: 836: 833: 832: 831: 824: 817: 815: 812: 805: 803: 797: 790: 788: 777: 770: 757:hermaphrodites 629: 626: 604:are the coral 593: 590: 589: 588: 582: 575: 573: 566: 559: 557: 550: 543: 541: 534: 527: 521:countershading 450:warn predators 429: 422: 421: 420: 403: 396: 395: 394: 383: 376: 375: 374: 373: 372: 370: 367: 350: 347: 328: 321: 320: 312: 305: 304: 303: 299: 298: 297: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 275: 268: 266: 262:dwarf seahorse 255: 248: 246: 235: 228: 202: 199: 198: 197: 190: 183: 181: 175: 168: 87: 84: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7796: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779:Tropical fish 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Shark finning 7705: 7703: 7702:Shark culling 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Sea Around Us 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Seafood Watch 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7508: 7507:Shrimp-Turtle 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7369:Pulse fishing 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7267:Fisheries law 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7237:Fisheries law 7233: 7229: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119:Eel fisheries 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109:Cod fisheries 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094:Demersal fish 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7056: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Trophic level 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6789: 6788: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6756:more lists... 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Fish families 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6696:Aquarium life 6694: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6678:fleshy-finned 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6646:Cartilaginous 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:Electric fish 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Mauthner cell 5912: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Chromatophore 5831: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5648: 5640: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:Sponge ground 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Marine biomes 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Demersal fish 5394: 5392: 5391:Deep-sea fish 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366:Marine mammal 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Trophic level 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Sediment trap 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Phytoplankton 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Aquatic plant 4684: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Anoxic waters 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4493:Zooxanthellae 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:Project AWARE 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4440:Organizations 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308:Ningaloo Reef 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4213:List of reefs 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4205:Coral regions 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3897:971-0400-22-3 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870:0-12-373609-9 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3853:0-8248-1895-4 3850: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3824:0-691-08995-7 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3525:Martin, R.A. 3522: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3507:92-5-101384-5 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3470:(2): 143–164. 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3342:0-00-715986-2 3339: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075:Aquat Biosyst 3072: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2984:(4): 237–62. 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2869:Hydrobiologia 2862: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2741:0-12-547665-5 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2716:92-5-102321-2 2712: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2629:0-02-897108-6 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2422:1-55992-077-7 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295:(8): R288-9, 2294: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2250: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:elasmobranchs 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1996:Palmyra Atoll 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938:, as well as 1937: 1933: 1932:triggerfishes 1929: 1928:surgeonfishes 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:requiem shark 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831:dominate the 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:venomous fish 1636: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1608:New Caledonia 1605: 1604:co-extinction 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573:microsporidia 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1350:invertebrates 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:surgeonfishes 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 991: 982: 979: 970: 965: 962: 960: 959:Porcupinefish 956: 953: 949: 947: 943: 934: 933:Porcupinefish 928: 923: 919: 913: 908: 904: 898: 893: 889: 882: 877: 876: 875: 872: 868: 866: 865:lateral lines 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 828: 821: 816: 809: 804: 800: 794: 789: 785: 781: 774: 769: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 737: 733: 732:invertebrates 729: 725: 721: 717: 714: 710: 707:are tireless 706: 702: 700: 696: 693:, as well as 692: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666:, feeding on 665: 662:has a varied 661: 655: 653: 649: 642: 638: 634: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 585: 579: 574: 570: 563: 558: 554: 547: 542: 538: 531: 526: 525: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 502: 498: 496: 492: 487: 483: 478: 476: 475: 469: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 445: 443: 442:countershaded 432: 426: 415: 411: 407: 400: 389: 388: 380: 366: 364: 360: 359:butterflyfish 355: 340: 339:countershaded 336: 332: 329:In contrast, 325: 316: 309: 286: 285:swim bladders 282: 278: 272: 267: 263: 259: 252: 247: 243: 239: 232: 227: 226: 225: 221: 217: 215: 207: 194: 187: 182: 179: 172: 167: 166: 165: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 92: 83: 81: 77: 73: 68: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7518:Conservation 7506: 7473: 7466: 7249:conservation 7204:Algal blooms 7189:Water column 7104:Pelagic fish 7088: 7084:Coastal fish 7030:OSTM/Jason-2 7005:Bioeconomics 6940:Acoustic tag 6910:Fish counter 6785: 6773: 6673:spiny-finned 6622:Major groups 6376: 6343:Intelligence 6323:Scale eaters 6268:Cleaner fish 6150:Mouthbrooder 6102:Reproduction 6077:Schreckstoff 6062:Lateral line 5978:Swim bladder 5968:Spiral valve 5897:hyomandibula 5880:pseudobranch 5763:Hypoxia in - 5550:Conservation 5401:Pelagic fish 5385: 5381:Coastal fish 5285:Marine fungi 5023:Water garden 4906:Water column 4851:Productivity 4826:Pelagic zone 4786:Macrobenthos 4776:Hydrobiology 4746:Ecohydrology 4506:Symbiodinium 4504: 4497: 4408:Conservation 4323:Pulley Ridge 4182: 4172: 4090:Octocorallia 4009:Hexacorallia 3934: 3884: 3860: 3830: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3768: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3530: 3497: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3441: 3437: 3416: 3409: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3333: 3328: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3253: 3238: 3212: 3206: 3184: 3150: 3139: 3133: 3122: 3078: 3074: 3040: 3036: 2981: 2977: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2849: 2827: 2818: 2806: 2801: 2767:(12): e431. 2764: 2761:PLOS Biology 2760: 2750: 2731: 2725: 2705: 2698: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2614:. New York: 2610: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2575: 2566: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2533: 2489: 2483: 2469: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2388: 2377: 2372:Opsanus beta 2371: 2360: 2349: 2336: 2324: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2249: 2239: 2230: 2088: 2070:microhabitat 2067: 2059: 2044: 2029:tiger sharks 1972: 1952:tiger sharks 1924:parrotfishes 1920:damselfishes 1897: 1889: 1861: 1819: 1783: 1779:fish markets 1772: 1767:nurse sharks 1756: 1748: 1659: 1651: 1647:envenomation 1628: 1577:heteroxenous 1569:myxosporidia 1533:biodiversity 1526: 1504: 1492: 1404:Sea anemones 1402: 1361:sea cucumber 1354: 1319: 1315:parasitistic 1301: 1200: 1189: 1182: 1164: 1145:rabbitfishes 1141:damselfishes 1137:parrotfishes 1131: 1126:damselfishes 1062:moorish idol 1011: 999:cleaner fish 996: 957: 950: 946:sand dollars 939: 903:Cardinalfish 869: 853:cardinalfish 838: 827:giant morays 760: 745: 740: 735: 713:chemosensory 703: 656: 646: 614:Parrotfishes 599: 595: 506: 499: 479: 472: 470: 454: 446: 439: 385: 356: 352: 222: 218: 212: 154: 139: 117: 69: 65: 61:biodiversity 44: 43: 29: 7774:Marine fish 7769:Coral reefs 7442:Overfishing 7354:Catch share 7184:Marine snow 7169:Sardine run 7154:Fish screen 7149:Fish ladder 7099:Forage fish 6787:WikiProject 6746:Prehistoric 6730:Threatened 6421:Other types 6318:Sardine run 6293:Forage fish 6273:Corallivory 6125:Development 6110:Bubble nest 5983:physoclisti 5973:Suckermouth 5946:Root effect 5768:Ichthyology 5535:Sponge reef 5510:Rocky shore 5505:Oyster reef 5475:Kelp forest 5358:Vertebrates 5258:Marine life 5234:Viral shunt 5199:Marine snow 5101:Maharashtra 5008:Stream pool 4911:Zooplankton 4831:Photic zone 4791:Meiobenthos 4644:Algal bloom 4499:Amphidinium 4288:Lakshadweep 4223:Amazon Reef 4128:Coral reefs 4001:coral reefs 3946:Coral Reefs 3929:‹ The 3705:: 239–251. 3672:(1): 3–34. 3418:PhysOrg.com 2618:. pp. 2162:Fish portal 2120:tiger shark 2104:bony fishes 2068:" ...shows 2013:crustaceans 2009:cephalopods 2005:bony fishes 1857:hammerheads 1786:giant moray 1722:giant moray 1704:secretes a 1580:life cycles 1553:monogeneans 1412:nematocysts 1346:crustaceans 1338:nematocysts 1307:mutualistic 1214:surgeonfish 1210:forage fish 1206:zooplankton 1157:macroscopic 1153:microscopic 1114:Surgeonfish 857:zooplankton 849:surgeonfish 845:forage fish 829:in hunting. 780:coral trout 754:protogynous 724:crustaceans 691:crustaceans 684:cephalopods 680:stomatopods 641:crustaceans 637:Red snapper 610:polychaetes 369:Colouration 363:angelfishes 283:with their 214:Coral reefs 193:yellow tang 157:yellow tang 150:triggerfish 123:coevolution 119:Coral reefs 100:Triggerfish 76:overfishing 53:coral reefs 38:coral reefs 7763:Categories 7666:Greenpeace 7374:Slot limit 7317:Management 7241:management 7209:Dead zones 7164:Salmon run 7144:Eel ladder 7040:Institutes 6880:Fish stock 6402:Groundfish 6397:Freshwater 6392:Euryhaline 6377:Coral reef 6313:Salmon run 6303:Paedophagy 6205:Amphibious 6192:Locomotion 6000:pharyngeal 5988:physostome 5941:Photophore 5887:Glossohyal 5860:gill raker 5843:dorsal fin 5793:physiology 5515:Salt marsh 5450:Coral reef 5239:Whale fall 5219:Photophore 5096:Everglades 5064:Ecoregions 5003:Stream bed 4976:Macrophyte 4929:Freshwater 4761:Food chain 4674:Water bird 4565:Fire coral 4550:Coral sand 4473:Reef Check 4453:Green Fins 4168:Microatoll 4108:Organ pipe 4032:Hermatypic 3809:References 3444:: 171–194. 2124:bull shark 2112:eagle rays 2055:open ocean 2017:sea snakes 1983:freshwater 1936:goatfishes 1893:home range 1833:ecosystems 1790:food chain 1724:can cause 1489:Monogenean 1334:hydrozoans 1332:, but are 1326:fire coral 1262:rabbitfish 1244:Ferocious 1230:parrotfish 1202:Damselfish 1196:rabbitfish 1184:Parrotfish 1178:herbivores 1133:Herbivores 1118:herbivores 1105:Herbivores 874:trevally. 847:, such as 784:damselfish 742:Moray eels 688:planktonic 652:herbivores 648:Carnivores 410:anglerfish 349:Body shape 333:like this 258:sea horses 178:damselfish 57:ecosystems 7636:WorldFish 7601:SeaChoice 7214:Fish kill 7194:Upwelling 7159:Migration 7066:fisheries 6860:Fisheries 6651:chimaeras 6538:Predatory 6515:Salmonids 6473:Whitefish 6463:Poisonous 6438:Diversity 6372:Coldwater 6308:Predatory 6298:Migratory 6258:Bait ball 6241:behaviour 6160:Pregnancy 6155:Polyandry 5929:papillare 5924:Operculum 5919:Meristics 5865:gill slit 5828:Cleithrum 5758:Fish kill 5748:Fear of - 5741:- as food 5731:Fisheries 5716:Evolution 5706:Diversity 5540:Tide pool 5445:Cold seep 5229:Upwelling 4993:Rheotaxis 4986:Fish pond 4961:Limnology 4886:Substrate 4871:Siltation 4741:Dead zone 4545:Coral rag 4468:Reef Ball 4238:Baa Atoll 3314:Ciguatera 3081:(1): 22. 3005:Free PDF 2942:Free PDF 2911:: 43–51. 2854:Pearlfish 2170:Anthiinae 2100:migration 2003:of small 2001:predators 1900:olfactory 1794:ciguatera 1775:stargazer 1763:ciguatera 1742:stargazer 1726:ciguatera 1706:ciguatera 1596:parasites 1549:digeneans 1537:nematodes 1529:parasites 1519:symbiotic 1511:clownfish 1507:clownfish 1408:tentacles 1357:pearlfish 1303:Symbiosis 1282:Symbiosis 1246:barracuda 1192:schooling 1033:feeds on 952:Barracuda 888:schooling 161:herbivore 72:pollution 18:Reef fish 7646:HERMIONE 7574:Advocacy 7486:Discards 7020:FishBase 7010:EconMult 6960:EcoSCOPE 6775:Category 6726:Smallest 6639:lampreys 6602:flatfish 6592:Demersal 6548:mackerel 6543:billfish 6483:Commerce 6412:Tropical 6387:Demersal 6382:Deep-sea 6338:Venomous 6230:RoboTuna 6180:triggers 6175:Spawning 6135:Juvenile 6120:Egg case 5753:FishBase 5647:Category 5573:HERMIONE 5490:Mangrove 5300:Seagrass 4846:Pleuston 4841:Plankton 4821:Particle 4766:Food web 4293:Maldives 4283:Kiribati 4233:Apo Reef 4163:Fringing 4118:Sea pens 4113:Sea fans 4071:Tabulate 4057:Staghorn 4027:Elegance 3931:template 3760:85922851 3647:19449694 3597:20738562 3560:: 13–30. 3367:FishBase 3317:Archived 3300:FishBase 3272:FishBase 3214:FishBase 3158:Archived 3141:FishBase 3107:22947621 3043:: 1–40. 3000:21344838 2945:Archived 2925:53051081 2793:17147471 2665:18103407 2594:FishBase 2552:FishBase 2491:FishBase 2474:FishBase 2461:86385679 2379:FishBase 2351:FishBase 2317:22684907 2309:15854891 2148:See also 2122:and the 2110:such as 2025:groupers 2021:seabirds 1989:and the 1987:whitetip 1979:brackish 1916:snappers 1904:acoustic 1825:blacktip 1821:Whitetip 1751:lionfish 1624:lionfish 1614:Toxicity 1592:molluscs 1565:copepods 1545:cestodes 1322:hawkfish 1296:Acropora 1292:hawkfish 728:molluscs 705:Goatfish 465:predator 412:, is an 281:decibels 277:Toadfish 131:venomous 86:Overview 7682:CalCOFI 7651:PROFISH 7581:FishAct 7481:Bycatch 7015:Ecopath 6930:Biomass 6862:science 6830:Fishery 6721:Largest 6634:hagfish 6629:Jawless 6607:pollock 6580:sardine 6575:herring 6570:anchovy 6520:Tilapia 6510:Octopus 6505:Catfish 6492:Farming 6407:Pelagic 6367:Coastal 6354:habitat 6210:Walking 6115:Clasper 6067:Otolith 6029:systems 6027:Sensory 5961:ganoine 5936:Papilla 5787:Anatomy 5726:Fishing 5500:Mudflat 5460:Estuary 5430:Bay mud 5408:Seabird 5164:f-ratio 5147:General 5028:Wetland 4816:Neuston 4781:Hypoxia 4726:Biomass 4716:Benthos 4632:General 4333:Red Sea 4278:Jamaica 4052:Elkhorn 4037:Chalice 3955:WhyReef 3933:below ( 3881:Pauly D 3707:Bibcode 3627:Ecology 3098:3507714 3037:Zootaxa 2890:2251533 2784:1750927 2051:lagoons 1940:octopus 1869:lagoons 1561:isopods 1557:leeches 1515:ammonia 1499:grouper 1174:benthic 1078:wrasses 1038:sponges 841:schools 750:Grouper 716:barbels 709:benthic 672:shrimps 622:snapper 513:ventral 495:puffers 461:eyespot 7621:Oceana 7384:EU MLS 6739:sharks 6656:sharks 6585:sprats 6565:Forage 6553:salmon 6433:Coarse 6215:Flying 6087:Vision 6042:Barbel 5956:Scales 5816:dermal 5696:About 5485:Lagoon 4811:Nekton 4669:Mammal 4664:Insect 4358:Yabiji 4098:Bamboo 4065:Rugose 4042:Pillar 3997:Corals 3950:Curlie 3936:Curlie 3895: 3889:ICLARM 3868: 3851: 3837: 3822: 3758: 3645: 3595: 3504: 3340: 3105: 3095: 2998: 2923: 2888: 2791: 2781: 2738: 2713: 2663: 2626: 2459: 2420: 2331:(2009) 2315: 2307: 2011:, and 1965:Adult 1946:, and 1934:, and 1851:, the 1631:toxins 1588:sharks 1551:, and 1416:toxins 1330:corals 1260:Coral 1147:, and 1122:shoals 839:Large 778:Adult 762:harems 668:fishes 606:polyps 584:Gobies 517:dorsal 501:Gobies 236:Among 74:, and 6701:Blind 6689:Lists 6468:Rough 6333:Sleep 6239:Other 6005:shark 5995:Teeth 4876:Spawn 4518:Other 4273:India 4146:Coral 4136:Atoll 4047:Table 4022:Brain 4017:Black 3756:S2CID 3033:(PDF) 2921:S2CID 2886:S2CID 2661:S2CID 2457:S2CID 2313:S2CID 2187:Notes 1948:crabs 1873:gills 1643:venom 1600:hosts 1584:hosts 1522:algae 1166:Algae 1160:algae 1035:coral 720:worms 699:algae 695:plant 676:crabs 618:algae 159:is a 7509:case 7247:and 7064:Wild 6846:and 6734:rays 6668:Bony 6661:rays 6558:tuna 6500:Carp 6458:Oily 6443:Game 6428:Bait 6362:Cave 6145:Milt 5850:Gill 5838:Fins 5811:Bone 5698:fish 5689:Fish 4981:Pond 4103:Blue 3999:and 3893:ISBN 3866:ISBN 3849:ISBN 3835:ISBN 3820:ISBN 3789:2006 3643:PMID 3593:PMID 3502:ISBN 3462:)". 3338:ISBN 3103:PMID 3041:2691 2996:PMID 2789:PMID 2736:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2418:ISBN 2305:PMID 2244:1980 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