521:, and the , , (and other wild tribes round them)—had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those , Man, , and , all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers)—in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, ; and in the north, interpreters.
1439:
493:
47:
157:
484:. Paul R. Goldin, professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at University of Pennsylvania, proposes that 狄/翟 was a pejorative "pseudo-ethnonym" made by Chinese for the northern "barbarians" and it meant "feathered".
391:
to the west. These came to be used as generic chauvinistic pejoratives for different peoples long after the conquests of the original tribes and so are all usually translated as '
1137:
307:. Although initially described as nomadic, they seem to have practiced a mixed pastoral, agricultural, and hunting economy and were distinguished from the
685:). He ended Jin's expansionist invasions of foreign lands and instead bartered with their leaders, purchasing territory for valuable Chinese objects like
713:
1130:
618:
fled to his mother's family among them for many years until assassins sent by his brother forced him to begin wandering through the
Chinese states.
690:
1123:
964:
Mapping
Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2
525:
The Di were often associated with the Rong; both were considered more warlike and less civilized than the Yi or Man. According to the
745:
419:
1438:
443:
1760:
1106:
1068:
932:
130:
111:
614:
The Di eventually also established treaties of marriage and trade with the various
Chinese states. The Jin prince
339:. Other groups of Di seem to have lived interspersed between the Chinese states before their eventual conquest or
83:
527:
431:
68:
90:
558:—expanded into Di territories, after which the Di were often their enemies. The "White Di" lived north of
30:
This article is about the ancient people groups. For the commandery during the Qin and Han dynasties, see
97:
398:
Beidi tribes, ethnic groups, or states were sometimes distinguished as belonging to the "Red Di" (赤狄,
1290:
915:
571:
503:
Surviving accounts of the culture and history of China's early neighbors mostly date from the late
79:
833:
336:
57:
328:
64:
17:
1765:
934:
Baxter-Sagart Old
Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 - order: by Mandarin and Middle Chinese
596:
662-659 BC: The state of Xing was nearly destroyed by the Red Di until it was rescued by the
439:
1285:
678:
555:
315:
who lived to their north. Chinese historical accounts describe the Di inhabiting the upper
8:
1591:
947:
721:
332:
1115:
1666:
1523:
1465:
1237:
1102:
1064:
829:
737:
698:
646:
453:
427:
919:
1205:
657:
BC. The "White Di" were especially numerous on the upper reaches of the
Xinding or
583:
239:
206:
104:
31:
1092:
1054:
1050:
962:
Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a
Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in
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838:
686:
674:
376:
312:
308:
169:
966:. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 235
213:
1728:
1697:
1559:
1528:
518:
457:
411:
260:
1195:
1056:
Ancient China and Its
Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
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ChinaKnowledge.de - An
Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
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27:
Ethnic group in ancient
Chinese texts; one of the "Four Barbarians" groups
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1554:
1480:
1475:
1247:
1230:
1147:
1078:
770:
BC, most of the Di and Rong had been eliminated as independent polities.
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35:
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1513:
1460:
1397:
1305:
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375:, discussed their neighbors according to the cardinal directions. The
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lived in lands near the Rong and Di for fourteen generations, until
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1325:
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1220:
846:
819:
694:
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1380:
1337:
1315:
1264:
1259:
1215:
1210:
1185:
1169:
814:
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642:
625:
636 BC: The Di helped the Zhou king against the state of Cheng.
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BC). By this time, the Di had walled towns like Fei, Gu, and
650:
356:
324:
297:) were various ethnic groups who lived north of the Chinese (
156:
681:
announced a new peaceful policy towards the barbarians (和戎,
1571:
1295:
693:. During this period, the "White Di" began to move east of
442:, Xianyu's founders dwelt among the Di yet shared the same
496:
Di lived along the northern edge of what later became the
622:
640 BC: The Di were allied with Qi and Xing against Wey.
1145:
969:
665:
594 BC: Jin 'destroyed' the Red Di state of Lushi (潞氏).
1094:
Material
Culture, Power, and Identity in Ancient China
265:
251:
732:
From the Taiyuan Basin, Jin pushed east through the
633:
and "White Di" moved east from the areas around the
931:Baxter, W. H. & Sagart L. (20 September 2014).
755:
507 BC: Jin was severely defeated by the Xianyu Di.
728:
541 BC: Jin 'subjugated' the Red Di state of Lushi.
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
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988:
986:
984:
1019:
1752:
610:660 to 507 BC: Jin fought many wars with the Di.
607:and killed its ruler, but were driven out by Qi.
574:; tribes began crossing the river into northern
434:kingdoms were founded by White Di. According to
998:
981:
712:policy and became violent again, attacking the
1131:
319:and gradually migrating eastward to northern
211:
794:fought with Di who lived in the state of Qi.
774:377 BC: Zhongshan regained its independence.
480:, whose pronunciation was reconstructed as *
603:660 BC: The Red Di took the capital of the
543:valley where they built their capital near
1138:
1124:
327:, where they eventually created their own
155:
586:conquered a number of Rong and Di groups.
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1049:
752:531 BC: Jin attacked the Xianyu and Fei.
736:(井陘) and attacked the "White Di" in the
491:
777:295 BC: Zhongshan was conquered by the
758:406 BC: Zhongshan was conquered by the
14:
1753:
1085:, vol. I, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1119:
1077:
975:
920:Commentaries on "Discourses of Zheng"
589:662 BC: The Di drove the Rong out of
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
24:
1090:
1042:Cambridge History of Ancient China
1025:
1013:
992:
554:, the Chinese states—particularly
25:
1777:
517:The people of those five regions—
1437:
716:(無終) and the "Numerous Di" (群狄,
45:
1034:
56:needs additional citations for
1101:: Cambridge University Press,
1063:: Cambridge University Press,
956:
940:
925:
907:
879:
570:through the first half of the
528:Records of the Grand Historian
379:were the Di to the north, the
266:
252:
212:
13:
1:
896:
784:
901:
363:states flourished along the
7:
798:
351:The ancient Chinese, whose
10:
1782:
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29:
1716:
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1659:
1652:
1537:
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1453:
1446:
1435:
1346:
1278:
1178:
1162:
1155:
922:quote: "狄，北狄也。鮮虞，姬姓在狄者也。"
748:(仇由) and fought on foot.
539:led then away to the mid-
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233:
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1761:Ancient peoples of China
946:Theobald, Ulrich (2012)
916:Discourses of the States
872:
572:Spring and Autumn period
566:in what is now northern
854:, one people among the
531:, the ancestors of the
460:(2014) reconstruct the
402:), the "White Di" (白狄,
346:
653:during the 6th century
523:
500:
830:Kingdoms of Zhongshan
578:in the second half.
515:
495:
406:), or "Tall Di" (長狄,
387:to the east, and the
34:. For the deity, see
1091:Wu Xiaolong (2017),
885:翟 means long-tailed
444:ancestral surname Ji
303:) realms during the
65:improve this article
978:, pp. 229–230.
708:BC, Jin ceased the
225:Northern barbarians
843:Eastern Barbarians
722:Taiyuan Prefecture
501:
383:to the south, the
168:surrounded by the
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1648:
1647:
1433:
1432:
889:or their feathers
738:Taihang Mountains
720:) in what is now
699:Taihang Mountains
647:Taihang Mountains
519:the Middle states
464:pronunciation of
454:William H. Baxter
283:
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275:
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240:Standard Mandarin
141:
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133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
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1160:
1159:
1150:peoples in China
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1086:
1073:
1051:Di Cosmo, Nicola
1045:
1029:
1028:, pp. 28–9.
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914:Commentaries on
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584:Duke Xian of Jin
562:and west of the
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1146:Historical non-
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856:Five Barbarians
839:Five Barbarians
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490:
476:was written as
377:Four Barbarians
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313:Eurasian steppe
267:
222:Literal meaning
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170:Four Barbarians
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1698:Khalkha Mongol
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1081:, ed. (1879),
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845:(Donghu), and
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687:ritual bronzes
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649:of Shanxi and
641:and northwest
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489:
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458:Laurent Sagart
395:' in English.
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1577:Khamag Mongol
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1108:9781107134027
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1070:9780521543828
1066:
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1058:
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1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1016:, p. 29.
1015:
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1002:
995:, p. 28.
994:
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734:Jingxing Pass
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510:Book of Rites
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462:Old Chinese
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416:Old Chinese
373:Wei valleys
295:Northern Di
172:—Northern (
164:geography:
36:Heidi (god)
1755:Categories
1514:Karakhanid
897:References
788: 283
498:Qin Empire
436:Eastern Wu
317:Ordos Loop
261:Wade–Giles
91:newspapers
1616:Xueyantuo
1524:Khotanese
1306:Tocharian
1099:Cambridge
1083:The Li Ki
1061:Cambridge
1026:Wu (2017)
1014:Wu (2017)
993:Wu (2017)
902:Citations
887:pheasants
790:-265 BC:
645:into the
637:in north
541:Wei River
428:Zhongshan
393:barbarian
333:Zhongshan
1691:Northern
1660:Southern
1538:Northern
1454:Southern
1447:Medieval
1403:Shanrong
1376:Dingling
1347:Northern
1321:Quanrong
1206:Lạc Việt
1179:Southern
1053:(2002),
867:Dingling
825:Xionites
799:See also
792:Tian Dan
740:(530–520
697:and the
675:Dao Duke
673:BC, the
616:Chong'er
545:Mount Qi
440:Wei Zhao
438:scholar
426:), Fei,
178:Southern
1734:Khoshut
1729:Dzungar
1717:Western
1582:Khereid
1560:Jurchen
1550:Kumo Xi
1529:Tibetan
1507:Western
1471:Cuanman
1420:Xianyun
1393:Guifang
1386:Xianbei
1364:Xiongnu
1359:Chunwei
1326:Xianyun
1279:Western
1226:Yangyue
1221:Shanyue
1201:Dong'ou
1196:Âu Việt
1163:Eastern
1156:Ancient
847:Xiongnu
820:Xianbei
746:Qiu You
714:Wuzhong
710:he Rong
695:Taiyuan
683:he Rong
639:Shaanxi
591:Taiyuan
568:Shaanxi
513:notes:
488:History
450:kings.
424:srʷ(r)a
410:). The
408:Changdi
311:of the
207:Chinese
194:Western
192:), and
186:Eastern
105:scholar
80:"Beidi"
1724:Oirats
1703:Manchu
1638:Shatuo
1633:Yueban
1611:Uyghur
1601:Tangut
1587:Naiman
1567:Shiwei
1545:Khitan
1519:Karluk
1491:Zhuang
1486:Bouyei
1408:Sushen
1381:Wuhuan
1371:Donghu
1338:Yuezhi
1316:Xirong
1265:Yelang
1260:Nanman
1216:Nanyue
1211:Minyue
1191:Âu Lạc
1186:Baiyue
1170:Dongyi
1105:
1067:
1044:, 1999
948:"Di 狄"
841:(Hu),
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805:Xirong
768:
766:By 400
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371:, and
369:Yellow
359:, and
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309:nomads
300:Huaxia
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182:Nanman
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1708:Nivkh
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1621:Yugur
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1425:Xunyu
1413:Yilou
1354:Beidi
1331:Xunyu
1311:Wusun
1301:Sumpa
1291:Qiang
1253:Hmong
873:Notes
861:Tiele
718:Qundi
691:bells
651:Hebei
482:lˤewk
404:Baidi
400:Chidi
357:Shang
331:like
325:Hebei
291:Beidi
253:Běidí
174:Beidi
146:Beidi
112:JSTOR
98:books
1672:Shan
1572:Zubu
1555:Mohe
1296:Saka
1248:Miao
1243:Dian
1103:ISBN
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832:and
689:and
629:The
533:Zhou
505:Zhou
470:lˤek
468:as *
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389:Rong
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347:Name
335:and
285:The
162:Zhou
84:news
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